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RSS First Step
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RSS First Step
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RSS First Step
TypeSpace capsule
ClassNew Shepard crew capsule
OwnerBlue Origin
ManufacturerBlue Origin
Specifications
RocketNew Shepard
History
LocationVan Horn, Texas
First flight
  • 14 January 2021
  • Blue Origin NS-14
Last flight
  • Active
Flights15
New Shepard crew capsules

RSS First Step (Reusable Space Ship First Step) is a New Shepard space capsule, built and operated by American spaceflight company Blue Origin.[1] It is the third New Shepard capsule to fly to space, and the first to fly passengers. Its first flight was the NS-14 mission, which reached an altitude of 107 km (66 mi) on 14 January 2021.[2]

History

[edit]

RSS First Step is the third New Shepard capsule built by Blue Origin, and the first designed to carry passengers. It flew to space for the first time on 14 January 2021, during the NS-14 spaceflight. NS-14 also served as the maiden flight of the NS4 propulsion module.[3] The following flight, NS-15, which was also flown uncrewed by First Step and NS4, tested boarding and deboarding in what Blue Origin called an "astronaut operational exercise."[4]

First Step flew Blue Origin's first crewed flight on 20 July 2021, carrying founder Jeff Bezos and three other passengers to space.[5] This made Texas the fourth state to launch humans into space,[6] after Florida, California, and New Mexico. As of November 2022, it has flown five subsequent crewed spaceflights, carrying a total of 31 people into space, including one (Evan Dick) twice.

The New Shepard fleet was grounded from September 2022 until December 2023 due to a failure during the NS-23 mission. The capsule used during the mission, RSS H.G. Wells, managed to abort successfully, while the booster was destroyed. The next mission NS-24 (uncrewed) and the next crewed mission NS-25 took place following an investigation.[7]

Flights

[edit]
Mission Launch date (UTC) Landing date (UTC) Crew Duration Remarks Outcome
NS-14 14 January 2021 14 January 2021 Uncrewed ~10 minutes Uncrewed test flight. Maiden flight of NS4 propulsion module. Success
NS-15 14 April 2021 14 April 2021 Uncrewed ~10 minutes Uncrewed test flight. Passenger process test conducted. Four Blue Origin employees serve as stand-in passengers. Success
NS-16 20 July 2021,

13:11

20 July 2021,

13:21

10 minutes, 18 seconds First crewed flight of the New Shepard vehicle and first crewed spaceflight from Texas. Carried Blue Origin founder Jeff Bezos and three other passengers.[8] Success
NS-18 13 October 2021,

14:49

13 October 2021,

14:59

10 minutes, 17 seconds Space tourism mission. Second crewed flight of New Shepard. Carried actor William Shatner and three other paying passengers.[9] Success
NS-19 11 December 2021,

15:00

11 December 2021,

15:10

10 minutes, 13 seconds Space tourism mission. Third crewed flight of New Shepard. First fully crewed New Shepard spaceflight. Carried Laura Shepard Churchley, the daughter of Alan Shepard, for whom the vehicle is named after, football player and Good Morning America host Michael Strahan, and four other paying passengers.[10] Success
NS-20 31 March 2022,

