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Hensoldt TRML-3D/4D
Telefunken Radar Mobil Luftraumüberwachung
Country of originGermany
TypeEarly warning radar
FrequencyC band
RangeBetween 40 and 250 kilometres (25 and 155 mi), depending on variant
AltitudeBetween 0 and 40,000 metres (0 and 131,234 ft), depending on variant

The TRML (German: Telefunken Radar Mobil Luftraumüberwachung or "Telefunken mobile airspace surveillance radar") is a family of air defense radars first developed by Telefunken and currently produced by Hensoldt. It is a development of the earlier TRMS (German: Telefunken Radar Mobil Such or "Telefunken mobile search radar").

Retractable mast versions are TRML-2D with a rotating parabolic antenna and TRML-3D with a rotating phased array antenna, designated as Nahbereichsradar (NBR) or "short range radar" by the Bundeswehr. The latest TRML-4D comes with non-retractable, rotating base active electronically scanned array (AESA) solid-state antenna.

System description

[edit]
TRML module removed from the base vehicle (MAN 10 ton)

TRML-2D was designed as an autonomous mobile command system for air defense with an integrated search radar. It can detect, identify and track aircraft at low and medium altitude, designate targets for the connected launchers and send commands to the battle management network. The range of the radar is 60 km for TRML-2D, 200 km for the TRML-3D/32,[1] and 250 km for TRML-4D.[2]

The crew shelter with integrated retractable mast is loaded onto a truck (Bundeswehr designation "Lkw 15 t mil gl BR"), but can also be dismantled to operate as a standalone trailer. A power generator is integrated on the unit. The crew consists of two or three surveillance radar operators.

The radar includes a sideband channel for detecting helicopters. This enables simultaneous action against fast, low-flying aircraft and anti-aircraft missiles as well as against extremely slow-flying targets such as hovering helicopters. The EPM (Electronic Protective Measures) equipment to protect against ECM in the Electronic Warfare and high-resolution clutter suppression permit the detection and monitoring of even very small targets in difficult environmental conditions. TRML can feed the detected tracks into air defense combat management systems (HFLaAFüSyS 9, HEROS 2) to create more detailed picture of the airspace.

The manufacturer is the company DASA, which has been merged into EADS and has been trading under the name Airbus Defense and Space since January 2014. With the spin-off of the electronics division of Airbus Defense and Space at the end of February 2017, the company became Hensoldt.[3]

TRML 2D

[edit]
TRML-2D on the move

TRML-2D uses rotating parabolic antenna with a cosecant-square pattern, where the lower edge slightly deviating from the parabolic shape (a so-called "lower lip"). The antenna can transmit and receive linearly and circularly polarized signals. The maximum antenna height is 12 m (top edge); the antenna can also operate on the roof of the shelter. Rotation rate is 14 to 27 RPM (2.25 to 4.44 s). The IFF antenna is integrated into the primary antenna. An omnidirectional antenna element for sidelobe suppression is located above the parabolic reflector.

The range is specified by the manufacturer as 46 km for targets with a radar cross-section of 1 m2 and a probability of detection of 80% up to an altitude of 6000 m. For targets with a radar cross section of 3 m2, the range is 60 km.

TRML 3D

[edit]
TRML-3D with antenna at the roof level

TRML-3D version is fitted with a 16 or 32-element passive electronically scanned array.[1] In the standard version, the antenna has linear horizontal polarization; vertical polarization is available as an option. It is mounted on a truck MAN SX45.[4] This radar entered service in 2004.[5]

TRS-3D

[edit]

The marine search radar TRS-3D was created from blocks used by the TRML-3D, the first generation of this radar is uses PESA modules.[6]

A new variant, the TRS-3D Baseline D is being used by the US Coast Guard, known locally as the AN/SPS-75 radar. It uses solid-state GaN emitters.[7]

As of 2023, more than 50 of this variant are operational.[8]

TRML-4D

[edit]
TRML-4D for IRIS-T SLM

The latest variant of the radar was presented by Hensoldt at the Eurosatory in 2018.[2][9][10] It will be delivered to customers in 2020.[11]

The radar unit includes a completely redesigned AESA antenna with solid-state GaN elements, mounted on a non-retractable continuously rotating base. The system does not include an integrated operator shelter anymore, so a separate module is needed. TRML-4D combines digital beamforming with pulse-Doppler radar to detect difficult-to-locate airborne targets such as hovering helicopters or low-flying cruise missiles. The system has increased performance compared to its predecessors and is able to track 1500 targets at a range of up to 250 km. It supports Mode 5 and Mode S identification.[2] The radar unit includes an onboard power generator and can be carried by any truck that has standard 20 ft (6.1 m) ISO container fittings.[12] Instrumented range is 250 km, can track fighter type targets more than 120 km away.[13]

The IRIS-T SLS, SLM and SLX use primarily the TRML-4D as fire control radar.

