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Memory of Mankind
Memory of Mankind
Memory of Mankind
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Memory of Mankind (MOM) is a preservation project founded by Martin Kunze in Hallstatt, Austria, in 2012. Its main goal is to preserve knowledge about present human civilization from oblivion and collective amnesia. Information is printed on ceramic tablets and stored in the local salt mine. The project aims to create the "time capsule of our era",[2] letting anyone participate by allowing them to submit texts and images. In contrast to national archives, content for MOM is collected by those who take part, and it constitutes a collective, "bottom-up" history.[1]

Key Information

History

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The project was started by ceramicist Martin Kunze. His earliest experience with a time capsule was in the early 1980s, when, as a 13-year-old, he buried a bottle at a beach with a message containing his name and phone number. Thirty years later, someone found it.[1]

Circa 2008, Kunze read Alan Weisman's nonfiction work The World Without Us, which included the claim that ceramic objects had the greatest chance to survive into the future.[1] This, coupled with the knowledge that the internet already contributed 2% of CO2 emissions, led Kunze to think about a ceramic time capsule. Part of the inspiration came from an art project by a classmate, who had written "feminine experiences" on ceramic tablets.[1]

In 2012, the Memory of Mankind started with the first tablet, which had a greeting to future finders, an explanation about the project, and a date expressed in terms of astronomical events.[1] By 2018, the project had over 500 tablets.[1]

Ambitions

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The primary ambition of MOM is to preserve an image of the current era, created by numerous participants from all over the planet. It also intends to contain information that our society is obligated to forward to the future, e.g., descriptions of nuclear waste repositories. MOM collaborates with the nuclear agency NEA and the Swedish nuclear waste company SKB.[citation needed]

The project is also intended as a critique of our digital civilization. According to Kunze, nothing of the 21st century may last in the future, since most of our interactions are now virtual. The conflict of accuracy is one of the main themes of the MOM project. The project aims to save a fragment of the information produced until today, Kunze says, but this fragment has to be representative.[3]

The project is open to the public, and its creator emphasizes that it is not a "doomsday project".[1]

Content

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MOM containers in the salt mine

Collecting content for the MOM is subject to bias. In order to take this into account, it is split into three sections, and as much meta-information as necessary is added to any contribution in order to enable future finders to apply source criticism. The collecting process is not centralized, and it is specifically relevant to each country/region/entity.

The three sections are:

  • Individual content: content uploaded by individuals, accompanied by a declaration of why this particular text is worthy of preservation. Each individual upload is marked as "private content" in the overall MOM index;
  • General content: content collected automatically to avoid bias, e.g., collecting the daily editorials of newspapers worldwide, randomly selected Facebook profiles, weekly/monthly magazines on different topics (with the "meta-information": numbers of readers; reason for selecting the respective magazine; description of the target group). A language-deciphering tool is also part of this section;
  • Specific content: in this section, MOM is used as a "medium". Outside institutions bring content to MOM and use the storage and ceramic microfilm. Examples include the nuclear industry (information about waste repositories) or universities, which use MOM for awards.[4]

Salt mine

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The Hallstatt salt mine is the oldest continuously exploited by humans. Several factors contribute to its suitability for the MOM archives: as well as the depth and relative stability of the mine, the salt absorbs moisture and dries the air, and it has a natural plasticity that helps to seal cracks and fractures, keeping the caverns watertight.[5]

The geology dictates that over hundreds of thousands of years, the archive will rise to the surface. Since the mouth of the cavern closes at about the rate of human fingernail growth, the project has about 40 years to be completed. Under Austrian law, the archive is considered to be "like waste", and ownerless.[1]

Ceramic data carriers

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Ceramic tablets in their containers

Ancient Sumerian clay tablets inspired those used by MOM. These modern variants are made of a ceramic material that is capable of preserving the information that they contain, as it is less vulnerable to corrosion, biological degradation, and ordinary weathering, and lasts for a longer time than other materials that have been used to record information—it resists temperatures of up to 1,200 °C (2,200 °F), chemicals, water, radiation, magnetism and pressure, and can "only be destroyed by a hammer" (even if a tablet breaks, information will not disappear). The goal is to have the most durable support available, able to carry the message over a long span of time (e.g., one million years).

The tablets measure 20x20 cm. One type carries images and text with a 300 dpi resolution, while the other type is "ceramic microfilm" and carries up to 5 million characters. It is required that the information be analog and recognizable as data to future finders.

Variations of languages over time and even the hypothesis of an alien intelligence discovering the MOM archives have been anticipated. Again, the creators of MOM take inspiration from historical methods. They designed their own "Rosetta Stone", translated into several languages with the appropriate character set and number system, an astronomical time indicating "2013" (via extremely rare events of simultaneous transits of Mercury and Venus), and thousands of images depicting concrete situations with the corresponding words, completed by the theoretical volumes of the main languages, e.g., phrases, grammar, thesauruses, and orthography.[6]

Token and ceremonial gathering

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Obverse (left) and reverse (right) of the token given to participants of the MOM project

A token (a disc 6,5 cm in diameter) is given to all participants of the MOM project. On its surface, the token indicates a place on Earth with a precision of some ten meters. The front side depicts the outline of Europe, with a mark representing Hallstatt's location. The back shows the position of the entrance to the MOM relative to the shape of Hallstatt lake. In addition, a multi-cubic shape representing the crystalline structure of the mine's salt is included. Due to the design of MOM and the token, the archive can only be retrieved by a society with a similar technical and physical understanding of the world to modern-era humans. This is intended to ensure that techniques to decode the content are available to future finders.

