Hubbry Logo
Sinter plantSinter plantMain
Open search
Sinter plant
Community hub
Sinter plant
logo
7 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Sinter plant
Sinter plant
Sinter plant
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

Sinter plants agglomerate iron ore fines (dust) with other fine materials at high temperature, to create a product that can be used in a blast furnace. The final product, a sinter, is a small, irregular nodule of iron mixed with small amounts of other minerals. The process, called sintering, causes the constituent materials to fuse to make a single porous mass with little change in the chemical properties of the ingredients. The purpose of sinter are to be used converting iron into steel.

Sinter plants, in combination with blast furnaces, are also used in non-ferrous smelting. About 70% of the world's primary lead production is still produced this way.[1] The combination was once used in copper smelting, as at the Electrolytic Refining and Smelting smelter in Wollongong, New South Wales.[2]

History

[edit]
Sinter plant at Ispat Steel, India.

Many countries, including India, France and Germany, have underground deposits of iron ore in dust form (blue dust). Such iron ore cannot be directly charged in a blast furnace. In the early 20th century, sinter technology was developed for converting ore fines into lumpy material chargeable in blast furnaces. Sinter technology took 30 years to gain acceptance in the iron-making domain, but now plays an important role. Initially developed to generate steel, it is now a means of using metallurgical waste generated in steel plants to enhance blast furnace operation and reducing waste. The largest sinter plant is located in Chennai, India, and employs 10,000 people. [3]

Process

[edit]

Preparation of the ores

[edit]

Main feed into a sinter plant is base mix, which consists of iron ore fines, coke fines and flux (limestone) fines. In addition to base mix, coke fines, flux fines, sinter fines, iron dust (collected from plant de-dusting system and electrostatic precipitator) and plant waste are mixed in proportion (by weight) in a rotary drum, often called mixing and nodulizing drum. Calcined lime is used as binder of the mixed material along with water (all in particular proportion by weight) to form feed-sinter of about 5 to 7 mm in size. This sinter globules are fed to sintering machine and burnt therein to produce blast furnace feed sinter.

Sintering the materials

[edit]
Circle cooler for cooling hot sinter

Material is put on a sinter machine in two layers. The bottom layer may vary in thickness from 30 to 75 millimetres (1.2 to 3.0 in). A 12 to 20 mm sinter fraction is used, also referred to as the hearth layer. The second, covering layer consists of mixed materials, making for a total bed height of 350 to 660 millimetres (14 to 26 in). The mixed materials are applied with drum feeders and roll feeders, which distributes the nodules in certain depth throughout the sintering machine. The upper layer is smoothed using a leveler. The material, also known as a charge, enters the ignition furnace into rows of multi-slit burners. In the case of one plant, the first (ignition) zone has eleven burners. The next (soaking/annealing) zone typically offers 12 burners. Air is sucked from the bottom of the bed of mixed material throughout the sintering machine. Fire penetrates the mixed material gradually, until it reaches the hearth layer. This end point of burning is called burn through point (BTP). The hearth layer, which is nothing but sinter in smaller size, restricts sticking of hot sinter with pallets. BTP is achieved in a certain zone of sinter machine, to optimize the process, by means of several temperature measuring instrument placed throughout the sinter machine. After completion of burning, the mix converts into sinter, which then breaks into smaller size by sinter breaker. After breaking into small sizes, it cools down in cooler (linear or circular) by means of forced air. At discharge of sinter cooler, temperature of sinter is maintained as low, so that the hot sinter can be transported by a conveyor belt made of rubber. Necessary precautions are taken to trace any existence of fire in the belt and necessary extinguishing is done by spraying water. Then this product is being passed through a jaw-crusher, where the size of sinter is further reduced (~ 50 mm) into smaller size. Then the complete mixture is being passed through two screens. Smallest sinter fines (< 5 mm) are stored in proportioning bins and reused for preparing sinter again through mixing and nodulizing drum and fed to sinter machine for burning. A part of the smaller one ( 5 – 20 mm) is used for hearth layer in sinter machine and the rest is taken to the blast furnace along with the biggest sized sinters.