TRS-4D

[edit]

The marine version of the TRML-4D family is called TRS-4D.[14][15] Two variants of this radar exist, one in fixed panel arrays, and the other as a rotating radar.

The American variant of the TRS-4D is designated as the AN/SPS-80 and is the rotating variant.[16]

Specifications

[edit]
Parameters TRML-3D/32

[17][18]

TRML-4D

[19][20]

TRS-3D/32

[21]

TRS-4D rotating

[22][23]

TRS-4D non-rotating

[24][25]

Capabilities
Radar type Pulse doppler, PESA Pulse doppler, AESA Pulse doppler, PESA Pulse doppler, AESA Pulse doppler, AESA
Transceiver module types GaN solid--state GaN solid--state GaN solid--state GaN solid--state GaN solid--state
Frequency band C-band (IEEE)

G--band (NATO)

Roles Air surveillance;

Target acquisition (short-medium range air defence systems)

Air surveillance;

Target acquisition (short-medium range air defence systems)

Medium-range air and surface surveillance system;

Target acquisition (short-medium range air defence systems)

Medium-range air and surface surveillance system;

Target acquisition (short-medium range air defence systems)

Medium-range air and surface surveillance system;

Target acquisition (short-medium range air defence systems)

Installation Custom installation on a 8×8 MAN SX45 truck 20-foot ISO container – – –
Set up time Deployment and tear-down < 10 minutes Deployment and tear-down < 10 minutes – – –
Operation Remote operation possible Remote operation possible Detection automatic Detection automatic Detection automatic
Mass 10 t (22,000 lb) – 575 kg (1,268 lb) – –
Specifications
Number targets > 400 1,500 > 750 > 1,000 > 1,500
IFF SSR MSSR2000I MK XA, Mk XII and Mode S MkXII-A/S capability (incl. Mode 5 and Mode S) Mode 5 and Mode S Mode 5 not specified
Elevation – -2° to +70°

(up to -10° with electronic tilt down)

55° coverage -2° to +70° (search)

-2° to +90° (tracking)

-2° to +70° (search)

-2° to +90° (tracking)

Tracking azimuth (of the antenna itself) – -45° to +45° – – -50° to + 50°
Azimuth scan – 360° 360° 360° –
Instrumented range 200 km (120 mi) 250 km (160 mi) 108 nmi (200 km) 250 km (130 nmi) 250 km (130 nmi)
Missile track range – 60 km (37 mi) 10 nmi (19 km) (low altitude) > 14 km (8.7 mi) (small surface target)

radar horizon (sea skimmer)

> 14 km (8.7 mi) (small surface target)

radar horizon (sea skimmer)

Jet fighter track range – 120 km (75 mi) – < 100 km (62 mi) < 110 km (68 mi)
Altitude 23,000 m (75,000 ft) 30,000 m (98,000 ft) – – –
Minimum range – < 120 m (130 yd) 0.1 nmi (0.19 km) < 200 m (220 yd) < 200 m (220 yd)
RCS capability – 0.01 m2 (0.11 ft2) – < 0.01 m2 (0.11 ft2) < 0.01 m2 (0.11 ft2)
Air target tracking accuracy (track-while scan mode) – Azimuth: < 0.2°

Elevation: < 0.3°

Range: < 15 m (16 yd)

Azimuth: < 0.24°

Elevation: < 1.3°

Range: < 25 m (27 yd)

Azimuth: < 0.4°

Elevation: < 0.2°

Range: < 15 m (16 yd)

Azimuth: < 0.4°

Elevation: < 0.2°

Range: < 15 m (16 yd)

Power supply
Voltage 240/400 V, 50 Hz – – – –
Power generator 42 kVA – – – –
Power consumpion 33 kVA – – – –

Operators of land radars

[edit]

TRML-2D

[edit]
Germany (–)
Formerly used with a C2 center (command and control)center for the fire control of the ROLAND.

TRML-3D

[edit]

Current operators

[edit]
Lithuania (3)
3 in service with the Lithuanian Air Force, contract signed in 2001, all delivered by August 2004.[26][27]
Malaysia (2)
2 radars ordered in December 2005, and delivered by 2008.[28] The contract included an option for 8 additional radars to be ordered in 2006, but it was not exercised.[29]
Netherlands (5)
The Royal Netherlands Army operates 5 TRML-3D/32 with the NASAMS 2 air defence system as part of the AGBADS (Army Ground-based Air Defence System), those are used as air-surveillance radars.[30][31][32]
Oman (1)
Radar operated by the Royal Guard of Oman. It is used as a fire control radar for the MICA VL air defence system, tested in 2012.[33]
Thailand (3)
The radar is being operated by the Royal Thai Army with its MICA VL air defence system.[34] The first 2 radars were ordered in 2014.[35] The third radar was ordered in 2020, for a delivery by 2022.[5] The variant used is the TRML-3D/32-6.[36]

