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"Nekomata (猫また)" from the Hyakkai Zukan by Sawaki Suushi

Nekomata (original form: 猫また, later forms: 猫又, 猫股, 猫胯) are a kind of cat yōkai described in Japanese folklore, classical kaidan, essays, etc. There are two very different types: those that live in the mountains and domestic cats that have grown old and transformed into yōkai.[1]

Nekomata are often confused with bakeneko. Nekomata have multiple tails, while bakeneko have one. Additionally, while bakeneko are often seen as mischievous and playful, nekomata are considered far more malicious in their behaviour.

Mountain nekomata

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"Nekomata to Iu Koto (ねこまたといふ事)" from the "Tonoigusa" by Ogita Ansei (1660). A scene of a hunter shooting a nekomata that has shapeshifted into the hunter's mother.

Nekomata appear in stories even earlier than in Japan. In the Sui dynasty, the words 猫鬼 and 金花猫 described mysterious cats. In Japanese literature, the nekomata first appeared in the Meigetsuki by Fujiwara no Teika in the early Kamakura period: in the beginning of Tenpuku (1233), August 2, in Nanto (now Nara Prefecture), a nekomata (猫胯) was said to have killed and eaten several people in one night. The nekomata was described as a mountain beast: according to the Meigetsuki, "They have eyes like a cat, and have a large body like a dog." An essay in Yoshida Kenkō 's 1331 Tsurezuregusa asserts, "In the mountain recesses, there are those called nekomata, and people say that they eat humans... (奥山に、猫またといふものありて、人を食ふなると人の言ひけるに……)."[2][3]

Many people question whether the nekomata was originally a cat monster.[2] Since people are said to suffer an illness called "nekomata disease" (猫跨病), some interpret the nekomata to be a beast that has caught rabies.[4]

Even in the kaidan collections, the "Tonoigusa" (宿直草) and the "Sorori Monogatari" (曾呂利物語), nekomata conceal themselves in mountain recesses. There are stories that deep in the mountains they shapeshift into humans.[5][6] In folk religion there are many stories of mountainous nekomata.[1] In later literature, the mountain nekomata tend to be larger. In the "Shin Chomonjū" (新著聞集), nekomata captured in the mountains of Kii Province are as large as a wild boar; in the "Wakun no Shiori" (倭訓栞) of 1775 (Anei 4), their roar echoes throughout the mountain, and they can be seen as big as a lion or leopard. In the "Gūisō" (寓意草) of 1809 (Bunka 6), a nekomata that held a dog in its mouth was described as having a span of 9 shaku and 5 sun (about 2.8 meters).[2]

At Mount Nekomata [ceb] (猫又山, Nekomatayama) in Etchū Province (today Toyama Prefecture), nekomata were said to devour humans. Legends are sometimes named after their associated mountains, such as Mount Nekomadake.[4] There are indeed large cats at Mount Nekomata that attack humans.[7]

Domestic cat nekomata

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At the same time, in the setsuwa collection Kokon Chomonjū, in the story "Kankyō Hōin (観教法印)", an old cat raised in a villa on a mountain precipice held a secret treasure, a protective sword, in its mouth and ran away. People chased the cat, but it disguised itself. In the aforementioned Tsurezuregusa, aside from nekomata that conceal themselves in the mountains, there are descriptions of pet cats that grow old, transform, and eat and abduct people.[3]

Since the Edo period, it has become generally believed that domestic cats turn into nekomata as they grow old, and mountainous nekomata have come to be interpreted as cats that have run away to live in the mountains. As a result, throughout Japan, a folk belief developed that cats should not be kept for long periods.[1]

In the "Ansai Zuihitsu" (安斎随筆), the courtier Sadatake Ise stated, "A cat that is several years of age will come to have two tails, and become the yōkai called nekomata." The mid-Edo period scholar Arai Hakuseki stated, "Old cats become 'nekomata' and bewilder people." and indicated that at that time it was common to believe that cats become nekomata. Even the Edo-period Kawaraban reported this strange phenomenon.[2]

