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Toyota Dynamic Force engine
Toyota Dynamic Force engine
Toyota Dynamic Force engine
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Toyota Dynamic Force engine
Toyota's A25A-FKS straight-four engine installed in the XV70 series Camry, the first vehicle to offer a Dynamic Force engine
Overview
ManufacturerToyota
Production2017–present
Layout
Configuration
Displacement1,490–3,445 cc (90.9–210.2 cu in)
Cylinder block materialAluminium alloy
ValvetrainDOHC
Combustion
Fuel type
Cooling systemWater-cooled

The Toyota Dynamic Force engine is a family of internal combustion engines developed by Toyota under its Toyota New Global Architecture (TNGA) strategy. These I3, I4 and V6 engines can be operated with petrol (gasoline) or ethanol (flex-fuel) and can be combined with electric motors in a hybrid drivetrain. The engines were designed alongside the TNGA vehicle platforms as part of a company-wide effort to simplify the vehicles being produced by Toyota and Lexus.[1] The series debuted in June 2017 with the A25A four-cylinder engine, introduced in the XV70 series Camry.

Overview

[edit]

Dynamic Force was developed as an engine that is claimed to achieve both driving performance and environmental performance while pursuing high efficiency and low fuel consumption as well as having a "direct feeling, smooth and pleasant acceleration performance".

Specifically, the cylinder head and intake port design improves the tumble flow (longitudinal vortex) to increase the air intake volume–the majority of intake flow is across that portion of the valve closest to cylinder centreline. Other methods include:

  • Expansion of the valve clamping angle. The angle between intake and exhaust valve centreline is 41 degrees–the previous design was 31 degrees.[which?]
  • Hydraulic variable valve timing on both intake and exhaust camshafts.
  • Very high compression-moderated Atkinson cycle engine.
  • Longer stroke to bore ratio (under-square design).
  • Change of port end shape and expansion of seat inner diameter.
  • Application of updated D-4S (multi-hole injector) system to achieve "high-speed combustion", resulting in thermal efficiency over 40%.
  • Cylinder centreline is offset from crankshaft centreline, meaning that piston top dead center is always equivalent to several degrees of crankshaft rotation.

In development and production of the engine, Toyota claims it would be a "completely new engine design based on the TNGA strategy".

Previously, Toyota offered about 800 engine variants, most of which would be replaced with a much simpler lineup of 17 versions of nine Dynamic Force engines.[2][3] Toyota is also simplifying its lineup of transmissions, hybrid systems, and all-wheel drive systems.

Starting with the four-cylinder A25A type installed in XV70 series Camry in June 2017, the V6 V35A and four-cylinder M20A types had also appeared. On 16 October 2019, the three-cylinder M15A type, which would be installed in the XP210 series Yaris (specifically designed for Japan, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand), was officially announced.[4] On 12 June 2021, the first turbocharged four-cylinder model, named T24A, was introduced for the AZ20 series Lexus NX.[5][6]

The Dynamic Force engines introduced an updated nomenclature system for Toyota engines and no longer employ the traditional iteration or generation of the engine followed by the one letter or two letter designation for the engine family (such as 5M-GE or 4GR-FE being from the M and GR engine families respectively) and instead incorporate the engine's displacement in between a two letter code such as the M20A, with the "20" denoting a 2.0-litre engine.

Common key technologies

[edit]
  • High speed combustion technologies:
    • Long stroke (stroke/bore ≈ 1.2)
    • Wider angle between the intake and exhaust valve
    • High efficiency intake port with laser cladded valve seat
    • High compression ratio up to 14.0:1
    • High energy ignition coil
    • Updated D-4S system
    • Multi-hole direct injector
  • Variable cooling system:
    • Motor driven water pump
    • Heated thermostat
  • Continuous variable-capacity oil pump
  • Low viscosity engine oil
  • Water jacket spacer
  • Piston with laser pit skirt
  • Drilled passage between cylinder bores
  • VVT-iE
  • Small-concave-profile camshaft
  • Compact HLA
  • High strength connecting rod
  • High response intake air control
  • Fuel injection control (multi-injection)
  • Cylinder heads with built-in EGR cooler function
  • Updated catalyst
  • Change of exhaust manifold layout
  • Piston oil jet control