TRML-4D

[edit]
Egypt (23)
Orders:
  • 7 ordered with IRIS-T SLM ground-based air defense systems in 2018[37]
  • 10 ordered with IRIS-T SLX approved in December 2021
  • 6 ordered with IRIS-T SLS[38][39]
Estonia
Order
  • Unknown number ordered with IRIS-T SLM in 2023[40][41]
Germany (1 delivered, 5 more on order, 2 in option)
Order (6)
  • 6 ordered with IRIS-T SLM in July 2023[42]
Options (2)
  • 2 additional to be ordered with the additional IRIS-T SLM planned[43]
As of August 2024, one battery has been delivered with its radar[44]
Latvia
Order
  • Unknown number ordered with IRIS-T SLM in 2023[40][41]
Slovenia
Order (2)
  • 2 ordered with IRIS-T SLM in July 2023[45]
Sweden
Order (2)
  • 2 ordered with IRIS-T SLM in June 2025[46]
Ukraine (16 in service, 6 more on order)
Orders (22)
  • 4 ordered in October 2022[47]
  • 2 ordered in January 2023[48]
  • 6 ordered in May 2023 (€100 million)[49]
  • 4 ordered in June 2023[50]
  • 6 ordered in May 2024[51]
  • unknown quantity ordered in July 2025[52]
Deliveries (16)
  • 16 TRML-4D delivered as of April 2025[53]

Potential sales TRML-4D

[edit]
Austria (8)
8 IRIS-T fire units with 3 launchers each are to be purchased by Austria. It will include IRIS-T SLM and SLS batteries. The decision for this system was announced in September 2023.[54]
Bulgaria (1 + 6)
The Bulgarian parliament approved the purchase of 1 fire unit of the IRIS-T SLM for the Bulgarian Air Force in August 2024.[55] The TRML-4D is the likely radar, but not confirmed yet.
An option for up to 5 IRIS-T SLM and 1 IRIS-T SLX fire units is available until 2032.[55]
Romania (up to 41)
The Romanian armed forces are looking for up to 41 short-range air-defence systems, among the competitors are the IRIS-T SLS and IRIS-T SLM, but also the VL MICA, all of which could be using the TRML-4D.[56]
Lithuania
On 21 May 2024, in the meeting with Germany Federal Ministry of Defence Boris Pistorius, the Ministry of National Defence Laurynas Kasčiūnas said that Lithuania was considering purchasing IRIS-T medium-range air defense system.[57]
 Switzerland
Pre-selected
  • As part of the programme BODLUV-MR, Diehl was the only company offering a short-range air defence system with the IRIS-T SLM. Armasuisse will now initiate the negotiations with Diehl for the purchase of an unknown number of systems which are to be financed with the 2025 Armament Programme.[58]

Operators of naval radars

[edit]

TRS-3D

[edit]

Current operators

[edit]
Denmark (1 operational, 3 retired)
Finland (7 operational)
Finnish Navy:
Finnish Coast Guard:
Germany (5 operational, 8 retired)
Malaysia (6 operational)
6 TRS-3D/16 ES operated on the Kedah class OPV (a MEKO 100 RMN).
Norway (5 operational, 2 retired)
Radar used on two ships of the Norwegian Naval Forces:
Royal Norwegian Navy:
Norwegian Coast Guard:
Philippines (2 operational)
2 TRS-3D Baseline D that equip the 2 ships of the Jose Rizal class.[59]
Portugal (4 operational, 2 spare)
6 TRS-3D/16 that equip the 6 ships of the Flyvefisken class (SF300 – Serie 2) sold by the Danish Navy to the Portuguese Navy.The Portuguese uses four ships as patrol ships, they class was renamed Tejo class, and 2 were retired for spare parts.
Spain (2)
2 TRS-3D/16 installed on the Galicia class amphibious transport dock of the Spanish Navy.[71]
United States (13)
Used on several ships of the US Armed Forces:

TRS-4D

[edit]

Current operators

[edit]
Germany (7 rotating + 41 fixed planar arrays radars)
Ordered and in service with the German Navy:
  • 5 rotating TRS-4D ordered in February 2019 to equip the Braunschweig class corvettes (K130 - Batch 2).[73]
  • 2 rotating TRS-4D ordered in February 2019 for land based systems (training).[73]
  • 16 fixed planar arrays TRS-4D used on the 4 Baden-Württemberg class (F125).[74]
  • 16 fixed planar arrays TRS-4D to equip the Niedersachsen class frigates (F126) ordered in 2022.[75]
  • 1 fixed planar arrays TRS-4D to equip the test center ordered in 2022.[75]
  • 8 fixed planar arrays TRS-4D to equip the two additional Niedersachsen class frigates (F126) ordered in August 2024.[75]
United States (8 rotating radars)
8 rotating TRS-4D (AN/SPS-80) ordered for the Freedom-class LCS (Littoral combat ship) and the first were installed in 2019.[16]
Chile (3 rotating radars)
3 rotating TRS-4D installed on the modernised c (former Type 23 frigates).[76]
Future operators
Brazil (4 rotating radars ordered + 4 planned)
4 rotating TRS-4D ordered for the Brazilian Navy Tamandaré class based on the MEKO A-100 family of warships. 4 additional ships of this class are planned in the future.[77] The ships are in construction, the first was launched in August 2024.[78]
Saudi Arabia (4 rotating radars)
4 rotating TRS-4D (AN/SPS-80) ordered for the 4 Freedom-class LCS (Littoral combat ship) ordered by the Royal Saudi Navy.[79]
[edit]