13:57

31 March 2022,

14:07

10 minutes, 4 seconds Space tourism mission. Fourth crewed flight of New Shepard. Comedian Pete Davidson was originally expected to be on board, but was unable to fly due to a launch date change. Davidson was replaced by New Shepard chief architect Gary Lai. Five other paying passengers were on board.[11] Success
NS-21 4 June 2022, 13:25 4 June 2022, 13:35
10 minutes, 5 seconds[12] Space tourism mission. Fifth crewed flight of New Shepard. Crew included NS-19 crew member Evan Dick, and undersea explorer Victor Vescovo.[13] Success
NS-22 4 August 2022, 13:56 4 August 2022, 14:06
10 minutes, 22 seconds Space tourism mission. Sixth crewed flight of New Shepard. Crew included first Portuguese person and first Egyptian person in space.[14] Success
NS-25 19 May 2024, 14:35 19 May 2024, 14:45
9 minutes, 53 seconds Space tourism mission. Seventh crewed flight of New Shepard. Crew included Ed Dwight, the oldest person to reach space.[15] Success
NS-26 29 August 2024, 13:07 29 August 2024, 13:17
  • United Kingdom Singapore[16] Nicolina Elrick
  • United States Rob Ferl
  • Ukraine Eugene Grin
  • Iran United States Eiman Jahangir
  • United States Karsen Kitchen
  • United States Israel Ephraim Rabin
 10 minutes, 8 seconds Space tourism mission. Eight crewed flight of New Shepard. Crew included Karsen Kitchen, the youngest woman to cross the Kármán line (100 km) at 21 years old. Success
NS-28 22 November 2024, 15:30 22 November 2024, 15:40
  • United States Emily Calandrelli
  • United States Sharon Hagle (2)
  • United States Marc Hagle (2)
  • United States Austin Litteral
  • United States James (J.D.) Russell
  • Canada Henry (Hank) Wolfond
 10 minutes, 8 seconds Space tourism mission. Ninth crewed flight of New Shepard. Success
NS-30 25 February 2025, 15:49 25 February 2025, 15:59
10 minutes, 8 seconds Space tourism mission. Tenth crewed flight of New Shepard. Success
NS-32 31 May 2025, 13:39 31 May 2025, 13:49
10 minutes, 7 seconds Space tourism mission. 12th crewed flight of New Shepard. Success
NS-34 3 August 2025, 12:42 3 August 2025, 12:52
10 minutes, 14 seconds Space tourism mission. 14th crewed flight of New Shepard. Success
NS-36 8 October 2025, 13:40 8 October 2025, 13:50
  • United States Clint Kelly III
  • United States Aaron Newman
  • United States Jeff Elgin
  • Ukraine Vitalii Ostrovsky
  • Kazakhstan Danna Karagussova
  • United States William H. Lewis
 10 minutes, 21 seconds Space tourism mission. 15th crewed flight of New Shepard. Success

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

RSS First Step

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
RSS First Step is a reusable crew capsule developed by as part of its suborbital launch vehicle, designed to carry up to six passengers on autonomous flights to the edge of space, crossing the at over 62 miles (100 km) altitude for approximately 3–4 minutes of microgravity experience during 11-minute round-trip missions launched from . Introduced as the second-generation crew capsule (Crew Capsule 2.0-2), it features advanced safety systems including an autonomous escape mechanism and multiple redundant layers for reliability, separating from the booster stage below the before following a ballistic trajectory and descending via parachutes to a . Development focused on enabling commercial space tourism, with its first uncrewed qualification flight occurring on January 14, 2021 (mission NS-14), followed by a second uncrewed test on April 14, 2021 (NS-15). The capsule achieved its inaugural crewed mission on July 20, 2021 (NS-16), carrying founder , his brother , aviator , and an 18-year-old student as the first suborbital spacecraft to transport paying customers, earning multiple for the flight. As of October 8, 2025, RSS First Step has completed 14 flights, including 12 crewed missions that have transported 43 passengers—many private citizens paying between $250,000 and $1 million per seat—to democratize access to . Notable missions include NS-19 (December 11, 2021), featuring the first all-female crew since 1963 with Laura Shepard Churchley, and NS-25 (May 19, 2024), which carried retired U.S. Captain , the first Black candidate. The capsule remains in active service alongside other New Shepard modules like RSS Kármán Line and RSS Jules Verne, supporting payloads and , with plans for its eventual decommissioning and display in the National Air and Space Museum's Futures in Space gallery by 2026.

