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Rahimuddin Khan[a] (21 July 1926 – 22 August 2022) was a Pakistani four-star general who served as the fourth Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee of the Pakistan Army from 1984 to 1987. He also served as the seventh Governor of Balochistan, from 1978 to 1984, and briefly as the 16th Governor of Sindh in 1988.[1][2]

Key Information

After the Partition of British India, Rahimuddin enrolled as the first cadet of the Pakistan Military Academy. As a captain, he was part of military action during the 1953 Lahore riots. He later commanded 111 Brigade in Rawalpindi and II Corps in Multan. As Chairman Joint Chiefs, he rejected the future military plan for the Kargil Conflict.[3]

As the longest-serving governor of Balochistan, Rahimuddin declared a general amnesty and ended all military operations in the province.[4] His tenure saw widespread development, including the opening of Sui gas fields to Quetta,[5] the construction of nuclear test sites in Chaghai, and the halting of the Baloch insurgency.[6][7] He was credited with financial honesty,[8] but controversially suppressed mujahideen entering the province during the Soviet war in Afghanistan.

Rahimuddin refused an extension of service as chairman joint chiefs, retiring in 1987.

Early life and family

[edit]

Rahimuddin Khan was born on 21 July 1926,[8] in Kaimganj, United Provinces, British India, to a Muslim Pathan Afridi family, with roots in Kohat and Tirah.[9] He was the nephew of educationist Zakir Husain, later the President of India, and the son-in-law of Husain's brother, a Pakistan Movement figure and member of the first Constituent Assembly Mahmud Husain.[10]

He attended Jamia Millia Islamia University in Delhi.

He opted for Pakistan during independence in 1947, enrolling as Gentleman Cadet-1 of the Pakistan Military Academy.[11]

Military service

[edit]

As a captain, Rahimuddin was part of the military operation under Azam Khan during the 1953 Lahore riots. He attended Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and Command and Staff College in Quetta in 1965, and was posted to Hyderabad in 1969. He served as inaugural commander of 111 Brigade in Rawalpindi in 1970. Rahimuddin served as Chief Instructor at the Armed Forces War College at the then National Defence College, Rawalpindi, until 1975.

Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto requested Rahimuddin to head the new Atomic Energy Commission and nuclear programme, but was declined.[12][13] As lieutenant-general, he became Commander II Corps in Multan[14] in 1976. He was made Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee by General Zia-ul-Haq on 22 March 1984, a position he served in till 29 March 1987.[15]

Rejection of Kargil plan

[edit]

As Chairman Joint Chiefs, Rahimuddin was asked to approve the military plan for an offensive in Kargil, Kashmir, in 1986.[3] The plan was authored by Commander I Corps. Both Rahimuddin and Air Chief Marshal Jamal A. Khan rejected it as untenable, citing the harsh conditions, strategy, and concurrent conflict with the Soviet Union in Afghanistan.[3] The plan was later approved by General Pervez Musharraf, leading to the Kargil war in 1998.[16]

Extension refusal

[edit]

Rahimuddin declined an extension of service at superannuation, and retired in 1987. After his retirement on time, Prime Minister Muhammad Khan Junejo rejected Zia's proposal of extension for Vice Chief of Staff General KM Arif, embarrassing Zia.[17] Arif was replaced by Mirza Aslam Beg as Vice Chief.

Governor of Balochistan

[edit]

End of operation and withdrawal

[edit]

A military operation against separatists was commenced in Balochistan by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto led by army chief Tikka Khan in 1973, claiming thousands of lives.[18] Rahimuddin was appointed Governor of Balochistan on 16 September 1978. He declared an end to the operation, and announced a general amnesty for fighters willing to give up arms. Army withdrawal was completed by 1979. The Baloch separatist movement came to a standstill.[19][20] Under Rahimuddin, the Foreign Policy Centre held that "the province's tribal sardars were taken out of the pale of politics for the first time."[21] He was known for a clean reputation during corrupt regimes.[22]

Development

[edit]

