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T-Mobile Park
T-Mobile Park
T-Mobile Park
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T-Mobile Park is a retractable roof ballpark in Seattle, Washington, United States. It is the home stadium of the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball and has a seating capacity of 47,929.[1] It is in Seattle's SoDo neighborhood, near the western terminus of Interstate 90 and is owned and operated by the Washington State Major League Baseball Stadium Public Facilities District. The first game at the stadium was played on July 15, 1999.

Key Information

During the 1990s, the suitability of the Mariners' original stadium—the Kingdome—as an MLB facility came under question, and the team's ownership group threatened to relocate the team. In September 1995, King County voters defeated a ballot measure to secure public funding for a new baseball stadium. Shortly thereafter, the Mariners' first appearance in the MLB postseason and their victory in the 1995 American League Division Series (ALDS) revived public desire to keep the team in Seattle. As a result, the Washington State Legislature approved an alternate means of funding for the stadium with public money. The site, just south of the Kingdome, was selected in September 1996 and construction began in March 1997. The bonds issued to finance the stadium were retired on October 1, 2011, five years earlier than anticipated.[6]

T-Mobile Park is also used for amateur baseball events, including the Washington Interscholastic Activities Association high school state championships and one Washington Huskies game per season. Major non-baseball events that have been held at T-Mobile Park include the 2001 Seattle Bowl and WrestleMania XIX in 2003, which attracted the stadium's record attendance of 54,097.

The stadium was originally named Safeco Field under a 20-year naming-rights deal with Seattle-based Safeco Insurance. T-Mobile acquired the naming rights on December 19, 2018, and the name change took effect on January 1, 2019.[7][8]

Location and transportation

[edit]

T-Mobile Park is in the SoDo district of downtown Seattle, bounded by Dave Niehaus Way (a block of 1st Avenue S.) to the west, Edgar Martínez Drive (formerly S. Atlantic Street)[9] to the south, Royal Brougham Way to the north, and BNSF railroad tracks to the east.

Parking is available at the stadium's parking garage across Edgar Martínez Drive, the Lumen Field garage to the North, and other privately operated lots in the area. Sounder commuter rail serves nearby King Street Station.[10] T-Mobile Park is also served by the 1 Line of Sound Transit's Link light rail system and local King County Metro and Sound Transit Express bus routes at the nearby Stadium station.

Events at T-Mobile Park are scheduled to avoid conflicts with Lumen Field, which is directly north of the stadium. The Mariners have priority for schedule slots per an agreement reached with the Seattle Seahawks, who play at Lumen Field.[11]

A dedicated ride-hailing lot opened in June 2023 along 3rd Avenue; it cost $2.8 million to construct and opened ahead of the 2023 MLB All-Star Game.[12]

History

[edit]

On March 30, 1994, county executive Gary Locke appointed a task force to assess the need for a new baseball stadium to replace the rapidly deteriorating Kingdome. Many feared that the Mariners would leave Seattle if a new stadium was not built. In January 1995, the 28-member task force recommended to the King County Council that the public should be involved in financing the stadium. The task force concluded that a sales tax increase of 0.1% (to 8.3%) would be sufficient to fund the stadium. King County held a special election on September 19, asking the public for this sales tax increase;[13] the measure led early,[14][15] but was narrowly defeated by one-fifth of one percent.[16][17][18]

On October 14, a special session of the state legislature authorized a different funding package for a new stadium that included a food and beverage tax in King County restaurants and bars, car rental surcharge in King County, a ballpark admissions tax, a credit against the state sales tax, and sale of a special stadium license plate.[18] Nine days later, the King County Council approved the funding package,[19] and established the Washington State Major League Baseball Stadium Public Facilities District to own the ballpark and oversee design and construction.[20][21] Taxpayer suits opposing the legislative actions and the taxes failed in the courts.[22]

Initial concepts for the new stadium, developed under the working name of New Century Park, were unveiled by architecture firm HOK in March 1995. The design included a retractable roof split into four sections and a seating capacity of 45,000 seats on four levels.[23] On September 9, 1996, the site was selected for the new stadium, just south of the Kingdome.[24] In late fall, several members of the King County Council wrote a letter to the Seattle Mariners, requesting a postponement of the projected $384.5-million stadium project.[25]

T-Mobile Park under construction in 1998.
The Kingdome is visible in the background.

Construction officially began in 1997, with a groundbreaking ceremony on March 8 featuring Mariners star Ken Griffey Jr.[26] The construction, overseen by chief financial officer (and former team president and minority owner) Kevin Mather,[27] continued through the beginning of the 1999 season. Its first game was on July 15,[28][29] immediately after the All-Star break; the Mariners lost 3–2 to the San Diego Padres with 44,607 in attendance.[30][31] Longtime team broadcaster Dave Niehaus threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the game to Tom Foley, the former Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.[32]

The naming rights were sold in June 1998 to Seattle-based Safeco Insurance, which paid $40 million for a 20-year deal.[33][34] The 2018 season was the last played under this name, and the Safeco signage was removed from the ballpark beginning that November.[35] The naming rights were awarded to T-Mobile, whose U.S. headquarters are based in nearby Bellevue on December 19, which paid $87.5 million for an agreement that will last 25 years,[36] and the name change officially took effect on January 1, 2019.[37]

Ken Griffey Jr. returned to Safeco Field in 2007 with the Cincinnati Reds (where he had been traded after the 1999 season) to a hero's welcome.[38][39] In commemoration of Griffey's achievements with the team, the Mariners unveiled a new poster that declared Safeco Field "The House That Griffey Built."[40]

The Mariners moved the fences at Safeco Field closer to home plate before the 2013 season "to create an environment that is fair for both hitters and pitchers," according to General Manager Jack Zduriencik.[41] Safeco Field had been considered one of the most pitcher-friendly ballparks in the majors since it opened.[42][43] The center field scoreboard and ad panels were replaced with an 11,435 square foot (1,062.3 m2) board during renovations, becoming the largest among all stadium scoreboards in the major leagues at the time.[44][45]

After the 2017 season, the field surface, in place since the stadium opened in 1999, underwent its first full replacement. The infield and foul territory were redone in 2012, but the outfield had not been replaced before the resodding.[46]

The 2024 NHL Winter Classic between the Seattle Kraken and Vegas Golden Knights at T-Mobile Park

On January 1, 2024, the National Hockey League (NHL) hosted the 2024 NHL Winter Classic, where the Seattle Kraken won over the Vegas Golden Knights 3–0.[47]

Features

[edit]
View from high left field corner in July 2008

There previously was technology that allowed spectators to monitor special game-time features with Nintendo DS receivers.[48]