In the book Yamato Kaiiki (大和怪異記, 'Mysterious stories from Japan'), written by an unknown author in 1708, one story speaks of a rich samurai's haunted house where the inhabitants witnessed several poltergeist activities. Attempting to end those events, the samurai called upon countless shamans, priests and evokers; but none of them could locate the source of the terror. One day, one of the most loyal servants saw his master's aged cat carrying in its mouth a shikigami with the samurai's name imprinted on it. Immediately shooting a sacred arrow, the servant hit the cat in its head; and as it lay dead on the floor, everyone could see that the cat had two tails and therefore had become a nekomata. With its death, the poltergeist activities ended. Similar eerie stories about encounters with nekomata appear in books such as Taihei Hyakumonogatari (太平百物語, 'Collection of one hundred fairy tales'), written by Yusuke (祐佐, also Yūsa) in 1723, and in Rōō Chabanashi (老媼茶話, 'Tea-time gossip of old ladies'), written by Misaka Daiyata (三坂大彌) in 1742.

It is generally said that the "mata" (又) of "nekomata" refers to their having two tails, but from the perspective of folkloristics, this appears questionable. Since nekomata transform as they age, mata "repetition" is postulated. Alternatively, since they were once thought to be mountain beasts, there is a theory that "mata" (爰) refers to monkeys since nekomata can come and go freely among the mountain trees.[8] There is also a theory that the term derives from how cats that grow old shed the skin off their backs and hang downwards, making it appear that they have two tails.[9]

In Japan, cats are often associated with death, and this particular spirit is usually blamed. Far darker and more malevolent than most bakeneko, the nekomata is said to have powers of necromancy and, upon raising the dead, will control them with ritualistic dances, gesturing with paw and tail. These yōkai are associated with strange fires and other inexplicable occurrences. The older and more abused a cat is before its transformation, the more power the nekomata is said to have. To gain revenge against those who wronged it, the spirit may haunt humans with visitations from their deceased relatives. Some tales state that these demons, like bakeneko, assume human appearances, usually appearing as older women, misbehaving in public, and bringing gloom and malevolence wherever they travel. Due to these beliefs, sometimes kittens' tails were cut off based on the assumption that if the tails could not fork, the cats could not become nekomata.

From this discernment and strange characteristics, nekomata have been considered devilish from time immemorial. Due to fears and folk beliefs such as the dead resurrecting at a funeral or that seven generations would be cursed due to killing a cat, it is thought that the legend of the nekomata was born.[4][10] Also, in folk beliefs cats and the dead are related. As carnivores, cats have a keen sense of detecting the smell of rot, so it was believed that they had a habit of approaching corpses; with this folk belief sometimes the kasha, a yōkai that steals corpses are seen to be the same as the nekomata.[1]

Also in Japan there are cat yōkai called bakeneko; and since nekomata are the yōkai of transformed cats, sometimes nekomata are confused with bakeneko.[11]

Yōkai depictions

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Nekomata (猫また) from Bakemono no e (化物之繪, c. 1700), Harry F. Bruning Collection of Japanese Books and Manuscripts, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University.
Nekomata (猫また) from the Gazu Hyakki Yagyō by Sekien Toriyama

In the Edo period many books illustrating and describing yōkai were published (yōkai emaki), with nekomata frequently depicted. The Hyakkai Zukan, published in 1737 (Genbun 2), includes an illustration of a nekomata assuming the appearance of a woman playing a shamisen, the first image on this page. Since Edo-period shamisen frequently used cat skins, that particular nekomata sang a sad song about its species as it plucked the strings.[1] Understandably, the image has been interpreted as ironic.[12] As for the nekomata's wearing geisha clothing, sometimes nekomata and geisha are considered related since geisha were once called "cats" (neko).[12]