Rahimuddin opened the Sui gas field to provide gas directly to Quetta and other Baloch towns for the first time. Electricity expansion from Quetta to Loralai converted vast areas with sub-soil water into fertile ones.[23] He also consolidated the then-contentious integration of Gwadar into Balochistan, notified as a district in 1977. Despite opposition from finance minister Ghulam Ishaq Khan, Rahimuddin heavily promoted large-scale manufacturing and investment in infrastructure, leading to provincial GDP growth rising to the highest in Balochistan's history.[24] Addressing the province's literacy rate, the lowest in the country, he administered the freeing up of resources towards education, created girls' incentive programs, and had several girls' schools built in Dera Bugti District.[25] He also oversaw the construction of nuclear test sites in Chaghai where tests were conducted in 1998.[8]

Al-Zulfikar hijacking

[edit]

In March 1981, the militant group Al-Zulfikar, led by Murtaza Bhutto, hijacked a Pakistan International Airlines airplane from Karachi to Kabul,[26] and shot and killed passenger Captain Tariq Rahim, mistakenly believing him to be the son of General Rahimuddin Khan.[27][28] The decision to kill Rahim was taken after Murtaza Bhutto consulted KHAD chief Mohammad Najibullah.[29][30]

Governor of Sindh

[edit]

Zia dismissed his own government in May 1988. Khan became civilian Governor of Sindh, and governor's rule was imposed after citing emergency.[31] Claiming corruption, Khan began dismissing large numbers of police and civil servants.[32][33] Khan also launched a brutal police crackdown on land mafia, one of the widest ever in Karachi, criticized by both PPP and the Zia regime for its heavy-handed tactics. It was stopped by the government immediately after he resigned. He moved to create separate police forces for the city and the rural areas, but this was also resisted after his resignation for fears of complicating the Sindhi-Muhajir relationship.[34] Special riot control officers were trained to cope with ethnic riots, and river and forest police were also set up to battle dacoity.[35] Ghulam Ishaq Khan became acting President after Zia's death in an aircrash on 17 August, and reintroduced the Chief Minister of Sindh office. Khan resigned in response to the attempt to limit his gubernatorial powers.[36]

Post-retirement, he promoted his former chief of staff Asif Nawaz for appointment as Chief of Army Staff.[37]

Death

[edit]

Rahimuddin died on 22 August 2022, in Lahore, Pakistan, at the age of 96.[8] H

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Rahimuddin Khan

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from Grokipedia
Rahimuddin Khan (21 July 1926 – 22 August 2022) was a four-star general of the who rose to prominence through key and administrative roles, including serving as Chairman of the from 22 March 1984 to 29 March 1987. As the longest-serving of from 1978 to 1984, he declared a general that halted ongoing operations against insurgents, facilitating a restoration of order in the insurgency-ravaged province through reconciliation and development initiatives. He also briefly held the position of in 1988. Khan's tenure in Balochistan is noted for shifting from confrontation to pacification, earning him recognition as a peacemaker in a region marked by prior scorched-earth tactics and separatist violence. His career included command roles and contributions to post-1971 war analyses, reflecting a focus on operational strategy amid Pakistan's security challenges. Retiring after refusing service extensions, Khan lived in until his death at age 96.

Early Life and Education

Family and Upbringing

Rahimuddin Khan was born on 21 1926 in Qaimganj, , United Provinces (now ), British . He hailed from a Muslim Pashtun family of the tribe, whose ancestors had migrated from the and regions of what is now , . The family background included notable figures, such as his uncle , a key founder of in and later the third . Following the in 1947, Khan's family relocated to , aligning with the migration of many Muslim families from the United Provinces during the upheaval. This move reflected the broader socio-political shifts of the era, with his relatives involved in the and subsequent nation-building efforts. Limited public records detail his immediate parental or sibling relations, though the family's Pashtun heritage and connections to Indian Muslim intellectual circles shaped an upbringing oriented toward education and public service amid colonial and post-independence transitions.