Layout

[edit]

There are five main levels to the stadium: Field (or Street), Main Concourse (100 level – 20,634 seats[49]), Club Level (200 level – 4,585 seats[49]), Suite Level (1,945 seats[49]), and Upper Concourse (300 level – 15,955 seats[49]). Two bleacher sections are above left field and below the center field scoreboard, with 3,706 seats.[49] The Broadcast Center (press box) is on the Club Level and sub-level between it and the Main Level. As the field is approximately at street level, entry into any of the main gates requires visitors to ascend a flight of stairs, escalator, or elevator to access the main concourse, with the exception of the Right Field Entry, which opens onto the main concourse. Stairs, escalators, elevators, and ramps around the park provide access to all levels.[50]

Seating capacity

[edit]
Years Capacity
1999–2002 46,621[51][52]
2003 47,772[51]
2004–2008 47,447[51]
2009–2011 47,878[53]
2012 47,860[54]
2013–2014 47,476[55]
2015 47,574[56]
2016–2017 47,943[57]
2018 47,715[58]
2019–present 47,929[1]

Food service

[edit]

T-Mobile Park offers greater food and beverage selection than typical ballparks.[48] It includes concession stands operated by chain as well as local restaurants, such as Ivar's, Kidd Valley, and Salt & Straw.[59][60] Patrons could previously order food with a Nintendo DS app called Nintendo Fan Network.[48] The ballpark debuted "Walk-Off Market", the first cashierless store in an MLB stadium, in May 2022 using technology supplied by Amazon. Three additional locations the following season and include grab-and-go food and beverages.[61]

Retractable roof

[edit]
Retractable roof open, July 2008

In the open position, the roof rests over the BNSF Railway tracks that bound the stadium to the east, with part of it hanging over the stands in right field. This has the effect of echoing the whistles from passing trains into the stadium. Train horns were often heard inside the stadium throughout the 2000s, but abated significantly when an overpass was built for Royal Brougham Way, the street that bounds the stadium to the north which previously crossed the tracks.[62] Unlike other stadiums with retractable roofs, the roof at T-Mobile Park does not fully enclose the ballpark; this allows the wind and temperatures to still impact the game with the roof closed.[63][64]

The roof covers approximately 9 acres (3.6 ha) and weighs 22 million pounds (10,000,000 kg). It moves with 128 wheels that move along rails on the north and south side of the ballpark. The top of the roof is 269 feet (82 m) above field level, while the bottom is 217 feet (66 m) high.[65][66] The roof takes 10 to 20 minutes to open and is moved 300 to 500 times per year, mostly to manage the stadium's grass.[65] The Mariners play an average of 17 to 18 games per season with the roof closed, the least among MLB ballparks with retractable roofs.[63] From 1999 to 2020, the roof had been used for 367 games—22 percent of those played at the stadium—with a maximum of 25 games during the 2010 season. The Mariners had a 692–632 record in games with the roof open, 116–109 with it closed, and 76–66 in games where the roof moves.[64][67]

Scoreboards

[edit]

T-Mobile Park features a manual scoreboard, the second-largest HD video display scoreboard in MLB, a color LED out-of-town scoreboard, and LED ribbon boards along the terraces.[68][69] The main scoreboard, which replaced the original monochrome scoreboard and separate video screen above the center field bleachers before the 2013 season, is more than 11,000 square feet (1,000 m2) in area. The board can be used either all at once, such as for live action or video replays, or split into sections for displaying information such as statistics and advertisements.[70]

Mariners Hall of Fame

[edit]
Main article: Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame

Co-located with the Baseball Museum of the Pacific Northwest, the Mariners Hall of Fame features bronze plaques of the eleven inducted members: Alvin Davis (1997), Broadcaster Dave Niehaus (2000), Jay Buhner (2004), Edgar Martínez (2007), Randy Johnson (2012), Dan Wilson (2012), Ken Griffey Jr. (2013), Lou Pinella (2014), Jamie Moyer (2015), Ichiro Suzuki (2022), and Félix Hernández (2023). The plaques describe their contributions to the franchise, as well as murals and television screens showing highlights of their careers with the Mariners.[71]

The 'Pen

[edit]

The 'Pen, known for sponsorship purposes as "The T-Mobile 'Pen", is a standing-room only area adjacent to the bullpens, where spectators can watch relief pitchers warm up before entering the game.

When the stadium opened during the 1999 season, the area was called the "Bullpen Market". In 2013, the Mariners' vice president of ballpark operations described the Bullpen Market as a dark and unwelcoming place that needed a remodel to be more attractive to fans.[72]

Prior to the 2011 season, the Mariners brought in three celebrity chefs to introduce special concession stands with exclusive food options.[73] In the first season under its new branding, per-capita fan spending in The 'Pen increased by 87% from the previous season. In 2013, Edgar's Cantina, named for Hall of Fame Mariners player Edgar Martínez, opened. Sports Business Journal called The 'Pen "one of the liveliest social scenes in Major League Baseball" in 2013, when fan spending in The 'Pen had risen 42% year over year, which a team spokeswoman credited primarily to Edgar's Cantina.[72]

Local Mexican restaurant Poquitos opened a stand in The 'Pen during the 2017 season, and quickly gained national fame for selling chapulines, toasted grasshoppers, at every game.[74] Poquitos sold over 900 orders of chapulines at the first three home games, at $4.00 for a 4-US-fluid-ounce (120 ml) cup.[75][76]

In 2019, the Mariners opened The 'Pen two and a half hours before the first pitch of Mariners home games, offering happy hour specials to encourage fans to arrive early. As many as 3,000 fans come to The 'Pen during each game.[77]

The 'Pen attracts large and often rowdy crowds due to its food and drink options.[78] On April 13, 2013, a man was injured and required reconstructive surgery after a fight broke out over a table in The 'Pen. Two men turned themselves in, one of whom faced a felony assault charge. A team spokesperson said that the Mariners assign more uniformed police officers, private security guards, and alcohol enforcement officials to The 'Pen during special events, such as College Night.[79]

Artwork

[edit]

T-Mobile Park and its adjoining parking garage feature extensive public art displays, including:[80]