G16E

[edit]
Main article: Toyota G16E engine

M15 family

[edit]
M15 family
M15A-FXE engine in a 2023 Lexus LBX
Overview
Production2020–present
Layout
ConfigurationI3
Displacement1,490 cc (90.9 cu in)
Cylinder bore80.5 mm (3.169 in)
Piston stroke97.6 mm (3.843 in)
Compression ratio
  • 13.0:1 (M15A-FKS)
  • 14.0:1 (M15A-FXE)
Combustion
Fuel system
Fuel type
  • Petrol (M15A-FKS/M15B-FKS/M15C-FKS)
  • Petrol hybrid (M15A-FXE/M15D-FXE)
Output
Power output
  • 88–92 kW (118–123 hp) (M15A-FKS/M15B-FKS/M15C-FKS)
  • 67 kW (90 hp) (M15A-FXE/M15D-FXE)
Specific power
  • 59.1–61.7 kW (79–83 hp) per litre (M15A-FKS/M15B-FKS/M15C-FKS)
  • 45 kW (60 hp) per litre (M15A-FXE/M15D-FXE)
Torque output
  • 145–153 N⋅m (107–113 lb⋅ft) (M15A-FKS/M15B-FKS/M15C-FKS)
  • 120 N⋅m (89 lb⋅ft) (M15A-FXE/M15D-FXE)
Chronology
Predecessor

The M15 engine family is a straight-three engine series that was first introduced in 2019 for the XP210 series Yaris.[4]

Model Applications Vehicle chassis code Power Torque Calendar years Notes
M15A-FKS Yaris MXPA10
MXPA11
MXPA15 		88 kW (118 hp) at 6,600 rpm
Europe: 92 kW (123 hp) at 6,600 rpm[7] 		145 N⋅m (107 lb⋅ft) at 4,800–5,200 rpm
Europe: 153 N⋅m (113 lb⋅ft) at 4,800–5,000 rpm 		2020–present Japan, Australia, and New Zealand
GR Yaris RS MXPA12 88 kW (118 hp) at 6,600 rpm 145 N⋅m (107 lb⋅ft) at 4,800–5,200 rpm 2020–present Japan only
Corolla MZEA11
MZEA17 		92 kW (123 hp) at 6,600 rpm 153 N⋅m (113 lb⋅ft) at 4,800–5,000 rpm 2020–present [8]
Yaris Cross MXPB10
MXPB15 		88 kW (118 hp) at 6,600 rpm 145 N⋅m (107 lb⋅ft) at 4,800–5,200 rpm 2020–present
Sienta MXPC10 2022–present Japan only
M15A-FXE Yaris Hybrid / Mazda2 Hybrid MXPH10
MXPH11
MXPH15 		67 kW (90 hp) at 5,500 rpm 120 N⋅m (89 lb⋅ft) at 3,800–4,800 rpm 2020–present The Mazda2 Hybrid went on sale since 2022
Aqua MXPK10
MXPK11
MXPK15
MXPK16 		2021–present Japan only
Yaris Cross Hybrid MXPJ10
MXPJ15 		2020–present
Sienta Hybrid MXPL10
MXPL15 		2022–present Japan only
Lexus LBX MAYH10
MAYH15 		2023–present
M15B-FKS Corolla MZEA11 92 kW (123 hp) at 6,600 rpm 153 N⋅m (113 lb⋅ft) at 4,800–5,000 rpm 2021–present China only
M15C-FKS Levin MZEA11 92 kW (123 hp) at 6,600 rpm 153 N⋅m (113 lb⋅ft) at 4,800–5,000 rpm 2021–present China only
M15D-FXE Urban Cruiser Hyryder Hybrid / Suzuki Grand Vitara Hybrid 67 kW (90 hp) at 5,500 rpm 120 N⋅m (89 lb⋅ft) at 3,800–4,800 rpm 2022–present India only[9][10]
Suzuki Victoris Hybrid 2025–present

M15A-FKS

[edit]

The standard version with 13.0:1 compression ratio achieves 40% thermal efficiency.

Applications (calendar years):

M15A-FXE

[edit]

The hybrid version with 14.0:1 compression ratio achieves 41% thermal efficiency.

Applications (calendar years):

M15B-FKS

[edit]

Localized M15 series engine for China, manufactured by FTCE (FAW Toyota Changchun Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

  • 2021–present Corolla (MZEA11; China only)

M15C-FKS

[edit]

Localized M15 series engine for China, manufactured by GTE (Guangqi Toyota Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

  • 2021–present Levin (MZEA11)

M15D-FXE

[edit]

The hybrid version produced in Jigani, Bangalore, India by Toyota Industries Engine India (TIEI).[10][11]

Applications (calendar years):

M20 family

[edit]
M20 family
M20A-FKS engine in the 2019 Corolla hatchback
Overview
Production2018–present
Layout
ConfigurationI4
Displacement1,986 cc (121.2 cu in)
Cylinder bore80.5 mm (3.169 in)
Piston stroke97.6 mm (3.843 in)
Compression ratio
  • 13.0:1 (M20A-FKS/M20A-FKB)
  • 14.0:1 (M20A-FXS)
Combustion
Fuel systemD-4S direct/port injection
Fuel type
  • Petrol (M20A-FKS)
  • Petrol flex fuel (M20A-FKB)
  • Petrol hybrid (M20A-FXS)
Output
Power output
  • 125–131 kW (168–176 hp) (M20A-FKS)
  • 130 kW (174 hp) (M20A-FKB)
  • 107–131 kW (143–176 hp) (M20A-FXS)
Specific power
  • 62.9–66 kW (84–89 hp) per litre (M20A-FKS)
  • 65.5 kW (88 hp) per litre (M20A-FKB)
  • 53.9–66 kW (72–89 hp) per litre (M20A-FXS)
Torque output
  • 200–210 N⋅m (148–155 lb⋅ft) (M20A-FKS)
  • 210 N⋅m (155 lb⋅ft) (M20A-FKB)
  • 188–190 N⋅m (139–140 lb⋅ft) (M20A-FXS)
Emissions
Emissions control systemsULEV50
Chronology
Predecessor

The M20 engine family is a straight-four engine series that was first introduced in 2018[12] for the E210 series Corolla.

