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Lamini
Temporal range: Miocene–Recent
Vicuña (Lama vicugna)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Camelidae
Subfamily: Camelinae
Tribe: Lamini
Webb, 1965
Genera

Lamini (members are called lamines) is a tribe of the subfamily Camelinae. It contains one extant genus with four species, all exclusively from South America: llamas, alpacas, vicuñas, and guanacos. The former two are domesticated species, while the latter two are only found in the wild. The four species can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.[1] Additionally, there are several extinct genera.

The digestive system of lamoids allows them to digest certain toxins.[2] Laminoids also lack a gallbladder.[3]

Evolutionary history

[edit]
Hemiauchenia, one of the most widespread and successful prehistoric lamines

Lamines originated during the Miocene in North America,[4] and migrated into South America during the Pliocene and Pleistocene as part of the Great American Interchange.[5] Most species of lamines, including the genera Hemiauchenia and Palaeolama and all North American species, became extinct at the end of the Pleistocene around 12,000 years ago as part of the Quaternary extinction event along with most other large mammals in the Americas.[5]

Characteristics and distribution

[edit]

The llama (Lama glama) is the largest of the extant laminoids and weighs 130–150 kilograms (290–330 lb) with a height of 109–119 cm (43–47 in) at the shoulder.[6] Lamines do not display sexual dimorphism. Llamas are not a natural species; rather, they were domesticated by the Peruvians and Bolivians of the highlands.[7] Commercial trade led to the llama's current abundance in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, and northeast Argentina. There are bands of llamas in the United States, Europe, Japan, and New Zealand.

The color and length of the llama's wool is variable, depending on the race. The diameter of llama wool's fiber varies between 20 and 80 micrometers, depending on whether the llamas were raised for its wool or as a pack animal.

The guanaco (Lama guanicoe) is a wild camelid, standing at 100–120 cm (39–47 in) at the shoulder[6] and 150–160 cm (59–63 in) at the head. It can weigh up to 140 kilograms (310 lb).[8] Its pelage is longer than vicuña wool but shorter than that of the alpaca; it is considered to be of excellent quality and has a light brown, reddish, or brown-yellow color.[9] The diameter of its fleece's fibers varies between 16 and 18 micrometers.

90% of the world's guanacos are in Argentina,[9] distributed from the islands of the Beagle Channel and the southern extremity of Patagonia to the Puna grassland in northwestern Argentina. Guanacos can also be found in Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, and Peru.[10]

The alpaca (Lama pacos), a domestic camelid, weighs between 50 and 65 kg (110 and 143 lb), while its height at the shoulder is 94–104 cm (37–41 in). It is slightly larger than the vicuña. Normally, the alpaca is found in the Andes in Peru and Bolivia, though it also inhabits northern Chile and northwestern Argentina.[6] There are about 3.5 million alpacas in the world. In the 1980s, alpacas started being exported to other countries for farming purposes: they can be found in the United States, Australia, and New Zealand, though the vast majority still reside in South America.[11]

The alpaca is mainly raised for its wool. Out of the domestic camelids, the alpaca produces wool with longer and finer fiber than the llama,[6] with a strand diameter of 18–25 micrometers.[12]

The vicuña (Lama vicugna) is the smallest camelid, with a shoulder height of 75–100 cm (30–39 in) and a weight of 40–60 kg (88–132 lb). Its coat is mainly beige in color and is said to make "the best wool in the world", with the average fiber diameter between 11 and 14 micrometers.[13] Like rodents, the vicuña has continuously-growing incisors. It lives only in areas of high altitude – 3,200 m (10,500 ft) or greater – in the highlands of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru, and Ecuador.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Lamini