  • "The Tempest", a chandelier made of 1,000 resin baseball bats above the home plate entry. A companion 27-foot diameter compass rose mosaic at the home plate rotunda captures a number of elements in the history of baseball. It was created by Linda Beaumont, Stuart Keeler, and Michael Machnic.[81]
  • "Quilts" depicting each MLB team logo, made from recycled metal including license plates from the respective teams' states (or the province of Ontario in the case of the Toronto Blue Jays, or the District of Columbia in the case of the Washington Nationals).[81] The collection also includes references to the history of baseball in the Pacific Northwest.[81]
  • Stainless steel cutouts of players in various poses while catching, batting, fielding, and pitching, integrated into the fences at the stadium's four main gates.
  • Six Pitches, a series of metal sculptures depicting hands gripping baseballs for various types of pitches along the west facade of the garage.[81]
  • A 9-foot-tall (2.7 m) bronze baseball glove, The Mitt by Gerard Tsutakawa, that has become an icon for T-Mobile Park.
  • The Defining Moment, a mural by Thom Ross depicting Edgar Martínez's famed "The Double".[81]
  • Children's Hospital Wishing Well, which features a bronze statue of a child in batting position, and includes a geyser effect that was used at the end of the national anthem.[81]
  • Porcelain enamel on steel flag-mounted banner-panels depicting "Positions of the Field".[81]

Statues

[edit]

A bronze statue of Mariners broadcaster Dave Niehaus (1935–2010) was unveiled on September 16, 2011.[82] The statue captures the broadcaster honored by the Baseball Hall of Fame with the Ford C. Frick Award in 2008, and who broadcast 5,284 Mariners games over 34 seasons (1977–2010),[83][84] at a desk, behind a microphone, wearing headphones with his Mariners scorebook in front of him. His scorebook is opened to the box score for Game 5 of the 1995 American League Division Series, when Edgar Martínez hit "The Double". There is an empty seat next to the statue, so fans can sit next to Niehaus and pose for photos. His longtime broadcast partner Rick Rizzs presided over a private ceremony to unveil the statue. The Dave Niehaus Broadcast Center is on the Club Level behind home plate. When Niehaus died, his headset and microphone were placed by his empty seat in the Broadcast Center as a tribute.[85]

In April 2017, a statue of Ken Griffey Jr. by sculptor Lou Cella was unveiled outside the Home Plate Entrance to the ballpark.[86] After the 2017 season, the bat was broken off in an attempt to steal it, but a bystander from the office building across the street ran down the perpetrator and recovered the bat, which was subsequently reattached.[87]

A bronze statue of Martínez, also made by Cella, was installed in August 2021 on the south side of the stadium near Griffey's statue.[88]

On August 9, 2025, the Mariners announced a statue of Ichiro will be built for the 2026 season.

Notable events

[edit]
Satellite photo of T-Mobile Park

Major League Baseball

[edit]

On April 21, 2012, Chicago White Sox pitcher Philip Humber pitched the 21st perfect game in Major League Baseball history against the Mariners in his second start of the season. It was the 3rd perfect game in White Sox history joining Charlie Robertson in 1922 and Mark Buehrle in 2009.[89]

Nearly 4 months later on August 15, 2012, Mariners pitcher Félix Hernández pitched the 23rd perfect game in Major League Baseball history and the first perfect game in Mariners history. This marked the second perfect game and third no-hitter at the park, all of which occurred in the 2012 season.[90]

The stadium has hosted the Major League Baseball All-Star Game twice: in 2001 as Safeco Field and 2023 as T-Mobile Park. The 2001 edition was won by the American League—featuring eight players from the Mariners—in front of 47,364 spectators.[91] The 2023 edition was won by the National League with 47,159 in attendance.[92] The event used nearby Lumen Field for several events, including a fan festival and the MLB player draft.[93]

Minor league baseball

[edit]

The stadium has been temporarily used by local minor league teams for playoff games when their normal venues were unavailable. The Tacoma Rainiers played their 2010 Pacific Coast League playoff semifinal games at then-Safeco Field while Cheney Stadium underwent off-season renovations.[94] The Rainiers won their series and advanced to the PCL Championship, which was played entirely on the road due to Safeco Field being unavailable.[95]

The Everett AquaSox of the Class A Northwest League played one game in the 2016 playoffs against the Spokane Indians at Safeco Field.[96] The move was arranged after a rainstorm rendered the outfield at Everett Memorial Stadium unusable for several days.[97]

College baseball

[edit]

On May 4, 2007, an NCAA Pacific-10 Conference baseball attendance record was set when the Washington Huskies hosted defending National Champion Oregon State in front of 10,421 spectators.[98] Washington won the game, 6–2.

College football

[edit]

The stadium hosted the 2001 Seattle Bowl, the first edition of the short-lived Seattle Bowl college football game, on December 27, 2001. Georgia Tech defeated 11th-ranked Stanford, 24–14, before 30,144 fans.[99]

Soccer

[edit]

The stadium hosted several soccer matches before the opening of Lumen Field, which was designed for soccer. To prepare for soccer matches, the field has to be sodded to cover and replace the dirt infield.[100]

On March 2, 2002, the United States men's national soccer team played Honduras in a friendly match, winning 4–0 in front of a then-record crowd of 38,534.[101] The stadium hosted four matches during the 2002 CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup in November, including two matches featuring the United States women's national soccer team, as part of qualification for the 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup.[102] The first U.S. match, against Panama, had an attendance of 21,522; the second match, against Costa Rica, was attended by 10,079 fans.[103]

Seattle Sounders FC, a Major League Soccer team that plays at adjacent Lumen Field, once drafted plans to play a 2018 CONCACAF Champions League match at then-Safeco Field due to a potential scheduling conflict.[104]

Date Winning Team Result Losing Team Tournament Spectators
March 2, 2002  United States 4–0  Honduras International Friendly 38,534
November 2, 2002  Mexico 2–0  Trinidad and Tobago 2002 CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup First Round —
 United States 9–0  Panama 21,522
November 6, 2002  Canada 2–0  Mexico 2002 CONCACAF Women's Gold Cup Semifinal —
 United States 7–0  Costa Rica 10,079

Wrestling

[edit]

On March 30, 2003, the stadium hosted WrestleMania XIX, which set an all-time record attendance for the facility of 54,097.