The temperature is typically maintained between 1,150 and 1,250 °C (2,100 and 2,280 °F) in the ignition zone and between 900 and 1000 °C in the soaking zone to prevent sudden quenching of the sintered layer. The top 5 mm from screens goes to the conveyor carrying the sinter for the blast furnace and, along with blast furnace grade sinter, either goes to sinter storage bunkers or to blast furnace bunkers. Blast furnace-grade sinter consists of particles sized 5 to 12 mm as well as 20 mm and above.

Advantages

[edit]

There are certain advantages of using sinters as opposed to using other materials which include recycling the fines and other waste products, to include flue dust, mill scale, lime dust and sludge. Processing sinter helps eliminate raw flux, which is a binding material used to agglomerate materials, which saves the heating material, coke, and improves furnace productivity.

Improvements and efficiency can be gained from higher softening temperature and narrower softening in the melting zone, which increases the volume of the granular zone and shrinks the width of the cohesive zone. A lower silica content and higher hot metal temperature contributes to more sulphur removal.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Sinter plant

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
A sinter plant is a specialized facility within integrated mills that processes and agglomerates fine iron-bearing materials, such as fines, coke breeze, , , and flue dust, into a porous, lumpy product known as sinter, which serves as a primary feedstock for blast furnaces in iron and production. The process involves mixing these raw materials with water, forming a bed on a continuous moving grate, igniting the surface to initiate combustion at temperatures between 1,300°C and 1,480°C, and drawing air through the bed to sustain the reaction, resulting in the fusion of particles into durable sinter nodules typically 5–50 mm in size. The sintering process is essential for utilizing low-grade or fine iron ores that would otherwise be unsuitable for direct charging into blast furnaces, as it improves the material's permeability, reduces dust generation, and enhances the efficiency of ironmaking by allowing better gas flow and lower fuel consumption in the furnace. Globally, sinter production is a major component of the steel industry, with facilities producing up to 783 million tonnes annually in regions like as of , contributing significantly to the preparation of raw materials for the blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace route of steelmaking. Sinter plants also play a role in byproducts and managing emissions, though they are a notable source of pollutants such as particulate matter, sulfur oxides, and , primarily from windbox exhaust and ; modern controls like electrostatic precipitators and fabric filters can reduce dust emissions to 10–20 mg/m³. Additionally, heat recovery systems in these plants can save up to 0.55 GJ per of sinter produced and generate , supporting energy efficiency in the overall production .

Overview and Purpose

Definition and Basic Operation

A sinter plant is an industrial facility designed for the thermal agglomeration of fine particles, fluxes, and fuel into porous lumps known as sinter, achieved through and solidification of the mixture. This transforms materials that would otherwise be too fine for direct use in ironmaking into a more suitable form. The fundamental operation of a sinter plant relies on a continuous strand with a moving grate that carries a of layered raw materials. Ignition occurs at the top surface, propagating a zone downward through the via strong downdraft , which sustains the necessary heat for agglomeration. This downward-moving flame front ensures efficient and bonding as the grate advances. Produced sinter typically features porosity of 20-30%, particle sizes ranging from 5 to 50 mm, and a basicity (CaO/SiO₂ ratio) of 1.0-2.0, which contribute to its structural integrity and metallurgical performance. The primary purpose of this agglomeration is to enhance the gas permeability and reducibility of fine ores, making them viable for charging into blast furnaces.

Role in Metallurgical Processes

Sinter plants play a central role in iron and steel production by agglomerating fine particles into a porous, high-strength material that serves as the primary burden in s. In ironmaking, sinter typically constitutes 70-80% of the charge, enabling the utilization of low-grade ores and fines that would otherwise be unsuitable for direct charging due to their small size and poor permeability. This high proportion enhances gas flow through the furnace burden, improving reduction efficiency and reducing coke consumption compared to unsintered fines. Sinter integrates seamlessly with upstream and downstream processes in integrated steel mills. It sources iron ore fines generated from beneficiation operations, where low-grade ores are crushed and concentrated, converting these byproducts into usable feed. As an alternative to , sintering offers a cost-effective agglomeration method for handling larger volumes of mixed fines, fluxes, and returns, though pellets provide superior uniformity and strength in some operations. Downstream, the hot metal produced from sinter-laden blast furnaces feeds basic oxygen furnaces (BOF) for , where sinter's consistent composition supports efficient refining and slag formation. Economically, sinter production facilitates the of metallurgical wastes, such as dust, sludges, and , where return fines constitute 30-40% of the iron-bearing materials in the sinter mix, recovering valuable iron and reducing costs by minimizing external purchases and disposal expenses. This closed-loop approach enhances overall , with rates of dust reaching 12-13 kg per ton of sinter in European operations. The use of sinter varies significantly across steelmaking routes. In integrated mills relying on blast furnaces, sinter ratios remain high to optimize burden permeability and , often exceeding 70%. In contrast, scrap-based furnaces (EAF) bypass ironmaking entirely, requiring no sinter and focusing instead on recycled inputs, which limits sinter's role to minimal or zero usage in such facilities.

