Poignard

A poignard, also spelled poniard in English, is a slender, thrusting dagger with a narrow, pointed blade optimized for stabbing rather than slashing, typically measuring 35–45 cm in total length and serving as an off-hand parrying weapon in conjunction with a sword or rapier during Renaissance-era fencing and combat.^[1][2] The term derives from Old French poignal, meaning "dagger" or literally "something grasped in the fist," stemming from Latin pugnus ("fist"), reflecting its design for close-quarters grip and use.^[3][4] Emerging in late medieval Europe around the 1460s, the poignard evolved from earlier basic daggers into a specialized tool for double-weapon fighting, with early depictions in German fechtbücher (fencing manuals) like Hans Talhoffer's 1467 treatise showing its integration with shields or swords for defense and counterattacks.^[2] It gained prominence in the 16th century across France, the Holy Roman Empire, and Italy—particularly in regions like Burgundy and Verona—where it was carried by nobles, duelists, and infantrymen as a sidearm on belts, often horizontally positioned for quick access.^[5][6][1] By the early 17th century, its popularity waned with the shift toward single-sword techniques and the rise of the smallsword, though ornate examples persisted as status symbols at courts where larger blades were restricted.^[1][7] In design, the poignard featured a double-edged or edgeless blade with a stiff, acute point—often in a flattened diamond or hexagonal cross-section for penetration—paired with protective elements like a straight or curved quillon (crossguard), wire-wrapped grip for secure handling, and a faceted pommel to aid in precise thrusts.^[1][8] Advanced variants from the mid-16th century included side rings for catching enemy blades and even "sword-breaker" prongs to trap and snap opponents' weapons, as seen in German examples from around 1570.^[2] Materials ranged from practical steel and wood to luxurious gold-inlaid hilts and flamboyant etched blades, blending utility with artistry; surviving artifacts, such as a late-16th-century French poignard in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, highlight this ornate craftsmanship with dimensions of approximately 18 inches including sheath.^[9][8] Historically, the poignard played a key role in both battlefield and civilian contexts, from pike formations where it served as a reserve weapon for close combat to famous duels like that of the French knight Bayard in 1499, where it was employed offensively.^[2][7] In modern French, poignard has broadened to simply mean any dagger, while the English term poniard has become largely obsolete outside historical or literary references.^[10]

Overview and Terminology

Definition

A poignard is a long, lightweight thrusting dagger characterized by a double-edged, straight blade that tapers continuously to an acutely pointed tip, with the blade typically measuring 9 to 11 inches (23 to 28 cm) in length and a total length of about 14 to 18 inches (35 to 46 cm).^[5][6][9] This design emphasizes penetration and speed, making it optimized for stabbing rather than slashing, with a slender profile that allows for quick strikes in close combat.^[11] The hilt usually features a cross-guard to protect the user's hand, often simple in form but sometimes elaborated with side rings or shells for enhanced defense during parrying.^[2] Historically associated with the nobility and knighthood in Western Europe, particularly during the late Middle Ages and Renaissance, the poignard served as a sidearm carried alongside larger weapons like swords or rapiers.^[11] It was favored by upper-class fighters for duels and as a backup weapon, reflecting status through its refined craftsmanship and specialized function.^[2] The term "poignard" derives from the Old French poignard, related to poing ("fist"), underscoring its close-grip, thrusting nature.^[12] In comparison to broader dagger categories, the poignard is narrower and more specialized for thrusting than general utility knives, which often feature wider blades for cutting tasks, yet it maintains a broader blade width than the ultra-slim stiletto, providing greater versatility in penetration while retaining rigidity.^[11] This distinction highlights its role as a dedicated combat tool rather than a multipurpose implement.^[2]

Etymology

The term "poignard" originates from Old French poignard or poignal, literally meaning "something grasped with the fist," derived from poing ("fist"), which traces back to Latin pugnus ("fist") and the Proto-Indo-European root peuk- ("to prick").^[3] This etymology reflects the weapon's design as a compact, hand-held stabbing tool, with the word first appearing in late medieval French texts around the 14th century, during a period when specialized thrusting daggers gained prominence in European armories.^[3] In English, the cognate "poniard" entered the language in the 1580s as a borrowing from Middle French poignard, initially denoting a slender dagger used for close-quarters thrusting, while the archaic term "spud" (from Middle English spudde, circa 1440s) served as an earlier equivalent for a small knife or dagger, sometimes applied to similar stabbing implements.^[3][13] The word's adoption in English literature and military contexts during the Renaissance underscores its association with French and continental influences. Regional variations emerged during the Renaissance, with the Italian pugnale sharing a parallel etymology from Latin pugnus ("fist"), emphasizing the fist-gripped nature of such daggers and facilitating the term's spread through trade and warfare in northern Italy and Switzerland.^[14] Swiss German-speaking regions adopted similar thrusting daggers, often under French-influenced nomenclature, contributing to the poignard's dissemination across Alpine cultures. Over time, in contemporary French usage, poignard has evolved to become largely synonymous with dague (the general term for "dagger"), broadening from its original specificity as a thrusting weapon to encompass various short-bladed knives.^[15][16]