Model Applications Vehicle chassis code Power Torque Calendar years Notes
M20A-FKS Corolla/Auris MZEA12 125 kW (168 hp) at 6,600 rpm 202 N⋅m (149 lb⋅ft) at 4,800 rpm 2018–present Used in Auris exclusively in Taiwan until July 2020.
Camry MXVA71 131 kW (176 hp) at 6,600 rpm 210 N⋅m (155 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–5,200 rpm 2019–present
Avalon MXXA50 2019–present
C-HR MAXA10 126 kW (169 hp) at 6,600 rpm 203 N⋅m (150 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–4,800 rpm 2018–present
Corolla Cross MXGA10
MXGA15 		2021–present North America only
RAV4 MXAA52 126 kW (169 hp) at 6,600 rpm
Australia: 127 kW (170 hp) at 6,600 rpm 		207 N⋅m (153 lb⋅ft) at 4,800 rpm
Australia: 203 N⋅m (150 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–4,900 rpm 		2018–present
Harrier/Venza MXUA80
MXUA85 		126 kW (169 hp) at 6,600 rpm 207 N⋅m (153 lb⋅ft) at 4,800 rpm 2020–present Venza is available in North America since 2021.
Noah/Voxy / Suzuki Landy MZRA90
MZRA95 		125 kW (168 hp) at 6,600 rpm 202 N⋅m (149 lb⋅ft) at 4,900 rpm 2022–present Suzuki Landy is only available in Japan
Innova / Innova HyCross / Kijang Innova Zenix MAGA10 128 kW (172 hp) at 6,600 rpm 205 N⋅m (151 lb⋅ft) at 4,500–4,900 rpm 2022–present
Lexus ES 200 MXZA10 128 kW (172 hp) at 6,600 rpm 209 N⋅m (154 lb⋅ft) at 4,000–5,200 rpm 2020–present
Lexus UX 200 MZAA10 2018–present
M20A-FKB Corolla MZEA12 130 kW (174 hp) at 6,600 rpm 210 N⋅m (155 lb⋅ft) at 4,400 rpm 2020–present Brazil only
Corolla Cross MXGA10 2021–present
M20A-FXS Corolla Hybrid MZEH12 112 kW (150 hp) at 6,000 rpm 190 N⋅m (140 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–5,200 rpm 2018–present Europe only
Prius MXWH60
MXWH65 		188 N⋅m (139 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–5,200 rpm 2022–present
C-HR Hybrid MAXH10 112 kW (150 hp) at 6,000 rpm 190 N⋅m (140 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–5,200 rpm 2020–present Europe only
Corolla Cross Hybrid MXGH10
MXGH15 		131 kW (176 hp) at 6,600 rpm (FWD)
113 kW (152 hp) at 6,000 rpm (AWD) 		202 N⋅m (149 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–4,900 rpm (FWD)
190 N⋅m (140 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–5,200 rpm (AWD) 		2022–present North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand only
Innova Hybrid / Innova HyCross Hybrid / Kijang Innova Zenix Hybrid MAGH10 137 kW (184 hp) at 6,000 rpm 206 N⋅m (152 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–5,200 rpm 2022–present
Lexus UX 250h/260h MZAH10
MZAH15 		107 kW (143 hp) at 6,000 rpm 188 N⋅m (139 lb⋅ft) at 4,400 rpm 2018–present Known as UX 260h in China
M20B-FXS IZOA Hybrid MAXH10 112 kW (150 hp) at 6,000 rpm 190 N⋅m (140 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–5,200 rpm 2020–2022
M20C-FKS C-HR MAXA10 126 kW (169 hp) at 6,600 rpm 203 N⋅m (150 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–4,800 rpm 2018–present China only
Camry MXVA71 131 kW (176 hp) at 6,600 rpm 210 N⋅m (155 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–5,200 rpm 2019–present China only
Wildlander MXAA54 126 kW (169 hp) at 6,600 rpm 209 N⋅m (154 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–5,000 rpm 2020–present
Venza MXUA85 126 kW (169 hp) at 6,600 rpm 207 N⋅m (153 lb⋅ft) at 4,800 rpm 2021–present China only
Levin GT MZEA12 131 kW (176 hp) at 6,600 rpm 210 N⋅m (155 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–5,200 rpm 2021–present
Frontlander MXGA15 126 kW (169 hp) at 6,600 rpm 203 N⋅m (150 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–4,800 rpm 2022–present
Camry MXVA80L 2023–present China only
M20D-FKS RAV4 MXAA52 126 kW (169 hp) at 6,600 rpm 209 N⋅m (154 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–5,000 rpm 2018–present China only
Avalon MXXA50 131 kW (176 hp) at 6,600 rpm 210 N⋅m (155 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–5,200 rpm 2019–present China only
Harrier MXUA80 126 kW (169 hp) at 6,600 rpm 207 N⋅m (153 lb⋅ft) at 4,800 rpm 2021–present China only
M20E-FKS IZOA MAXA10 126 kW (169 hp) at 6,600 rpm 203 N⋅m (150 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–4,800 rpm 2018–present
Allion MZEA12 131 kW (176 hp) at 6,600 rpm 210 N⋅m (155 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–5,200 rpm 2021–present
Corolla Cross MXGA10 126 kW (169 hp) at 6,600 rpm 203 N⋅m (150 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–4,800 rpm 2022–present China only
M20F-FXS C-HR Hybrid MAXH10 112 kW (150 hp) at 6,000 rpm 190 N⋅m (140 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–5,200 rpm 2020–present China only
Camry MXVH80L 2023–present China only
M20G-FXS IZOA Hybrid MAXH10 131 kW (176 hp) at 6,600 rpm 202 N⋅m (149 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–4,900 rpm 2022–present
Allion Hybrid MZEA12 131 kW (176 hp) at 6,600 rpm 202 N⋅m (149 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–4,900 rpm 2023–present
Corolla Cross Hybrid MXGA10 131 kW (176 hp) at 6,600 rpm 202 N⋅m (149 lb⋅ft) at 4,400–4,900 rpm 2023–present China only