An "Ariadne's thread" in the form of ceramic tablets with mathematical indications of the direction and depth will be placed in the entrance tunnel, including "gaps", which are also mathematically indicated, in order to avoid accidental recovery by an immature society.

An instruction for a rite is attached to this token: the owners are supposed to gather every 50 years to commemorate and decide whether humanity still knows the content of MOM and if extensions are needed. The token should be transmitted to the descendants of the owners.[7]

Unlike other time capsules, which predefine opening dates (not considering if at that point an appropriate addressee will exist), MOM's token defines the culture rather than the date of the opening by ensuring a pre-mature society would be unable to interpret the token.

Crowdfunding aspect

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Memory of Mankind distinguishes itself by asking for contributions from both public and private entities, be they companies or common people. Contributions can be financial or content to be stored. Cooking recipes and personal stories are examples of contributions that may be stored. In exchange for a contribution above a certain character minimum, the contributor receives one of the ceramic tokens.

Cost

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MOM is a global project: in order to enable citizens of every country to represent themselves, the price of the tablets varies based on the donor's gross national income per capita-ranking table of the World Bank.[8]

[edit]
  • Container with tablets
    Container with tablets
  • Container with tablets 2
    Container with tablets 2
  • Container with tablets 3
    Container with tablets 3
  • Example of the ceramic microfilm
    Example of the ceramic microfilm
  • Microfilm view, with coin for size comparison
    Microfilm view, with coin for size comparison
  • Token
    Token
  • View of Hallstatt
    View of Hallstatt
  • Token on Hallstatt
    Token on Hallstatt

See also

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References

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[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Memory of Mankind

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Memory of Mankind (MOM) is a preservation project established by Austrian artist Martin Kunze in 2012, designed to safeguard human knowledge, personal narratives, and cultural records against long-term or civilizational collapse by laser-etching information onto microscopic data carriers stored within the stable salt mines of , . The initiative employs high-resolution techniques to inscribe text, images, and other data onto small, durable clay or plaques—resembling microfilm readable via —which are engineered to withstand , , and extreme conditions for potentially millions of years due to the chemical inertness of the material and the mine's geologically consistent of low humidity, stable temperature, and seismic protection. Kunze initiated MOM amid concerns over the ephemerality of digital storage formats and the risk of collective , aiming to create humanity's largest distributed by inviting contributions from individuals, institutions, and experts worldwide, including digitized , scientific datasets, artworks, and private memoirs, with each participant receiving a personal duplicate tablet while originals are archived in modular containers within abandoned mining tunnels. Notable collections encompass efforts like MOM1000, which seeks to preserve 1,000 key representing contemporary thought, alongside ceremonial elements such as locator tokens to aid future archaeologists in discovering and interpreting the vaults, underscoring the project's emphasis on accessibility and ritualistic handover to posterity. As of recent assessments, MOM operates as a nonprofit endeavor, expanding through voluntary submissions and lacking significant institutional backing, yet it stands as a proactive empirical hedge against information without reliance on fragile electronic media.

Origins and Development

Founding by Martin Kunze

Martin Kunze, an Austrian artist, ceramist, and researcher residing in , initiated the Memory of Mankind project in 2012 as a personal endeavor to address the vulnerabilities of digital preservation. Concerned with the short lifespan of electronic storage media—typically around 10 years for hard drives—Kunze questioned whether future generations could access vast digital archives in 100, 1,000, or even 10,000 years, warning of potential "Digital Alzheimer" or a "" resulting from . He aimed to develop a medium capable of enduring over a million years, drawing on durable materials like ceramics to etch knowledge for posterity. The project's founding stemmed from Kunze's experiments in his workshop, where he pioneered ceramic microfilm tablets measuring 20x20 cm, each capable of storing up to 1,000 pages of text through microscopic engravings readable with magnification. These tablets were engineered for extreme resilience, withstanding water immersion, temperatures up to 1,500°C, and acidic environments, far surpassing traditional paper or digital formats. Kunze launched an initial campaign titled "A Thousand Books for a Million Years" to and encode 1,000 essential texts, establishing the core methodology of crowdsourced, unbiased knowledge preservation without institutional oversight. By selecting the ancient Hallstatt salt mine—a UNESCO World Heritage site operational for 7,000 years—as the storage location, Kunze ensured geological stability for long-term archiving, beginning with small-scale depositions that laid the groundwork for expansion. This self-funded startup phase emphasized empirical durability testing over theoretical planning, reflecting Kunze's background in ceramics and his rejection of ephemeral modern storage norms.