Design and Development

Program Origins

established the New Shepard program in 2005 as a fully reusable suborbital designed for payloads and eventual , drawing inspiration from early American suborbital missions such as NASA's Mercury program. The initiative, led by company founder , aimed to develop a vertical takeoff and landing system capable of reaching the edge of space while prioritizing reusability to reduce costs and enable frequent operations. Early conceptualization included collaborations with partners like Irvin Aerospace (formerly Airborne Systems) to design recovery systems for the crew capsule, ensuring safe return from suborbital trajectories. The program's capsules follow a naming convention where "RSS" denotes Reusable Space Ship, emphasizing the focus on recurrent use for sustainable access to . The RSS First Step capsule specifically received its name to symbolize the foundational steps in advancing , aligning with Blue Origin's "Gradatim Ferociter" (Step by Step, Ferociously) and representing the company's initial push toward routine suborbital travel for the benefit of . This naming also honors , after whom the overall vehicle is designated, commemorating his pioneering suborbital flight as the first American in . Key milestones in the program's early development included public statements on crewed suborbital ambitions following successful uncrewed tests in , with Bezos indicating plans for human flights within a few years. To enhance operational reliability, Blue Origin decided to construct multiple capsules, allowing for redundancy during testing and missions while supporting the reuse paradigm central to the program. The program's inception was primarily funded through ' personal investments, with Bezos committing to sell about $1 billion in Amazon stock annually starting around 2017 to support Blue Origin's broader goals, including suborbital development. These resources enabled steady progress without reliance on external in the initial phases, though later partnerships with entities like for payload integration bolstered the effort.

Engineering and Construction

The construction of the RSS First Step capsule began in 2019 at Blue Origin's research and development facility in , where the company utilizes advanced manufacturing techniques for its suborbital vehicles. The and were fabricated primarily from lightweight composite materials to enhance structural integrity while minimizing mass, allowing the capsule to withstand the rigors of suborbital flight and reentry. A key safety feature integrated during assembly was the launch abort system, consisting of a solid-fueled Capsule Escape Solid Rocket Motor (CCE-SRM) at the base of the capsule, delivering approximately 311 kN (70,000 lbf) of thrust to rapidly separate the capsule from the booster in emergencies. For descent and landing, the capsule incorporates a system comprising three main parachutes and three drogue parachutes, deployed sequentially to stabilize and decelerate the vehicle after separation from the booster. Complementing this is a retro-thrust landing system, which fires a brief burst from solid-fuel motors just prior to touchdown in the desert, reducing impact velocity to under 5 mph for a controlled . Designated as the third capsule in Blue Origin's fleet with serial number NS-2.0-2, the RSS First Step features customizations that distinguish it from earlier iterations, including reinforced windows capable of withstanding pressure differentials and an interior layout optimized for six passengers with adjustable seating for enhanced comfort during zero-gravity phases.

Qualification and Testing

The qualification and testing phase for the RSS First Step capsule encompassed a comprehensive suite of ground-based evaluations to verify structural integrity, , and environmental resilience prior to operational use. Ground vibration tests and acoustic chamber simulations were conducted in 2020 to assess the capsule's structural integrity under anticipated launch loads, including dynamic vibrations and high-intensity noise environments equivalent to liftoff conditions. These tests utilized acoustic chamber simulations replicating acoustic pressures up to 140 dB, ensuring the vehicle's composite and crew module could withstand ascent stresses without compromise. Integrated vehicle hot-fire tests with the booster occurred in late 2020, involving static firings of the BE-3PM engine to validate propulsion performance and structural interfaces. These ground tests confirmed reliable capsule-booster separation dynamics, with simulations and subscale demonstrations supporting separation at Mach 3 during nominal ascent profiles. The escape system, integrated into these evaluations, demonstrated rapid activation and safe jettison in emergency scenarios. The capsule also underwent extensive environmental testing, including exposure to conditions, thermal cycling between -150°C and +120°C to mimic reentry heating and orbital cold soaks, and simulated radiation environments to qualify and systems for suborbital . These protocols followed and industry standards for human-rated , prioritizing crew safety through iterative qualification of materials and subsystems. Following successful completion of these tests, the FAA's Office of Commercial Space Transportation issued certification for operations in July 2021, authorizing the RSS First Step for crewed suborbital missions under Part 431 regulations after review of safety analyses and test data. This milestone enabled progression to uncrewed qualification flights in early 2021.