M20A-FKS

[edit]

The standard version with 13.0:1 compression ratio achieves 40% thermal efficiency.

Applications (calendar years):

M20A-FKB

[edit]

The flex fuel E22-E100 version with 13.0:1 compression ratio ethanol fuel capable.

Applications (calendar years):

M20A-FXS

[edit]

The hybrid version with 14.0:1 compression ratio achieves 41% thermal efficiency.[12]

Applications (calendar years):

M20B-FXS

[edit]

Version used only in China which is largely identical to the M20A-FXS engine, manufactured by FTCE (FAW Toyota Changchun Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

M20C-FKS

[edit]

Localized M20 series engine for China, manufactured by GTE (Guangqi Toyota Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

  • 2018–present C-HR (MAXA10; China only)
  • 2019–present Camry (MXVA71)
  • 2020–present Wildlander (MXAA54)
  • 2021–present Venza (MXUA85; China only)
  • 2021–present Levin GT (MZEA12)
  • 2022–present Frontlander (MXGA15)
  • 2023–present Camry (MXVA80L)

M20D-FKS

[edit]

Localized M20 series engine for China, manufactured by FTCE (FAW Toyota Changchun Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

  • 2018–present RAV4 (MXAA52; China only)
  • 2019–present Avalon (MXXA50; China only)
  • 2021–present Harrier (MXUA80; China only)

M20E-FKS

[edit]

Localized M20 series engine for China, manufactured by FTCE (FAW Toyota Changchun Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

M20F-FXS

[edit]

Version used only in China which is largely identical to the M20A-FXS engine, manufactured by GTE (Guangqi Toyota Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

M20G-FXS

[edit]

Version used only in China which is largely identical to the M20A-FXS engine, manufactured by FTCE (FAW Toyota Changchun Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

S20A

[edit]
S20A
Overview
Production2022–present
Layout
ConfigurationI4
Displacement1,997 cc (121.9 cu in)
Cylinder bore85.0 mm (3.346 in)
Piston stroke88.0 mm (3.465 in)
Combustion
TurbochargerSingle
Fuel typePetrol
Output
Power output182 kW (244 hp)
Specific power91.1 kW (122 hp) per litre
Torque output380 N⋅m (280 lb⋅ft)
Chronology
Predecessor8AR-FTS

The S20A engine is a straight-four engine series that was first introduced in 2022 for the Chinese market Highlander / Crown Kluger.

Model Applications Vehicle chassis code Power Torque Calendar years Notes
S20A-FTS Highlander / Crown Kluger / SXUA75 182 kW (244 hp) at 6,000 rpm 380 N⋅m (280 lb⋅ft) at 1,800–4,000 rpm 2022–present China only
Lexus RX 300 SALA15 2024–present

S20A-FTS

[edit]

"FTS" designates the turbocharged version of this engine.