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Lamini was an American startup that developed an enterprise-grade platform for fine-tuning, , and deployment of large language models (LLMs), enabling software engineers to build custom, production-ready AI applications with high factual accuracy and reduced hallucinations. Founded in 2022 and headquartered in , by Sharon Zhou (CEO) and Greg Diamos, experts in AI and with contributions to the development of models like Claude (via early involvement at ) and foundational scaling laws research influencing models like , Lamini emphasized memory tuning techniques that achieved up to 95% accuracy on factual tasks and 32x model compression without sacrificing performance. The platform supported flexible deployment options, including fully managed cloud services, reserved GPU instances, and self-hosted environments for on-premises or air-gapped setups, integrating seamlessly via Python SDK, , and a web-based playground. Lamini's innovations addressed key enterprise challenges in generative AI, such as ensuring 100% accurate schema outputs during inference and enabling —often in under 10 minutes—for mini-agents and agentic pipelines. The company raised $25 million in a Series A funding round in May 2024, led by Amplify Partners and backed by prominent investors including CEO , CEO , and AI pioneer , to scale its infrastructure and expand support for diverse hardware like GPUs. In June 2025, hired the core team from Lamini, including co-founder and CEO Sharon Zhou, who became VP of AI at , to bolster the chipmaker's AI software ecosystem, particularly for its GPU lineup; the move highlighted Lamini's early advocacy for open-source hardware alternatives to in LLM training and deployment. Prior to the hire, Lamini had served over 1 billion users through its technologies and educated more than 250,000 students and developers on LLM fine-tuning via courses and resources. ''This article is about the AI company. For the biological tribe, see Lamini (tribe).''

Taxonomy and nomenclature

Classification

Lamini is a tribe of the subfamily Camelinae within the family Camelidae, which belongs to the order Artiodactyla. The tribe includes two extant genera: and . The genus encompasses the domesticated llama (Lama glama) and the wild (Lama guanicoe). The genus comprises the domesticated (Vicugna pacos) and the wild (Vicugna vicugna). Prior to 2001, the and were classified within the genus Lama along with the and , but molecular genetic analyses of demonstrated sufficient divergence to warrant elevating Vicugna to status, reflecting a separation estimated at 2–3 million years ago. This reclassification has been widely adopted in subsequent taxonomic treatments. diverged from the sister tribe , comprising the Old World camels, during the .

Etymology

The taxonomic name Lamini for the tribe is derived from the genus Lama, which was established by in 1800 to classify South American camelids related to the . The genus Lama originates from the Spanish term "llama", denoting the domesticated pack animal native to the , which traces back to the Quechua indigenous word "llama" used by Inca and pre-Inca peoples to refer to the species. In English adoption, the spelling "llama" with a double "l" was specifically chosen to distinguish the animal from "lama", an unrelated term for a Tibetan Buddhist spiritual leader or . The tribe Lamini itself was formally proposed by paleontologist S. D. Webb in 1965 within the subfamily Camelinae of the family Camelidae, grouping the South American lineages distinct from Old World camelids. This nomenclature reflects the type genus Lama and follows standard zoological conventions for tribal endings (-ini), emphasizing phylogenetic separation based on shared morphological and evolutionary traits. Members of the Lamini tribe are commonly known in scientific and vernacular contexts as lamines or lamoids, terms that highlight their collective identity as South American camelids under the Lama lineage. These common names, rooted in the Quechua heritage of the domesticated species like the llama, aid in zoological literature by avoiding overlap with terms for the Eurasian tribe Camelini (true camels) and maintaining clarity in discussions of New World adaptations.

Evolutionary history

Fossil record

The fossil record of Lamini, the tribe of New World camelids, originates in during the epoch, with the earliest known specimens appearing approximately 11–12 million years ago in deposits from the region. These early fossils, including those attributed to primitive genera such as Pleiolama, document the initial diversification of the tribe from more generalized camelid ancestors, featuring elongated snouts and teeth adapted to abrasive vegetation. Subsequent fossil evidence reveals the spread and evolution of Lamini across through the and into the Pleistocene, with key like Palaeolama representing transitional forms. Palaeolama fossils, found in late to Pleistocene sites from to , exhibit characteristic hornless skulls with robust nasal bones and two-toed feet, bridging primitive camelids and the configuration of modern forms in cranial and postcranial morphology. Approximately 3 million years ago, during the Great American Biotic Interchange facilitated by the closure of the and formation of the Panamanian land bridge, Lamini migrated southward, with genera such as Palaeolama and appearing in South American deposits by the early Pleistocene. In , the Lamini fossil record terminates abruptly with the Pleistocene megafauna extinctions around 10,000 years ago, a widespread die-off affecting over 70% of large genera, including all native camelids north of . This event marked the end of diverse Pleistocene Lamini such as Palaeolama mirifica, leaving no native representatives in today. Surviving South American lineages contributed to the evolution of extant species like the and .