Physical Characteristics

Blade Design

The blade of the poignard, designed primarily for thrusting, typically measures 30 to 45 centimeters in length, allowing for effective penetration while maintaining the weapon's overall lightness and maneuverability.^[1][11] It is double-edged to facilitate deep stabbing wounds, with a pronounced diamond or hexagonal cross-section that provides structural rigidity without adding excess weight, enabling the blade to withstand impact during combat.^[1][2] The blade tapers continuously from a wider base near the guard—often 1 to 2 centimeters in width—to a sharply pointed tip, optimizing it for piercing armor gaps and soft tissue while minimizing drag.^[11] This stiff construction, achieved through careful forging, prevents bending or breaking upon contact, a critical feature for its role as a dedicated thrusting dagger.^[2] Crafted from high-carbon steel in European forges, poignard blades were valued for their hardness and edge retention, with many examples featuring etched patterns or blued finishes to enhance corrosion resistance and aesthetic appeal.^[17][1] Width variations across historical periods reflect evolving combat needs, from broader early designs to narrower later ones suited for rapier pairings.^[11] Regional differences are evident in blade profiles: French poignards often exhibit a more slender form for agile thrusting, while Italian-influenced examples incorporate fuller grooves along the blade to reduce weight without sacrificing strength.^[2][11] For instance, a late 16th-century French poignard in the Metropolitan Museum of Art collection measures approximately 46 centimeters overall, with a steel blade tapered for precision.^[9]

Hilt and Guard

The hilt of the poignard, designed for one-handed thrusting, typically featured a grip constructed from wooden, bone, or ivory scales, often wrapped in wire or leather to ensure a secure hold during rapid maneuvers. These grips measured approximately 10-15 cm in length, accommodating the user's fist while allowing precise control for stabbing actions.^[11][18] The guard was typically a quillon-style crossguard, often with additional protective elements such as side rings or shell guards, with arms extending in a perpendicular fashion and spanning 8-12 cm total to protect the hand and trap opposing blades in close combat. Often forged from steel, these quillons could be arched, S-shaped, or curved toward the blade point, enhancing defensive capabilities against swords or other daggers; advanced variants included "sword-breaker" guards with prongs or teeth to trap and damage enemy blades, particularly in mid-16th-century German examples. For noble users, they incorporated ornate pierced or scrolled metalwork in materials like copper or brass.^[11][2][18] Pommel variations included simple spherical or faceted ends, serving as counterweights to maintain balance, with some engraved with heraldic motifs to denote ownership or status. The balance point was positioned near the guard—typically 1-2 cm from the guard—for swift directional changes, distinguishing the poignard from heavier daggers balanced farther along the blade.^[1] The blade attached to the hilt via a tapered tang, which was peened or secured within the grip for structural integrity.^[11]

Historical Development

Medieval Origins

The poignard emerged in late 15th-century Europe around the 1460s, appearing as a specialized thrusting dagger designed to complement the longsword in close-quarters combat. This development was closely tied to the increasing prevalence of full plate armor during the period, which necessitated weapons capable of penetrating narrow gaps such as those at the armpits, visor slits, or joints to deliver lethal thrusts. Originally a French term denoting a lightweight, slim-bladed sidearm, the poignard quickly spread from France to the Duchy of Burgundy and northern Italy, where it became a standard accessory for armored warriors.^[2][1] The poignard's design evolved from earlier 14th-century rondel daggers, which featured rigid, triangular blades suited for stabbing but were shorter and more robust. By the late 15th century, the form transitioned to longer, narrower blades—often 10 to 12 inches in length with a stiff, tapering profile—to enhance precision in targeting armor vulnerabilities, reflecting tactical adaptations in European warfare. This evolution is evident in surviving artifacts and contemporary depictions, underscoring the weapon's role as an essential reserve arm when swords became entangled or ineffective.^[2][19] During the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453), the poignard gained widespread use among French knights in the later phases of the conflict, who carried it as a secondary weapon for infantry engagements and sieges where plate armor dominated the battlefield. Historical accounts highlight its employment in piercing armor during intense melees, where close combat demanded such tools for finishing wounded foes. Early examples appear in illuminated manuscripts, including chronicles of the era, and on tomb effigies of Burgundian and French nobility, illustrating the dagger suspended from the belt or affixed to the sword scabbard.^[20][21]