Applications (calendar years):

A25 family

[edit]
A25 family
A25A-FXS engine in the 2018 Crown Hybrid
Overview
Production2017–present
Layout
ConfigurationI4
Displacement2,487 cc (151.8 cu in)
Cylinder bore87.5 mm (3.445 in)
Piston stroke103.4 mm (4.071 in)
Compression ratio
  • 13.0:1 (A25A-FKS/A25A-FKB)
  • 14.0:1 (A25A-FXS/A25B-FXS)
Combustion
Fuel systemD-4S direct/port injection
Fuel type
  • Petrol (A25A-FKS)
  • Petrol flex fuel (A25A-FKB)
  • Petrol hybrid (A25A-FXS/A25B-FXS)
Output
Power output
  • 151–154 kW (202–207 hp) (A25A-FKS)
  • 154 kW (207 hp) (A25A-FKB)
  • 130–139 kW (174–186 hp) (A25A-FXS/A25B-FXS)
Specific power
  • 60.7–61.9 kW (81–83 hp) per litre (A25A-FKS)
  • 61.9 kW (83 hp) per litre (A25A-FKB)
  • 52.3–55.9 kW (70–75 hp) per litre (A25A-FXS/A25B-FXS)
Torque output
  • 247–252 N⋅m (182–186 lb⋅ft) (A25A-FKS)
  • 250 N⋅m (184 lb⋅ft) (A25A-FKB)
  • 219–237 N⋅m (162–175 lb⋅ft) (A25A-FXS/A25B-FXS)
Chronology
Predecessor

The A25 engine family is a straight-four engine series that was first introduced in 2017 for the XV70 series Camry.

Model Applications Vehicle chassis code Power Torque Calendar years Notes
A25A-FKS Camry AXVA70
AXVA75 		151.5–153.5 kW (203–206 hp) at 6,600 rpm (FWD); 151 kW (202 hp) at 6,600 rpm (AWD) 249–252 N⋅m (184–186 lb⋅ft) at 5,000 rpm (FWD); 247 N⋅m (182 lb⋅ft) at 4,400 rpm (AWD) 2017–2024
Avalon AXXA50
AXXA55 		153–154 kW (205–207 hp) at 6,600 rpm 250 N⋅m (184 lb⋅ft) at 5,000 rpm 2018–present AWD models offered between 2020 and 2022.
RAV4 AXAA52
AXAA54 		US: 151.5 kW (203 hp) at 6,600 rpm
Australia: 152 kW (204 hp) at 6,600 rpm 		US: 249 N⋅m (184 lb⋅ft) at 5,000 rpm
Australia: 243 N⋅m (179 lb⋅ft) at 4,000–5,000 rpm 		2018–present
Lexus ES 250/260 AXZA10
AXZA15 		151–152 kW (202–204 hp) at 6,600 rpm 247 N⋅m (182 lb⋅ft) at 5,000 rpm 2018–present Known as ES 260 in China
Lexus NX 250/260 AAZA20
AAZA25 		2021–present Known as NX 260 in China
Camry AXVA80 2024–present
A25A-FKB Camry AXVA70 154 kW (207 hp) at 6,600 rpm 250 N⋅m (184 lb⋅ft) at 5,000 rpm 2018–present Thailand only
A25A-FXS Camry Hybrid/Daihatsu Altis AXVH70
AXVH75 		131 kW (176 hp) at 5,700 rpm 221 N⋅m (163 lb⋅ft) at 3,600–5,200 rpm 2017–present Daihatsu Altis is only available in Japan
Avalon Hybrid AXXH50 2018–present
Crown Hybrid AZSH20
AZSH21 		135 kW (181 hp) at 6,000 rpm 221 N⋅m (163 lb⋅ft) at 3,800–5,400 rpm 2018–2022
Crown Crossover Hybrid AZSH35 137 kW (184 hp) at 6,000 rpm 221 N⋅m (163 lb⋅ft) at 3,600–5,200 rpm 2022–present
Crown Sedan Hybrid AZSH32 136 kW (182 hp) at 6,000 rpm 225 N⋅m (166 lb⋅ft) at 4,200–5,000 rpm 2023–present
Crown Sport Hybrid AZSH36 137 kW (184 hp) at 6,000 rpm 221 N⋅m (163 lb⋅ft) at 3,600–5,200 rpm 2022–present
RAV4 Hybrid AXAH52
AXAH54 		131 kW (176 hp) at 5,700 rpm 221 N⋅m (163 lb⋅ft) at 3,600–5,200 rpm 2018–present Except China
RAV4 Plug-in Hybrid/Prime / Suzuki Across AXAP52
AXAP54 		130 kW (174 hp) at 6,000 rpm Japan: 219 N⋅m (162 lb⋅ft) at 3,600 rpm
US: 228 N⋅m (168 lb⋅ft) at 2,800 rpm 		2020–present Suzuki Across is only available in Europe since 2021.
Harrier Hybrid / Venza AXUH80
AXUH85 		131 kW (176 hp) at 5,700 rpm 221 N⋅m (163 lb⋅ft) at 3,600–5,200 rpm 2020–present
Harrier Plug-in Hybrid AXUP80 134 kW (180 hp) at 5,700 rpm