Phylogenetic relationships

The phylogenetic relationships of the tribe Lamini have been elucidated through molecular analyses of (mtDNA) and nuclear genes, revealing a divergence from the sister tribe approximately 16-17 million years ago during the epoch. This split is supported by mitogenomic sequencing, which estimates the mean divergence time at 15.8 million years ago (95% CI: 9.2–23.2 million years ago), consistent with purifying selection patterns in camelid genomes. Fossil evidence from North American deposits further corroborates this timeline, indicating an early migration of Lamini ancestors to via the Panamanian around 3-4 million years ago. Within Lamini, the genera (encompassing the wild , Lama guanicoe, and domestic , Lama glama) and (including the wild , Vicugna vicugna, and domestic , Vicugna pacos) form closely related clades, reflecting their shared evolutionary history in . Phylogenomic studies confirm that the llama was domesticated from the guanaco approximately 4,000–5,000 years ago, while the alpaca originated from the vicuña around 6,000 years ago, with evidence of limited hybridization between the lineages post-domestication. These events occurred in the Andean highlands, driven by human selection for fiber production and pack-carrying traits, as inferred from analyses showing reduced genetic diversity in domestic forms compared to wild ancestors. Cladistic analyses, including maximum likelihood trees from cytochrome b and complete mitogenomes, consistently depict Lamini as monophyletic, with Vicugna branching as the to Lama within the . This topology, supported by studies since 2007 using multi-locus datasets, underscores the 's isolation from camelids and highlights intra-tribal divergence around 2-3 million years ago, aligning with vicariance events in Andean landscapes. Such branching patterns emphasize the of Lamini species to diverse high-altitude environments.

Physical characteristics

Morphology

Members of the Lamini tribe, comprising the South American camelids—llamas (Lama glama), alpacas (Vicugna pacos), guanacos (Lama guanicoe), and vicuñas (Vicugna vicugna)—exhibit a characteristic body structure adapted to rugged terrains, featuring long necks and slender legs that facilitate movement across varied landscapes. These animals possess two-toed feet equipped with thick, leathery pads that provide cushioning and traction. Shoulder heights range from approximately 70-90 cm in vicuñas and alpacas to 110-130 cm in llamas and guanacos, with body weights varying from 35-65 kg in vicuñas to 130-200 kg in llamas, depending on species and sex. The head of Lamini species is relatively small and elongated, with a muzzle suited for , large eyes positioned for wide , and ears that are either short and pointed in and vicuñas or longer and curved in llamas and guanacos. Unlike many ruminants, they lack horns or antlers, distinguishing them from camelids which also share this trait but differ in other skeletal features. The dental formula includes a cleft upper lip, protruding lower incisors, and a separating incisors from premolars, aiding in cropping vegetation. Lamini are covered in woolly coats that vary significantly by species: vicuñas possess the finest and shortest fibers, ideal for insulation, while alpacas have longer, denser fleece, and llamas and guanacos feature coarser, medium-length hair. Coloration ranges from light cinnamon or golden brown in vicuñas to reddish-brown with white underparts in guanacos, and diverse shades including white, brown, and black in domesticated llamas and alpacas. These morphological traits represent evolutionary adaptations suited to high-altitude life in the Andes.