Renaissance Usage

During the Renaissance, particularly from the early 1500s onward, the poignard evolved significantly into a specialized parrying dagger, featuring enhanced guards such as side rings, curved quillons, and later shell-shaped protections to shield the hand during close-quarters combat.^[11] This development aligned with the rise of the rapier as a primary thrusting weapon in civilian dueling across Western Europe, where the poignard served as an off-hand companion to trap, deflect, or counter enemy blades.^[2] By the 1510s, this pairing was documented in accounts of duels, such as one in Ferrara involving rapiers and poignards, emphasizing the dagger's role in precise, linear fencing styles.^[11] The poignard's popularity spread from France and Italy to Switzerland and northern Italy through trade routes and mercenary movements, with designs like the Landsknecht dagger—characterized by S- or 8-shaped guards—appearing around 1500–1525.^[2] In France, royal armories produced ornate versions, often with silver or gold inlays for courtiers, as seen in late 16th-century examples featuring elaborate steel hilts and precious metal accents for ceremonial and status purposes.^[22] Italian fencing treatises further codified its use; for instance, Camillo Agrippa's 1553 Trattato di Scientia d'Arme illustrated techniques with rapier and parrying dagger, promoting thrusts and rationalized grips to enhance defensive maneuvers, while Achille Marozzo's 1536 work introduced the Bolognese-style dagger with a side ring for better parrying.^[2][11] In military contexts, the poignard integrated as a backup weapon during the Italian Wars (1494–1559), carried by Landsknechts and Swiss pikemen to finish off foes in the melee after pike engagements, with examples like early shell-guarded daggers aiding close combat.^[11] By the late 16th century, however, its prominence waned due to the increasing prevalence of firearms, which reduced the need for pike-and-dagger formations, and the evolution of fencing toward more versatile left-hand daggers known as main-gauches, which incorporated broader guards for rapier play.^[2]

Adoption in Other Cultures

The poignard was introduced to Safavid Iran (1501–1736) through Caucasian soldiers, including Circassians, Georgians, and Armenians, who integrated into the Qizilbash forces as elite warriors and served as a status symbol denoting their origins and rank within the military hierarchy.^[23] These troops, often captured or recruited during Safavid campaigns in the Caucasus, brought their traditional weaponry, including straight-bladed thrusting daggers akin to the European poignard, which complemented the Qizilbash's nomadic cavalry tactics and close-quarters engagements. The weapon's adoption reflected the Safavids' reliance on diverse ethnic contingents to bolster their army, with Caucasian ghulams forming a significant "third force" loyal to the shah.^[24] In Persian adaptations, the poignard influenced local dagger designs, such as shorter blades paired with curved or pistol-grip hilts in styles suited to mounted combat, evolving into forms like the kard (a straight, single-edged dagger) for thrusting in tight spaces during cavalry charges.^[25] These modifications emphasized practicality for the Qizilbash's hit-and-run warfare, with ornate examples featuring gold inlay and ivory grips preserved in royal collections from the reign of Shah Abbas I (r. 1588–1629), highlighting the weapon's transition from battlefield tool to emblem of imperial prestige.^[26] The poignard's spread to the Ottoman Empire and Mughal India was limited, primarily via trade routes and military exchanges, where it largely retained its European-inspired straight thrusting form rather than fully assimilating into indigenous curved khanjar traditions. Ottoman forces occasionally incorporated similar straight daggers from Caucasian influences, used by auxiliary troops for parrying in infantry lines.^[27] In Mughal contexts, imported examples appeared in elite armories, prized for their fine steel blades amid a preference for jeweled, curved variants, but without widespread stylistic overhaul.^[28] Echoes of the poignard persisted into the 18th and 19th centuries, influencing Balkan daggers carried by Janissaries, who adapted the straight blade with ornate hilts incorporating Islamic calligraphy and floral motifs to align with Ottoman aesthetics while preserving thrusting utility in urban skirmishes.^[25] These hybrid designs symbolized the Janissaries' multi-ethnic composition, blending Caucasian thrusting heritage with imperial decorative traditions.^[29]