Notes

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

TRML

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The TRML (Telefunken Radar Mobil Luftraumüberwachung) is a family of truck-mounted, mobile air surveillance radars designed for short- to medium-range detection, tracking, and classification of aerial targets in air defense networks. Originally developed by the German company Telefunken in the 1970s as a successor to the TRMS system, production and further development have been continued by Hensoldt following corporate restructurings. The series includes variants such as the TRML-2D for basic 2D surveillance, the TRML-3D with 3D capabilities for elevation measurement, and the advanced TRML-4D, which utilizes active electronically scanned array (AESA) technology in the C-band for enhanced performance against low-flying and fast-moving threats like drones, cruise missiles, and supersonic aircraft. Key features of the TRML systems emphasize mobility, with rapid deployment times under 10 minutes, and integration into command-and-control architectures for real-time data sharing. The TRML-4D, in particular, supports simultaneous tracking of over 1,500 targets at ranges up to 250 kilometers and altitudes of 30 kilometers, enabling precise fire control for missile systems such as the IRIS-T SLM. These radars have been procured by multiple nations, including Germany, the Netherlands, Ukraine, and others, for ground-based air defense roles, with recent deliveries aiding operational responses to aerial incursions. Hensoldt's ongoing production ramp-up, targeting up to 30 units annually, reflects sustained demand driven by evolving threat environments.

Overview

Family Description and Purpose

The TRML family comprises mobile, ground-based radars engineered for air surveillance and target acquisition in air defense roles. The designation TRML derives from Telefunken Radar Mobil Luftraumüberwachung, reflecting its origins in Telefunken's mobile airspace monitoring systems. Now produced by Hensoldt, the series features variants with phased array and AESA technologies operating primarily in the C-band (NATO G-band), emphasizing rapid deployment on truck platforms for 360-degree azimuthal coverage. These radars serve to detect, track, and classify diverse aerial threats, such as manned , cruise missiles, helicopters, and drones, even in cluttered or high-density target scenarios. By delivering precise 3D or 4D positional data—including range, bearing, , and —they integrate into command-and-control networks to cue effectors like surface-to-air missiles, enhancing layered air defense architectures. The design prioritizes operational autonomy, remote controllability, and minimal setup time (10-15 minutes), facilitating transport via standard ISO containers or military vehicles for tactical flexibility in national defense or expeditionary missions. Advanced models like the TRML-4D, developed by around 2018, exemplify the family's evolution, capable of handling over 1,500 simultaneous tracks at instrumented ranges up to 250 km and altitudes to 30 km, while classifying targets amid electronic warfare conditions. This multi-mode functionality supports both standalone and networked operations, contributing to robust domain awareness without reliance on fixed .

Primary Applications

The TRML radar family serves primarily as a mobile air system in air defense operations. It detects, tracks, and classifies aerial threats such as , helicopters, cruise missiles, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), providing to integrated air defense networks. The system's (AESA) technology enables simultaneous multi-beam operation for high-volume target handling, with the TRML-4D variant capable of monitoring over 1,500 targets at ranges exceeding 250 km and altitudes up to 30 km. In air defense roles, TRML radars cue fire control systems for short- and medium-range surface-to-air missiles, including the SLM, by delivering precise target coordinates and velocity data. This integration supports layered defense architectures, filling gaps in coverage for low-altitude and fast-moving threats that challenge traditional search radars. Mobile deployment on trucks allows rapid positioning in forward operating areas, enhancing responsiveness in dynamic battlefields. Beyond core air , certain TRML variants extend to battlefield reconnaissance, including ground target detection and counter-battery functions for locating enemy and mortar positions through . However, these secondary capabilities derive from the primary air defense mission, leveraging the radar's sensitivity to small, low-signature objects. Naval adaptations, such as the TRS-4D, apply similar principles for shipborne air and surface .