221 N⋅m (163 lb⋅ft) at 3,600–5,200 rpm

2022–present
Highlander Hybrid / Kluger Hybrid AXUH70
AXUH78 		139 kW (186 hp) at 6,000 rpm 237 N⋅m (175 lb⋅ft) at 4,400 rpm 2019–present Except China. Kluger Hybrid is only available in Australia since 2021
Grand Highlander Hybrid AASH10
AASH15 		2023–present
Sienna AXLH40
AXLH45 		2020–present
Alphard Hybrid/Vellfire Hybrid AAHH40
AAHH45 		140 kW (188 hp) at 6,000 rpm 236 N⋅m (174 lb⋅ft) at 4,300–4,500 rpm 2023–present
Lexus ES 300h AXZH10
AXZH11 		131 kW (176 hp) at 5,700 rpm 221 N⋅m (163 lb⋅ft) at 3,600–5,200 rpm 2018–present Except China
Lexus NX 350h AAZH20
AAZH25 		140 kW (188 hp) at 6,000 rpm 243 N⋅m (179 lb⋅ft) at 4,300–4,500 rpm 2021–present Except China
Lexus NX 450h+ AAZH26 136 kW (182 hp) at 6,000 rpm 228 N⋅m (168 lb⋅ft) at 3,600–3,700 rpm 2021–present Except China
Lexus RX 350h AALH10
AALH15 		140 kW (188 hp) at 6,000 rpm 243 N⋅m (179 lb⋅ft) at 4,300–4,500 rpm 2022–present
Lexus RX 450h+ AALH16 136 kW (182 hp) at 6,000 rpm 228 N⋅m (168 lb⋅ft) at 3,600–3,700 rpm 2022–present
Lexus LM 350h AAWH10
AAWH15 		140 kW (188 hp) at 6,000 rpm 236 N⋅m (174 lb⋅ft) at 4,300–4,500 rpm 2023–present
Camry Hybrid AXVH80
AXVH85 		2024–present
Crown Signia AZSH38 2024–present
A25B-FXS Lexus ES 300h (China) AXZH10 131 kW (176 hp) at 5,700 rpm 221 N⋅m (163 lb⋅ft) at 3,600–5,200 rpm 2018–present Engine exclusively used on the Chinese Lexus models
Lexus NX 350h (China) AAZH10 141 kW (189 hp) at 6,000 rpm 243 N⋅m (179 lb⋅ft) at 4,300–4,500 rpm 2022–present
Lexus NX 400h+ AXZH11 136 kW (182 hp) at 6,000 rpm 228 N⋅m (168 lb⋅ft) at 3,600–3,700 rpm 2022–present
A25C-FKS Camry AXVA70 154 kW (207 hp) at 6,600 rpm 250 N⋅m (184 lb⋅ft) at 5,000 rpm 2018–present Gasoline engine manufactured by GTE
Wildlander AXAA54 2020–present
Highlander AXUA70 2021–present
A25D-FXS Camry Hybrid AXVH70 131 kW (176 hp) at 5,700 rpm 221 N⋅m (163 lb⋅ft) at 3,600–5,200 rpm 2018–present Hybrid engine manufactured by GTE
Wildlander Hybrid AXAH54 2021–present
Wildlander PHV AXAP54 132 kW (177 hp) at 6,000 rpm 224 N⋅m (165 lb⋅ft) at 3,600–3,700 rpm 2021–present
Highlander Hybrid AXUH78 141 kW (189 hp) at 6,000 rpm 238 N⋅m (176 lb⋅ft) at 4,200–4,600 rpm 2021–present
Sienna Hybrid AXLH40 141 kW (189 hp) at 6,000 rpm 238 N⋅m (176 lb⋅ft) at 4,200–4,600 rpm 2021–present
Venza Hybrid AXUH85 131 kW (176 hp) at 5,700 rpm 221 N⋅m (163 lb⋅ft) at 3,600–5,200 rpm 2022–present
Camry Hybrid AXVH80L 2023–present
Mazda CX-50 HEV 2023–present
A25F-FXS RAV4 Hybrid AXAH52 131 kW (176 hp) at 5,700 rpm 221 N⋅m (163 lb⋅ft) at 3,600–5,200 rpm 2021–present Hybrid engine manufactured by FTCE
RAV4 PHV AXAP52 132 kW (177 hp) at 6,000 rpm 224 N⋅m (165 lb⋅ft) at 3,600–3,700 rpm 2021–present
Harrier Hybrid AXUH80 131 kW (176 hp) at 5,700 rpm 221 N⋅m (163 lb⋅ft) at 3,600–5,200 rpm 2022–present
A25G-FKS Avalon AXXA50 154 kW (207 hp) at 6,600 rpm 250 N⋅m (184 lb⋅ft) at 5,000 rpm 2019–present Gasoline engine manufactured by FTCE
RAV4 AXAA52 2019–present
Crown Kluger AXUA71 2021–present
A25H-FXS Avalon Hybrid AXXH50 131 kW (176 hp) at 5,700 rpm 221 N⋅m (163 lb⋅ft) at 3,600–5,200 rpm 2019–present Hybrid Engine manufactured by FTCE
Crown Kluger Hybrid AXUH79 141 kW (189 hp) at 6,000 rpm 238 N⋅m (176 lb⋅ft) at 4,200–4,600 rpm 2021–present
Granvia Hybrid AXLH40 141 kW (189 hp) at 6,000 rpm 238 N⋅m (176 lb⋅ft) at 4,200–4,600 rpm 2021–present