Technical Specifications

Physical Dimensions and Capacity

The RSS First Step capsule, serving as the crew module for Blue Origin's suborbital vehicle, has a height of 3.7 meters and a of 3.8 meters, resulting in a total pressurized volume of 15 cubic meters designed for human occupancy and experimentation. This compact cylindrical structure, constructed primarily from lightweight composite materials, accommodates up to six passengers, while maintaining a combined limit of 1,200 kg for crew members and onboard experiments to ensure safe launch and reentry dynamics. In terms of mass specifications, the capsule features a dry mass of 3,600 kg, increasing to approximately 4,000 kg when loaded with provisions, payload, crew, and propellant for reaction control system (RCS) thrusters prior to launch. For reentry and landing, the capsule employs parachutes for descent, followed by a nitrogen gas retro-thruster for soft touchdown, with a base structure equipped with crushable aluminum-based honeycomb material as backup to absorb impact forces in failure scenarios, tested to withstand decelerations of 5-6 g.

Avionics and Safety Systems

The suite of the RSS First Step crew capsule features redundant flight computers that support fully autonomous operations throughout the suborbital mission profile, eliminating the need for onboard pilots. These systems integrate custom hardware and software for vehicle control, , and integration with payloads. Navigation relies on the in-house developed BlueNav system, combining GPS and inertial measurement units (INS) to provide precise positioning and attitude control during ascent, apogee, and reentry phases. The system enables autonomous reentry guidance, with aft fins and reaction control thrusters—using hypergolic propellants—ensuring stable descent and booster landing accuracy within a few meters. Safety systems emphasize multiple layers of to protect crew and vehicle integrity, including an autonomous crew escape system capable of separating the capsule from the booster at any flight phase if anomalies are detected. This pusher-type abort mechanism uses a solid-fueled motor delivering approximately 70,000 pounds of , igniting nearly instantaneously upon trigger to propel the capsule away from the booster. Abort triggers incorporate from accelerometers and other flight monitors to identify deviations such as structural failures or off-nominal performance, as demonstrated in multiple tests including in-flight scenarios at Max-Q conditions. The system has been validated through dedicated tests, including pad escape in 2012, in-flight abort in 2016, and post-separation escape in 2018, ensuring rapid response to potential hazards. Communication systems utilize S-band radio links for real-time transmission to ground control, enabling continuous monitoring of vehicle status, environmental data, and performance during the brief suborbital flight. These links support command uplink and high-fidelity downlink of sensor data, facilitating mission oversight from Blue Origin's control center in . Life support provisions in the RSS First Step maintain a pressurized, environmentally controlled cabin suitable for up to six passengers during the approximately 10-minute flight duration. The system includes redundant environmental controls for temperature, humidity, and air quality, with oxygen supply and CO2 management tailored to short-duration exposure. Emergency provisions feature integrated seating with g-force absorption and flight suits for added protection during ascent, reentry, or abort scenarios.