Development History

Origins with Telefunken

The (Telefunken Radar Mobil Luftraumüberwachung) radar family originated from developments by , a German company with roots in early 20th-century radio technology and significant contributions during and after . Telefunken's postwar efforts focused on advanced mobile systems for air defense, building on wartime experiences with systems like the series, which employed for anti-aircraft targeting. Key precursors to the TRML included the TRMS (Telefunken Mobil Such) series, designed as mobile search . The TRMS-3D, a passive operating in the C-band (4-8 GHz), was developed between 1971 and 1979, featuring electronic for 3D target detection and tracking. This system's antenna design and performance were detailed in engineering tests conducted around 1975, emphasizing mobility and short-to-medium range surveillance capabilities. The TRML series evolved directly from the TRMS lineage, adapting the technology for enhanced mobile airspace surveillance and integration into air defense command structures. Initial variants, such as the TRML-2D, incorporated integrated search radars capable of detecting low-altitude and providing autonomous command functions, reflecting Telefunken's emphasis on deployable, truck-mounted systems for rapid setup in tactical environments. These radars were engineered under AEG-Telefunken, leveraging the company's expertise in antennas and for reliable performance against airborne threats.

Transition to Hensoldt

The TRML radar family originated with Telefunken, a German electronics firm that developed early variants such as the TRML-2D as mobile air surveillance systems in the 1980s and 1990s for low-altitude detection and tracking. Telefunken's defense electronics, including radar technologies, were integrated into Daimler-Benz Aerospace (DASA) following the 1980s restructuring of AEG Telefunken, marking the initial corporate shift away from the original developer. This lineage continued through DASA's merger into the European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company (EADS) in 2000, which rebranded to Airbus Group in 2014, with TRML production falling under Airbus Defence and Space's sensor divisions. The transition to occurred in 2017, when KKR-led investors acquired Airbus Defence and Space's defense electronics assets—encompassing heritage from , , and other predecessors—to form GmbH (restructured as AG in 2020). inherited ongoing TRML responsibilities, enabling sustained production and upgrades without interruption, as evidenced by deliveries of TRML-3D units starting in the late . Under , the TRML series evolved with modern (AESA) architectures, culminating in the TRML-4D's public debut in 2018 as a C-band multi-function for enhanced air defense integration. This shift leveraged Hensoldt's focus on and , drawing from the acquired intellectual property while addressing contemporary threats like drones and supersonic missiles, with production scaling to meet demands. The company's heritage explicitly includes Telefunken's contributions, ensuring continuity in German expertise amid industry consolidation.

Recent Production Expansions and Upgrades

In August 2025, announced an expansion of its TRML-4D production capacity to meet rising European demand for air surveillance s, increasing annual output from previous levels to up to 30 units, with potential for further growth depending on sustained orders. This ramp-up is driven by heightened needs for integrated air defense systems, including integration with platforms like the SLM medium-range system. To support this expansion, invested a mid-double-digit million euros in a new production site near , , leased and converted from an industrial hall specifically for manufacturing TRML-4D and Spexer series. The facility aims to enable overall production scaling to approximately 1,000 units annually starting in 2027, significantly boosting output of key sensor products amid global supply chain pressures. Concurrent upgrades to the TRML-4D include enhancements for improved combat performance, such as expanded detection capabilities for low-flying and slow-moving targets, with future variants planned to identify and mortar fire trajectories. These modifications build on the 's (AESA) architecture, incorporating software and hardware refinements to counter evolving threats like drones and cruise missiles. In parallel, secured a contract in 2025 for additional TRML-4D units, further justifying the production investments.

Technical Principles

Core Radar Technologies

The TRML radar family primarily operates in the C-band ( G-band), selected for its balance of range performance, resolution, and resistance to atmospheric , enabling reliable detection over distances up to 250 km. This frequency range supports volumetric 3D surveillance by providing sufficient bandwidth for elevation angle estimation through techniques such as stacked beam processing or electronic scanning. Central to the systems' functionality is coherent pulsed Doppler processing, which exploits the frequency shift of echoes from moving targets to measure , discriminate against stationary clutter, and achieve high update rates for real-time tracking. This principle allows simultaneous handling of multiple threats, including low-flying cruise missiles and helicopters, by rejecting ground returns and focusing on airborne signatures. Early variants like the TRML-3D employ fully coherent multi-mode operation for enhanced signal-to-noise ratios and countermeasures resistance. Instrumented ranges vary by model, with the TRML-4D achieving 250 km for surveillance and over 120 km tracking for , supported by advanced for rapid track initiation and confirmation. The radars incorporate modular, self-contained designs with remote-controlled operation, facilitating quick setup in 10-15 minutes via retractable masts or vehicle integration, while maintaining low probability of intercept through frequency agility where applicable. These core elements ensure robust performance in contested environments, prioritizing empirical detection accuracy over broader spectrum coverage.

