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Lake Merced
Lake Merced
Lake Merced
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Lake Merced (Spanish: Laguna de Merced) is a freshwater lake located on the West Side of San Francisco, in the southwest corner of the city. It is surrounded by three golf courses (the private Olympic Club and San Francisco Golf Club, and the public TPC Harding Park), as well as residential areas, Lowell High School, San Francisco State University, Lakeshore Alternative Elementary School, Stonestown Galleria, Fort Funston and the Pacific Ocean. The San Francisco Police Department shooting range, as well as a now closed skeet shooting club and the city's National Guard armory are also in the area. The lake was also the home of the Lake Merced Sailing Club, now closed, which provided training and racing for local sailors. Currently there is a paddling program operated by San Francisco State University .[1] The lake is home of the Pacific Rowing Club and St. Ignatius College Prep Rowing Team, both competitive rowing programs for San Francisco high school students.

Key Information

The California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) has developed a safe eating advisory for Lake Merced based on levels of mercury found in fish caught from this water body.[2]

History

[edit]
Francisco de Haro, 1st Alcalde of San Francisco (Mayor), purchased Rancho Laguna de la Merced, which included Lake Merced, in 1837.

Lake Merced was originally christened Laguna de Nuestra Señora de la Merced by Captain Don Bruno de Heceta in 1775.[3] Father Pedro Font, while on the de Anza Expedition to found the Presidio of San Francisco in March, 1776 wrote in his diary, "we saw a grove of live oaks near which is the Laguna de la Merced, where Captain Ribera stopped; and here we saw many bears (California Grizzly Bear)..."[4]

At approximately 11pm of November 22, 1852, a shock was reported to have occurred by those in the areas around the Lake[5] and the following day reports were made that "...a fissure half a mile wide and three hundred yards long was discovered, through which the waters of Lake Merced were flowing to the sea." The most probable cause of the shock was attributed to heavy rains forcing a passage through the sandbank at the north-west. The Lake is reported to have lost 30 feet (9.1 meters) of water. A map from 1881 shows that the Lake still had a passage to sea, 29 years later.[6]

Once owned by Francisco De Haro, first Alcalde of Yerba Buena, as part of the Galindo ranch, the Spring Valley Water Company bought the water rights for the Lake in 1868, and the surrounding watershed in successive years.[7] By purchasing all local supply, the company created a monopoly on San Francisco's water. It was not until 1908, when the city approved construction of O'Shaughnessy Dam creating the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir in the Sierra Nevada mountain range, that the city gained municipal control. Prior to the construction of the dam, Lake Merced was to serve as the city's main reservoir, with plans to expand the lake into land that is now the San Francisco State University campus. Around this time, Spring Valley sold off some of its land on Lake Merced, making way for the golf courses that exist today. In 1940, Metropolitan Life bought the last of Spring Valley's land to build the Parkmerced apartment complex.

Ecology

[edit]
Foggy Morning at Lake Merced.

The lake is fed by an underground spring, and at one time it did have an outlet to the ocean as shown on an 1869 United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Map.[3] The salt level was always fluctuating, and therefore some species of fish which inhabit the lake are salt and freshwater adapted. [citation needed] There is active recreational fishing at the lake. The lake's water level had been shrinking for decades, endangering the historic role of Lake Merced to support a healthy ecosystem.[8] Due to better management of the aquifer and occasional additions of water, lake level has been rising since 1990.[9] The only natural freshwater lakes in San Francisco are Pine Lake, Lake Merced, and Mountain Lake.[10]

Aerial view, looking east, of Lake Merced Park, Fort Funston, and the San Francisco Zoo, surf in foreground

Famous duel

[edit]

On September 13, 1859, Chief Justice of the California Supreme Court David S. Terry killed United States Senator David C. Broderick in a duel at the lake.[11]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Lake Merced