A25A-FKS

[edit]

The standard version with 13.0:1 compression ratio achieves 40% thermal efficiency.

Applications (calendar years):

A25A-FKB

[edit]

Version used in Thailand with E85 ethanol fuel capable.[13]

Applications (calendar years):

  • 2018–present Camry (AXVA70)

A25A-FXS

[edit]

The hybrid version with 14.0:1 compression ratio achieves 41% thermal efficiency.[14]

Applications (calendar years):

A25B-FXS

[edit]

This engine is only used on hybrid models in China. Similar to the A25A-FXS engine used in other markets.

Applications (calendar years):

A25C-FKS

[edit]

Version used only in China which is largely identical to the A25A-FKS engine, manufactured by GTE (Guangqi Toyota Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

A25D-FXS

[edit]

Localized A25 series engine for China, manufactured by GTE (Guangqi Toyota Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

A25F-FXS

[edit]

Localized A25 series engine for China, manufactured by FTCE (FAW Toyota Changchun Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

A25G-FKS

[edit]

Version used only in China which is largely identical to the A25A-FKS engine, manufactured by FTCE (FAW Toyota Changchun Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

  • 2019–present Avalon (AXXA50; China only)
  • 2019–present RAV4 (AXAA52; China only)
  • 2021–present Crown Kluger (AXUA71)

A25H-FXS

[edit]

Localized A25 series engine for China, manufactured by FTCE (FAW Toyota Changchun Engine Co., Ltd.).

Applications (calendar years):

T24A

[edit]
T24A
T24A-FTS engine in the 2022 Crown Crossover
Overview
Production2021–present
Layout
ConfigurationI4
Displacement2,393 cc (146.0 cu in)
Cylinder bore87.5 mm (3.445 in)
Piston stroke99.5 mm (3.917 in)
Compression ratio11.0:1
Combustion
TurbochargerSingle twin-scroll
Fuel systemD-4ST direct/port injection
Fuel type
  • Petrol
  • Petrol hybrid
Output
Power output170–207 kW (228–278 hp)
Specific power71–86.5 kW (95–116 hp) per litre
Torque output329–460 N⋅m (243–339 lb⋅ft)
Chronology
Predecessor2GR-FKS (V6)
8AR-FTS (I4 turbo)

The T24A engine is a straight-four engine series that was first introduced in 2021 for the AZ20 series Lexus NX.

Model Applications Vehicle chassis code Power Torque Calendar years
T24A-FTS Crown Crossover Hybrid MAX/Dual Boost TZSH35 200 kW (268 hp) at 6,000 rpm 460 N⋅m (339 lb⋅ft) at 2,000–3,000 rpm 2022–present
Highlander/Kluger TXUA70
TXUA75 		198 kW (265 hp) at 6,000 rpm 420 N⋅m (310 lb⋅ft) at 1,700–3,600 rpm 2022–present
Grand Highlander TASA10
TASA15 		2023–present
Grand Highlander Hybrid MAX TASH15 202 kW (271 hp) at 6,000 rpm 460 N⋅m (339 lb⋅ft) at 2,000–3,000 rpm 2023–present
Tacoma TZNA40
TZNA41
TZNA45
TZNA46 		170–207 kW (228–278 hp) 329–430 N⋅m (243–317 lb⋅ft) 2023–present
Tacoma i-FORCE MAX TZNH47 207 kW (278 hp) 381 N⋅m (281 lb⋅ft) 2024–present
Alphard/Vellfire TAHA40
TAHA45 		205 kW (275 hp) at 6,000 rpm 430 N⋅m (317 lb⋅ft) at 1,700–3,600 rpm 2023–present
Lexus NX 350 TAZA25 205 kW (275 hp) at 6,000 rpm 430 N⋅m (317 lb⋅ft) at 1,700–3,600 rpm 2021–present
Lexus RX 350 TALA10
TALA15 		2022–present
Lexus TX 350 TAUA10
TAUA15 		2022–present
Lexus RX 500h TALH17 202 kW (271 hp) at 6,000 rpm 460 N⋅m (339 lb⋅ft) at 2,000–3,000 rpm 2022–present
Lexus TX 500h TAUH15 2023–present
Lexus LM 500h TAWH15 2023–present
Land Cruiser Prado TJA250 206 kW (276 hp) at 6,000 rpm 430 N⋅m (317 lb⋅ft) at 4,300–4,500 rpm 2023–present
Land Cruiser Prado i-FORCE MAX TJH250 2023–present