Operational History

Uncrewed Test Flights

The uncrewed test flights of the RSS First Step crew capsule marked the initial validation phase for Blue Origin's human-rated suborbital vehicle, focusing on system reliability, ascent profiles, and recovery procedures prior to introducing passengers. These missions utilized the New Shepard launch system from Launch Site One in West Texas and were essential for certifying the capsule's environmental controls, displays, and safety mechanisms for future crewed operations. The first uncrewed flight, designated NS-14, occurred on January 14, , at 11:17 CST (17:17 UTC). The RSS First Step capsule reached an apogee of approximately 106 km, surpassing the and confirming the vehicle's capability to provide weightless conditions for several minutes. This mission successfully validated the deployment sequence, with and main parachutes slowing the capsule to about 7 m/s before soft- thrusters fired for touchdown; the capsule landed accurately in the designated desert zone, demonstrating precision recovery within targeted parameters. The booster also performed a powered vertical on a pad nearby, completing the 10-minute flight without anomalies. Subsequent testing advanced to NS-15 on April 14, , at 12:50 EDT (16:50 UTC), roughly 90 days after NS-14, marking the second flight for both the booster and RSS First Step capsule. This mission reached a similar apogee of 106 km and incorporated payload experiments, including sensors integrated into the Mannequin Skywalker test dummy to simulate human physiological responses in microgravity, alongside 25,000 educational postcards from the Club for the Future initiative. Ground crews rehearsed full passenger ingress and egress procedures using stand-in astronauts, further verifying operational workflows for crewed transitions. The capsule's parachutes deployed nominally, enabling a safe landing, while the booster reused its propulsion for a precise return. These two uncrewed flights achieved a 100% success rate, with an average reuse interval of 90 days between missions, underscoring the First Step's rapid turnaround potential. Payload efforts emphasized microgravity , featuring demonstrations such as arrays for biometric monitoring and simple biological exposure tests to assess material and fluid behaviors . Following NS-15, the program transitioned seamlessly to crewed operations, confirming the capsule's readiness for .

Crewed Missions

The inaugural crewed mission of the RSS First Step, designated NS-16, launched on July 20, 2021, from Launch Site One in , carrying a crew of four civilians: founder , his brother , aviation pioneer , and student . This flight marked the first for the vehicle, reaching an apogee of 107 kilometers above the and providing approximately three minutes of before a safe parachute-assisted landing. , aged 82, became the oldest person to reach space at that time, fulfilling a decades-long aspiration after her participation in NASA's program, while Daemen, aged 18, set the record as the youngest space traveler. The mission lasted about 10 minutes and 10 seconds from liftoff to capsule touchdown, demonstrating the vehicle's reliability for suborbital following prior uncrewed validations. Subsequent notable missions highlighted diverse civilian participation and milestone achievements. NS-18, on October 13, 2021, carried actor , aged 90, along with Blue Origin's Vice President of Mission & Flight Operations , entrepreneur Chris Boshuizen, and businessman , surpassing Funk's age record and emphasizing the program's accessibility to non-professional s. This 10-minute-42-second flight included thousands of postcards from the Club for the Future initiative, underscoring educational . NS-19, launched December 11, 2021, featured an all-civilian crew of six: Laura Shepard Churchley (daughter of ), media personality , spaceflight participant Dylan Taylor, and payload specialists Evan Dick, , and Cameron Bess, marking the first fully private crew without company employees. The mission, lasting 10 minutes and 21 seconds with four minutes of microgravity, carried experiments and postcards while reinforcing the vehicle's role in democratizing space access. Following NS-22 in August 2022, operations paused for nearly two years due to an FAA investigation after the NS-23 booster abort, resuming with NS-25 in May 2024. By November 2025, the RSS First Step had conducted 12 crewed missions, transporting 43 passengers—many private citizens paying between $250,000 and $1 million per seat—from various countries, including sponsored passengers from the , , Europe, and beyond, as part of Blue Origin's commercial efforts. These flights, such as the all-female NS-31 crew in April 2025 featuring and others, continued to break barriers in diversity and international participation. Typical profiles involved 10-11 minute durations, with 3-4 minutes of weightlessness enabling passengers to experience zero-gravity activities like floating and through large viewing windows. Each crew underwent brief training focused on safety and flight procedures, emphasizing the of the pressurized capsule accommodating up to six passengers.