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Lake Merced is a freshwater lake in southwestern , , originally a coastal connected to the through overflow streams before being dammed in 1895 to function as a municipal water reservoir. The lake's watershed spans approximately 6,320 acres, with water levels influenced by local rainfall, , and historical diversions from urban development and sewer systems that reduced natural inflows. Following acquisition by the City of in 1930 and designation as a public park in 1950, it now primarily supports recreation including boating, , and trails, while serving as emergency non-potable water storage and habitat for waterfowl and other wildlife. The surrounding area was first utilized by the for , , and tule reed harvesting, later explored by Spanish settlers who named it Laguna de Nuestra Señora de la Merced, and marked by events such as the 1859 Broderick-Terry duel on its shores.

Geography and Hydrology

Location and Physical Characteristics

Lake Merced is a freshwater lake located in the southwestern corner of , , , at coordinates approximately 37.718°N, 122.493°W. It borders the to the west, separated by a narrow band of sand dunes and hills roughly 1,000 feet wide, and lies adjacent to urban developments including to the northeast, multiple golf courses encircling much of its perimeter, and the to the south. The lake forms part of a 614-acre public park managed by the San Francisco Recreation and Parks Department. The lake covers a total surface area of 273 acres and features an irregularly shaped basin divided into multiple connected sections, including North Lake (105 acres) and South Lake (203 acres), with additional smaller impoundments. Its shoreline measures approximately 4.5 miles, closely followed by a paved recreational loop trail used for walking, running, and cycling. The maximum depth reaches about 30 feet, though portions such as South Lake are shallower, with depths up to 10 feet in some areas, contributing to its classification as a shallow eutrophic system. The surface elevation is approximately 23 feet (7 meters) above .

Formation and Water Dynamics

Lake Merced occupies a topographic basin in southwestern , formed naturally when migrating sand dunes along the Pacific coastline blocked the mouth of a paleostream, impounding water into a coastal . This process likely occurred during the late , as dune migration in the Outer Sunset district created a temporary barrier, allowing periodic tidal exchange with the ocean before full isolation. In 1895, the Spring Valley Water Company constructed a 78-foot-long earthen across the inlet to permanently sever oceanic connection, transitioning the lake from brackish tidal influences to predominantly freshwater conditions and enabling its use for . The lake functions as a terminal system with no natural surface outflows, divided into four interconnected basins—North Lake, East Lake, South Lake, and Impound Lake—covering approximately 400 acres total. Primary inflows derive from direct precipitation on the lake surface (averaging 20-25 inches annually in ) and shallow seepage from the surrounding Westside Groundwater Basin, with minor contributions from during storms, though no perennial streams feed the system. Outflows are dominated by , estimated at 30-40 inches per year, supplemented by groundwater discharge and managed pumping to control levels and mitigate . Water levels fluctuate seasonally, rising 2-4 feet during winter rains and falling in summer due to exceeding inflows, with historical data showing depths ranging from 4 to 10 feet in the main South Lake basin. The (SFPUC) actively manages dynamics through periodic importation of treated wastewater or supply during droughts and extraction for irrigation or quality improvement, maintaining ecological and recreational viability amid urban pressures. This intervention counters natural aridity, as the closed-basin renders the lake vulnerable to without human augmentation.

History

Indigenous and Early Settlement Periods

The , indigenous people of the , inhabited the region encompassing Lake Merced for thousands of years prior to European contact. Archaeological evidence confirms their presence in the southwestern portion of present-day , where they utilized the lake as a resource for fishing and sustenance. European awareness of Lake Merced began during the colonial period, with the body of water first documented and named Laguna de Nuestra Señora de la Merced in 1775 by Captain Bruno de Heceta. Following Mexico's independence from in 1821, the land surrounding the lake fell under Mexican jurisdiction as part of . In 1835, Mexican Governor granted approximately 2,200 acres, including Lake Merced, as Rancho Laguna de la Merced to José Antonio Galindo, a who established a on the . Two years later, in 1837, Galindo sold the rancho to Francisco de Haro, the first (mayor) of (later ), in exchange for 100 and $25. De Haro constructed a at the southern end of the lake and managed the estate for grazing and agricultural purposes until his death in 1849 amid the .