Ice hockey

[edit]

The 2024 NHL Winter Classic on January 1 was held at T-Mobile Park and was contested by the Seattle Kraken and the Vegas Golden Knights. The Kraken won 3–0 in front of 47,313 spectators.[105]

Concerts

[edit]
Date Artist Opening act(s) Tour / Concert name Attendance Revenue Notes
September 16, 2008 The Beach Boys — — — — The stadium's first concert, although it was not open to the public.
July 19, 2013 Paul McCartney — Out There Tour 45,229 / 45,229 $4,525,200 The stadium's first public concert, it also featured former Nirvana members on a performance of the song "Cut Me Some Slack".[106]
July 30, 2014 Beyoncé
Jay-Z		 — On the Run Tour 40,615 / 40,615 $4,339,642
May 20, 2016 Billy Joel Gavin DeGraw Billy Joel in Concert 36,582 / 36,582 $4,045,000
August 19, 2017 Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers The Lumineers 40th Anniversary Tour 42,199 / 46,050 $3,665,292
August 8, 2018 Pearl Jam — Pearl Jam 2018 Tour 88,142 / 91,918 $7,829,518 This was the first time in five years since the band last played in their hometown.[107][108]
August 10, 2018
August 31, 2018 Zac Brown Band OneRepublic Down the Rabbit Hole Live TBA TBA
September 1, 2018 Foo Fighters Giants in the Trees and The Joy Formidable Concrete and Gold Tour 37,825 / 49,131 $2,913,484 The surviving members of Nirvana reunited for a few songs.
October 19, 2019 The Who Liam Gallagher Moving On! Tour — —
September 6, 2021 Green Day
Fall Out Boy
Weezer		 The Interrupters Hella Mega Tour 37,709 / 37,709 $4,000,109 Originally scheduled for July 25, 2020, and later, July 17, 2021.
August 3, 2022 Red Hot Chili Peppers The Strokes
Thundercat		 2022 Global Stadium Tour 41,706 / 41,706 $5,489,712 [109]
August 18, 2024 Foo Fighters Pretenders
Alex G		 Everything or Nothing at All Tour
September 4, 2024 Def Leppard
Journey		 Cheap Trick The Summer Stadium Tour
September 23, 2024 Green Day
The Smashing Pumpkins		 Rancid
The Linda Lindas		 The Saviors Tour
May 24, 2025 Stray Kids Dominate World Tour
June 26, 2025 Post Malone
Jelly Roll 		Big Ass Stadium Tour
July 11, 2025 My Chemical Romance Violent Femmes Long Live The Black Parade

Other

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

T-Mobile Park

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
T-Mobile Park is a retractable-roof in , Washington, that serves as the home venue for Major League Baseball's Mariners. Opened in 1999 as Safeco Field following a deal with , the ballpark was renamed T-Mobile Park in 2019 under a 25-year sponsorship agreement with that extends through 2043. The , owned by the Washington State Stadium Public Facilities District, features a of 47,943 for , a natural grass field, and a massive spanning nearly nine acres and weighing 22 million pounds. Its design emphasizes fan accessibility with views of and , marking a shift from the enclosed to open-air while providing weather protection. Field dimensions include 331 feet to left, 409 feet to center, and 327 feet to right, contributing to a park factor near league average. Beyond Mariners games, the venue hosts concerts, soccer matches, and events like the 2023 MLB and the .

Location and Accessibility

Site Description and Transportation Options

T-Mobile Park is situated at 1250 First Avenue South in Seattle's (South of Downtown) neighborhood, an area characterized by a mix of industrial, commercial, and entertainment uses adjacent to . The stadium lies east of Way South, near the western terminus of Interstate 90 and close to the corridor, facilitating regional access while positioned away from the city's core residential zones to minimize impacts. This urban site, developed on former rail yards, spans a compact footprint optimized for spectator events, with surrounding infrastructure including adjacent sports venues like . Transportation to T-Mobile Park emphasizes public options to handle game-day crowds, with Line 1 providing direct service to Stadium Station, approximately a 5-10 minute walk from the main entrances via Royal Brougham Way. and services terminate at nearby , followed by a short connection via or bus. operates multiple bus routes (e.g., 36, 60, 150) stopping within a few blocks, while ST Express buses from suburbs like Bellevue or Tacoma integrate with for seamless transfers. For drivers, access routes include Exit 163 from I-5 northbound or Exit 164 southbound, leading to surface streets like Edgar Martinez Drive S, though post- egress can exceed 90 minutes due to volume. On-site is limited to premium lots accommodating about 2,000 vehicles at $30-50 per , with additional off-site options in garages along 1st Avenue S or via apps like ParkWhiz. Rideshare services designate drop-off zones on Atlantic Street and pickup areas post-event to streamline flow, while walking or biking paths connect from downtown via the SODO Trail. services from or the Eastside dock nearby, combined with shuttles, offer alternative low-traffic routes during peak events.

History

Planning, Referendum, and Public Funding

In the early 1990s, the Seattle Mariners sought to replace the , a multi-purpose venue criticized for its , poor sightlines, and inadequate conditions for , prompting proposals for a dedicated estimated initially at $250 million with mixed public-private financing. Following the team's dramatic victory, which galvanized local support amid threats of relocation, King County placed Proposition 1 on the ballot to fund the project through a 0.1% increase projected to raise about $250 million in public subsidies. On September 19, , King County voters narrowly rejected the measure by a margin of approximately 1,082 votes out of nearly 492,000 cast, reflecting divided on using tax dollars to benefit a private franchise despite the team's recent success. The defeat imperiled the franchise, as owners indicated willingness to sell and relocate without a new venue, but it spurred alternative legislative action rather than a revised . In a , the approved a revised funding package on October 14, 1995, comprising a 5% food and beverage levied inside the , a surcharge on car rentals, and taxes on restaurant and bar sales within a specified radius of the site, avoiding a direct statewide vote. The King County Council endorsed the plan shortly thereafter, allocating public contributions that ultimately covered $372 million of the escalated $517 million total cost, sourced primarily from these targeted taxes and a state sales credit, while the Mariners provided $145 million in private equity including an initial $45 million commitment plus cost overruns. This structure shifted reliance from broad sales taxes to sector-specific levies, though critics argued it circumvented voter intent from the referendum by imposing indirect burdens on and revenues.

Construction and Initial Opening

Groundbreaking for the stadium, initially named Safeco Field, occurred on March 8, 1997, at a site south of the Kingdome in Seattle's SoDo neighborhood. Construction proceeded amid challenges including rushed timelines and numerous design changes, which complicated the build process. The project, managed by the Washington State Major League Baseball Public Facilities District, emphasized a retractable roof and natural grass surface to suit Seattle's climate. The $517 million facility opened on July 15, 1999, hosting its inaugural game between the Seattle Mariners and the San Diego Padres before a capacity crowd of approximately 47,000 spectators. Mariners Jamie delivered the first pitch, a called strike to Padres Quilvio Veras. The Mariners secured a 3-2 victory in , marked by early milestones such as the first home run hit by Edgar . The opening drew acclaim for the ballpark's architecture and functionality, though some public resentment lingered over the public funding mechanism.