Historical Development

Origins in Early 20th Century

The development of sinter plants emerged in the early as a response to the depletion of high-grade lump iron ores in the United States and , coupled with the rise of mechanized mining techniques that generated substantial quantities of fine ore particles unsuitable for direct use in blast furnaces. These fines, often from low-grade deposits and metallurgical waste, required agglomeration to create a porous, lumpy product that could improve furnace permeability and efficiency. The Dwight-Lloyd process, a continuous traveling-grate method, addressed this need by enabling the fusion of fines through controlled . The process was invented by American engineers A. S. Dwight and R. Lloyd, with the first continuous sinter plant constructed in 1906 using their patented apparatus (US Patent 916,393). This innovation marked a shift from batch pot sintering to a more efficient linear machine design, initially applied to copper ores but quickly adapted for iron. The first Dwight-Lloyd machine for sintering iron ore was built in 1910 in the United States, marking the commercial adoption for iron production. Early machines operated at modest scales, with standard units producing 50 to 100 tons of sinter per day, limiting initial adoption to integrated steel operations facing ore supply constraints. By the 1910s, the Dwight-Lloyd process spread to , where steelmakers adopted it to utilize similar fine ore challenges amid growing industrial demand. Key early innovations included the incorporation of anthracite coal as a primary fuel to sustain the exothermic reactions needed for partial melting and bonding of particles, offering a cost-effective alternative to coke breeze. Additionally, the addition of basic fluxes like helped regulate formation, enhancing sinter strength and reducibility while minimizing impurities in the final product. These advancements solidified sintering's role in transforming waste materials into viable burden, setting the stage for broader metallurgical applications.

Evolution and Technological Advances

Following , the global steel industry experienced rapid expansion, particularly in and , driving significant growth in sinter plant capacities during the post-1950s era. This period saw a standardization and increased reliance on coke breeze as the primary fuel in sintering processes, enabling more efficient and higher throughput compared to earlier coal-based variants. By the , plant designs had scaled up substantially, with examples such as Japan's Kimitsu No. 3 sinter plant achieving a 500 m² grate area in 1971 and subsequent installations like Oita No. 2 and Wakamatsu reaching 600 m² by 1975-1976, corresponding to production rates exceeding 500 tons per hour in major steel-producing regions. Key technological advancements in the and focused on enhancing recovery and machine efficiency, replacing smaller, early-20th-century Dwight-Lloyd straight-grate designs with larger, optimized straight-grate systems that improved material flow and uniformity. A notable was the introduction of circular coolers, exemplified by the first pressure-type circular cooler installed at Japan's No. 3 plant in 1971, which facilitated better recuperation from hot sinter and reduced losses during cooling. These developments allowed for deeper beds and higher suction pressures, boosting overall productivity while maintaining sinter quality. In the , emerged as a transformative element, with the adoption of computer-based systems for real-time process control, including bed permeability monitoring and fuel optimization. Japan's Kawasaki Steel Corporation developed an Operation Guidance System that evaluated bed permeability using multi-dimensional air flow analysis, enabling dynamic adjustments to suction and fuel distribution for consistent performance. These early digital controls reduced variability in burn-through position and improved , laying the groundwork for more integrated plant operations. Since the , sinter plants have incorporated sustainable and intelligent technologies, such as hybrid systems blending fuels like with traditional coke breeze to lower dependency. Up to 40% replacement with has been demonstrated as feasible, reducing emissions while maintaining sinter quality. Concurrently, AI-driven tools, including vision-based monitoring and data analytics, have been implemented in facilities like India's since 2021, forecasting equipment failures and optimizing maintenance schedules to enhance reliability and further cut energy use. More recently, as of 2023, pilot projects have explored injection in processes to further reduce carbon emissions.