The Gazu Hyakki Yagyō of 1776 (An'ei 5) depicts a cat with its head protruding from a shōji screen, a cat with a handkerchief on its head and its forepaw on the veranda, and a cat wearing a handkerchief and standing upright, in the image to the right. The less experienced cat has difficulty standing on its hind legs. The older cat can do so: this is showing the process by which a normal cat ages and transforms into a nekomata.[12] In the Bigelow ukiyo-e collection at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, the Hyakki Yagyō Emaki includes a similar composition, leading some scholars to see a relationship between the books.[13]

Senri

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In Chinese lore, there is a cat monster called the xiānlí (仙狸, Japanese: senri; cf. Chinese 狸, 'leopard cat'). In this telling, leopard cats that grow old gain a xian (divine spiritual power), shapeshift into a beautiful man or woman, and suck the spirit out of humans.[14] Some theorize that the Japanese nekomata legends derive from Chinese xiānlí tales.[15]

See also

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Notes

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References

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Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Nekomata

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
A nekomata is a feline yōkai—a class of supernatural beings—in , characterized by a forked or split tail that emerges as an ordinary reaches advanced age and transforms into a spirit. These creatures are typically depicted as old , often females, that gain extraordinary abilities such as speaking human language, walking upright on hind legs, and dancing in a frenzied manner, while wearing ragged head coverings in traditional . Rooted in classical (ghost stories), essays, and rural folk beliefs dating back to at least the , nekomata are generally viewed as malevolent entities capable of wielding dangerous powers, including to manipulate corpses like puppets and igniting fires with their tail-tips acting as torches. Japanese traditions warned against allowing cats to live too long or grow their tails excessively, as this could precipitate the transformation into a nekomata, leading to chaos such as village conflagrations or haunting of former owners out of grudge. While often conflated with the —a broader category of shape-shifting "monster cat" that haunts households after mistreatment or death—the nekomata is distinguished by its dual tails and greater potency, sometimes portrayed as an advanced stage of the 's evolution. These cat spirits appear prominently in woodblock prints by artists like Toriyama Sekien and continue to influence modern Japanese media, symbolizing the blurred boundary between the domestic familiar and the uncanny .

Etymology and Origins

Name and Terminology

The term nekomata (猫又 or 猫股) originates from Japanese words neko (猫), meaning "," and mata (又 or 股), which can denote "forked," "split," or "repetition," specifically alluding to the creature's characteristic forked or dual . This etymology emphasizes the supernatural transformation of an ordinary into a with a bifurcated , distinguishing it as a feline entity beyond natural bounds. The name first appears in written records during the early , notably in the Meigetsuki diary of around 1233, where it describes a monstrous sighted in the mountains. In Japanese folklore, nekomata is differentiated from related terms like bakeneko (化け猫), which refers to a single-tailed cat that gains supernatural abilities through age, injury, or improper burial, often manifesting as a shape-shifting spirit without the forked tail. Similarly, kaibyo (怪猫) serves as a broader designation for "monster cat" or malevolent feline yōkai in general, encompassing both bakeneko and nekomata but lacking the specific two-tailed attribute that defines the latter. The nekomata thus represents a more advanced or potent form, often portrayed as inherently malicious and capable of necromancy. The concept of nekomata shows influence from Chinese folklore, particularly the senri (仙狸), an immortal spirit associated with aging leopard cats or raccoon-dogs (tanuki) that gain divine powers and human-like forms; some scholars theorize that Japanese adaptations transformed this into the forked-tail cat , blending elements of transformation and vengefulness. During the (1603–1868), terminology evolved in literature and (ghost stories), where nekomata increasingly became synonymous with vengeful cat spirits arising from domestic cats that lived too long or were mistreated, reflecting societal fears of retribution from neglected animals and leading to customs like tail-cropping to prevent such transformations.