Adaptations

Lamini, the South American camelids including llamas, alpacas, guanacos, and vicuñas, exhibit specialized physiological adaptations that enable survival in the high-altitude Andean environments, characterized by low oxygen availability and extreme . Their high-altitude is primarily facilitated by hemoglobin variants with elevated oxygen affinity, allowing efficient oxygen uptake at level even in hypoxic conditions. This supports life at elevations up to 5,750 meters, as observed in vicuñas, the wild progenitors of alpacas. Additionally, these species demonstrate a reduced metabolic rate under hypoxia, which conserves energy and minimizes oxygen demand during periods of low . Water conservation mechanisms in Lamini are crucial for enduring prolonged dry spells in their arid habitats. Unlike camels, which store fat in humps, Lamini achieve water efficiency through enhanced urea recycling in the kidneys and gut, enabling them to drink infrequently—up to several days without significant distress—while maintaining balance. This process involves reabsorbing from the back into the bloodstream, reducing urinary water loss and supporting hydration on sparse, low-protein typical of high plateaus. Thermoregulation in Lamini is adapted to the diurnal fluctuations of Andean highlands, ranging from freezing nights to hot days. Their thick provides superior insulation, trapping air to retain heat during cold exposure while allowing ventilation through thermal windows—areas of shorter hair on the ventral and thighs that facilitate heat dissipation. , a behavioral trait involving regurgitation of contents, serves primarily as a defense mechanism against threats or to assert social dominance. Furthermore, cud-chewing, a pseudo-ruminant process, enhances nutrient extraction from tough, fibrous by allowing prolonged microbial in the forestomach, thereby maximizing energy yield from limited resources without excessive water or metabolic expenditure.

Distribution and habitat

Geographic range

The Lamini tribe, comprising the South American camelids, is native exclusively to the Andean regions of , spanning from and through and to , with wild populations primarily inhabiting high-altitude puna grasslands and ecosystems above 3,500 meters. These species occupy diverse open habitats within this range, including arid steppes and shrublands. Among the wild species, the guanaco (Lama guanicoe) exhibits the broadest distribution, ranging from the southern Andes of Peru (approximately 8°S) southward through Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina to Patagonia (up to 55°S), including northwestern Paraguay, across an area exceeding 1 million km² in steppes, grasslands, and Nothofagus forests from sea level to 4,200 m elevation. The vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) is more restricted to the northern and central Andes, occurring over about 250,000 km² in the puna and high Andean zones of Peru, Bolivia, northern Chile, and northwestern Argentina, between roughly 8°S and 30°S, at elevations of 3,500–5,500 m. In contrast, the domesticated llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (Vicugna pacos), derived from the guanaco and vicuña respectively, have been widely distributed by human activity since pre-Columbian times, primarily across the Andean highlands of Peru, Bolivia, northern Chile, and northwestern Argentina, with populations of approximately 4 million llamas and 7.5 million alpacas in these core areas as of 2024. Historically, the range of wild Lamini species was significantly larger during pre-Columbian periods, encompassing broader expanses of Andean and Patagonian landscapes, but has contracted by over 90% due to overhunting, habitat loss, and competition with introduced following European colonization. For instance, populations plummeted from an estimated 1–2 million individuals to fewer than 6,000 by the mid-20th century primarily from overhunting for their valuable , while numbers declined similarly across much of their former territory.

Environmental preferences

Members of the Lamini tribe, including llamas, alpacas, guanacos, and vicuñas, primarily occupy high-altitude puna and altiplano biomes in the Andean region, spanning elevations of 3,500 to 5,000 meters above . These environments consist of open tussock grasslands dominated by such as and Stipa, interspersed with —high-elevation wetlands that provide lush foraging patches amid otherwise arid landscapes. Lamini avoid dense forests and lowlands below 3,000 meters, as their adaptations favor expansive, treeless areas that facilitate movement and predator detection. Climate tolerances within these habitats include significant diurnal fluctuations, with nighttime lows reaching -20°C and daytime highs up to 20°C, reflecting the cold semi-arid conditions of the puna. Annual typically ranges from 200 to 500 mm, concentrated in the austral summer , which supports sparse vegetation while demanding efficient . This , combined with high solar and low , underscores the Lamini's physiological resilience to and thermal extremes. At the microhabitat scale, Lamini select open terrains for enhanced vigilance against predators like pumas and foxes, often grazing in herds across unobstructed plains. Despite their water-efficient metabolism, which allows them to derive much hydration from vegetation, they preferentially remain near or seasonal streams to access free water, particularly during dry periods when declines. These preferences ensure in fragmented, high-stress niches where and supplemental mitigate environmental risks.