Operational Process

Raw Material Preparation

The raw materials for sinter production primarily consist of iron ore fines, which form the bulk of the mix at approximately 60-70% by weight and are typically sized less than 10 mm to ensure proper granulation. Fluxes such as limestone and dolomite are added to achieve the desired basicity for slag formation, comprising about 10-15% of the mix, while return fines—recycled undersized sinter from previous batches—account for 20-30% to optimize resource use. Solid fuel, mainly coke breeze sized between 0.25 mm and 3 mm, is included at 3-5% to provide the necessary heat for the process. Preparation begins with screening all raw materials to remove oversize particles greater than 10 mm, ensuring uniformity and preventing disruptions in the sintering bed. Proportioning follows, where materials are accurately weighed using feeders or hoppers to meet the target composition, followed by mixing in rotary drums or mills to achieve homogeneous distribution. During mixing, water is added to reach a moisture content of 8-10%, promoting the formation of micro-pellets or nodules that enhance bed permeability. Quality control involves monitoring particle size distribution—aiming for a balanced mix of fines and granules—and moisture levels to maintain optimal airflow and prevent uneven sintering. These steps ensure the prepared mix is ready for loading onto the sinter strand as part of the overall operational process.

Ignition, Sintering, and Cooling

The ignition stage in the sinter plant process involves gas or oil burners positioned above the traveling grate to preheat the top layer of the prepared sinter bed, typically reaching temperatures of 1000–1200°C to initiate combustion of the solid fuel, such as coke breeze, in the upper portion of the bed. This preheating ensures uniform ignition across the bed width, often facilitated by slit-like burner tiles and regulated air flow from underlying windboxes, which draw in primary and secondary air to sustain the initial flame. The process duration is short, around 1–2 minutes, and is controlled by adjusting fuel flow rates to optimize energy use and prevent excessive heat loss. Once ignited, the mechanism proceeds as a downward-moving front propagates through the under downdraft , typically at 10–14 kPa, drawing hot gases and oxygen to promote and . This causes partial fusion of the particles, fluxes, and fuel at temperatures of 1200–1400°C, where localized melting forms liquid phases that create bridges between solid particles, agglomerating them into a porous, cohesive structure upon solidification. The front advances at 10–30 mm/min, influenced by height (around 500 mm) and fuel distribution, ensuring the exothermic reactions, including coke and oxide reduction, sustain the process for 20–30 minutes. The experiences distinct reaction zones: a pre-heat zone (200–600°C) where evaporates and materials warm; the front or burning zone (1000–1300°C) with peak and melting; and a post- zone where temperatures drop to around 200°C as gases cool the lower layers. Following sintering, the hot sinter cake is discharged from the grate onto vibrating or circular coolers, where circulation reduces the temperature to below 150°C, stabilizing the structure and preventing reoxidation or during subsequent handling. This cooling step, lasting 10–15 minutes, often incorporates heat recovery systems, such as waste heat boilers, to capture from the exhaust air for in the . The controlled airflow in the coolers ensures uniform temperature reduction without disrupting the porous matrix formed during fusion.