Historical Development

The lore of the nekomata, a feline in , may trace its origins to the Nara (710–794 CE) and Heian (794–1185 CE) periods, when large cats possibly escaped from imported Chinese menageries—potentially tigers or leopards—were speculated to have inspired tales of mountain-dwelling cat-like monsters that terrorized rural areas. These early accounts portrayed such creatures as formidable beasts with cat-like eyes and dog-sized bodies, blending observed animal traits with supernatural fear, as recorded in the Meigetsuki diary of in 1233 CE. Early depictions in the portrayed nekomata as large, wild mountain beasts, while later lore shifted focus to domestic cats transforming into vengeful spirits. By the late Heian period, cats had become more integrated into Japanese society after their introduction from around the CE as rodent controllers in temples, setting the stage for their dual role as both practical companions and ominous omens. During the (1603–1868 CE), fueled by booming urban centers where cats proliferated as pest controllers, inspiring a surge in (ghost stories) that portrayed them as vengeful spirits in literature like Toriyama Sekien's (1776). In these tales, nekomata embodied fears of abandonment, often arising from long-lived or mistreated pets that sought retribution, a theme amplified by the era's print culture and theatrical adaptations. Buddhist and traditions profoundly shaped nekomata depictions, positioning cats as liminal beings straddling the worlds of the living and dead—guardians in temples yet susceptible to demonic transformation if neglected, symbolizing karmic consequences for poor stewardship of life. Some explanations suggest that these myths may have originated from observations of cats consuming fish-oil lamp fuel, which could cause unusual behavior appearing . This Chinese precursor, known as the senri or xianli, influenced early Japanese variants through cultural exchange.

Types and Variants

Domestic Nekomata

In , the domestic nekomata emerges from household cats that reach an advanced age, typically 10 to 12 years or older, at which point their splits into two, marking the onset of their transformation into a with supernatural abilities. Often evolving from —shape-shifting cats that haunt after mistreatment—this is linked to conditions of or toward human owners, granting powers such as speech, shape-shifting, and manipulation of the deceased. These nekomata inhabit urban and rural households, blending into life until their powers manifest, often leading to hauntings such as starting fires with the flaming hairs from their tails or impersonating members to sow discord and chaos. Unlike larger wild variants born from mountain cats, domestic nekomata are smaller in stature and directly tied to interactions, frequently as vengeful entities that punish mistreating —for instance, by animating corpses of relatives to terrorize the living or igniting blazes that destroy homes. In eastern Japan, particularly during periods of frequent wooden-house conflagrations, these were commonly blamed for household fires, reinforcing fears of keeping cats too long. During the (1603–1868), customs arose to avert such transformations, including severing a cat's early to inhibit the split, as a long was seen as a precursor to status.

Mountain Nekomata

In , mountain nekomata represent the wild, predatory variant of these cat-like , originating as large felines inhabiting forested highlands rather than human settlements. Unlike domestic forms, they are portrayed as innate beasts, often born with bifurcated tails or developing them through natural growth, and achieving sizes far exceeding ordinary cats—sometimes likened to leopards, dogs, or even in legendary accounts. Early descriptions in historical texts, such as the 12th-century Meigetsuki diary, depict them as mountain creatures with cat-like eyes and bodies as large as great dogs, suggesting inspirations from real large predators possibly including , escaped exotic animals, or prehistoric felines evidenced by fossils unearthed in ancient Japanese sites. These dwell in remote, rugged terrains, particularly the snowy mountains of regions like (modern-day ), where harsh winters amplify their menacing presence through echoing roars mistaken for thunder or beasts. Folklore associates them with isolated peaks and dense forests, areas where travelers and hunters ventured at great peril, as the nekomata would stalk prey across vast snowy expanses. Villages near such habitats often enforced taboos, with entire communities avoiding infested zones to evade ambushes on humans and livestock alike. Behaviorally, mountain nekomata function as solitary apex predators, employing stealth, immense strength, and illusory deceptions—such as mimicking voices or forms—to ensnare victims, diverging from the more personal vendettas of household variants. They hunt indiscriminately, devouring animals and wayfarers who stray into their territory, with legends emphasizing their role as embodiments of nature's unforgiving ferocity rather than retribution. In broader , these creatures warn of the wild's inherent dangers, inspiring tales where communities relocated or performed rituals to placate the mountains, reinforcing cultural reverence for untamed landscapes.