19th-Century Developments and Events

In 1835, the Rancho Laguna de la Merced, encompassing approximately 2,200 acres including Lake Merced, was granted by Mexican Governor to soldier José Antonio Galindo. The rancho was sold in 1837 to Francisco de Haro, San Francisco's first under Mexican rule, for 100 head of cattle and goods valued at $25; de Haro constructed an adobe house at the lake's southern end and used the land for ranching. Following de Haro's death in 1849 amid the influx, his heirs navigated U.S. land claim confirmations after the Mexican-American War, with son-in-law Charles Brown selling northern parcels to the Green family in the early 1850s for farming. The Gold Rush spurred recreational and agricultural development around the lake in the 1850s, including roadhouses that served as resorts for San Franciscans seeking escape from urban density. Key establishments included the Lake House, relocated to the north shore in 1853 and leased to operator P.L. White in 1854, and the Ocean House, opened in 1854 by Joseph W. Leavitt a mile east along Ocean Road, featuring dining, billiards, and bowling. The Ocean House hosted a horse-racing track from 1865 to 1873, while a short-lived suburban development attempt called Lakeville failed in 1864 due to remoteness and poor weather. Truck farming emerged on Green family lands by the 1870s, though operations remained small-scale amid foggy conditions. A notable event occurred on September 13, 1859, when U.S. Senator David Broderick was fatally shot by Supreme Court Justice in a near the , stemming from political disputes over and party control; the site, a ravine east of the lake, marked one of 's last prominent duels and led to widespread condemnation that effectively ended the practice in the state. The Spring Valley Water Company acquired Lake Merced's water rights in 1868 and surrounding watershed lands in the 1870s, totaling nearly 3,000 acres, to monopolize San Francisco's supply amid rapid population growth. Pumping commenced on October 1, 1877, via north-shore installations delivering 3.5 million gallons daily through 16,000 feet of iron pipe, with the lake's 2.5 billion-gallon capacity replenished by springs yielding about 3 million gallons per day; infrastructure included diversion flumes, drain ditches, and a dam to block seawater intrusion. Initial annual extraction reached 295 million gallons in 1877, supporting drinking and firefighting needs, though quality concerns prompted later interventions like fish stocking. Roadhouse activity waned by the 1880s, with the Ocean House burning down, and the area largely abandoned for recreation by 1889 due to isolation and competition from inland resorts.

20th- and 21st-Century Alterations

In the early , Lake Merced transitioned from primary to emergency non-potable supply following the 1934 activation of the Aqueduct, which supplanted its role after acquired the Spring Valley Water Company in 1930. This shift reduced direct infrastructural demands on the lake but maintained engineered controls, including the 1895 dam that had isolated it from ocean tides, ensuring freshwater retention amid growing urban pressures. Physical modifications intensified in the mid-20th century, with a bridge constructed in the 1950s to separate South Lake from Impound Lake, addressing accumulation and facilitating divided basin across East, North, South, and Impound sections for improved hydrological control. Concurrently, fragmented the watershed: housing tracts like Merced Manor and Lakeside emerged in on former Spring Valley lands, followed by Parkmerced apartments and Lakeshore developments in the early 1940s, and post-World War II expansions including Country Club Acres homes and Stonestown. These encroachments, alongside new roads, altered the lake's perimeter from agrarian to suburban, culminating in its 1950 designation as a municipal park under San Francisco Recreation and Parks Department oversight. The 1989–1993 drought exacerbated alterations through groundwater over-pumping, dropping lake levels to historic lows before collaborative stakeholder interventions restored equilibrium via regulated inflows. In the 21st century, infrastructure upgrades included the 2020 completion of the Lake Merced Pump Station retrofit as part of a $5 billion seismic and operational overhaul of San Francisco's water delivery system. Recent recreational modifications encompass the 2012 boathouse renovation, 2024 trail reconstructions for ADA compliance with added fitness stations and softer pathways, and the Lake Merced West project repurposing 11 former acres of the closed Pacific Rod and Gun Club into restored landscapes and amenities, with construction from fall 2024 to January 2025. Adjacent golf facilities, such as Lake Merced Golf Club, underwent a 2022–2024 restoration rebuilding all 18 greens, rebunkering, and tee expansions to emulate original 1920s designs while adapting to modern play.