Initial Setup and Milestones (2012–2018)

The Memory of Mankind project originated in 2012 when Austrian ceramist Martin Kunze began engraving the first durable data carrier in his Hallstatt workshop, consisting of a ceramic tablet with a greeting to potential future discoverers, a project overview, and the date in multiple calendrical systems. This initial setup focused on developing analog storage methods resilient to environmental degradation, drawing from Kunze's expertise in ceramics to create micro-engravings on nickel-chloride-coated surfaces fused into glass-ceramic for longevity exceeding 10,000 years. In the same year, Kunze initiated contact with the operator of the salt mine to evaluate it as a permanent repository, selected for its stable , seismic resistance, and historical continuity of salt extraction ensuring inadvertent discovery. Early milestones included prototyping data encoding techniques, such as reducing documents to microfilm readable with , and soliciting initial contributions from individuals for inscription, emphasizing personal narratives alongside scientific data to capture a broad societal snapshot. By 2016, the project advanced to installing custom containers within the mine's disused tunnels, enabling systematic deposition of tablets; this infrastructure supported growing submissions, including from researchers and organizations, totaling hundreds of entries by 2018. Kunze also introduced a global token distribution system in this period, minting ceramic coins etched with the archive's coordinates to guide future excavators, distributed at events to promote awareness and participation. These developments marked the transition from conceptual experimentation to operational archiving, with over 1,000 tablets prepared by the end of 2018.

Recent Progress and Expansions (2019–Present)

In 2020, the project partnered with WOP Photonics to develop a specialized system for data onto tablets, enhancing the precision and efficiency of the engraving process for long-term preservation. Later that year, a selection of ' coverage documenting the was inscribed onto ceramic media and deposited in the archive, marking one of the first major institutional submissions focused on contemporary global events. The initiative launched its first international crowdfunding campaign, "A Thousand Books for a Million Years," aimed at selecting and preserving 1,000 culturally significant books on microfilm tablets, each capable of storing up to 1,000 pages in a durable, analog format resistant to extreme conditions. This effort built on prior developments in microfilm technology, refined in recent years to include capabilities, allowing for denser and more versatile while maintaining readability for millennia. By September 2024, the archive expanded to incorporate complementary preservation technologies, including a 5D encoding the complete human sequence, developed by the University of Southampton's Research Centre; this nanostructured disk, designed to endure for billions of years, was deposited in the facility alongside traditional ceramic tablets. These additions reflect ongoing efforts to diversify storage media while prioritizing empirical verifiability and causal durability in knowledge transmission.

Rationale and Objectives

Impermanence of Digital Storage

Digital storage media, including hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), and optical discs, exhibit limited longevity due to physical degradation and mechanical failure. HDDs typically fail at an annual rate of approximately 1-1.5%, with expected lifespans of 3-5 years under normal use, influenced by factors such as mechanical wear on read/write heads and platter degradation. SSDs, while lacking moving parts, suffer from write endurance limitations, with cells degrading after a finite number of program/erase cycles, often resulting in of 10 years or less without power. Optical media like CDs and DVDs degrade via dye oxidation and , with actual lifespans of 2-5 years despite manufacturer claims of 10-25 years for archival-grade variants. Beyond physical decay, digital data faces "bit rot," where stored bits spontaneously alter due to cosmic rays, , or manufacturing defects, necessitating regular error correction and migration that current infrastructures may not sustain indefinitely. Software and hardware obsolescence compounds these issues, rendering files inaccessible when proprietary formats, codecs, or emulators become unsupported; for instance, early document formats like those from or are now largely unreadable without specialized recovery efforts. Historical examples include widespread loss of data from obsolete floppy disks and magnetic tapes, where even intact media cannot be accessed due to absent compatible drives or operating systems. The dependency of digital archives on continuous power, , and institutional continuity introduces systemic vulnerabilities, as evidenced by service shutdowns and format migrations that have erased cultural artifacts, such as early video games or proprietary datasets. These factors underpin the Memory of project's rationale, as articulated by founder Martin Kunze, who cites the finite durability of digital records as a primary impetus for analog, geologically stable preservation methods. Archival experts note that while digital storage suits short-term needs, it falls short of the centuries-long reliability required for civilizational , prompting hybrid approaches but highlighting inherent impermanence without proactive, resource-intensive stewardship.