Senri

The senri (仙狸), derived from the Chinese term xiānlí meaning "immortal raccoon cat" or " immortal," originates in as a spirit formed from aged cats or bobcats that accumulate sufficient or reach around 50 years of age, transforming into divine entities. Some theories suggest that tales of senri may have influenced Japanese nekomata legends through cultural exchanges during the Nara and Heian periods, though senri itself is not a traditional Japanese yōkai. In modern Japanese media, such as the Shin Megami Tensei video game series, senri is sometimes depicted as related to or an evolved form of nekomata, often as a seductive figure luring victims with illusions, expanding on sparse traditional Chinese sources.

Physical Description and Abilities

Appearance

In , the nekomata is primarily identified by its distinctive forked tail, which bifurcates into two identical sections at the tip, serving as the hallmark of its transformation from an ordinary . This bifurcation symbolizes a division into the otherworldly, as described in classical collections like the from the late 12th century. The tail's forked structure, etymologically tied to the term "mata" meaning "forked," underscores its role as the key physical marker distinguishing nekomata from other feline . Physical size varies significantly across nekomata variants, reflecting their origins and habitats. Domestic nekomata, which evolve from elderly , generally retain a feline scale but can expand to the height of a during manifestations, appearing as oversized cats with elongated bodies. In contrast, mountain nekomata are depicted as far larger, reaching lengths of several meters and resembling powerful wild felines such as leopards or tigers, with robust builds capable of overpowering large prey. These size differences highlight the nekomata's adaptability, from subtle intruders to formidable beasts. Nekomata often exhibit humanoid postures, particularly the domestic variety, which stands and moves upright on its hind legs, mimicking human while retaining feline . In aggressive or transformed states, some descriptions include additional features like small horns protruding from the head or a mouth that splits unnaturally wide, enhancing their menacing presence. Their eyes are typically portrayed as sharp and piercing, though provides limited specifics on coloration beyond a general ethereal glow in low light. Artistic representations, especially in Edo-period prints, emphasize these traits with varying degrees of exaggeration compared to earlier, more subdued textual depictions. Toriyama Sekien's (1776) illustrates the nekomata as an eerie, bipedal figure with a prominently forked , dancing wildly and sometimes adorned with a rag on its head, diverging from the restrained portrayals in Heian- and Kamakura-era by amplifying its dynamic, spectral form. Such inconsistencies reflect evolving artistic interpretations, where tails are elongated for dramatic effect, though gender-specific details remain sparse, with occasional legends portraying female nekomata in more anthropomorphic, elegant guises.

Powers and Behaviors

In , nekomata possess potent necromantic abilities, enabling them to reanimate corpses and manipulate them as obedient servants to enact or carry out tasks such as revealing hidden secrets through forced speech from the dead. These undead minions are controlled through ritualistic dances, where the nekomata gestures with its paws to direct their actions, often using them to terrorize or blackmail humans into submission. Nekomata are also renowned for their fire manipulation powers, particularly the conjuring of hi no tama—mysterious fireballs or will-o'-the-wisps—that they wield to ignite devastating blazes, frequently linked to tales of domestic where vengeful spirits down households that mistreated them in life. This ability underscores their destructive potential, transforming simple feline forms into harbingers of calamity capable of razing entire villages. Shapeshifting form core aspects of nekomata capabilities, allowing mountain variants to assume forms of wild cats to prowl and hunt. Typical behaviors of nekomata include dancing to invoke their necromantic rites or haunting the homes of their former human companions, manifesting as eerie upright-walking felines that speak human tongues to curse or taunt. Nekomata are generally malevolent and contemptuous of humanity. Among variants, domestic nekomata tend toward vengeful actions rooted in personal grudges, often targeting abusive households with or hauntings, whereas mountain nekomata display more predatory behaviors, into wild cats to hunt travelers or large animals in remote areas.