Combat and Practical Uses

As a Thrusting Weapon

The poignard served primarily as an offensive thrusting weapon in close-quarters combat, optimized for delivering linear stabs to vulnerable areas such as the throat, groin, and underarms. Its design featured a narrow, acutely pointed blade with a stiff, often square or triangular cross-section, allowing for deep penetration while minimizing lateral drag during insertion. This configuration enabled the weapon to exploit gaps in armor or unarmored flesh, with historical examples demonstrating capability to pierce chainmail when thrust with sufficient force.^[2][19] In sword-and-dagger fighting, techniques emphasized rapid, coordinated thrusts, often executed underhand or overhand to complement the primary sword's movements. Practitioners gripped the poignard with the thumb pressed against the blade heel or pommel for enhanced control and leverage, facilitating quick extensions from guards like tierce or quarte. Footwork involved linear advances or pivots to close distance, as detailed in 16th-century fencing manuals such as Achille Marozzo's Opera Nova (1536), which describe dagger thrusts following blade bindings to target the opponent's torso or neck. The French school, influenced by Italian methods, further prioritized these linear estocs (thrusts) in dueling.^[30] The poignard's advantages stemmed from its reduced weight, which permitted faster strikes compared to broader blades, concentrating kinetic energy on puncture rather than slashing. This focus enhanced its efficacy in rapid, successive stabs during grapples or after disarming maneuvers. However, its limitations included ineffectiveness against heavy shields, where the thrust could be deflected, and in prolonged grappling, demanding precise aim to avoid glancing blows.^[2][19]

Parrying and Defensive Role

The poignard served primarily as an off-hand weapon in Renaissance paired combat, held in the left hand to bind or deflect the opponent's rapier blade while the main-hand sword executed attacks.^[2] Its cross-guard quillons were designed to hook and control the adversary's weapon, preventing strikes and creating opportunities for counterattacks.^[2] This defensive pairing became standard in Western European dueling from the early 16th century, enhancing the fencer's ability to manage engagements at close quarters.^[2] In Renaissance dueling treatises, such as Giacomo di Grassi's His True Arte of Defense (1570), the poignard is integrated with the rapier for comprehensive defense, with the dagger positioned to parry blows to the left side by encountering the opponent's sword at its middle or forte.^[31] Di Grassi emphasized circular parries, involving rotational motions of the arm and hand to redirect incoming thrusts outward from the body, ensuring the fencer maintained control without exposing vital areas.^[31] These techniques allowed the dagger to sustain pressure against the enemy's blade, binding it temporarily to facilitate a riposte.^[31] Certain poignard variants featured enhanced protective designs, such as sail-like guards or sword-breaker configurations with protruding prongs, enabling the trapping and potential snapping of an opponent's blade during a parry.^[2] An example is a 16th-century Italian sword-breaker dagger in the Walters Art Gallery (No. 51.522), where the elaborate guard extended to entangle rapiers effectively.^[2] The hilt's guard design further supported trapping by providing leverage points for the quillons.^[2] Training in Italian and Spanish fencing schools placed significant emphasis on dagger feints to disrupt the opponent's rhythm and expose openings for thrusts, as outlined in works like Camillo Agrippa's Trattato (1553).^[2] Masters from Bologna, such as Achille Marozzo (1536), taught coordinated movements where the poignard feigned a block before redirecting, integrating seamlessly with footwork to maintain defensive superiority.^[2] Spanish traditions similarly incorporated these feints, adapting them to gloved off-hand techniques for blade deflection in dynamic exchanges.^[32]

Civilian Applications

In Renaissance Europe, particularly in France and Italy, the poignard functioned as a prominent fashion accessory among the nobility, frequently suspended from belts as part of elaborate attire and embellished with precious materials like gold, bronze, and engravings to signify wealth and status.^[33] Its slender blade design facilitated easy concealment beneath clothing, making it suitable for discreet carry in urban environments.^[33] Civilians, especially the gentry, employed the poignard for practical utility, including self-defense in city settings where personal protection was essential amid social unrest.^[34] Among the nobility, it played a role in private conflicts, such as duels and assassinations during 16th-century French court intrigues, where its thrusting capability allowed for quick, lethal strikes in close quarters.^[34] The poignard also held ceremonial significance, often presented as diplomatic gifts or tournament prizes to honor participants and reinforce alliances within noble circles.^[35] Legal frameworks in 15th-century France reinforced the poignard's association with elite social standing, as regulations classified it among "notable and offensive weapons" that nobles could carry on belts as symbols of privilege, while commoners required special licenses for possession.^[36] These edicts, including a 1487 royal act, limited broader access to maintain order and assert monarchical control over armaments.^[36]