Military Training and Commissioning

Following the partition of British India in 1947, Rahimuddin Khan enrolled as one of the inaugural cadets at the Pakistan Military Academy (PMA) in Kakul, Abbottabad, which had been established on October 14, 1947, to train officers for the newly formed Pakistan Army. Originally a senior cadet from the Indian Military Academy (IMA) with cadet number 391, Khan transitioned to PMA and was designated Gentleman Cadet No. 1, marking him as the premier cadet in the academy's first course, which combined elements of the ongoing IMA training adapted for Pakistan. The initial PMA course, commencing shortly after partition, focused on essential military disciplines including infantry tactics, leadership, physical fitness, and basic weaponry, with the curriculum shortened due to the urgent need for officers amid post-independence security challenges. Khan completed his training and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Baloch Regiment on November 25, 1948, thereby becoming one of the earliest officers formally inducted into the Pakistan Army's officer corps.

Military Career

Early Service and Domestic Operations

Rahimuddin Khan was commissioned as a in the of the on November 25, 1948, following his enrollment as the first gentleman cadet at the newly established in Kakul. His initial service involved infantry duties typical for junior officers in the post-independence period, focusing on unit-level training and border security along the western frontiers, though specific postings in these years remain sparsely documented in available records. By 1953, Khan, then a , participated in domestic operations to quell the riots, a violent outbreak sparked by agitation from groups including and Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam against the community, which led to imposition in on March 6. During these disturbances, he led actions resulting in the arrest of Majlis-e-Ahrar leader Abdus Sattar and enforced order amid widespread arson and clashes that caused over 200 deaths. Notably, Khan reportedly refused orders to besiege , a caught in the unrest, demonstrating early independent judgment in operational decisions. These experiences marked Khan's initial exposure to internal security roles, contrasting with routine regimental duties and foreshadowing his later command responsibilities, though no further domestic operations are recorded in his pre-1965 career. His service in the during this period emphasized discipline and rapid response, aligning with the army's evolving role in nation-building amid ethnic and sectarian tensions.

Role in 1971 War and Aftermath

In February 1971, President appointed Brigadier Rahimuddin Khan, then commander of the 111th Infantry Brigade in , to preside over a special tribunal prosecuting on charges of treason and waging war against Pakistan following his arrest on March 26 amid the crisis. The tribunal's proceedings, held in secrecy in , began on August 11, 1971, with Rahman defended by a amid allegations tied to his role in the Awami League's push for . As the Indo-Pakistani War erupted on December 3, 1971, Rahimuddin remained focused on duties rather than frontline command, having been detached from his earlier in the year for the high-profile case. On , the convicted Rahman and sentenced him to death by firing squad, a verdict kept confidential amid the ongoing conflict. In the war's aftermath, following Pakistan's surrender in the east on December 16, 1971, and Yahya Khan's ouster, incoming leader overrode the tribunal's sentence; Rahman was released from custody on January 8, 1972, and flown via to the newly independent . Rahimuddin faced no formal repercussions for the tribunal's outcome, continuing his military career uninterrupted, which later included promotions amid the army's post-war restructuring under Bhutto's civilian oversight.

Senior Commands and Strategic Decisions

Rahimuddin Khan advanced to command in 1970 as the inaugural leader of the 111th Infantry in , a unit formed for counter-intelligence and internal security amid rising political unrest in . During the Indo-Pakistani War of December 1971, he interrupted administrative proceedings to direct the brigade's operations, focusing on securing key areas against insurgent threats. Promoted to , Khan commanded the 8th Division from 1973 to 1975, enforcing strict discipline and field exercises in the rugged terrain of , which prepared forces for counter-insurgency in . His leadership style, described as exacting by subordinates, prioritized tactical proficiency over leniency. In September 1978, as a , Khan assumed command of II Corps in , retaining the post until March 1984 despite concurrent civilian duties; this corps guarded Pakistan's southern frontier from southward, integrating armored and units for defensive depth and rapid counteroffensives into Indian Punjab. Khan directed enhancements in simulations and logistics, drawing from 1971 lessons to mitigate vulnerabilities in open-desert engagements. Post-1971, Khan headed an analytical team evaluating the war's operational failures, producing a report that critiqued strategic overextension, inadequate air-ground coordination, and troop dispositions, advocating for decentralized command and fortified western defenses to prevent two-front dilutions. This assessment influenced subsequent reforms under Zia-ul-Haq, though it prioritized tactical critiques over higher political inquiries.