Folklore and Legends

Notable Stories

The Nabeshima Bakeneko Disturbance, set in the early in , is a famous tale sometimes conflated with nekomata lore due to the cat spirit's advanced abilities. The story revolves around the daimyo Nabeshima Mitsushige, who executed his retainer Ryūzōji Matashichirō for dozing off during guard duty. Overcome with grief, Ryūzōji's mother, O-Take, fell ill and died soon after, deeply affecting the family's pet , which had been particularly attached to her. In revenge, the transformed into a and began impersonating O-Take, haunting the daimyo's household by causing poltergeist-like disturbances, draining his health, and even attempting to assassinate him through illusions and attacks. A loyal retainer named Ito Soda (or Hatanosuke in some versions) uncovered the truth by pricking his eyelids with needles to stay awake and observe the entity, ultimately confronting and slaying the monstrous in a fierce battle, thus ending the curse. Another prominent narrative is the "Changing Cat" tale, which highlights the nekomata's seductive and deceptive powers. In this story, a nekomata disguises itself as a stunning geisha to ensnare a young prince, captivating him with her beauty and charm during a performance. The prince becomes utterly obsessed, neglecting his royal duties and falling into a trance-like illness induced by the creature's enchantment. Suspecting foul play, one of the prince's loyal soldiers follows the geisha to her quarters, where he witnesses her true form: a grotesque two-tailed cat shedding its human guise. The soldier intervenes decisively, striking down the nekomata with his blade and breaking the spell, thereby saving the prince and restoring order to the court. The legend from (modern-day ) exemplifies the domestic nekomata's vengeful transformation due to neglect. A wealthy family in the region once owned a beloved pet cat that mysteriously vanished one day. Soon after, a beautiful young woman appeared at their doorstep, offering her services as a chambermaid to the household's daughter; she proved exceptionally skilled in arts like , flower arrangement, and , earning the family's affection and trust. However, the lady of the house one night spied the woman removing her own head to apply makeup before reattaching it, revealing her inhuman nature. Terrified, the lady dismissed her, but the woman—sensing the discovery—attacked ferociously, biting the lady's throat. A quick-thinking servant rushed in and struck the attacker dead, only to find the body reverting to that of the long-lost pet cat, now a fully formed nekomata with two forked tails, horns, and a gaping maw. The injured lady endured painful wounds for over 50 days before recovering. Classical Japanese texts, such as the 12th-century Konjaku Monogatarishū, include early accounts of nekomata as mountain-dwelling spirits capable of necromancy, such as reanimating corpses to serve them or summoning fireballs to terrorize villages—powers that underscore their malevolent reputation in rural folklore.

Cultural Beliefs and Precautions

In Japanese folklore, nekomata are frequently regarded as manifestations of karmic retribution for mistreatment or cruelty toward cats, transforming ordinary felines into vengeful spirits that punish their former owners or negligent households. These yōkai are also seen as ominous signs of impending family downfall, foretelling disasters such as illness, death, or destruction within the home. Conversely, in some traditions, nekomata could serve as protective guardians for those who showed respect and kindness to cats, reflecting a dual perception of felines as both benevolent and malevolent forces. To avert the emergence of nekomata or mitigate their wrath, various precautions were employed, particularly during the Edo period (1603–1868). One widespread custom was muta, the ritual cutting of a cat's tail—often performed on older felines—to prevent the tail from forking, which was believed to trigger the transformation into a yōkai. Dead cats' remains were sometimes buried beneath house floors to contain their spirits and stop them from resurrecting as supernatural entities. Additionally, Jizō statues, revered as protectors against malevolent spirits, were placed near homes or cat graves to offer spiritual safeguarding. Regional variations in beliefs highlighted nekomata's perceived threats based on locale. In urban settings like (modern ), they were often blamed for and city fires, attributed to their fire-wielding abilities. In rural mountainous areas, such as those in Nagano or Nara prefectures, nekomata were associated with crop failures, livestock losses, or unexplained human disappearances, linked to their rumored control over the deceased. Following the (1868), rapid modernization and the increasing domestication of cats as companions diminished widespread fears of nekomata, shifting societal attitudes toward more affectionate views of felines. Nevertheless, echoes of these superstitions endure in rural communities, where tales of forked-tailed cats persist as cautionary warnings against animal neglect.