AESA and Multi-Function Capabilities

The TRML-4D radar employs (AESA) technology, featuring a non-retractable, rotating solid-state operating in the C-band ( G-band). This AESA design utilizes (GaN)-based transmit/receive modules, enabling electronic for precise control without mechanical gimbals for secondary adjustments. The technology supports rapid , often after a single antenna , enhancing responsiveness in dynamic threat environments. AESA implementation in the TRML-4D provides inherent advantages over traditional mechanically scanned radars, including higher sensitivity for detecting low-radar-cross-section (RCS) targets down to 0.01 m², improved (ECCM) resilience through frequency agility, and graceful degradation if individual modules fail. These features allow simultaneous multi-beam operation, supporting both wide-area and focused tracking without compromising overall performance. Multi-function capabilities of the TRML-4D extend beyond primary air to include for integrated air defense systems, such as the SLM/SLS, where it designates threats for missile launchers and interfaces with command-and-control networks. Dedicated modes for counter-rocket, , and mortar (C-RAM) detection, as well as counter-unmanned aerial systems (C-UAS), enable trajectory prediction and classification of diverse threats like cruise missiles, drones, and . The system processes up to 1,500 tracks in parallel within a 250 km instrumented range and altitudes exceeding 30 km, with robust performance against clutter and jamming. Earlier TRML variants, such as the TRML-3D, rely on (PESA) or mechanical scanning without full AESA benefits, limiting their multi-functionality to basic and tracking roles. The adoption of AESA in the TRML-4D represents a significant evolution, aligning with modern demands for versatile, network-centric operations in layered air defense architectures.

Land-Based Variants

TRML-2D

The TRML-2D is a two-dimensional mobile air surveillance developed by as part of the TRML family for ground-based air defense. Operating in the G-band (NATO designation for approximately 5-6 GHz), it functions as an autonomous system with an integrated search capability. Designed for rapid deployment, the system supports area protection, site defense, and safeguarding individual military assets against aerial threats. Key features include advanced tailored for detecting low-altitude targets, with a dedicated helicopter detection mode that enhances identification of slow-moving , anti-radiation missiles (ARMs), and other low-flying . The radar provides two-dimensional coverage in range and , enabling it to track and classify effectively in challenging environments. It integrates equipment, allowing operation by a of two to three personnel from a sheltered position. In military applications, the TRML-2D has been employed by the as a forward ground () command center to direct the short-range system. The system's mobility is achieved through mounting on heavy trucks, such as MAN vehicles used by the Royal Netherlands Army for monitoring. As an earlier variant in the TRML series, it laid foundational technologies for subsequent three-dimensional models, emphasizing reliability in electronic countermeasures (ECCM) environments and low-altitude surveillance.

TRML-3D

The TRML-3D is a mobile, C-band, 3D surveillance system designed for air defense applications, providing detection, tracking, and classification of aerial targets. Developed initially by and subsequently produced by , it features a modular, self-contained design mounted on a for rapid deployment. The system emphasizes countermeasures resistance and compatibility with integrated air defense networks, enabling quick setup and operation in field conditions. Key operational capabilities include simultaneous handling of multiple target types, with particular effectiveness against small, fast-moving, and low-flying objects such as , helicopters, and missiles. It operates in multi-mode configurations for , supporting short- to medium-range engagements up to approximately 200 km under optimal conditions. The radar's technology allows for 3D positioning, including altitude data, enhancing accuracy in cluttered environments. Deployments of the TRML-3D have been recorded with the Royal Thai Army, where delivered units in 2020 to bolster mobile air surveillance capabilities. Malaysia's Ministry of Defense ordered TRML-3D systems in 2005 for similar integration. These systems are noted for their reliability in dynamic operational scenarios, including exercises where performance in was validated.

TRML-4D

The TRML-4D is a ground-based, mobile multifunction system produced by for air surveillance, , and support to air defense operations. It employs (AESA) technology with a rotating, non-retractable antenna base equipped with Gallium Nitride-based transmitter/receiver modules. Operating in the C-band (NATO G-band, 4–8 GHz), the radar utilizes digital beamforming to generate multiple simultaneous virtual beams, enabling robust performance in electronically congested environments. Key performance parameters include an instrumented detection range of 250 km, with reliable tracking exceeding 120 km for and 60 km for supersonic missiles, and a maximum altitude coverage of 30 km. The system can detect, classify, and track up to 1,500 aerial targets concurrently, encompassing low-observable threats such as drones, cruise missiles, rockets, and low-flying aircraft. coverage spans -2° to 70° via electronic , with an additional downward tilt capability to -10° for enhanced low-altitude surveillance. The TRML-4D supports versatile operational modes, including volume surveillance, sector search, cued tracking, battlefield reconnaissance, counter-rocket/artillery/mortar (C-RAM) detection, and counter-unmanned aerial system (C-UAS) functions. It provides advanced features such as automatic target categorization, weapon cueing, overflight monitoring through the cone of silence, and kill indication for integrated fire control. Designed for short- to medium-range surface-to-air missile systems, the radar facilitates rapid target acquisition and handover, with minimum range detection below 200 m. Mobility is a core attribute, with setup and decamp times of 10–15 minutes for remote-controlled, self-contained operation. The unit fits within a standard 20-foot ISO container for transport or mounts on cross-country trucks like the MAN HX77, ensuring high deployability and low maintenance through and high reliability design. Software-defined architecture allows for adaptability to evolving threats via updates, prioritizing operational flexibility over hardware modifications.