Flight Statistics and Reuse

As of November 2025, the RSS First Step capsule has completed 14 successful missions with a 100% success rate, including 12 crewed flights that have transported a total of 43 passengers across the . The capsule's reuse capabilities demonstrate Blue Origin's emphasis on rapid refurbishment and reliability, with the fastest turnaround time between flights recorded at 59 days and an average of 123 days across all missions. These metrics reflect efficient post-flight processing, enabling the vehicle to accumulate over 2.5 hours of total flight time while supporting frequent suborbital operations from the West Texas launch site. Landing precision has been a consistent strength, with all 14 touchdowns occurring within 100 meters of the designated target zone in the desert, facilitated by the capsule's three-parachute system and retro-thrust landing engines for final deceleration. Maintenance protocols prioritize structural integrity and thermal protection, involving comprehensive post-flight inspections that include detailed analysis of , which has shown typically less than 1% material loss per flight due to the suborbital trajectory's relatively low reentry heating compared to orbital vehicles.

Significance and Future

Role in Space Tourism

The RSS First Step capsule has played a pivotal role in democratizing access to space by offering suborbital flights at ticket prices estimated between $200,000 and $1 million per seat, significantly lowering the barrier compared to earlier auctions that reached $28 million for the inaugural crewed mission. This pricing structure has enabled a diverse array of passengers, including celebrities like and , as well as researchers and educators, to experience and views of from the edge of . As of 2025, the capsule had flown 43 individuals on its 12 crewed missions, broadening participation beyond traditional astronauts. Through partnerships with STEM initiatives, such as the Club for the Future foundation, the RSS First Step has advanced educational outreach by carrying student-designed experiments on multiple flights, including biometric sensors and microgravity tests developed by high school participants. These efforts have inspired future generations, with sponsored seats allocated to educators, philanthropists, and youth program representatives through organizations like Club for the Future and Space for Humanity, fostering interest in space careers among underrepresented groups. Missions like NS-23 and NS-35 have integrated dozens of such payloads from universities and student teams, providing hands-on research opportunities. The capsule marked an industry milestone with the NS-31 mission in April 2025, featuring the first all-female crew comprising , Kerianne Flynn, , , , and Lauren Sánchez, highlighting progress in gender diversity within commercial spaceflight. Blue Origin's operations with the RSS First Step also contributed to shaping FAA regulations, including participation in the development of Part 450 licensing rules that govern commercial launches and reentries, ensuring safety standards for passenger-carrying vehicles. Economically, the RSS First Step has generated tens of millions in revenue for through ticket sales and sponsorships from its more than a dozen crewed missions as of late 2025, funding expansions like additional capsules and research payloads while bolstering the broader suborbital market projected to exceed $1 billion annually. This financial success has supported iterative improvements in reusability and accessibility, positioning as a key player in sustainable commercial space access. The next mission, NS-37, is planned for late 2025, potentially extending the capsule's operational record.

Planned Retirement

In October 2024, Blue Origin announced an agreement with the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum to donate the RSS First Step upon its retirement, ensuring its preservation as a key artifact in the museum's collection. The spacecraft, including both the booster and crew capsule, will be displayed in the Futures in Space gallery, which is scheduled to open by 2026 and highlights advancements in reusable space technologies. Retirement of the RSS First Step is anticipated after it completes 25-30 flights or exhibits signs of structural fatigue from repeated reentries, with projections placing the decommissioning around 2027-2028 based on current operational tempo. This timeline aligns with Blue Origin's design goals for reusability in suborbital vehicles, where cumulative stress from thermal loads and aerodynamic forces necessitates eventual withdrawal to maintain safety standards. Following retirement, the booster and capsule will be preserved in their as-flown configuration to demonstrate the pioneering reuse technology that enabled multiple crewed suborbital missions. Additionally, post-retirement studies are planned to examine long-term material degradation, focusing on integrity and metallic fatigue to inform future designs.

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