Ecology and Biodiversity

Flora and Fauna Composition

The flora surrounding Lake Merced consists primarily of coastal dune-scrub communities adapted to sandy, drought-tolerant conditions, including native species such as Tanacetum douglasii (dune tansy) and Aristolochia californica ( pipevine), which support local pollinators and wildlife. These habitats also host wildflower fields in restored areas like the Lake Merced Wild Garden, featuring a variety of native documented through community monitoring projects. Invasive species, such as iceplant (*), have historically dominated some banks but are subject to removal efforts to preserve native vegetation. Avian diversity is a hallmark of Lake Merced's , with over 200 bird recorded, including more than 50 nesting pairs in the uplands; notable residents and breeders include the (Ardea herodias), (Phalacrocorax auritus), (Butorides virescens), (Cistothorus palustris), (Geothlypis trichas), and (Setophaga petechia). Wintering waterfowl flocks, such as (Spatula clypeata), (Mareca americana), and (Anas platyrhynchos), congregate in large numbers, making the site a key migratory stopover. Aquatic and semi-aquatic fauna include over 20 species, predominantly introduced or re-introduced following the historical poisoning of native populations in the early 20th century; common catches today comprise stocked (Oncorhynchus mykiss), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), and (Ictalurus punctatus). Amphibians feature native Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla) alongside invasive (Lithobates catesbeianus), which preys on smaller natives and alters wetland dynamics. Reptiles include the native (Emys marmorata), a of special concern dependent on the lake's shoreline habitats. Mammals such as coyotes (Canis latrans) forage in the surrounding areas, contributing to the site's role as corridor.

Environmental Challenges and Degradation Factors

Lake Merced exhibits characteristics of a eutrophic lake, with excessive enrichment primarily from urban runoff introducing and , fostering prolific algal growth and periodic blooms. This loading, compounded by the lake's shallow depth and stratification, results in elevated chlorophyll-a levels averaging 27.5–31 µg/L over monitoring periods from 1997 to 2020, rendering the water turbid and greenish. Total inorganic concentrations reached 2,766 µg/L in 2018, while bioavailable averaged 110 µg/L in 2020, with the system nitrogen-limited since approximately 2005, shifting dynamics toward availability during certain seasons. Algal blooms, including harmful varieties dominated by such as Planktothrix, peak in fall, correlating with bioavailable surges from winter-spring runoff, and produce toxins like at levels up to 24 µg/L in North Lake as of December 2020. These blooms deplete dissolved oxygen through respiration and , yielding hypoxic conditions below 5 mg/L—particularly in deeper strata, where levels as low as 1.4 mg/L were recorded at 15 feet in South Lake during fall 2020—and contribute to pH excursions above 9.0, impairing aquatic habitat under Clean Water Act Section 303(d) listings. has shrunk the effective watershed from 6,320 acres historically to reduced inflows via diversions like the Vista Grande Canal since 1897, trapping legacy nutrients and exacerbating internal loading from sediments while limiting dilution. Sedimentation further degrades clarity, with Secchi depths averaging 1.9 feet in both 2018 and 2020, driven by eroded embankments and accumulated particulates that shallow the lake and release bound nutrients under anoxic conditions. Historical pumping for , especially by adjacent courses, lowered water levels by up to 10 feet from the late 1980s to early 1990s, promoting warmer surface waters conducive to algal proliferation and reducing overall volume for pollutant dispersion. carries additional contaminants including oils, pathogens (e.g., E. coli at 27.2 MPN/100 mL in 2018), and fecal coliforms, though levels remain below acute recreational thresholds; drought periods like 2012–2015 intensified these effects by minimizing recharge. Invasive aquatic plants, such as rapidly spreading duckweed observed in 2025, and exotic terrestrial species like iceplant and cape ivy, encroach on shorelines, altering structure and potentially enhancing nutrient cycling through decay, though their direct impact on dynamics remains secondary to drivers. These factors collectively diminish , with algal dominance suppressing diversity and hypoxic zones limiting benthic and fish populations, underscoring anthropogenic alterations as the principal causal agents over climatic variability alone.