Governorship of Balochistan

Appointment and Counter-Insurgency Strategy

Lieutenant General Rahimuddin Khan was appointed Governor of by President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq on 19 September 1978, simultaneously serving as Administrator Zone D to address the province's ongoing and civil unrest following the 1973–1977 military operation against Baloch separatists. His appointment came amid a need to stabilize the region after Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's aggressive campaign, which had involved over 80,000 troops and resulted in thousands of casualties, including an estimated 3,300 Pakistani soldiers and 5,000–6,000 insurgents killed. Khan's counter-insurgency approach emphasized de-escalation through and administrative consolidation rather than prolonged kinetic operations. Shortly after taking office, he declared a cessation of all major military actions, which had scorched villages and displaced populations, and extended a general to surrendering insurgents on 20 November 1979, conditional on and loyalty oaths to the state. This policy facilitated the surrender of over 4,000 militants and their integration into development programs, while paramilitary forces like the maintained checkpoints and intelligence operations to prevent resurgence. Complementing amnesty, Khan enforced a of centralized control to undermine tribal s' networks that fueled , including land reforms redistributing feudal holdings and restricting sardar authority over levies. He ruled with stringent measures, such as curfews and direct governance bypassing local elites, which critics described as an "iron fist" but which empirically reduced violence, with insurgency incidents dropping sharply by 1980 as former rebels accepted incentives like jobs and infrastructure projects. This blend of inducements and coercion prioritized causal disruption of insurgent logistics over indiscriminate force, reflecting a pragmatic shift from Bhutto-era tactics.

Termination of Operations and Amnesty Implementation

In 1977, following his appointment as and Martial Law Administrator of , Rahimuddin Khan oversaw the termination of the launched in 1973 against Baloch insurgents, shifting strategy from armed confrontation to . He announced a general for all combatants willing to surrender their weapons and reintegrate into society, emphasizing forgiveness for those who laid down arms without further pursuit. The implementation involved direct engagement with rebel groups, including personal visits by Khan to Parari insurgent leaders in remote areas, where he negotiated surrenders and provided compensation to affected tribes and families for losses incurred during the conflict. Military operations formally ceased by late , with the bulk of forces withdrawn from operational zones by 1979, allowing for a phased that reduced troop presence from over 100,000 to minimal garrisons focused on border security rather than internal pacification. This policy led to the surrender of thousands of fighters, including key figures from the Marri and Mengal tribes, and dismantled major guerrilla networks without additional large-scale engagements. Over 13,000 insurgents accepted the terms in the initial phases, contributing to a decade of relative stability in the province until recurring tensions in the . The approach prioritized verifiable surrenders through documented affidavits and public oaths, with amnesty extended selectively to exclude foreign mercenaries or those linked to external subversion, as assessed by provincial intelligence.

Development Projects and Economic Stabilization

During Rahimuddin Khan's tenure as of from September 1978 to March 1984, development initiatives shifted focus from counter-insurgency to enhancement, aiming to integrate the province economically into Pakistan's framework following the 1977 and cessation of military operations. This approach sought to leverage post-conflict stability for growth, with projects emphasizing resource access to stimulate local commerce and reduce dependency on federal allocations. A key project was the extension of supply from the Sui gas fields directly to and other Baloch towns, implemented for the first time despite resistance from Punjab-based interests concerned over resource diversion. This infrastructure development, completed under Khan's administration, provided reliable for households and nascent industries, fostering economic activity in a region previously reliant on imported fuels. The initiative contributed to stabilizing local economies by lowering costs and enabling small-scale , aligning with broader efforts to curb unrest through tangible benefits rather than alone. Economic stabilization was further supported by curtailing separatist disruptions, which had previously deterred investment, allowing provincial GDP contributions to rise amid national trends under . Khan's policies emphasized administrative consolidation, including regulated resource exploration by entities like Pakistan Petroleum Limited, to prevent and promote equitable distribution. While these measures yielded short-term gains in stability, their long-term impact was constrained by ongoing tribal dynamics and limited fiscal autonomy.