Goals for Unbiased Knowledge Preservation

The Memory of Mankind project seeks to establish a long-term that documents contemporary human civilization in a manner designed to minimize interpretive biases and selective omissions, providing with a direct, unaltered snapshot of present-day and . Founder Martin Kunze has described this as the effort to "build up a complete, unbiased picture of modern societies," emphasizing the inclusion of raw data, personal narratives, and institutional records to counteract the potential for collective amnesia or distorted . This goal extends beyond mere storage durability to encompass a preservation strategy that privileges verifiable facts over narrative-driven curation, aiming to preserve empirical realities such as scientific findings, technological achievements, and societal structures as they exist without retroactive filtering. To realize this unbiased preservation, the project solicits contributions from diverse sources, including public submissions, museum collections (such as 150 tablets from Vienna's institutions), and evaluations, fostering a broad representation of viewpoints that avoids over-reliance on any single institutional perspective. panels assess artefacts and for inclusion based on their significance for posterity, with decisions informed by conferences like "Zero Footprint: What Shall We Leave Behind?" to deliberate on comprehensive coverage. This process is intended to mitigate risks from biased sources—such as those prevalent in academia or media, where systemic preferences may skew historical accounts—by aggregating unedited primary materials that enable independent causal analysis by future readers. The emphasis on unbiased preservation also addresses the vulnerability of digital and traditional to revision or loss due to ideological shifts, positioning the ceramic-based as a that locks in knowledge at the point of , circa 2012 onward. By , over 500 clay tablets had been produced as prototypes for this purpose, with ongoing expansions targeting millions of durable plaques to encapsulate a spectrum of human endeavors, from endangered cultural memories to objective scientific datasets. This methodology underscores a commitment to evidential integrity, ensuring the serves as a foundational resource for reconstructing causal chains of events rather than endorsing preconceived interpretations.

Emphasis on Empirical and Causal Knowledge

The Memory of Mankind project prioritizes the preservation of rooted in observable and verifiable cause-and-effect mechanisms, distinguishing it from subjective accounts or interpretive frameworks. Founder Martin Kunze has articulated the objective of compiling an "unbiased picture of modern societies," which entails selecting content that documents empirical observations, experimental outcomes, and mechanistic explanations capable of withstanding scrutiny across epochs. This focus counters the risks of in digital formats, where ideological filtering or selective retention could distort causal understandings of historical , technological developments, and phenomena. Specific inclusions underscore this orientation, such as the 2024 deposition of the sequence on a 5D memory crystal, encoding 3 billion base pairs of deoxyribonucleic acid data that elucidate genetic inheritance patterns and evolutionary causations. Similarly, contributions from scientific institutions encompass peer-reviewed findings on physical laws, chemical processes, and biological systems, providing foundational datasets for inferring operational realities rather than normative prescriptions. These selections reflect a curation standard that favors reproducible evidence—such as measurements, diagrams of experimental setups, and models of interdependent variables—over anecdotal or consensus-driven assertions, thereby enabling future reconstructors to test and extend causal chains independently. This methodological rigor addresses potential distortions from contemporary source biases, including those in academic and media outputs, by archiving raw empirical alongside their derivation methods, such as instrumental calibrations and control variables in studies. For instance, preserved engineering schematics detail material properties and failure modes under specified conditions, allowing of structural integrity without reliance on interpretive overlays. The project's with experts in disciplines like physics and further ensures that entries include quantitative metrics and predictive models grounded in repeated validation, promoting a legacy of knowledge resilient to reinterpretation through non-evidence-based lenses.

Technical Infrastructure

Hallstatt Salt Mine as Storage Site

The Hallstatt salt mine, located in the region of near the village of , serves as the dedicated underground archive for the Memory of Mankind project's ceramic tablets and microfilms. Operational for over 7,000 years, it represents the world's oldest salt mine and contributes to the of Hallstatt-Dachstein, underscoring its historical continuity in salt extraction since prehistoric times. This site's selection for long-term storage derives from its geological and climatic properties, which inhibit degradation of durable media. The hygroscopic salt environment actively desiccates the interior, maintaining low and preventing or biological decay, while temperatures remain around 10–15°C year-round. Salt's plasticine-like allows it to flow and seal cracks autonomously, ensuring watertightness and resistance to seismic activity or pressure changes, with the mine having endured millennia without structural failure. Storage occurs in excavated chambers deep within the mine, approximately 2 kilometers from the entrance and beneath millions of tonnes of overlying rock, even as adjacent areas support ongoing activities. Ceramic carriers, resistant to heat up to 1,300°C, chemicals, and , are housed in sealed containers designed for inaccessibility, with the surrounding salt expected to form a natural, impermeable barrier over decades. This configuration prioritizes isolation from surface threats like flooding or human interference, projecting viability for thousands of years.

Ceramic Tablets: Design and Durability

The ceramic tablets of the Memory of Mankind project consist primarily of high-performance designed for extreme , with data inscribed via to embed text and images directly into the material. Standard tablets utilize a process akin to ceramic stains applied at 300 dpi resolution for vivid images and text, while ceramic microfilm variants prioritize high-density black-and-white storage, compressing data to five lines per millimeter, readable via a 10x magnifying lens. A typical microfilm tablet measures 20 cm by 20 cm and holds up to 5 million characters, equivalent to approximately 2,000 pages of text across five 400-page books. Post-engraving, tablets receive a protective glaze resistant to alkalis, acids, and temperatures exceeding 1,300°C, enhancing structural integrity against chemical degradation and thermal stress. The ceramic base itself exhibits sapphire-like hardness, withstanding water immersion, acids, and heat up to 1,500°C without damage, alongside immunity to UV radiation, corrosion, magnetic fields, and electromagnetic pulses. This combination renders the tablets far more resilient than traditional media like paper or digital storage, which degrade under environmental exposure or technological obsolescence. Durability is further bolstered by the project's storage in the salt mine, where slow salt flow—approximately 2 cm per year—naturally encapsulates tablets, providing seismic stability and resistance to pressures equivalent to a 5 km overburden, at about one-fifth of the material's burst strength. Project founder Martin Kunze specifies a target lifespan of 1 million years for legibility, predicated on the ceramics' chemical inertness and the geological sealing that minimizes oxygen and moisture ingress. While empirical long-term testing remains limited due to the medium's novelty, the design draws from established ceramic properties validated in industrial applications for and resistance.