Governance and Management

Ownership Structure and Responsibilities

The City and County of owns Lake Merced through the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission (SFPUC), which holds jurisdiction over the lake and its immediate watershed lands. The SFPUC acquired these properties historically from private water companies, such as the Spring Valley Water Company in the late , to secure regional . The SFPUC bears primary responsibility for water management, including maintaining lake levels through controlled inflows from and , monitoring , and designating the lake as an emergency reservoir for or sanitation in crises when primary supplies like the system are unavailable. This role extends to infrastructure oversight, such as dams, weirs, and outlet pipes that regulate outflows to the via stormwater channels. Concurrently, the San Francisco Recreation and Parks Department (SF Rec and Park) administers the 600-acre Lake Merced parklands surrounding the water body, focusing on recreational facilities, trails, boating access, and habitat restoration under its Natural Areas Program, which covers over half the park area to support native and stopover sites. This division creates a dual oversight model, with SF Rec and Park handling public access and landscaping while coordinating with the SFPUC on ecological projects like enhancements.

Administrative Controversies and Efficiencies

The management of Lake Merced involves divided authority between the (SFPUC), which owns the lake and oversees water supply and quality, and the Recreation and Parks Department (RPD), which handles recreational areas under a 1950 SFPUC resolution delegating park operations. This bifurcated structure has generated ongoing controversies, as SFPUC prioritizes the lake as a backup reservoir for potable water—periodically pumping to maintain supply—while RPD emphasizes sustained higher levels for , , and ecological health, leading to disputes over extraction rates and refill obligations. Water levels plummeted to approximately 14 feet in the due to overpumping and reduced natural inflows from urban development, restricting shoreline access and recreational use until activist interventions and legal pressures prompted refilling efforts that raised levels to around 25 feet by the 2010s. A notable inefficiency arose from RPD's failure to mandate adequate insurance from the former Pacific Rod and lessee, resulting in lead shot from activities since the 1930s; the city incurred $10.7 million in cleanup costs, culminating in an $8.25 million settlement with the club in 2017, after which RPD gained authority to potentially lease the site for new recreational facilities. Critics, including local observers, have labeled this dual oversight a "" originating from a 1992 agreement formalizing the split, arguing it fosters ambiguity, delayed responses to degradation, and escalated maintenance expenses without clear accountability. Efforts to enhance coordination include annual SFPUC funding of $300,000 for maintenance—supplemented by $150,000 from RPD—and a 2023 assigning RPD management of select SFPUC lands at Lake Merced to streamline operations. The Lake Merced West Project, initiated by SFPUC, has advanced multi-phase restoration on 11 acres, incorporating from Daly City to stabilize levels using sustainable sources, with 2024 monitoring showing seasonal highs of 18.91 feet NAVD88 in the south lake, a modest improvement over 2023's 18.48 feet. Additionally, a $2 million allocation from the 2012 Clean and Safe Neighborhood Parks Bond supported renovations, , and repairs, addressing prior neglect of facilities like docks unmaintained since 1999. Despite these measures, advocates continue to press for unified SFPUC control to resolve persistent jurisdictional frictions.