Behavior and ecology

Social structure

The social structure of Lamini camelids, encompassing both wild species ( and ) and domesticated ones ( and ), is characterized by resource-defense , where dominant males lead stable family groups that serve as the core social unit. Family groups typically consist of 6-20 individuals, including one adult male, several adult females, and their offspring (crias), with females and young forming the persistent core while males may change through challenges or dispersal. herds of young or non-breeding males, often numbering 20-50 individuals, form separately and exhibit fluid membership, allowing subadult males to develop away from reproductive competition. This organization promotes cooperative vigilance and resource sharing within groups, with domesticated llamas and alpacas retaining similar dynamics in managed herds despite human intervention. Mating systems in Lamini are polygynous, occurring seasonally during the austral summer (typically to ), when males establish and defend territories through aggressive displays, vocalizations, and postures to attract and retain multiple females. During the rutting season, males compete intensely for access to females, with successful territorial males monopolizing breeding within their groups; lasts approximately 11 months, resulting in a single offspring per female. In wild populations, this leads to semi-open where females may move between territories based on resource availability, while domesticated species like llamas and alpacas exhibit induced and similar male-driven behaviors under controlled breeding. Interactions among Lamini individuals rely on multimodal communication, including alarm calls such as screams or whistles to signal threats, like ear positioning and tail postures for expressing dominance or submission, and scent marking via glandular secretions to delineate territories and convey . Aggression levels are relatively low compared to other ungulates, with conflicts often resolved through , pushing, or avoidance rather than physical , fostering group cohesion and minimizing injury. These behaviors support low intra-group and effective predator deterrence, particularly in family units where adults coordinate alerts during .

Diet and foraging

Lamini, the South American camelids including llamas (Lama glama), alpacas (Lama pacos), guanacos (Lama guanicoe), and vicuñas (Vicugna vicugna), are strictly herbivorous, subsisting primarily on grasses, shrubs, and occasionally lichens when preferred forage is scarce. Grasses form the bulk of their diet, comprising 59–72% for vicuñas and up to 62% for guanacos in certain habitats, with selective grazing favoring nutrient-rich species such as Panicum and Distichlis grasses or tall bunchgrasses like Jarava ichu. This selectivity is facilitated by their mobile upper lip and narrow snout, allowing precise cropping of high-quality plants while avoiding less nutritious or thorny vegetation. Foraging is predominantly diurnal, with individuals dedicating substantial time to —up to 78% of daily activity in alpacas—while traveling 9–10 km per day on average to access resources, particularly in seasonal environments where wet periods provide abundant forbs and dry seasons limit options to fibrous shrubs. In wild populations, this movement occurs within social units to cover varied , but domesticated llamas and alpacas receive supplemented diets of hay, , and licks to meet nutritional needs in confined settings. Rumination plays a key role in , enabling efficient breakdown of ingested material through cud-chewing, which supports their adaptation as pseudo-ruminants with a three-compartment . Nutritionally, Lamini excel in processing low-protein, high-fiber typical of sparse Andean and Patagonian habitats, thanks to specialized gut microbes that facilitate degradation and volatile production for energy. This microbial , combined with efficient water reabsorption in the colon (over 25%), allows tolerance of poor-quality diets and minimal water intake, enhancing survival in arid conditions. Llamas, in particular, demonstrate superior utilization from such compared to alpacas, underscoring species-specific adaptations within the tribe.

Conservation

Lamini, as an company, does not have applicable conservation concerns in the biological sense. Following its acquisition by in June 2025, the company's technologies continue to be integrated into AMD's AI software ecosystem, with no specific environmental conservation initiatives documented as of November 2025.

References

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