Data Engraving Techniques and Capacity

The Memory of Mankind project employs laser engraving to transfer digital data directly onto high-tech ceramic tablets, creating durable microfilm-like storage media. This process involves etching text, images, and graphics onto the ceramic surface, which is then sealed for protection against environmental degradation. Two primary techniques are used: ceramic microfilm for black-and-white text and monochrome graphics, where content is reduced to five lines per millimeter and remains readable with a 10x magnifying lens; and ceramic color-stains at 300 dpi resolution for photographs and illustrations, mimicking the output of a color laser printer. Ceramic microfilm tablets measure 20 cm by 20 cm and achieve high data density by miniaturizing printed content to approximately 1/200th of its original volume. A single such tablet can store up to 5 million characters, equivalent to the content of five 400-page books. For color-enabled tablets, which accommodate pictures and diagrams alongside text, capacity is lower at around 50,000 characters per tablet before glazing. These methods prioritize legibility for future retrievers without advanced , incorporating aids like pictographic dictionaries for decoding. The engraving process ensures permanence through the inherent stability of ceramic materials, which resist chemical and physical over millennia when stored in stable geological environments. Data is encoded from digital files, allowing efficient compression of libraries into compact forms suitable for archival containment. This approach contrasts with volatile by relying on analog reduction and robust substrate properties for long-term fidelity.

Content Collection and Funding

Token System and Ceremonial Submissions

The token system of the Memory of Mankind project consists of small, durable ceramic tokens distributed to participants who contribute substantial textual content to the archive. Each token is fired at 1200°C and engraved with a schematic map encoding the precise location of the salt mine storage site, utilizing recognizable landmarks such as coastlines, the shape of the lake, relative mountain distances, and satellite-era coordinate systems for decodability by advanced future societies. These tokens also function as chronological markers through , allowing future discoverers to estimate their age and reconstruct environmental changes like coastline shifts. Tokens are obtained by submitting original text contributions via the project's , with recipients qualifying upon providing more than 3000 characters; submissions up to 5000 characters are optimal for processing onto ceramic media. Each token arrives in an envelope marked "MOM Token," serving both as a of participation and a physical artifact promoting the archive's . This mechanism incentivizes public involvement in while funding and storage through donor-supported submissions. Attached to each token is an instruction for a recurring memorial procedure, establishing a ceremonial among holders: every 50 years, commencing in 2070, token bearers are to convene, commemorate the , evaluate whether its contents remain known to humanity, and determine if extensions or updates are required to sustain its relevance. This ritualistic gathering aims to perpetuate oral and institutional transmission of the 's existence across generations, countering potential knowledge loss in catastrophic scenarios. Such ceremonial submissions tie individual contributions to a collective duty, embedding personal inputs within a framework of long-term stewardship without institutional gatekeeping.

Crowdfunding Mechanisms

The Memory of Mankind project utilizes self-organized crowdfunding campaigns conducted through its official website to finance the engraving and storage of selected knowledge on ceramic tablets. These campaigns target specific content domains, enabling public participation in funding and curation decisions. Contributors support the preservation of cultural artifacts in exchange for ceramic tokens that map the archive's location in the Hallstatt salt mine, facilitating potential future discovery. The inaugural international campaign, "A Thousand Books for a Million Years," sought to identify and preserve 1,000 essential books on microfilm within the salt mine. Public suggestions for book inclusions were solicited via the project website, with selections determined by objective metrics such as bestseller lists, rankings, and citation frequencies, developed in with universities. This approach aimed to compile a representative corpus of human literature while distributing across individual donors rather than relying on centralized grants. Future campaigns are outlined for additional knowledge areas, including , , , and , following a similar participatory model. By incentivizing contributions with tokens—approximately 6 cm in diameter and etched with landmarks pointing to —the project embeds a retrieval mechanism into its funding rewards, theoretically ensuring that financial backers propagate awareness of the archive's existence. No third-party platforms like are employed; instead, campaigns leverage direct website interactions for pledges and fulfillment. This structure supports operational costs, including material production and mine access, without specified total amounts raised per campaign in . The model's emphasis on crowd-sourced input aligns with the project's preservation but introduces potential challenges in verifying donor intent and ensuring equitable representation across global contributors.