Recreation and Cultural Role

Public Access and Activities

Lake Merced forms the core of a 614-acre public park in southwestern , open daily for recreational use under management by the San Francisco Recreation and Parks Department. A 4.5-mile paved loops around the lake's perimeter, accommodating activities such as walking, , bicycling, and , with multiple access points including parking lots along and Lake Merced Boulevard. Picnic areas dot the shoreline, providing spaces for gatherings, while off-leash dog areas and restrooms support visitor amenities. Water activities center on non-motorized boating, including and , facilitated by a , , and boat launch at the Sunset Parking Lot facility. Fishing operates year-round across the lake's divisions: North Lake (105 acres) requires a daily access permit and is stocked with catchable in spring, summer, and fall; South Lake (203 acres) stocks without the permit requirement; the smaller impoundment (17 acres) receives no such stocking. Anglers must comply with state fishing licenses and bag limits, with a dedicated sport permit authorizing non-commercial take under city ordinance. Birdwatching draws enthusiasts to the lake's role as a stopover, hosting migratory waterfowl and supporting year-round observation from trails. Adjacent public golf courses, including the nine-hole Fleming Golf Course and the 18-hole —which hosted the 2009 —extend recreational options, though lake-adjacent play is limited to non-golf pursuits. Periodic monitoring by the issues advisories, such as Tier 2 warnings for North Lake cyanotoxins as of August 2023, recommending avoidance of full-body contact or swallowing water during elevated risk periods.

Notable Historical Events and Sites

The area surrounding Lake Merced served as a resource for the indigenous people for thousands of years before European arrival, providing water, fish, game, and tule reeds harvested for constructing homes, boats, and other implements. European awareness of the lake dates to 1775, when Spanish naval officer Bruno de Heceta documented it during an expedition and named it Laguna de Nuestra Señora de la Merced. In 1835, Mexican Governor granted Rancho de la Merced—encompassing approximately 4,000 acres including the lake—to José Antonio Galindo, establishing it as the first formal in the region that would become . From the onward, the lakeshore hosted a series of roadhouses functioning as rural resorts, taverns, and social venues, particularly along the north side, with establishments like the operating into the 1870s alongside features such as the Ocean House Race Course for and leisure activities. These sites drew urban visitors seeking escape from proper until declining by the early 1880s due to shifting transportation and urban expansion. A pivotal event unfolded on September 13, 1859, when U.S. Senator fatally dueled former California Chief Justice with pistols near the lake's southern shore over political differences; Broderick's death marked the conclusion of California's most prominent dueling era and the site's designation as No. 438. The duel location, now within the broader Lake Merced parklands, symbolizes early statehood tensions between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions.