Modern Usage and Legacy

Contemporary Equivalents

In contemporary contexts, the poignard's design has seen a revival through custom-forged replicas crafted by specialized bladesmiths, who adhere closely to 16th-century specifications to ensure historical accuracy for use in historical reenactment and martial arts events. Organizations such as the Society for Creative Anachronism (SCA) and Historical European Martial Arts (HEMA) communities frequently employ these replicas, which feature slender, double-edged blades and simple hilts optimized for thrusting techniques. Bladesmiths like those at Tod's Workshop produce hand-forged daggers using period-appropriate materials, such as high-carbon steel tempered to mimic medieval metallurgy, allowing participants to engage in safe, authentic combat simulations. Similarly, Krieger Historical Weapons offers durable replicas designed for both training and display, emphasizing ergonomic grips and balanced weight distribution to replicate the original weapon's handling characteristics.^[37][38][39] The collectible market for antique poignards remains robust, with authentic examples often auctioned from museum deaccessions, prized for their provenance and intricate craftsmanship. Seventeenth-century French poignards, valued for their association with Renaissance nobility and military history, frequently command prices exceeding $5,000 at specialized auctions, reflecting demand among private collectors and institutions. Auction houses like LiveAuctioneers and Christie's regularly feature such pieces from European collections, where condition, maker's marks, and historical documentation significantly influence final bids.^[40][41] Modern analogs to the poignard include slim push daggers and boot knives, which retain the original's compact, tapering blade design for close-quarters utility and self-defense, often integrated into survival gear kits. The Cold Steel Safe Maker I push dagger, with its narrow 4.5-inch AUS-8A blade and T-handle grip, exemplifies this evolution, prioritizing concealability and rapid deployment while echoing the historical thrusting focus. Boot knives like the Ka-Bar Becker BK11 Necker, featuring a 3.25-inch drop-point blade, serve similar roles in outdoor and tactical applications, providing a lightweight, sheathed option for emergency cutting or protection. These contemporary tools are marketed by retailers such as Blade HQ and BUDK for civilian use in hiking, camping, and personal security, maintaining the poignard's emphasis on portability without ornate decoration.^[42][43][44] The legal status of these modern equivalents varies globally, with push daggers and similar concealed blades restricted in many countries due to their potential as hidden weapons, though they are generally permitted for display, sport, or collection purposes. In the United States, regulations differ by state; for example, push daggers are legal to own in most areas but prohibited for concealed carry in states like California, where dirks and daggers cannot be carried concealed. European nations enforce stricter controls, such as the UK's ban on push daggers under the Offensive Weapons Act, prohibiting their possession even in private places since 2021 and carrying in public, due to their specific handle design fitting within a clenched fist, while allowing ownership for historical reenactment or sporting events with proper licensing. Internationally, countries like Australia and Canada impose similar restrictions on concealed carry, emphasizing "good reason" requirements, but exempt display and competitive use in contexts like HEMA tournaments.^{[45][46][47][48][49]}

In Modern Military

In the 20th century, the poignard's design principles of a slender, double-edged blade optimized for thrusting influenced several military knives developed for close-quarters combat during World War II. The British Fairbairn-Sykes fighting knife, introduced in 1941, featured a 7-inch double-edged blade and was issued to Commandos for stealthy raids and silent killing operations.^[50][51] Similarly, the U.S. V-42 stiletto, adopted in 1943 for the First Special Service Force paratroopers, incorporated a 7 5/16-inch blued double-edged blade and skull crusher pommel, emphasizing penetration in special operations behind enemy lines.^[52][53] These knives perpetuated the poignard's lineage through features like lightweight construction (typically 150-300 grams), ergonomic cross-guards for secure grip, and a focus on stealthy thrusting to vital areas, making them suitable for trench warfare remnants and covert insertions.^[50][54] The Fairbairn-Sykes, weighing approximately 200 grams, prioritized balance and quick deployment in hand-to-hand scenarios, while the V-42's 7-ounce (198-gram) design enhanced portability for airborne troops.^[51][55] Post-World War II developments continued this tradition, with the Gerber Mark II fighting knife, produced from the 1960s onward, drawing direct inspiration from the Fairbairn-Sykes for U.S. special forces in Vietnam, featuring a double-edged dagger blade for jungle close combat.^[56] This influence extended to modern bayonets like the Ontario Knife Company OKC-3S, adopted by the U.S. Marine Corps in 2003 for the M4 carbine, which serves as both a rifle attachment and a thrusting fighting knife with a reinforced spear-point blade.^[57][58] In contemporary military contexts, such poignard-inspired daggers play a limited role due to the dominance of firearms, yet they remain integral to training in elite units for emergency close-quarters scenarios. For instance, the French Foreign Legion issues regiment-specific combat knives, such as the Maserin dagger for the 3rd Foreign Infantry Regiment, and incorporates knife-fighting techniques in hand-to-hand combat instruction to maintain proficiency in silent engagements.^[59][60]