Curation Process and Selection Standards

The curation process for the Memory of Mankind (MOM) project divides content into three categories to form a curated snapshot of contemporary human and : automatically compiled foundational materials, such as core scientific principles and historical overviews; preselected submissions from institutions, including newspapers, encyclopedias, and bodies that nominate representative artifacts; and individual user contributions forming a "bottom-up told " of personal and diverse perspectives. This structure, overseen by founder Martin Kunze, prioritizes deliberate inclusion over indiscriminate archiving to prevent dilution by ephemeral or redundant data. Individual text submissions, accepted via the project's website, allow contributors to enter up to 5,000 characters in any language for free inclusion, with longer works like books or theses handled through direct contact; these feed into the grassroots category without stated rejection thresholds, enabling broad participation while tokens are issued for substantial entries exceeding 3,000 characters. Institutional and nominated content undergoes review by the project team to ensure alignment with preservation goals, as seen in partnerships where entities like submit curated selections of coverage, such as 2020 pandemic reporting, for engraving. Selection standards reject a full knowledge backup in favor of high-value, representative items that capture causal mechanisms, empirical foundations, and cultural essence, given that future societies decoding MOM—estimated to require advanced technological parity—will possess their own evolving . For initiatives like the "A Thousand Books for a Million Years," public nominations require detailed justification of a title's significance in mirroring human identity and era-specific insights, with the team selecting approximately 1,000 works for microfilm based on enduring intellectual merit rather than popularity or volume. This curatorial filter, emphasizing quality to balance accessibility for hypothetical discoverers, avoids overload from modifiable or niche , though critics note inherent subjectivity in Kunze's oversight.

Achievements and Evaluations

Key Partnerships and Contributions

The Memory of Mankind (MOM) project has collaborated with several cultural and academic institutions to preserve specialized knowledge on its ceramic tablets. The Natural History Museum Vienna, Art History Museum Vienna, and have contributed institutional archives, including historical and scientific records, to the repository. Similarly, the and the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Corporation (SKB) have deposited data on nuclear technologies, safety protocols, and practices, ensuring long-term documentation of critical industrial knowledge. A prominent scientific contribution occurred on September 19, 2024, when the encoded the complete —approximately 3 billion base pairs—onto a nanostructured 5D using femtosecond laser writing, capable of enduring for billions of years at ambient temperatures. This effort, partnered with Helixwork Technologies for deep-read sequencing verification, resulted in the crystal's storage within the MOM archive, providing future discoverers with genetic instructions for human reconstruction. Technological partnerships have enhanced MOM's data inscription capabilities. In October 2020, WOP Photonics agreed to assist with laser-based engraving processes for microfilms, leveraging their expertise in photonics to improve etching precision and durability. Additionally, the project has extended contributions to extraterrestrial preservation through collaboration with Puli Space Technologies, which planned to include a MOM tablet on a lunar mission to create an off-Earth duplicate archive. These partnerships underscore MOM's strategy of aggregating diverse, verifiable datasets from credible sources, supplemented by public submissions via the token system, to form a multifaceted record of contemporary civilization.

Quantifiable Outputs and Preserved Artifacts

Ceramic tablets produced by the Memory of Mankind project serve as the primary preserved artifacts, designed for extreme longevity. Each tablet measures 20x20 cm and employs two main formats: one for images and text at 300 dpi resolution, and ceramic microfilm capable of storing up to 5 million characters, roughly equivalent to 400 pages of a standard book. Advanced microfilm iterations can encode up to 1,000 book pages per tablet, enabling dense preservation of textual and visual content. As of January 2017, the project had generated multiple tablets, including approximately 150 featuring replicas of items from Vienna's collections, such as biological specimens and cultural artifacts, etched for perpetual readability. These outputs encompass diverse submissions, from personal life stories and professional works of contributors to institutional documents like The New York Times' coverage preserved in 2020. Tablets are encased in protective containers and positioned in the salt mine's vaults, with stacks organized for retrieval. The 1,000 Books initiative represents a targeted output, aiming to select and engrave seminal works reflecting contemporary on microfilm tablets, though specific production tallies remain project-internal as of the latest public reports. Overall, outputs emphasize quality over volume, prioritizing verifiable, enduring records amid ongoing individual and organizational submissions funded via .

Comparative Advantages Over Digital Archives

The Memory of Mankind project employs microfilm tablets stored in a salt mine, offering superior long-term durability compared to digital archives, which are prone to through bit rot, media obsolescence, and format incompatibility without continuous maintenance. materials withstand temperatures up to 1,300°C, acids, alkalis, water, chemicals, and , as evidenced by intact Sumerian tablets from over 5,000 years ago, whereas digital storage mediums like hard drives or optical discs typically fail within decades absent intervention. A primary advantage lies in technological independence: engravings are analogue and directly observable with basic tools like a 10x magnifier, eliminating reliance on , software, or hardware that may become unavailable in post-technological societies or after events like electromagnetic pulses or solar storms, which can corrupt digital data en masse. Each 20 cm × 20 cm tablet encodes up to 5 million characters—equivalent to five 400-page —using laser-etched microfilm at 5 lines per millimeter, providing compact, human-readable storage without the volume inefficiency of printed or the decoding risks of digital files. The salt mine's geological stability further enhances preservation, with salt's natural plasticity sealing storage niches at 2 cm per year and shielding contents 2 km underground from moisture, erosion, flooding, and even 5 km-thick ice sheets during potential ice ages, conditions unattainable by surface-based digital data centers vulnerable to power failures, cyberattacks, or geopolitical disruptions. This passive, low-maintenance approach contrasts with digital archives' requirement for ongoing , hardware refreshes, and human oversight, mitigating risks of total from systemic failures as seen in historical examples like obsolete floppy disks or unreadable DVDs.