Product Handling and Quality Control

After the sintering process, the hot sinter cake is discharged from the machine and immediately crushed using a spiked roll to reduce its size to less than 40 , facilitating further handling and preventing damage to downstream equipment. The crushed sinter is then cooled, typically to below 150°C, before undergoing screening to separate the product into usable fractions. Screening divides the sinter into -grade material (generally 5-40 ) and undersize return fines (<5 ), which are recycled back to the raw material mix, while the primary product is conveyed via belt systems to storage bins or directly to the stockyard. Quality control in sinter plants focuses on ensuring the product meets metallurgical specifications for strength, degradation resistance, and reducibility to optimize blast furnace performance. Key physical parameters include the tumble index, which measures cold mechanical strength and is targeted at greater than 75% to indicate durability during handling and charging. The reduction disintegration index (RDI) evaluates resistance to degradation under reducing conditions and is maintained below 30% to minimize fines generation in the furnace. Reducibility, assessing the ease of iron oxide reduction, is required to exceed 60% for efficient gas-solid reactions in the blast furnace. Chemical composition, such as basicity (CaO/SiO₂ ratio) around 1.4-2.0 and FeO content of 8-10%, is also monitored to balance slag formation and sinter strength. Control methods rely on real-time monitoring and feedback to maintain these parameters. On-line sampling systems extract representative samples from the sinter strand or conveyor belts for immediate , enabling rapid adjustments. (XRF) spectroscopy is commonly used to determine elemental composition, such as iron, silica, and calcium content, with results feeding into automated control loops. Based on this data, operators adjust flux (e.g., or dolomite) and fuel (coke) ratios in the raw mix to correct deviations in basicity or strength, reducing the traditional 6-8 hour feedback delay to 10-15 minutes through prompt gamma (PGNAA) or similar online technologies. Sinter yield, calculated as the ratio of usable product to input , typically ranges from 85-95%, with losses primarily from dust generation and unagglomerated fines during crushing and screening. This yield is influenced by quality and , where minimizing return fines below 15% enhances overall productivity.

Plant Design and Components

Core Machinery and Layout

The core machinery of a sinter plant revolves around the traveling grate, also known as the sinter strand, which serves as the primary apparatus for the agglomeration process. This machine consists of a series of connected pallet cars that form a continuous grate, typically with a width of 2 to 5 meters and a ranging from 60 to 200 meters, allowing for efficient handling of the sinter bed across a reaction area of 36 to 600 square meters. The pallet cars are equipped with durable grate bars and side seals to maintain vacuum integrity and prevent air leakage, ensuring uniform downdraft combustion throughout the bed. The grate operates at a controlled speed of 0.5 to 3 meters per minute, resulting in a cycle time of 20 to for the material to traverse the strand. The ignition furnace, positioned at the feed end of the traveling grate, initiates the reaction through multi-zone gas burners that heat the surface of the charged . These burners, often utilizing a mixture of coke oven gas and gas or preheated single gases, are housed in a refractory-lined radiant hood to achieve temperatures exceeding 1,300°C, igniting the coke breeze in the mix without direct flame contact. Beneath the grate, a series of windboxes facilitates the vacuum system, drawing process air downward through the via from a main exhaust fan, with adjustable louvers and dampers controlling distribution across multiple compartments—typically 15 to 29 windboxes depending on plant scale. This setup supports a grate loading of 150 to 250 kilograms per square meter, including a layer of 25 to 50 millimeters of coarse recycled sinter and a main depth of 400 to 600 millimeters. The overall layout of a typical sinter plant follows a linear configuration to optimize material flow and minimize handling losses, spanning a footprint of 1 to 2 hectares for large-scale installations. Raw materials are fed from storage bins to a high-intensity mixer and granulator, where the blend is prepared before being uniformly distributed onto the traveling grate at the feed end. The sintered product then proceeds directly to a circular cooler for rapid air , followed by crushers for , with the entire designed for continuous operation and integrated dust suppression. Modern plants achieve production scales of 1 to 6 million tons per year per strand, with daily rates up to 45 tons per 24 hours per square meter of grate area, supporting high-volume supply to blast furnaces. This equipment-centric arrangement ensures efficient progression from raw mix preparation through and cooling, as referenced in the operational .