Cultural Depictions

In Literature

The poignard, a slender thrusting dagger favored by nobility, frequently appears in historical literature as a symbol of concealed treachery and sudden violence.^[61] In William Shakespeare's Hamlet (1603), the weapon is referenced in Act V, Scene ii, where Osric describes the king's wager against Laertes as including "six French rapiers and poniards," underscoring the duel’s underhanded nature rigged with poison for Hamlet's demise.^[62] This mention ties the poniard to themes of revenge and betrayal, as the concealed blade complements the poisoned rapier in the climactic treachery against the prince.^[62] Christopher Marlowe's The Massacre at Paris (1593) depicts daggers—synonymous with the stealthy poignard—in the hands of assassins during the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, where characters brandish them openly before slaying Huguenot victims, emphasizing the weapon's role in rapid, covert executions amid religious strife.^[63] For instance, Mountsorrel kills Seroune with a dagger, while the Duke of Guise declares, "There shall not a Huguenot breathe in France," highlighting the dagger's association with ideological betrayal and mass stealth killings.^[63] Later works extend this symbolism into gothic and fantasy realms. In Matthew Gregory Lewis's The Monk (1796), the poignard features in scenes of horror and desperation, such as when Matilda draws one to threaten self-stabbing before Ambrosio, crying, "or this poignard drinks my blood!" to ensure secrecy, or in brutal stabbings that propel the narrative's themes of moral corruption and violent retribution.^[64] Similarly, Robert E. Howard's Red Nails (1936) incorporates daggers in close-quarters fantasy combat amid the intra-city feuds of Xuchotl, where such weapons underscore honor-bound duels and treacherous alliances in a barbaric setting.^[65] Across 16th- to 19th-century literature, the poignard recurrently symbolizes betrayal and dueling honor, often as a noble's hidden tool for personal vendettas or ritualized violence, contrasting overt swords with its intimate, piercing finality.^[66]

In Art and Popular Media

In Renaissance art, the poignard frequently appeared as an ornate accessory in portraits of courtiers and nobles, symbolizing status and readiness for defense. For instance, in Hans Holbein the Younger's 1533 painting The Ambassadors, Jean de Dinteville is depicted wearing a richly decorated dagger at his belt, complete with gold tassels that highlight the artist's meticulous attention to luxurious detail.^[67] Such representations underscored the weapon's role as a fashionable sidearm among the elite, blending utility with opulence.^[68] During the 19th and 20th centuries, the poignard featured prominently in visual adaptations of romantic literature, often illustrating dramatic duels on book covers and in museum dioramas recreating historical scenes. In film, it appeared as a key prop in sword-and-dagger fights, such as the 1948 adaptation of The Three Musketeers directed by George Sidney, where characters wield daggers alongside rapiers in choreographed confrontations that emphasized chivalric combat.^[69] These depictions romanticized the weapon as an essential tool for heroic swashbuckling, evoking the era's adventurous spirit. In modern media, the poignard has been reimagined in interactive formats, particularly video games, where it serves as a stealthy close-combat option. The Assassin's Creed series (2007 onward) includes the Nimble Poignard, a short blade used by assassins for quick, concealed strikes during the Reconquista era, reflecting its historical thrusting design in a gameplay context focused on agility and precision.^[70] In fantasy series like Michael Moorcock's Elric of Melniboné (1972), magical variants of dagger-like blades contribute to narratives of cursed power and moral ambiguity, extending the weapon's legacy into supernatural realms. Over time, the poignard's portrayal has evolved symbolically from a heroic sidearm denoting nobility and valor in Renaissance portraits to a more villainous tool associated with treachery and covert assassination in contemporary pop culture.^[71] This shift mirrors broader cultural views of the dagger as shifting from protection and bravery to betrayal, as seen briefly in literary precedents like Shakespeare's Macbeth, where it embodies murderous intent.^[72]