Depictions in Culture

Traditional Art and Literature

In traditional , the nekomata first appears in records from the early (1185–1333), such as Fujiwara no Teika's Meigetsuki (1233), where it is described as a supernatural cat capable of transformation and mischief. By the , nekomata featured prominently in (strange tales) collections, embodying themes of retribution and the supernatural. A seminal depiction occurs in Toriyama Sekien's illustrated encyclopedia (1776), the first volume of his tetralogy on , where the nekomata is portrayed as a large cat standing on its hind legs with a distinctive forked tail split by flames, symbolizing its fiery, otherworldly essence and association with . This work popularized the nekomata as a chaotic spirit within the (night parade of one hundred demons) motif, representing the uncanny disruption of the natural order by vengeful animals. Visual representations in art further emphasized the nekomata's eerie symbolism. woodblock prints by (1797–1861) often showed nekomata in dramatic, haunting scenes, such as anthropomorphic cats wielding supernatural powers amid ghostly processions, blending horror with dynamic composition to evoke chaos and the macabre. In theater, masks depicting nekomata featured exaggerated feline traits like elongated teeth and forked elements, used to portray shape-shifting yokai in plays exploring death and the afterlife, underscoring their role as symbols of transformation and the uncanny. The nekomata's imagery drew influences from Chinese folklore, particularly the senri—a seductive cat spirit (xiānlí) that transforms into a woman—whose tales were imported and adapted into Japanese yōkai art, evolving the forked tail and flame motifs in woodblock styles during the Edo period. Despite early literary mentions, the nekomata's presence in Kamakura-period emakimono (illustrated scrolls) remains under-discussed, with sparse visual evidence compared to later hyakki yagyō emaki, highlighting a gap in how these yokai integrated into narrative painting traditions.

Modern Media and Pop Culture

In contemporary media, nekomata have transitioned from their traditional roles as ominous yōkai to multifaceted characters in video games, anime, and virtual entertainment, often blending folklore elements with modern storytelling. This evolution reflects a broader popularization of Japanese mythology in global entertainment, where nekomata appear as summonable entities, agile fighters, or endearing personalities. Video games prominently feature nekomata as playable or recruitable figures with ties to their mythical origins, such as shape-shifting and fire manipulation. In the Shin Megami Tensei series, nekomata is a recurring demon of the Beast race, summonable by protagonists and known for necromancy skills like raising undead allies. In Shin Megami Tensei IV, it evolves from Senri at level 32, and in Shin Megami Tensei V (2021), it wields physical and fire-based attacks. The Persona subseries, a spin-off, portrays nekomata as a Magician Arcana persona with abilities including fire damage spells like Agi and defense-lowering effects, emphasizing its mischievous yet combative nature in games like Persona 5 Royal (2019). In Onmyoji (2016), nekomata serves as an R-rank shikigami, functioning as a multi-strike attacker that summons kittens for support and deals rapid physical damage, drawing on its yokai heritage in a mobile strategy context. More recently, Zenless Zone Zero (2024) introduces Nekomata (Nekomiya Mana) as an S-rank physical attack agent and cat-eared member of the Cunning Hares faction, specializing in slash damage and agile dodges for hypercarry roles in combat. Additionally, Nekomata Kitan (2023), an adventure RPG, centers on Kano, a nekomata raised by humans who befriends an alien after discovering a UFO, exploring themes of friendship and adventure in a folklore-inspired world. Anime, manga, and virtual content have further humanized nekomata, often as cute or quirky figures. In the long-running anime adaptations, nekomata appears as a mischievous yokai , notably in episodes like "Neko-Mata" from the 1971 series, where it engages in supernatural pranks and battles against the protagonist. Hololive Production's virtual YouTuber Nekomata Okayu, debuting in 2019 as part of the unit, embodies a relaxed persona raised by an onigiri shop owner, streaming games and chats with a signature "nom nom" catchphrase; her popularity led to the 2025 romance Okayu Nyumu!, developed with Entergram, focusing on her interactions in a lighthearted narrative. Beyond Japanese media, nekomata influence global pop culture through exported games and films, manifesting as enigmatic cat demons in Western fantasy. The 1968 film Bakeneko Orochi (also known as Bakeneko: A Vengeful Spirit), directed by Yoshihiro Ishikawa, depicts a vengeful cat spirit—closely akin to nekomata lore—avenging its owner's death through ghostly hauntings and swordplay in a feudal setting, blending horror with drama. In Western adaptations, nekomata-inspired cat yokai appear in role-playing games like those influenced by Shin Megami Tensei, positioning them as neutral or chaotic entities in narratives. Over the 20th and 21st centuries, nekomata depictions have shifted from predominantly malevolent fire-wielding spirits to "moe" archetypes—adorable, two-tailed cat girls with playful traits—in and , softening their necromantic roots into endearing, fanservice-oriented characters that appeal to international audiences. This transformation highlights nekomata's adaptability in pop culture, prioritizing charm and relatability while retaining subtle nods to their agility.