TRS-3D

The TRS-3D is a modular, medium-range naval radar system designed for three-dimensional air and surface surveillance, target acquisition, self-defense, and cueing of weapon systems. Developed initially by Telefunken in the 1980s as part of the evolution from earlier naval radar technologies, it transitioned through EADS Defence Electronics before production continued under Hensoldt following the company's 2017 spin-off from Airbus. Operating in the C-band (approximately 5.25–5.925 GHz), the system employs a rotating planar phased array antenna for mechanical azimuth scanning combined with electronic elevation beam steering, enabling high update rates and resistance to countermeasures. Available in configurations such as TRS-3D/16 and TRS-3D/32, the variants differ primarily in antenna scale, with 16 or 32 rows of 46 radiators each, the latter offering improved resolution and sensitivity for extended detection of low-observable like sea-skimming missiles and hovering . The instrumented range reaches 200 km, with effective up to 150 km, supported by speeds of 10 to 60 rpm and accuracies of less than 20 m in range, 0.24° in , and 1.3° in . Multimode operation includes search, high-resolution surface mapping with clutter suppression, gunfire splash detection, and integration for ship-controlled helicopter approaches, all while maintaining mean time between critical failures exceeding 3,000 hours. Key attributes include polarization agility, compatibility for IFF, and robust performance in littoral clutter and environments, making it suitable for single- or multi-radar ship architectures. Continuous upgrades, such as those enhancing , have sustained its deployment since initial deliveries in the early , including integrations with U.S. systems under the AN/SPS-75 designation.

TRS-4D

The TRS-4D is a multi-functional naval radar system developed by for air and surface , , and applications. It operates in the C-band (NATO G-band) and utilizes (AESA) technology with gallium-nitride (GaN) solid-state transmitters to enable high-resolution 3D detection and tracking. Available in two primary configurations, the TRS-4D features either a single-face rotating antenna for 360° azimuth coverage or a fixed four-panel setup providing non-rotating, continuous without mechanical components. The system supports volume and surface search modes, fire-control capabilities, and high update rates, with a naval range extending up to 250 km. It demonstrates resistance to electronic attacks through advanced and maintains high sensitivity for detecting low-observable targets. The TRS-4D has been integrated into various naval platforms, including German Navy frigates such as FGS Emden and the F126 class, as well as U.S. Navy Freedom-variant Littoral Combat Ships (LCS). In October 2025, a non-rotating TRS-4D variant supported live-fire exercises of Diehl Defence's IRIS-T SLM air defense missiles aboard a German frigate, demonstrating compatibility with medium-range air defense systems akin to its ground-based counterpart, the TRML-4D. Hensoldt has also supplied long-range TRS-4D LR variants for upgrades on Germany's F124 frigates, with deliveries commencing as part of contracts awarded in 2021.

Operators and Deployments

Land Radar Operators

Land-based TRML radars are primarily operated by European and Asian militaries for air surveillance and defense integration. Germany's has integrated the TRML-4D into its ground-based air defense architecture, with recent orders expanding production capacity to meet domestic and export demands as of August 2025. Ukraine's armed forces received six TRML-4D units in 2024 to enhance detection of aerial threats, including drones and missiles, amid ongoing hostilities, with additional procurements valued at €340 million announced in July 2025. Egypt maintains TRML-4D systems in active service for medium-range air surveillance, capable of tracking low-observable targets. The Royal Netherlands Army operates five TRML-3D radars as part of its Army Ground-based Air Defence System (AGBADS), paired with launchers for short- to medium-range threat engagement since the early . Malaysia acquired TRML-3D surveillance radars from EADS (now predecessor) in 2005 for integration into its territorial air defense network. Thailand's took delivery of TRML-3D units in 2020 to support missions, emphasizing mobility and countermeasures resistance in regional operations. Under the , and contracted for TRML-4D deliveries via in July 2024, with also procuring units to address Baltic air defense gaps against potential Russian incursions.
CountryVariantQuantity/Notes
TRML-4D primary user; production expansion.
TRML-4D6+ units delivered 2024-2025 for conflict support.
TRML-4DActive service for air surveillance.
TRML-3D5 units with integration.
TRML-3DAcquired 2005 for national defense.
TRML-3DDelivered 2020 for mobile air defense.
TRML-4DContracted 2024 under ESSI.
TRML-4DProcurement for Baltic air defense upgrade.
TRML-4DContracted 2024 via .
The operates both TRS-3D and TRS-4D radars across multiple vessel classes. TRS-3D systems equip K130 corvettes, with upgrades completed as of 2021 to enhance surveillance capabilities. TRS-4D variants are installed on F124 for long-range detection, F125 , and upcoming F126 , with deliveries accelerating in 2024 for improved air defense integration. The utilizes TRS-4D radars on Freedom-class littoral combat ships (LCS), with initial installations reported in 2019 as upgrades from earlier systems. The U.S. also employs TRS-3D Baseline D variants, designated AN/SPS-75, on Legend-class national security cutters, with contracts for additional units awarded in 2023. Other navies operating TRS-3D include the on Squadron 2000 patrol vessels, on vessels like , and forces in , , , and , with over 60 units in service worldwide as of 2012.