Auxiliary Systems and Controls

Auxiliary systems in sinter plants support the core sintering process by managing environmental conditions, material preparation, and resource delivery. Dust collection systems, typically employing filters or electrostatic precipitators (ESPs), capture particulate matter from exhaust gases with efficiencies reaching 99%. These systems are essential for maintaining air quality during operations involving the moving grate machine. Water spray systems condition the raw mix by controlling moisture content to optimal levels, typically 5-7%, ensuring proper and bed permeability prior to ignition. supply lines deliver ignition fuels, such as or coke oven gas, to the furnace at controlled pressures and flow rates to initiate the combustion zone uniformly across the strand width. Control systems rely on programmable logic controllers (PLCs) for automated oversight of key operational parameters, enhancing process stability and product consistency. Grate speed is adjusted dynamically, between 0.5-3 m/min, to align the burn-through point with the strand length and optimize sinter quality. Air volume through the bed is regulated at 200-400 m³/min/m² to maintain adequate for and cooling, with adjustments based on bed resistance and analysis. profiling employs multiple thermocouples embedded in wind boxes to monitor the flame front progression, enabling real-time corrections to prevent hotspots or incomplete . Safety features mitigate risks from combustible , gases, and events inherent to the high-temperature environment. vents on collectors and wind boxes release during potential deflagrations, preventing structural damage. Continuous CO monitoring in off-gases triggers alarms and shutdowns if levels exceed safe thresholds, typically above 1-2%. Interlocks integrate with PLCs to halt operations, such as stopping flow or grate movement, if flame front anomalies like backward propagation are detected, avoiding or fires. Energy recovery systems capture from cooling zones to improve overall efficiency. boilers utilize hot sinter cooler exhaust gases, typically at 200-300°C, to generate low-pressure for utilities like heating or power generation. These systems recover 20-30% of the input , reducing consumption and operational costs while integrating seamlessly with the sinter cooler's annular or straight-grate .

Environmental and Economic Aspects

Emissions, Waste, and Mitigation

Sinter plants, integral to processing in production, generate significant emissions primarily from the and processes involving fuels like coke breeze and sulfur-containing raw materials. Key pollutants include oxides (), which arise from in fuels and concentrates, typically ranging from 100 to 500 mg/Nm³ in untreated flue gases. oxides () are produced during high-temperature , with concentrations around 200 to 400 mg/Nm³. Dust emissions, particularly particulate matter (PM10), can exceed 100 mg/Nm³ without controls but are reduced to below 10 mg/Nm³ post-mitigation. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) also emerge from in raw materials, contributing to air quality concerns. Waste streams from sinter plants include undersize fines, which are often recycled back into the process to minimize material loss, enhancing . However, wet scrubbers used for gas cleaning produce sludge containing and sulfates, necessitating specialized treatment such as and stabilization to prevent environmental leaching. This management is critical to avoid and comply with disposal regulations. Mitigation strategies employ advanced technologies to curb these emissions. For reduction, (SCR) systems convert to nitrogen and water using as a reductant, achieving up to 80% efficiency. SOx emissions are addressed through injection into the , which reacts to form , a reusable . Fabric filters, or baghouses, capture effectively, ensuring PM10 levels below 10 mg/Nm³ in line with Best Available Techniques (BAT) standards for the iron and industry. These measures collectively reduce overall pollutant loads by 70-90% compared to uncontrolled operations. Recent developments focus on , with carbon capture pilots integrated into sinter plant exhausts to sequester CO2, and low-NOx burners that optimize to cut by 15-20% since 2010 implementations. Innovations such as hydrogen-rich have reduced coke breeze consumption, for example from 5.60% to 5.30% in blends, supporting broader decarbonization efforts in . These innovations, often combined with auxiliary dust collectors, support broader decarbonization efforts in .

Advantages, Limitations, and Economic Factors

Sinter plants provide significant advantages in iron and production by enabling the high utilization of fine iron s and up to 100% of iron-bearing wastes, such as dusts, sludges, and mill scales from plant operations. This capability not only conserves natural resources but also lowers costs while reducing the volume of solid wastes requiring disposal. Furthermore, incorporating sinter into the burden enhances operational efficiency, achieving coke rate reductions of 20-30 kg per ton of hot metal through improved bed permeability and reducibility compared to using unsintered fines or lump . Sinter plants also offer flexibility in processing diverse types, including low-grade and variable-quality feeds, which supports adaptation to fluctuating global supplies. Despite these benefits, sinter plants face notable limitations. They exhibit high , with consumption typically ranging from 40-60 kg of coke breeze per ton of sinter, alongside substantial and gas usage for ignition and ventilation. This reliance on fossil fuels exposes operations to volatility in and prices, potentially increasing costs during market fluctuations. Moreover, in the transition to low-carbon , sinter plants are increasingly vulnerable to phase-out, as (DRI) processes and furnaces (EAFs) eliminate the need for sinter, favoring pellet-based or feeds instead. Economically, establishing a large-scale sinter plant (capacity exceeding 5 million tons per year) involves substantial capital investment, typically $200-400 million, encompassing machinery, , and environmental controls. Operating costs average $20-30 per ton of sinter, driven by raw materials, energy, and labor, though is bolstered by synergies in integrated mills where sinter optimizes downstream performance. As of 2020, global sinter production capacity stood at approximately 1.2 billion tons per year, supporting the majority of -based output. Looking ahead, the role of sinter in blast furnace burdens is projected to decline, pressured by sustainability imperatives and the rise of alternative low-emission routes like DRI-EAF, which mitigate the environmental mitigations discussed in prior analyses of emissions control.