Renaming and Corporate Sponsorship

The ballpark opened as under a agreement with , a Seattle-based property and casualty insurer, announced on June 4, 1998, for a reported $40 million over 20 years. This deal aligned with the stadium's construction timeline, with the facility debuting in July 1999. Safeco's sponsorship included prominent branding on the exterior and interior, reflecting common practices in where corporate partners secure visibility in exchange for multiyear payments. Safeco notified the Seattle Mariners in June 2017 of its intent not to renew the agreement beyond the 2018 season, prompting a search for a new sponsor amid the expiration of the original 20-year term on December 31, 2018. On December 19, 2018, the Mariners announced a replacement deal with T-Mobile, a Bellevue, Washington-headquartered telecommunications company, renaming the venue T-Mobile Park effective January 1, 2019. The partnership spans 25 years through December 2043, valued at $87.5 million total or approximately $3.5 million annually, granting T-Mobile exclusive naming rights and additional marketing integrations such as fan perks and in-stadium promotions. Physical rebranding, including signage replacement across the facility, occurred over several months and was largely completed by the start of the 2019 MLB season. The shift underscores the economic role of corporate sponsorships in funding stadium operations and upgrades, with T-Mobile's local presence in the region facilitating the agreement as a "hometown" . No public controversies arose from the transition, though it followed broader MLB trends where generate steady revenue streams amid rising facility maintenance costs.

Major Renovations and Recent Upgrades

In 2017, the Seattle Mariners replaced the entire playing surface at T-Mobile Park (then Field), marking the first full overhaul since the stadium's 1999 opening; this included removing the existing sod and dirt starting October 5, grinding the turf for composting, adding a drainage layer, and installing new synthetic turf by spring 2018 to address wear and improve field conditions. Between 2020 and 2021, the Mariners invested $29.8 million in infrastructure enhancements, including replacements for operable components of the retractable roof and the ballpark's sound system, aimed at maintaining structural integrity and audio quality amid ongoing use. Ahead of the 2023 Major League Baseball All-Star Game hosted at the park, the Mariners committed $50–55 million to upgrades completed by early 2023, featuring expanded premium seating areas such as the Diamond Club and a new Press Club, alongside broader fan amenities and over $100 million in cumulative improvements to elevate the venue's appeal and functionality. In May 2025, the Mariners proposed $24.3 million for 42 targeted improvements, including a full replacement of the center-field scheduled for 2026 and bolstered , as part of annual maintenance obligations under their with the Public Facilities District.

Design and Architecture

Structural Layout and Dimensions

T-Mobile Park features a steel-framed structure housing a multi-tiered seating bowl encircling a central playing field on a 19.5-acre site in Seattle's neighborhood. The layout orients home plate toward the northeast, with first and third base lines aligning along the stadium's southwest-northeast axis to conform to surrounding urban streets, resulting in an asymmetrically shaped bounded by Way to the south. The field employs natural grass turf with standard infield dimensions of 90 feet between bases and a 60-foot-6-inch pitching distance. Outfield distances, measured from home plate, are 331 feet to the left-field foul pole, 378 feet to left-center, 401 feet to center field, 381 feet to right-center, and 326 feet to the right-field foul pole, following wall adjustments in that reduced center and alley depths to enhance potential while maintaining pitcher-friendly characteristics. The seating configuration comprises three primary tiers: a field-level lower (sections 100–146) hugging the , an upper deck (sections 200–240) with steeper inclines for visibility, and intermediate club and suite levels between them, supplemented by bleacher sections in left and right fields accommodating approximately 3,700 fans on elevated benches. netting extends along the first- and third-base lines from behind home plate to sections 115–146, varying in height from 13.5 to 27 feet. The overall capacity stands at 47,943 seats, with foul territory slightly above average for modern s, facilitating proximity to the action.

Retractable Roof System

The retractable roof system at T-Mobile Park features three independently operable panels that span 655 feet, cover 8.9 acres, and collectively weigh 22 million pounds, equivalent to over 11,000 tons. These panels slide northward along parallel elevated rail tracks mounted on the stadium's north and south sides, utilizing wheeled systems designed and supplied by Gantrex for smooth operation. The provides overhead shelter for infield seating and portions of the outfield while leaving the playing surface and surrounding areas exposed to natural ventilation and when retracted, distinguishing it from fully enclosed retractable roof venues. Operation relies on 96 ten-horsepower electric motors driving the panels, which typically require 10 to 20 minutes to fully open or close depending on weather conditions and safety protocols. The system incorporates 800-kip viscous dampers and 36 hydraulic buffers to mitigate vibrations and impacts during movement, ensuring structural integrity at heights exceeding 200 feet. Trusses spanning over 450 feet support the roof's non-tower elements, with engineering focused on rapid assembly to minimize interference with the underlying seating bowl construction. Completed in 1999 ahead of the stadium's opening, the has undergone modernization, including a control system overhaul that replaced legacy components with 18 new back panels, a centralized cabinet featuring 11 programmable logic controllers (PLCs), and expanded I/O capacity handling 1,200 points and 1,600 horsepower. This upgrade enhanced reliability for the 22-million-pound structure, which has operated without major failures during events like the 2023 MLB . Periodic maintenance addresses wear and rail alignment to sustain performance amid 's variable climate.

Seating Capacity and Configuration

T-Mobile Park maintains a fixed seating capacity of 47,929 for games, positioning it as the third-largest stadium in MLB by attendance capacity. This figure has remained stable since adjustments in the mid-2000s, following initial configurations that supported crowds of approximately 47,000 at its 1999 opening. The design accommodates a natural grass field with seating arranged in a multi-tiered structure to optimize sightlines toward the diamond and backdrop when the roof is open. The seating configuration spans five primary levels: the field level, main concourse (100-level sections), club level (200-level), suite level, and upper concourse (300-level sections). The main concourse holds around 20,634 seats across roughly 40 rows per section, providing close proximity to the action for infield and lower outfield views. Above this lies the club level with premium amenities, followed by luxury suites encircling the upper concourse, which seats about 16,000 in the 300 sections offering elevated perspectives. Outfield areas feature dedicated sections in right and center field, totaling approximately 3,700 seats known for their rowdy atmosphere and value pricing. Special configurations include the Diamond Club behind home plate for VIP access with waiter service, and standing-room-only areas along railings and concourses to maximize attendance without altering permanent seating. Protective netting extends from foul pole to foul pole at field level, with extensions up to 13.5 feet in sections 115-125 and 135-146 to enhance while minimizing view obstructions. For non-baseball events like concerts, temporary and additional seating can adjust capacity upward, though remains the baseline configuration.