Notable Operational Uses

The TRML-4D radar has been deployed operationally in since 2023 as part of German to enhance air surveillance against Russian aerial incursions, including drones, cruise missiles, and aircraft. Initial deliveries from strengthened 's detection and tracking of up to 1,500 targets within a 250 km radius, integrating with systems like the SLM for real-time target acquisition in contested airspace. By May 2024, six additional TRML-4D units were supplied to the Armed Forces of , contributing to operational reconnaissance missions where the radar has performed effectively under combat conditions. ![IRIS-T SLM radar unit with TRML-4D][float-right] Upgraded TRML-4D variants delivered in 2025 include enhanced capabilities for detecting enemy artillery and mortar positions alongside aerial threats, supporting 's layered air defense in ongoing hostilities. These deployments have driven increased production, with scaling output to 30 units annually by late 2025 to meet demand from and allies. Live performance data from validates the radar's reliability in high-threat environments, with successful tracking during intercepts of Russian Shahed drones and missiles via integrated SLM batteries. Naval variants like the TRS-4D have supported operational training exercises, such as a 2025 live-fire test on a integrating with SLM for anti-air defense, demonstrating seamless target handoff in maritime scenarios. Earlier TRML systems, including 2D models, have been used by Oman's for fire control in MICA VL air defense since testing in 2012, though details on combat engagements remain limited.

Performance Assessments

Verified Capabilities and Testing

The TRML-4D radar system employs technology operating in the C-band, achieving an instrumented detection range of 250 km, with track ranges exceeding 120 km for and 60 km for supersonic missiles, and a minimum range below 200 m. It enables parallel and tracking of more than 1,500 aerial targets, encompassing low-observable threats such as cruise missiles, drones, and hovering helicopters, across an elevation span of -2° to 70° in surveillance mode (extendable to -10° electronic tilt) and up to 90° in tracking mode, with instrumented altitudes reaching 30 km. Additional functions include target categorization, cued search and tracking, weapon location support, and rapid track confirmation to facilitate immediate engagement decisions. The TRML-3D variant provides short- to medium-range 3D surveillance, emphasizing detection, tracking, and of small, fast-moving, and low-altitude , with a reported range of approximately 200 km under manufacturer specifications. It operates in a mobile configuration on a six-axle cross-country vehicle, supporting networked operations with adjacent units for enhanced coverage. Verification of TRML-3D occurred during a 2007 NATO exercise in , where the system demonstrated reliable target acquisition and tracking under simulated combat conditions. For the TRML-4D, live-fire and operational tests in in 2024 confirmed its detection and classification efficacy against diverse aerial threats, including those with low cross-sections. Integration testing with the IRIS-T SLM air defense system, including trials in in July 2025, validated its cueing and tracking precision for missile engagements. Precise of the TRML-4D's antenna elements yields high angular accuracy in target positioning, supporting effective weapon handoff in dynamic scenarios. Field deployments, such as those integrated into Ukrainian air defense since 2023, have further evidenced robust in real-world , though detailed independent metrics on error rates remain limited to manufacturer validations.

Limitations and Criticisms

The TRML-4D radar's active emission profile renders it detectable by enemy electronic support measures, facilitating targeting in high-intensity conflicts. In , where multiple units have been deployed since 2023, Russian forces have successfully struck several TRML-4D systems using munitions, drones, and , demonstrating vulnerability to counter-radar tactics. For instance, on June 7, 2023, a TRML-4D associated with an SLM battery was destroyed by Lancet munitions near , marking an early operational loss shortly after delivery. A subsequent Iskander strike targeted another unit in June 2025, underscoring persistent risks despite the system's mobility. These incidents highlight a core limitation of ground-based active radars like the TRML-4D: while AESA technology enhances tracking of diverse targets up to 250 km, the need to emit strong signals for detection exposes positions to anti-radiation weapons and precision-guided munitions. has responded by increasing production to 30 units annually as of August 2025, partly to offset battlefield attrition in . Independent assessments of performance degradation from jamming or clutter remain scarce, as operational details are classified, though general AESA systems can experience reduced efficacy against sophisticated electronic countermeasures without complementary passive sensors. Critics, including defense analysts, note that while the TRML-4D excels in of conventional and some low-observable threats, its effectiveness against swarms of small, low-radar-cross-section drones in electronic warfare-heavy environments requires integration with additional systems for optimal resilience. No verified technical shortcomings in core detection algorithms have been publicly documented, but real-world losses emphasize the trade-off between high-resolution tracking and in peer-adversary scenarios.

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