References

  1. https://glam.uoregon.edu/yokaisenjafuda/page/cats
  2. https://www.ancient-origins.net/myths-legends/wicked-japanese-bakeneko-nekomata-004471
  3. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24530698
  4. https://yokai.com/nekomata/
  5. https://wattention.com/youkai-manual-bakeneko-nekomata/
  6. https://www.zocalopublicsquare.org/supernatural-cats-japan-history-folklore/
  7. https://uncannyjapan.com/podcast/supernatural-cats-nekomata/
  8. https://www.academia.edu/5495089/_Feline_shadows_in_the_Rising_Sun_cultural_values_of_cat_in_pre_modern_Japan
  9. https://theicrd.org/icms/the-legends-of-ghost-cat-kekomata-in-tokugawa-japan/
  10. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/japans-love-hate-relationship-with-cats-180975764/
  11. https://yokai.com/bakeneko/
  12. https://jbr.japancreativeenterprise.jp/2021/01/23/the-worship-of-cats-in-the-echigo-province/
  13. https://warsandhistory.com/what-is-a-nekomata/
  14. https://megatenwiki.com/wiki/Senri
  15. https://game8.co/games/Shin-Megami-Tensei-III-Nocturne/archives/332395
  16. https://www.japan-experience.com/prepare-trip/know/understand-japan/bakeneko-legend-of-the-monster-cat
  17. https://matthewmeyer.net/blog/2022/10/27/a-yokai-a-day-the-nekomata-of-echigo-province/
  18. https://bokksu.com/blogs/news/the-enigmatic-cat-yokai-unveiling-the-bakenekos-mysteries-in-japanese-lore
  19. https://www.ancient-origins.net/myths-legends/beware-cat-tales-wicked-japanese-bakeneko-and-nekomata-part-two-004472
  20. https://www.britannica.com/topic/yokai-Japanese-folklore
  21. https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-topics/g01054/
  22. https://so02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/japanese/article/view/250127
  23. https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/gazuhyakkiyagyo1tori
  24. https://journals.uni-lj.si/as/article/download/3198/3333/6832
  25. https://www.tofugu.com/japan/ukiyo-e-cats-in-japanese-art/
  26. https://artincontext.org/japanese-masks/
  27. https://megamitensei.fandom.com/wiki/Senri
  28. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281537561_Shaping_Darkness_in_hyakki_yagyo_emaki
  29. https://game8.co/games/Shin-Megami-Tensei-V/archives/350815
  30. https://samurai-gamers.com/persona-5/nekomata-persona-stats-guide/
  31. https://game8.co/games/Zenless-Zone-Zero/archives/436887
  32. https://store.steampowered.com/app/1894370/Nekomata_Kitan/
  33. https://gegegenokitaro.fandom.com/wiki/Series_2_Episode_7
  34. https://hololive.hololivepro.com/en/talents/nekomata-okayu/
  35. https://www.siliconera.com/nekomata-okayu-hololive-visual-novel-announced/
  36. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0202945/
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