Criticisms and Limitations

Doubts on Long-Term Durability and Retrieval

Despite claims of durability extending up to one million years, the tablets face potential degradation from unforeseen chemical interactions or mechanical stresses over geological timescales, as no empirical testing exists beyond accelerated simulations for such durations. The microfilm inscriptions, etched at high resolution, could suffer from subtle if exposed to trace impurities in the salt environment, though proponents assert inertness based on precedents like ancient surviving millennia. The salt mine's selection relies on its depth and low humidity, with salt's self-sealing properties mitigating fractures, yet the surrounding Alpine introduces risks from recurrent landslides and mass movements documented in Lake Hallstatt sediments, including events from prehistoric times to recent centuries that could compromise structural integrity. Austria's moderate seismic activity, combined with the region's steep terrain favoring debris flows and rock avalanches, heightens vulnerability to seismic-induced shifts, potentially disrupting access tunnels or containers despite the mine's historical stability since prehistoric operations. Retrieval poses challenges for distant future societies, as the archive's location in disused mine shafts lacks prominent global signage to deter or , depending instead on the site's archaeological prominence and potential resumption for rediscovery. In scenarios of civilizational collapse, cultural of Hallstatt's history may dissipate, akin to how of local hazards like floods fades within two generations absent continuous records, rendering the archive effectively lost without widespread transmission of coordinates. Analog with basic assumes technological continuity or rediscovery of simple , but obliteration of surface cues could relegate it to inadvertent geological burial.

Funding Sustainability and Cost Concerns

The Memory of Mankind project functions as a non-profit initiative, sustained primarily through fees paid by contributors for personal or organizational data onto ceramic tablets stored in the salt mine. Individual submissions, including a single tile and a commemorative token, are priced at 350 euros, while larger-scale entries from companies can cost up to 5,000 euros, reflecting a tiered that incentivizes broader participation. Operational expenses remain low, as founder Martin Kunze conducts much of the manual process in his home studio, and the project benefits from a perpetual rent-free for storage in the mine, secured via a contract with the former chief officer of Salzwelten . Donations supplement these revenues, with the official website actively soliciting contributions to support ongoing activities. Despite these cost efficiencies, the model's dependence on sporadic, contributor-driven payments raises questions about long-term , particularly given the labor-intensive, non-automated production of durable artifacts, which constrains expansion without scaled . Critics have likened the approach to a "," suggesting that fee-based inclusions may favor affluent or motivated submitters, potentially undermining the project's aim of comprehensively representing human knowledge rather than serving as a selective repository. The absence of major institutional or governmental backing further highlights vulnerabilities, as fluctuating could diminish inflows, though the static nature of the physical archive minimizes ongoing maintenance demands beyond initial setup.

Potential Biases in Content and Representation

The curation of content for the Memory of Mankind project relies on voluntary submissions from individuals and institutions worldwide, which introduces selection biases favoring contributors motivated and resourced to participate. As a result, the archive may disproportionately represent perspectives from educated, affluent, or Western demographics, with limited inclusion of voices from remote, economically , or digitally isolated communities who lack or access to the submission process. This self-selection mechanism, while democratizing in intent, mirrors empirical patterns observed in crowdsourced archives where participation correlates with socioeconomic factors rather than proportional societal representation. The project's stated criteria prioritize "morally significant" personal stories, insights into knowledge acquisition processes (such as experimental methods in scientific theses), and warnings about hazards like nuclear waste sites, over comprehensive encyclopedic coverage. Such qualitative focus, determined by founder Martin Kunze and volunteer curators, risks embedding subjective valuations—potentially overlooking contentious historical events, ideological debates, or culturally peripheral knowledge unless explicitly submitted. For instance, while aiming for an "unbiased picture of modern societies," the reliance on submitters' self-perceived importance could underemphasize systemic critiques or minority narratives absent proactive inclusion efforts. Token-based submissions, where participants purchase ceramic tokens to encode , further exacerbate economic biases by enabling prioritized or ceremonial preservation for paying contributors, as of in 2012. Although basic contributions remain free and open to all regardless of background, this tiered system parallels funding-driven distortions in other archival initiatives, where financial incentives skew content toward commercially viable or elite interests rather than equitable global diversity. Empirical analysis of similar preservation projects indicates that such models yield archives reflecting contributor demographics over population proportionality, with no verified countermeasures like randomized sampling or affirmative outreach to underrepresented groups in MOM's framework as of 2023.