Handling of Al-Zulfikar Hijacking

On 2 March 1981, during Rahimuddin Khan's tenure as Governor of and administrator, members of the Al-Zulfikar organization hijacked Flight PK-326, a en route from to with 173 people on board, diverting it to , . The hijackers, including leader Salamullah Tipu (also known as Tipu), demanded the release of 54 political prisoners linked to the , submitting a list reportedly coordinated with Al-Zulfikar's founder, . The standoff lasted 13 days, marked by escalating tensions. On 6 March, the hijackers executed passenger Major Tariq Rahim, a former to who had provided testimony contributing to Bhutto's conviction; Rahim was beaten, shot multiple times, and his body dumped on the Kabul tarmac. President Zia-ul-Haq's government initially rejected full compliance with the demands, condemning the act as and establishing crisis management centers in , , and while exploring but ultimately forgoing assault options due to logistical constraints in and later Damascus. The crisis resolved on 15 March after the plane flew to Damascus, , where the hijackers surrendered following negotiations involving the release of 55 prisoners convicted of offenses such as and . commended Syrian intervention for facilitating the hostages' freedom without further violence, providing with dossiers on the freed prisoners and deferring to Syrian decisions on the hijackers' fate. This outcome aligned with the regime's broader strategy of limited concessions under duress, a principle consistent with Khan's enforcement of and suppression of insurgent threats in , where he prioritized state authority over negotiation with militants.

Achievements in Pacification Versus Human Rights Criticisms

Rahimuddin Khan's tenure as of from October 1978 to January 1984 marked the culmination of efforts to end the protracted that had intensified under the 1973–1977 military operations led by Zulfikar Ali , which reportedly resulted in 3,300 insurgent deaths and over 6,000 army casualties. Upon appointment, Khan declared a general on , 1979, offering surrender terms to combatants willing to lay down arms, followed by the phased withdrawal of frontline military units from combat zones. This strategy effectively dismantled remaining militant networks, as thousands of fighters accepted the amnesty, leading to a cessation of large-scale hostilities and a relative that persisted until the mid-1990s. Complementing pacification, Khan prioritized infrastructure development to address grievances fueling separatism, including piping natural gas from the Sui fields to and other urban centers for the first time, expanding electricity grids beyond the provincial capital, and initiating road networks connecting remote areas. These initiatives, funded partly through federal allocations under President Zia-ul-Haq, boosted economic activity and urban integration, with gas supply reaching over 20 towns by 1982 and contributing to a reported 15% annual growth in provincial GDP during his term. Supporters, including Pakistani military analysts, attribute this stability to Khan's decisive leadership, which isolated hardline sardars and co-opted moderate tribal elements into governance. Critics, however, portray Khan's methods as authoritarian, enforcing stability through an "iron fist" approach that curtailed the political influence of Baloch sardars by dissolving their advisory councils, relocating key dissidents, and maintaining a heavy presence under administration. Baloch nationalist accounts in Pakistani media describe this as a suppression of tribal , with isolated reports of arbitrary detentions and restrictions on movement to prevent regrouping, though systematic of extrajudicial killings or widespread disappearances specific to his era remains sparse compared to later insurgencies. Such measures, while effective in quelling violence, prioritized security over democratic norms, drawing implicit rebuke from exiled leaders like , who viewed the amnesty as conditional coercion rather than genuine reconciliation.