References

  1. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2020-11/documents/c12s05.pdf
  2. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/sinter-plant
  3. https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/sintering-a-step-between-mining-iron-ore-and-steelmaking/
  4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313813930_Iron_Ore_Sintering_Process
  5. https://www.ispatguru.com/the-sintering-process-of-iron-ore-fines-2/
  6. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/03019233241259846
  7. https://www.mheavytechnology.com/news/sintering-process-of-iron-ore/
  8. https://www.ispatguru.com/iron-ore-sinter/
  9. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sinter-plant-market-to-grow-by-usd-1-15-billion-from-2022-to-2027--improvement-in-sinter-technology-to-drive-the-growth--technavio-301923514.html
  10. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032591024003401
  11. https://www.ispatguru.com/use-of-iron-ore-pellets-in-blast-furnace-burden/
  12. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/isijinternational/55/4/55_758/_html/-char/en
  13. https://www.steel.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/AISI_FactSheet_SteelSustainability-11-3-21.pdf
  14. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03377448
  15. https://www.totalmateria.com/en-us/articles/from-the-history-of-iron-and-steel-making-1/
  16. https://www.nipponsteel.com/en/tech/report/nsc/pdf/NSTR101-12_tech_review-2-1.pdf
  17. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/isijinternational/56/12/56_ISIJINT-2016-193/_html/-char/en
  18. https://www.ispatguru.com/automation-and-control-system-of-sinter-plant/
  19. https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/12/9/1483
  20. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272310266_Application_of_biomass_fuel_in_iron_ore_sintering_Influencing_mechanism_and_emission_reduction
  21. https://indiaai.gov.in/news/bokaro-steel-begins-ai-based-predictive-monitoring
  22. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344923001234
  23. https://www.ispatguru.com/understanding-sinter-and-sinter-plant-operations/
  24. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/sinter-mix
  25. https://www.gem.wiki/Sinter_plant
  26. https://www.energystar.gov/sites/default/files/buildings/tools/Iron_Steel_Guide.pdf
  27. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781782421566000149
  28. https://www.saimm.co.za/Journal/v115n05p409.pdf
  29. https://www.aidic.it/cet/15/45/147.pdf
  30. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2238785420319037
  31. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/ore-sintering
  32. https://www.meconlimited.co.in/writereaddata/mist_2016/sesn/tech_2/6.pdf
  33. https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/mining/how-to-produce-quality-sinter/
  34. https://www.metso.com/portfolio/traveling-grate-sinter-plant/
  35. https://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2019-11/IS_Adopted_03_2012.pdf
  36. https://www.slyinc.com/blog/electrostatic-precipitators-vs-baghouse-dust-collectors/
  37. https://www.ispatguru.com/managing-usage-of-water-in-an-integrated-steel-plant/
  38. https://www.isca.in/IJES/Archive/v5/i6/4.ISCA-RJEngS-2016-089.pdf
  39. https://www.iipinetwork.org/wp-content/Ietd/content/waste-heat-recovery-sinter-plant.html
  40. https://steelplantech.com/assets/pdf/technology/201203_Maximizing-Sinter-Plant-Heat-Recovery.pdf
  41. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/isijinternational/64/12/64_ISIJINT-2023-318/_html/-char/en
  42. https://openresearch.newcastle.edu.au/ndownloader/files/56074574
  43. https://www.wvstahl.de/wp-content/uploads/Schlussbericht-Studie-Low-carbon-Europe-2050_-Mai-20131.pdf
  44. https://metalzenith.com/blogs/steel-production-processing-terms/sinter-plant-essential-step-in-steel-production-raw-material-preparation
  45. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/bitstreams/19daa588-bc17-4bc8-8acc-a3b3b2e6ff91/download
  46. https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2020/mcs2020-iron-ore.pdf
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.