Facilities and Amenities

Food and Beverage Offerings

T-Mobile Park provides a diverse selection of concessions emphasizing both conventional baseball stadium staples and regionally inspired dishes incorporating Pacific Northwest ingredients. Traditional options such as hot dogs, burgers, peanuts, and soft pretzels are available at multiple stands across all levels, with the Mariner Dog—a grilled beef frank topped with caramelized onions and stadium mustard—served as a signature item priced at around $7. Local culinary integrations highlight Seattle's food scene, including Moto Pizza's square pies with toppings like and mozzarella, offered on the first base side, and featuring battered Alaskan cod. Other regional stands serve Hawaiian-inspired poke bowls and kalua pork from Marination Station in sections near the outfield, alongside Tamari Bar's rice bowls in first-base areas. For 2025, new player-themed items debuted, such as Ichi Wings—spicy fried chicken wings honoring —Lil' Dumpers mini corn dogs named for catcher , and the King's Court Turkey Leg smoked in tribute to Félix Hernández, available at select premium locations. Dessert and snack varieties expanded in 2025 with additions like Ice Cream Nachos—vanilla ice cream over cinnamon churros with chocolate drizzle— popcorn, and a Tostitos-n-Guac Pack, alongside classics such as mini donuts and soft-serve. Beverage selections feature over 100 options, including a value menu with $5 domestic drafts and local craft beers from breweries like Fremont Brewing and Elysian, accessible via the stadium's Beer Finder app for locating low lines. Non-alcoholic drinks include frozen specialties like Mangonado slushies and Mariners Lemonade, with sustainable practices such as compostable cups in use across vendors. All concessions operate under Live!, prioritizing fresh, made-to-order preparation where feasible to minimize wait times during peak innings.

Technology Integrations and Scoreboards

T-Mobile Park features a prominent high-definition LED video board in center field, installed in 2013 and measuring 56.7 feet high by 201.5 feet wide, encompassing 11,425 square feet, which was the largest in at the time of installation. The board's resolution is by 3840p, utilizing 1,200 LED panels to deliver enhanced visuals compared to its predecessor, surpassing the pixel count of the ' stadium display at the time. In May 2025, the Mariners announced plans to replace this scoreboard ahead of the 2026 season as part of a $24 million initiative, citing the need for upgrades to maintain competitiveness in display technology. The stadium integrates advanced network capabilities, sponsored by , to enhance fan engagement through (AR), (XR), and mixed reality applications, including interactive holograms and smart glasses for immersive viewing experiences introduced around 2021. These features extend to real-time ball tracking, displaying metrics such as distance, launch angle, and interactive strike zones on in-stadium displays during events like the 2023 MLB , powered by 5G slicing for low-latency data transmission. Additionally, 5G enables non-ticketed facial recognition entry for credentialed personnel, improving security and throughput, as demonstrated at the 2025 preparations. In April 2025, the Mariners upgraded the stadium's to an IP-based infrastructure, incorporating Imagine Communications' routers for video orchestration, HDR processing, and scalable multiviewers, transitioning from legacy SD serial digital systems to support dynamic content delivery across LED displays and signage. This system facilitates enhanced operator workflows and future-proofing for innovations like automated ball-strike (ABS) technology trials. Security integrations include Evolv's touchless screening technology deployed ballpark-wide for the 2025 season, using AI-driven sensors for threat detection at entry points without halting fan flow. Updates in 2021 also added 5G-powered interactive graphics and lighting enhancements throughout the venue.

Team-Specific Features

The Seattle Mariners' home dugout is positioned along the first-base line in front of sections 121 through 124, facilitating player access to the infield during games. The visiting team's dugout occupies the third-base side in front of sections 136 through 139. The Mariners' is located in left field below sections such as 110, where pitchers warm up along the outfield wall; observers in adjacent seating can view preparations by leaning over railings. Both teams' bullpens are visible from the nearby T-Mobile 'Pen fan area in left field, which offers unobstructed sightlines to warming activities. T-Mobile Park provides separate clubhouses for the home and visiting teams, with the Mariners' facility supporting player preparation and recovery; guided ballpark tours grant access to the home dugout for a team perspective and the visitors' clubhouse, but the Mariners' clubhouse remains restricted. prohibit chairs from being moved from dugouts or bullpens onto the playing field, ensuring safety and uniformity.

Artwork and Memorials

Public Art Installations

T-Mobile Park incorporates a public art program initiated during its construction as Safeco Field, with the Public Facilities District (PFD) allocating $1.31 million—equivalent to 0.5% of hard construction costs—for works by Northwest artists. These installations, themed around baseball and spanning traditional to conceptual styles, are distributed throughout the ballpark's concourses, entrances, rotundas, parking garage, and plazas. In 2010, Safeco Insurance donated its art collection to the PFD, which the Seattle Mariners have since displayed within the venue. Prominent among the installations is "The Mitt," a 9-foot-tall abstract bronze of a catcher's mitt by Gerard Tsutakawa, positioned at the northwest entrance near the left field gate since the stadium's 1999 opening. Tsutakawa designed it as a whimsical and photo opportunity, drawing from his Seattle roots and Pacific Rim influences. Complementing this, artist group —comprising Linda Beaumont, Stuart Keeler, and Michael Machnic—created a site-specific ensemble in the southwest rotunda, including a chandelier-like of 1,000 translucent resin bats suspended overhead and a on the floor. Other notable pieces include Thom Ross's "The Defining Moment," a stainless steel relief depicting Ken Griffey Jr.'s pivotal 1995 playoff slide at the northwest entry stairs; Gu Xiong's 24-foot porcelain enamel mural of fans and players along the northeast main concourse; and Ries Niemi's stainless steel cutouts of pitchers, batters, and catchers integrated into fences, gates, and above the northwest entry. Additional installations feature Donald Fels's metal reliefs of pitching hands and baseball idioms on parking garage columns, Tina Hoggatt's nine porcelain enamel panels portraying baseball positions on the concourse, and Ross Palmer Beecher's two metal "quilts" incorporating MLB logos and Pacific Northwest baseball history at the main concourse southeast entry.