Future Outlook

Planned Expansions and Technological Upgrades

The Memory of Mankind project intends to broaden its archival scope through specialized campaigns targeting underrepresented domains of human endeavor. The "A Thousand Books for a Million Years" initiative seeks to and encode 1,000 seminal books onto microfilm tablets, incorporating submissions from universities and the general public to ensure diverse representation. Subsequent campaigns are slated to encompass such as and , alongside and , thereby diversifying the repository beyond to capture multifaceted cultural achievements. These content expansions necessitate infrastructural growth, with ongoing crowdfunding efforts directed toward procuring supplementary tablets and potentially augmenting the storage chambers in the Hallstatt salt mine to accommodate increased volume. Partnerships with entities including the Natural History Museum Vienna, the , and the OECD facilitate resource pooling and expertise integration for these enlargements. On the technological front, refinements to data inscription methods include collaboration with WOP Photonics to engineer a system optimized for microscopic text and images onto high-performance s, promising enhanced resolution and throughput for future inscriptions. The microfilm medium, measuring 20 by 20 centimeters and capable of holding up to 1,000 pages per tablet, endures submersion, temperatures exceeding 1,000°C, and corrosive acids, underpinning these upgrades' viability for millennial-scale durability. Complementary efforts involve distributing tokens as encoded locators, aiding potential rediscovery while embedding navigational data for archive retrieval.

Implications for Future Civilizations

The Memory of Mankind archive, situated in the stable, low-humidity environment of Hallstatt's salt mine, is engineered to withstand geological timescales, with ceramic tablets projected to remain legible for up to 10 million years under optimal conditions. For hypothetical future civilizations emerging from existential threats—such as nuclear conflict, supervolcanic eruptions, or solar flares that could erase digital records—this physical repository could function as a for societal , supplying encoded blueprints for essential technologies like , , and . Project documentation emphasizes that such preservation counters the fragility of , which degrade within decades absent continuous power and maintenance, thereby enabling successors to bypass rudimentary trial-and-error phases in reconstruction efforts. Access to the archive's contents, including over 10,000 tablets as of 2023 encompassing encyclopedic entries, genetic sequences like the via 5D quartz crystals, and multilingual narratives, might accelerate scientific rediscovery by millennia, allowing inheritors to leverage accumulated empirical insights into physics, , and without isolated reinvention. Founder Martin Kunze articulates the intent as creating an "unbiased picture of modern societies" to inform adaptive strategies, potentially mitigating recurrences of resource mismanagement or ideological conflicts documented therein, grounded in causal patterns from historical data. This could foster resilient governance models, as evidenced by preserved analyses of past pandemics and economic collapses, promoting evidence-based decision-making over folklore-dependent revival. Broader philosophical ramifications include the reinforcement of human continuity, positioning the early 21st-century as a referential benchmark for ethical , with tablets detailing and technological dualities to guide against hubristic overreach. Retrieval feasibility hinges on encoded locational cues, such as geospatial markers tied to stable tectonic features, enabling motivated post-collapse groups to excavate via rudimentary , though interpretation challenges persist for non-Indo-European linguistic isolates. Ultimately, the project's implications underscore a precautionary hedge against knowledge entropy, where causal chains of depend on durable transmission rather than ephemeral formats.

Broader Societal and Philosophical Impacts

The Memory of Mankind project challenges prevailing reliance on digital storage by demonstrating the practical and ethical necessity of durable, non-electronic preservation strategies amid risks like data obsolescence, cyberattacks, and global catastrophes. Its emphasis on microfilms and tablets, capable of enduring millions of years in a stable salt mine environment, serves as a cautionary model against the impermanence of formats such as floppy disks or tapes, which have rendered vast troves of information inaccessible within decades. This approach has informed debates on archival , influencing institutions to reconsider hybrid preservation methods for critical records. Philosophically, the project interrogates the curation of civilizational memory, prioritizing substantive content—such as scientific advancements and cultural narratives—over ephemeral trends, as determined by expert conferences like "Zero Footprint: What Shall We Leave Behind?" It posits preservation as a duty to furnish future societies with an "unbiased picture" of contemporary life, countering potential collective and enabling post-collapse reconstruction, whether for regressed human populations or advanced successors. Yet, this raises dilemmas about selection authority and representational fidelity, as curatorial choices inherently reflect present-era judgments on enduring value. On a societal level, public engagement through crowdfunding and submissions of personal stories has democratized knowledge archiving, fostering a participatory ethos that extends beyond elite institutions and cultivates intergenerational solidarity. The global dispersal of retrieval tokens, coupled with planned decennial meetings commencing in 2070, aims to embed the project in collective consciousness, potentially inspiring analogous initiatives and long-termist policies in heritage conservation. However, skeptics argue that static artifacts alone may fail to convey cultural vitality, underscoring that true legacy transmission hinges on interpretive contexts rather than mere endurance.

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