Chairmanship of Joint Chiefs of Staff

Appointment and Key Responsibilities

Rahimuddin Khan, a lieutenant general and commander of II Corps at Multan, was promoted to the rank of general and appointed Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (CJCSC) on 22 March 1984 by President General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. This appointment followed the retirement of the previous incumbent and aligned with Zia's military reorganization efforts during his presidency, emphasizing unified command structures amid ongoing regional tensions with India and internal security challenges. Khan's selection reflected his extensive operational experience, including command roles in armored and infantry units, though it drew from Zia's preference for loyal officers over strict seniority in some cases. As CJCSC, Khan chaired the , comprising the chiefs of the , , and , serving as the highest-ranking uniformed officer without direct operational control over combat forces. His primary responsibilities in peacetime centered on defense planning, coordinating joint service strategies, and fostering among the armed branches to address threats such as potential Indian incursions along the border. He acted as the principal staff officer to the supreme commander (the President), delivering strategic military advice on , resource allocation, and contingency preparations, while overseeing inter-service exercises and doctrinal development. Khan's tenure emphasized institutional reforms to enhance jointmanship, including reviews of and protocols, amid Pakistan's alignment with U.S. flows under the Reagan administration's anti-Soviet in . These duties positioned him as a key intermediary between the services and civilian leadership, though operational authority remained vested in the respective service chiefs, limiting the CJCSC role to advisory and coordinative functions rather than command execution. His three-year term concluded on 29 March 1987 without extension, adhering to standard rotation principles.

Rejection of Kargil Plan

In 1986, during his tenure as Chairman of the , Rahimuddin Khan evaluated a proposed military operation targeting the sector along the in Indian-administered . The plan, originated by the Commander of I Corps, called for infantry infiltration and occupation of strategic high-altitude peaks to sever Indian supply routes along National Highway 1A connecting to , exploiting winter vacancies in Indian forward positions. Such tactics mirrored earlier contingency planning from the late 1980s aimed at pressuring over Siachen and but were shelved due to escalation risks. Rahimuddin Khan, alongside Jamal A. Khan, dismissed the proposal as strategically flawed and operationally untenable, highlighting insurmountable logistical challenges from sub-zero temperatures, oxygen scarcity, and rugged terrain that would isolate troops without assured resupply or air support. He emphasized the potential for miscalculation leading to full-scale conventional war, given India's likely response and the absence of nuclear deterrence at the time. This rejection aligned with prior military assessments deeming similar LoC incursions provocative without decisive gains. The shelving of the 1986 plan averted an premature confrontation, as documented in analyses of Pakistan's pre-1999 contingency reviews. It remained dormant until resurrected in 1998–1999 by General Pervez Musharraf's Northern Light Infantry and , culminating in the intrusion detected in early 1999, which drew international condemnation, strained Pakistan's through sanctions, and ended with unilateral withdrawal under U.S. after heavy casualties on both sides. Rahimuddin's foresight underscored a preference for defensive restraint over adventurism in high-stakes border theaters.

Refusal of Term Extension

In 1987, as his tenure as Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee neared its end upon reaching the age of superannuation, Rahimuddin Khan was offered a one-year extension in service by President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. Khan declined the offer, retiring from active military duty on schedule that year. This stance reflected his firm opposition to extensions, a position he maintained throughout his career and which contrasted with the prevalent practice in Pakistan's military leadership. The decision unfolded against a backdrop of civil-military tensions, as Prime Minister Muhammad Khan Junejo, seeking to assert , had refused to approve extensions for senior Zia associates including Khan and Vice Chief of General Staff K. M. Arif. Despite this, obituaries and military tributes consistently attribute the refusal to Khan's personal principled stand, highlighting it as a rare act of restraint that reinforced norms of timely retirement and influenced perceptions of military professionalism. Following his retirement, Khan transitioned to service as later in 1987.