Statues and Honors

Outside T-Mobile Park, the Seattle Mariners have erected statues honoring key figures in franchise history. The first such statue, depicting longtime broadcaster , was unveiled on September 16, 2011, and positioned in the center field area within the ballpark. Sculpted by Lou Cella, it features Niehaus in a broadcasting pose, complete with details like a tie from his personal collection, and includes an empty seat beside it for fans to sit and take photos. A bronze statue of Hall of Famer Ken Griffey Jr. was unveiled on April 13, 2017, at the home plate entrance on the corner of Edgar Martinez Drive and Dave Niehaus Way. Standing seven feet tall atop a four-foot granite base, it captures Griffey's iconic left-handed swing and was also sculpted by Lou Cella. The Mariners added a statue of designated hitter Edgar Martinez on August 11, 2021, located on the south side of the park along Edgar Martinez Drive. This honor recognizes his career achievements, including a .312 batting average over 18 seasons with the team. Following 's induction into the National Baseball Hall of Fame, the Mariners announced on August 9, 2025, plans for a depicting him in his signature batting stance, to be unveiled outside T-Mobile Park in 2026. This will mark the fourth player or staff associated with the venue. Additional honors include retired jersey numbers displayed on the façade above center field. These encompass #24 for , #11 for Edgar Martinez, #51 for (retired August 9, 2025), and #42 for , the latter retired league-wide by in 1997.

Economic Impact and Controversies

Financing Mechanisms and Taxpayer Costs

The construction of Field (now T-Mobile Park) in 1999 totaled $517 million, with the Seattle Mariners providing $145 million primarily through private seat license sales, while public funds covered the remaining $372 million via state and taxes including a dedicated 0.5% regional increase, a King County admissions , and / taxes. Additional financing came from $384 million in public bonds issued by the Washington State Major League Baseball Stadium Public Facilities District, repaid over 12 years using revenues from these taxes, with bonds fully retired by 2011 after generating over $40 million in principal (equivalent to $311 million adjusted for ). Under the original agreement, the Mariners assumed responsibility for all operating costs, , and capital improvements exceeding an annual public threshold of approximately $2.5 million, though the publicly owned facility's service relied on taxpayer-backed revenues from , admissions, and lodging taxes collected regionally. A 2018 lease extension committed the team to $650 million in contributions over 25 years toward facility upkeep and improvements, including annual payments like $4.6 million in 2019 for and enhancements managed by the Public Facilities District. Renovation funding has blended public and private sources, with taxpayers bearing portions through foregone revenues and direct allocations; for instance, a 2018 agreement allocated $180 million in public funds—sourced from hotel and other local taxes—for stadium upgrades, matched by $205 million from the Mariners, amid broader maintenance investments exceeding $135 million approved by King County. These mechanisms have imposed ongoing taxpayer costs via diverted tax streams, even post-debt repayment, as dedicated levies like the lodging tax continue supporting the Public Facilities District's operations despite phased reductions in some stadium-specific taxes after 2011.

Promised vs. Actual Economic Benefits

Proponents of the Safeco Field construction in the 1990s, including Mariners officials, cited economic impact analyses projecting annual direct effects of $29.1 million, total output (direct and indirect) of $42.9 million, new of $17.5 million, support for 2,249 jobs, and $1.5 million in tax revenue from stadium-related activity. These estimates, prepared by consultants Dick Conway and Associates and William B. Beyers in 1993–1994, emphasized enhanced team revenues for player retention and broader regional stimulation through visitor spending and employment. A 2006 City of Seattle five-year impact study of the stadiums (Safeco Field and Qwest Field) documented business receipts growth in adjacent neighborhoods from 1996 to 2005, including 280% in Pioneer Square ($2.1 billion total), 250% in the International District ($1.5 billion), and 145% south of Dearborn ($0.8 billion), with restaurants capturing most gains from event attendees. However, the analysis found no significant redevelopment or new commercial/housing development directly resulting from the stadiums, attributing limited housing additions (e.g., 147 units in Pioneer Square since 2000) to broader market factors rather than causal stadium effects. Retail benefits were uneven, favoring event-tied vendors, while some businesses reported net losses from traffic congestion, parking shortages, and game-day disruptions. Economists have critiqued such pre-construction projections as systematically overstated, due to reliance on multipliers that ignore substitution (local spending redirected from other sectors without net addition) and opportunity costs of public funds, yielding negligible or negative net regional GDP impacts after subsidies. For Safeco Field, the absence of measurable land value pressures or transformative development in the 2006 study aligns with this view, indicating game-day economic activity primarily recirculates existing local expenditures rather than generating sustainable growth. Taxpayer subsidies exceeding $500 million for construction, when weighed against these localized and substitutable effects, have not delivered the promised broader fiscal returns.

Criticisms of Public Subsidies

Public subsidies for T-Mobile Park, originally Safeco Field, covered approximately $372 million of the $517 million construction cost completed in 1999, equivalent to 72% of total expenses, through mechanisms such as bonds backed by hotel/motel taxes, levies, and stadium-related sales taxes. These funds were pursued after County voters rejected a proposed increase via Initiative 16 in 1995, prompting state legislators to authorize alternative public financing despite ongoing opposition to direct taxpayer burdens for a private sports franchise. Economists have widely criticized such stadium subsidies as inefficient, with demonstrating negligible net economic impacts on host regions, as at games and events primarily displaces expenditures on other local activities rather than injecting new capital. A consensus among economists holds that the costs to taxpayers exceed any fiscal returns, with benefits disproportionately captured by team owners through increased franchise values and player salaries, while public investments yield opportunity costs in foregone funding for , , or social programs. This view is supported by analyses showing that projected multipliers from stadium operations, often cited by proponents, overestimate indirect effects while ignoring leakage of revenues to non-local suppliers and the absence of sustained job creation beyond seasonal roles. Additional scrutiny arose in 2018 over a $180 million request from the Seattle Mariners for renovations, including roof and structural upgrades, with $135 million ultimately approved by the King County Council in a 5-4 vote amid debates over subsidizing a team valued at over $2 billion. Detractors argued this constituted corporate welfare, as the publicly owned facility's lease terms already favored the private lessee, and public contributions ignored the franchise's revenue from naming rights, broadcasting, and luxury amenities, diverting lodging taxes that could address housing shortages or transit needs. Such extensions perpetuate a cycle of dependency, where threats of relocation extract concessions without evidence of broader civic gains beyond intangible civic pride.