References

  1. https://www.sfpuc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2022-0215_Lake-Merced-History_FactSheetrev.pdf
  2. https://www.sfpuc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Final_2020_Water_Quality_Memo.pdf
  3. https://www.nps.gov/goga/learn/historyculture/broderick-terry-duel.htm
  4. https://www.topozone.com/california/san-francisco-ca/lake/lake-merced/
  5. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4080/report.pdf
  6. https://sfrecpark.org/facilities/facility/details/Lake-Merced-349
  7. https://wildlife.ca.gov/Fishing-in-the-City/SF/Gofish/Peninsula
  8. https://www.sfgate.com/local/article/lake-merced-17877548.php
  9. https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1926&context=journal_of_marine_research
  10. https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2024/6/Th11a/Th11a-6-2024-exhibits-3.pdf
  11. https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/integrated2010.shtml?wbid=CAL2021001020020315204138
  12. https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2002/4/Th10a-4-2002.pdf
  13. https://hoodline.com/2016/08/from-reservoir-to-retreat-how-lake-merced-has-persevered-over-time/
  14. https://www.outsidelands.org/lakemerced1.php
  15. https://www.usgs.gov/publications/geohydrology-water-quality-and-water-budgets-golden-gate-park-and-lake-merced-area
  16. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4019/report.pdf
  17. https://npshistory.com/publications/goga/ohlone-indians.pdf
  18. https://www.outsidelands.org/lake-merced.php
  19. https://www.outsidelands.org/lakemerced2.php
  20. https://www.foundsf.org/Rancho_Life%2C_1833-1846
  21. https://www.sanfranciscostory.com/lake-merced-roadhouses/
  22. https://www.outsidelands.org/lakemerced-area.php
  23. https://www.outsidelands.org/lakemerced3.php
  24. https://www.sfpuc.gov/about-us/news/sfpuc-wraps-lake-merced-pump-station-project-completing-san-francisco-segment-water
  25. https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Lake-Merced-boathouse-gets-needed-upgrade-3886364.php
  26. https://sfrecpark.org/civicalerts.aspx?aid=1720
  27. https://www.sfpuc.gov/construction-contracts/construction-projects/Lake_Merced_West
  28. https://www.golfcoursearchitecture.net/content/lake-merced-to-reopen-restored-course-in-october
  29. https://www.foundsf.org/Lake_Merced_Wild_Garden
  30. https://www.madrono.org/media/a-call-for-mercy-at-lake-merced/
  31. https://goldengatebirdalliance.org/conservation/make-the-city-safe-for-wildlife/lake-merced/
  32. https://ebird.org/region/L791371/bird-list?yr=cur
  33. https://www.sfenvironment.org/ecosystems
  34. https://app.advcollective.com/san_francisco_adventures/Fishing/catching-dreams-fishing-adventures-at-lake-merced
  35. https://www.inaturalist.org/lists/5358
  36. https://www.inaturalist.org/places/lake-merced
  37. https://www.sfpuc.gov/sites/default/files/learning/LakeMerced_WaterQualityMemo-2018.pdf
  38. https://www.sfexaminer.com/archives/the-plan-to-cure-sickly-lake-merced-here-s-how-it-works/article_097a5a34-b9df-5530-a525-c0d13bbdc1b8.html
  39. https://coconote.app/notes/251ee074-2eff-42a3-bf36-41f87eacef52
  40. https://media.api.sf.gov/documents/23.0000013_Lake_Merced_West_Project_1.pdf
  41. https://www.sfexaminer.com/news/who-s-in-charge-at-lake-merced/article_9bbc70b4-cdbf-5620-b7cb-65be09a817d5.html
  42. https://www.sfpuc.gov/sites/default/files/about-us/policies-reports/LandUseFrameworkManagement.pdf
  43. https://www.sfpuc.gov/learning/come-visit/lake-merced
  44. https://sfrecpark.org/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=615
  45. https://westsideobserver.com/news/merced.html
  46. https://www.sfchronicle.com/opinion/openforum/article/A-two-headed-monster-controls-Lake-Merced-2328537.php
  47. https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/City-settles-for-8-25-million-with-Lake-Merced-12168085.php
  48. https://www.sfpuc.gov/sites/default/files/about-us/commission/Resolution_Log-2023.pdf
  49. https://sfgov.legistar.com/View.ashx?M=F&ID=14541967&GUID=CD19A017-761E-43A3-849E-DA0F004534DA
  50. https://www.sfpuc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2024_Annual_WSB_GW_Mon_Report.pdf
  51. https://sfrecpark.org/455/Lake-Merced-Trails
  52. https://sfrecpark.org/886/Lake-Merced---Sunset-Parking-Lot
  53. https://codelibrary.amlegal.com/codes/san_francisco/latest/sf_park/0-0-0-535
  54. https://www.sftomorrow.org/2018/lake-merceds-history
  55. https://waterpowersewer.wordpress.com/2020/05/18/a-look-back-in-history-lake-merced/
  56. https://www.foundsf.org/Lake_Merced_100_years_ago
  57. https://cypresslawnheritagefoundation.org/blog/last-great-duel-american-history/
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