Governorship of Sindh

Appointment and Initial Measures

Rahimuddin Khan, a retired general, was appointed civilian in June 1988 by President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq shortly after the dismissal of Muhammad Khan Junejo's government on 29 May 1988. His appointment came amid escalating ethnic tensions, corruption, and a breakdown in law and order in the province, particularly in urban centers like . Khan's tenure, lasting approximately 80 days until mid-September 1988, involved the imposition of governor's rule to address the emergency situation. Upon assuming office, Khan prioritized administrative reforms by targeting entrenched corruption within provincial institutions. He oversaw the dismissal of numerous police officers and civil servants accused of graft, aiming to cleanse the bureaucracy and restore efficiency. Concurrently, he directed a vigorous crackdown on criminal networks, with a particular focus on land grabbers and mafias exploiting urban real estate in and other areas. These measures sought to reestablish security and deter , reflecting Khan's reputation for decisive governance honed during his earlier stint in .

Law and Order Enforcement

Upon assuming the governorship of on June 24, 1988, Rahimuddin Khan imposed governor's rule to address the province's deteriorating security amid ethnic strife and administrative decay. His administration prioritized aggressive interventions against and corruption, launching operations targeting land mafias responsible for widespread illegal encroachments in and other urban centers. These groups had exploited weak enforcement to seize public and private properties, exacerbating local conflicts and undermining in institutions. Khan's crackdown involved direct police actions to reclaim occupied lands, marking one of the earliest systematic efforts against such networks in Sindh's post-Zia era. Khan also directed measures against emerging political militancy, including the budding Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM), which was implicated in street violence and ethnic clashes between Muhajir and Sindhi communities. Security forces under his oversight intensified patrols and arrests in hotspots like , aiming to curb vigilante activities and restore basic order during a period of flux following President Zia's death. This approach drew from Khan's prior experience in , emphasizing decisive enforcement over negotiation with non-state actors. To bolster law enforcement efficacy, Khan purged corrupt elements from the bureaucracy and police, dismissing officials tied to graft and inefficiency. Notable among these was Z.A. Nizami, chairman of the Development Authority (KDA), removed for systemic plundering of development funds and land allocations that fueled operations. Such dismissals extended to broader ranks of civil servants and personnel, with the intent of reinstalling disciplined oversight and reducing patronage-driven breakdowns in policing. Khan's tenure, ending on September 12, 1988, amid political transitions, yielded short-term stabilizations but highlighted entrenched challenges in Sindh's security apparatus.

Political and Security Challenges

During Rahimuddin's brief tenure as from June 24 to September 12, 1988, the province grappled with intensifying ethnic tensions between indigenous and urban Muhajirs, exacerbated by the rise of the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM), which mobilized Muhajir grievances amid perceptions of Sindhi dominance in provincial politics. The MQM's growing influence in and Hyderabad fueled political polarization, as it challenged the Pakistan Peoples Party's rural base and demanded greater representation for urban migrants, leading to sporadic clashes and a breakdown in inter-ethnic trust. Rahimuddin, applying a hardline approach consistent with his prior governance in , imposed governor's rule under emergency provisions to curb MQM's burgeoning activities, which he perceived as destabilizing, though this drew accusations of overreach from MQM supporters. Security challenges were acute, with escalating , including land mafia operations that illegally seized properties in Karachi's expanding suburbs, contributing to urban disorder and economic disruption. Ethnic violence simmered, building on prior incidents like the July 1988 Hyderabad clashes that killed dozens in Sindhi-Pakhtun confrontations, though Rahimuddin's administration prioritized preemptive enforcement over negotiation, launching operations against criminal networks and MQM-linked militants to restore order ahead of national elections. These measures temporarily suppressed immediate threats but highlighted deeper structural issues, such as inadequate policing and arms proliferation in Sindh's volatile urban-rural divide. Politically, Rahimuddin clashed with the central administration under Acting President , who favored accommodation of the MQM to secure urban electoral support, contrasting Rahimuddin's insistence on dismantling its militant elements and land encroachments. This rift, rooted in differing views on balancing security with political expediency, prompted his abrupt after 80 days, underscoring the federal-provincial frictions in managing Sindh's multi-ethnic volatility without elected governance. His exit paved the way for a more conciliatory interim setup, but unresolved grievances perpetuated cycles of confrontation in subsequent years.