Notable Events

Major League Baseball Highlights

T-Mobile Park hosted its inaugural game on July 15, 1999, when the Seattle Mariners lost 3-2 to the Padres, with pitching eight innings for the home team. The , then known as Safeco Field, quickly became noted for its pitcher-friendly dimensions, suppressing home runs compared to the prior . Pitching milestones define several highlights, including multiple no-hitters. On June 8, 2012, six Mariners pitchers combined for a 1-0 against the , marking the 10th such effort in MLB history. pitched the franchise's first perfect game on August 15, 2012, a 1-0 victory over the , retiring all 27 batters faced while striking out 12. followed with a on August 12, 2015, shutting out the Baltimore Orioles 3-0 with seven strikeouts. Hitting achievements include breaking George Sisler's single-season hit record with his 258th hit on October 1, 2004, against the Texas Rangers. delivered a pinch-hit, two-run —his 618th career —on June 19, 2009, tying the game at 3-3 versus the Diamondbacks. In 2023, Julio Rodríguez set a first-round record with 41 during the festivities on July 10. Playoff games at the stadium include the 2000 ALDS, where the Mariners swept the 3-0, capped by Carlos Guillén's ninth-inning bunt driving in the winning run in Game 3 on October 6. The 2001 ALCS against the New York Yankees featured intense matchups, following an emotional AL West clinch on September 19 versus the Angels, 5-0, just after the 9/11 attacks. More recently, Cal Raleigh's on September 30, 2022, secured a 2-1 win over the , clinching the Mariners' first postseason berth since 2001. The 2022 against Toronto included a home victory in Game 3, ending a long playoff win drought at the venue.

Non-Baseball Sports Events

T-Mobile Park hosted the 2024 Discover NHL Winter Classic on January 1, 2024, featuring the Seattle Kraken against the Vegas Golden Knights. The Kraken secured a 3–0 shutout victory in front of 47,313 spectators, marking the first NHL outdoor game at the venue. The event transformed the ballpark's outfield into an NHL regulation-size rink overlaid on oceanic topographic maps representing Puget Sound waters, with the retractable roof closed to maintain ice conditions amid Seattle's variable weather. Prior to the prevalence of dedicated soccer facilities like , T-Mobile Park (then Safeco Field) accommodated international soccer matches, including U.S. Men's National Team fixtures. On February 28, 2001, the U.S. defeated 3–2 in a World Cup qualifier before a record crowd exceeding 65,000, adapting the field by removing portions of the turf and adjusting dimensions for play. An exhibition match followed on March 2, 2002, as preparation for the . The stadium also hosted , notably the inaugural Seattle Bowl on December 29, 2001, where beat 41–21 in a postseason game drawing over 30,000 fans. These events demonstrated the venue's versatility for non-baseball athletics, though configurations required modifications to the diamond infield and outfield grass for gridiron or pitch setups.

Concerts and Other Entertainment

T-Mobile Park has hosted numerous high-profile concerts, capitalizing on its acoustics, retractable roof, and seating for nearly 48,000 spectators. Notable events include Pearl Jam's performance on June 17, 2006, which established a venue attendance record exceeding 72,000. Paul McCartney performed on July 19, 2013, drawing significant crowds as part of his Out There tour. Beyoncé and Jay-Z co-headlined the On the Run Tour on July 30, 2014. Billy Joel appeared with Gavin DeGraw on May 20, 2016. More recent concerts feature The Who with and on October 19, 2019, as part of their ; Chris Stapleton alongside and on July 27, 2024; and in a multi-act billing. The venue's design supports diverse genres, from rock to country, with events often scheduled during MLB off-seasons to maximize utilization. Beyond concerts, T-Mobile Park accommodates other entertainment such as festivals, corporate events, holiday parties, trade shows, auctions, and weddings, contributing to over 500 non-baseball gatherings annually. These activities utilize indoor spaces and the main field, enhancing the stadium's role as a multi-purpose entertainment hub in downtown Seattle.

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  86. https://marinersblog.mlblogs.com/mariners-unveil-statue-of-edgar-martinez-outside-t-mobile-park-6f53d86abee4
  87. https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/mariners/mariners-to-honor-ichiro-with-statue-at-t-mobile-park-in-2026/
  88. https://www.mlb.com/mariners/history/retired-numbers
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  90. https://sccinsight.com/2018/07/31/safeco-field-and-the-lodging-tax/
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  94. https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/mariners/mariners-pay-4-6-million-to-public-facilities-district-for-t-mobile-park-upkeep-and-improvements/
  95. https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/mariners/mariners-safeco-field-long-term-lease-agreement-contingent-on-180-million-in-public-funds/
  96. https://www.seattleweekly.com/news/king-county-council-approves-135-million-public-investment-in-safeco-field/
  97. https://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1471&context=sportslaw
  98. https://www.seattle.gov/documents/Departments/economicDevelopment/OISI/Stadium5YearImpactStudy-CityOfSeattle.pdf
  99. http://media.clemson.edu/economics/data/sports/Stadiums%2520and%2520Econ%2520Impact/sports_pork.pdf
  100. https://www.kennesaw.edu/coles/centers/markets-economic-opportunity/docs/bradbury-coates-humphreys-01-30-2023.pdf
  101. https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/king-county-council-gives-final-approval-to-135-million-in-public-funds-for-mariners-ballpark/
  102. https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/in-180-million-ask-for-public-money-mariners-cite-retractable-roof-used-400-times-per-year/
  103. https://www.stlouisfed.org/publications/page-one-economics/2017/05/01/the-economics-of-subsidizing-sports-stadiums
  104. https://www.mercatus.org/economic-insights/expert-commentary/quotable-quotes-stadium-subsidies-are-terrible-investment
  105. https://www.king5.com/article/news/seattle-mariners-controversial-25-year-lease-finalized-new-stadium-name-next/281-622752172
  106. https://www.heraldnet.com/opinion/commentary-mariners-180m-tax-request-ignores-realities/
  107. https://reason.com/2018/07/27/seattle-mariners-want-taxpayers-to-fork/
  108. https://sports.mynorthwest.com/mlb/seattle-mariners/drayer-mariners-safeco-field-opener-1999/840553
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  110. https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/mariners/most-memorable-moments-from-25-years-at-t-mobile-park/
  111. https://www.mlb.com/mariners/history/postseason-results
  112. https://www.nhl.com/news/2024-winter-classic-rendering-for-t-mobile-park-unveiled
  113. https://www.seattlesports.org/events/2024-discover-nhl-winter-classic
  114. https://us-soccer.team/venue/2718
  115. https://www.seattlepi.com/sports/article/U-S-men-s-team-will-play-soccer-at-Safeco-1076414.php
  116. https://610kona.com/seattle-bowl-college-football/
  117. https://ballpark.org/public-use-and-affordability/
  118. https://komonews.com/sports/nikos-sports-zone/t-mobile-park-major-league-baseball-retractable-roof-seattle-mariners-concerts-jay-z-beyonce-post-malone-1999-opening-venue-concert-grounds
  119. https://www.concertarchives.org/venues/t-mobile-park
  120. https://www.concertarchives.org/venues/safeco-field
  121. https://www.mlb.com/mariners/ballpark/events/event-types/concerts-festivals
  122. https://www.mlb.com/mariners/ballpark/events
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