Later Years and Legacy

Retirement and Post-Service Influence

Following his resignation as on September 12, 1988, Rahimuddin Khan withdrew from public office and government service, having already retired from the in March 1987 upon reaching the age of superannuation. His departure from the governorship came amid political transitions after President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's death in August 1988, with Khan citing efforts to curb ethnic violence and crime during his brief 80-day tenure, though he faced resistance from provincial authorities seeking greater autonomy. In retirement, Khan led a mostly secluded life in , eschewing formal roles or public engagements. Nonetheless, he retained informal sway within military networks, leveraging his stature as a former Chairman of the to endorse subordinates for top commands. He recommended General —previously his chief of staff—for Chief of Army Staff, influencing Nawaz's appointment on August 11, 1991, to succeed General amid deliberations over senior officers like Lieutenant-General . Khan similarly backed General Abdul Waheed Kakar, another former chief of staff under him, who assumed the COAS position on January 12, 1993, following Nawaz Janjua's sudden death from a heart attack on January 8. This endorsement underscored Khan's enduring advisory role in army leadership transitions during the early 1990s, a period of civilian-military tensions under Prime Ministers and . Beyond these interventions, no further documented political or institutional activities marked his later decades, reflecting a deliberate retreat from overt influence.

Death and Tributes

Rahimuddin Khan died on 22 August 2022 in , , at the age of 96. The was not publicly disclosed, consistent with reports attributing it to natural causes given his advanced age. Funeral prayers for Khan were held on 23 August 2022 at Cavalry Ground in Lahore, followed by burial at Cavalry Ground Graveyard in Lahore Cantonment. Contemporary media coverage highlighted Khan's legacy as a stabilizing force in Balochistan during his governorship from 1978 to 1984, crediting him with declaring a general amnesty that ended ongoing military operations, restoring order, and facilitating infrastructure developments such as extending Sui gas supplies to Quetta and other Baloch towns despite opposition from federal authorities. He was also noted for overseeing the construction of the nuclear test site in the Chagai Hills, later utilized in Pakistan's 1998 tests, and for maintaining personal financial integrity throughout his 40-year military and public service career. No formal statements from serving military or political leaders were prominently reported in immediate aftermath coverage.

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  19. https://newslinemagazine.com/magazine/separate-ways/
  20. https://alchetron.com/Rahimuddin-Khan
  21. http://www.dawn.com/news/1135570
  22. https://indiandefencereview.com/pakistan-for-balochistan-not-balochis/
  23. https://www.dawn.com/news/1626869
  24. https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/231171582576216796-0240021994/original/WorldBankGroupArchivesFolder30293586.pdf
  25. https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/16/world/pakistan-aide-lauds-actions-of-syrians-in-ending-hijacking.html
  26. https://dailytimes.com.pk/110390/balochistan-issue-iv/
  27. https://www.pakinformation.com/ex-chairman-joint-staff.html
  28. https://nuke.fas.org/guide/pakistan/agency/jcsc.htm
  29. https://www.thefridaytimes.com/17-Apr-2024/how-pakistani-planners-got-kargil-wrong
  30. https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-pakistan-had-a-deal-to-end-kargil-but-delhi-backed-out-book-5201836/
  31. https://herald.dawn.com/news/1398650
  32. http://www.dawn.com/news/1206307
  33. https://www.dawn.com/news/1706475
  34. https://www.graana.com/blog/a-complete-list-of-governors-of-balochistan/
  35. https://www.dawn.com/news/1072977
  36. https://www.dawn.com/news/1429197
  37. https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/irbc/1996/en/40072
  38. https://www.thefridaytimes.com/30-Sep-2024/blood-and-betrayal-hyderabad-s-1988-massacre-and-sindh-s-fractured-future
  39. https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/514841-service-and-career-details-of-all-pakistan-army-chiefs
  40. https://www.nation.com.pk/24-Aug-2022/former-cjcsc-gen-rahimuddin-khan-passes-away
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