T24A-FTS

[edit]

The "T" in the engine feature suffix "-FTS" designates the turbocharged version of this engine.[5] Toyota have been using it to replace the naturally-aspirated 2GR-FKS V6, offering more peak torque at lower speeds and improved fuel consumption and emissions with the turbo engine.[15]

There also are two distinct hybrid variants which carry the same T24A-FTS engine designation as the regular (non-hybrid) variant. For transverse engine applications (marketed as "Dual Boost Hybrid System" in Japan and "Hybrid MAX" in North America), the hybrid engine drives the front wheels and is equipped with two electric motors: one starter-generator and one traction assist; a third electric motor driving the rear axle is provided with all-wheel drive as a power-split hybrid variant. For longitudinal engine applications (marketed as "i-FORCE MAX" in North America), a single traction assist/generator motor is sandwiched between the engine and transmission, taking the place of a conventional automatic transmission torque converter.[16]

The T24A-FTS used in body-on-frame truck and SUV applications share 54% of common parts with the variant used in passenger vehicles like the Highlander.[17]

Applications (calendar years):

Hybrid MAX/Dual Boost transverse applications (calendar years):

i-FORCE MAX longitudinal hybrid applications (calendar years):

V35A

[edit]
V35A
V35A-FTS engine in the 2021 Land Cruiser
Overview
Production2017–present
Layout
Configuration60° V6
Displacement3,445 cc (210.2 cu in)
Cylinder bore85.5 mm (3.366 in)
Piston stroke100.0 mm (3.937 in)
Compression ratio10.5:1
Combustion
TurbochargerTwin-turbo
Fuel systemD-4ST direct/port injection
Fuel type
  • Petrol
  • Petrol hybrid
Output
Power output260–310 kW (349–416 hp)
Specific power75.5–90 kW (101–121 hp) per litre
Torque output549–650 N⋅m (405–479 lb⋅ft)
Chronology
Predecessor1UR-FE/1UR-FSE/3UR-FE (V8)

The V35A engine is a V6 engine series that was first introduced in 2017 for the XF50 series Lexus LS. Despite its "35" nomenclature and being advertised as a 3.5-litre engine, its actual displacement is 3.4 L (3,445 cc).

Model Applications Vehicle chassis code Power Torque Calendar years Notes
V35A-FTS Land Cruiser VJA300 305 kW (409 hp) at 5,200 rpm 650 N⋅m (479 lb⋅ft) at 2,000–3,600 rpm 2021–present
Sequoia VXKH80
VXKH85 		290 kW (389 hp) at 5,200 rpm 650 N⋅m (479 lb⋅ft) at 2,400 rpm 2022–present The Sequoia uses the same hybrid powertrain as the Tundra i-FORCE MAX.
Tundra VXKA70
VXKA71
VXKA72
VXKA75
VXKA76
VXKA77 		260–290 kW (349–389 hp) at 5,200 rpm 549 N⋅m (405 lb⋅ft) at 2,000 rpm
650 N⋅m (479 lb⋅ft) at 2,400 rpm 		2021–present
Tundra i-FORCE MAX VXKH70
VXKH71
VXKH75
VXKH76 		290 kW (389 hp) at 5,200 rpm 650 N⋅m (479 lb⋅ft) at 2,400 rpm 2021–present
Lexus LS 500 VXFA50
VXFA55 		310 kW (416 hp) at 6,000 rpm 600 N⋅m (443 lb⋅ft) at 1,600–4,800 rpm 2017–present
Lexus LX 600 VJA310 305 kW (409 hp) at 5,200 rpm 650 N⋅m (479 lb⋅ft) at 2,000–3,600 rpm 2021–present
Lexus GX 550 VJA252 260 kW (349 hp) at 5,200 rpm 650 N⋅m (479 lb⋅ft) at 2,000–3,600 rpm 2023–present The GX550 has physically smaller turbos versus the same engine in the Tundra/LX
Lexus LX 700h VJH310 341 kW (457 hp) at 5,200 rpm 790 N⋅m (583 lb⋅ft) at 2,000–3,600 rpm 2025–present

V35A-FTS

[edit]

The twin-turbocharged version with 10.5:1 compression ratio. Pumping losses have been reduced by electrification of the waste gate of the twin turbo system. The engine achieves 37% thermal efficiency.[18] A hybrid version (marketed as "i-FORCE MAX" in North America) is also available with the same engine designation as the regular variant.

The hybrid version was named Ward's World's 10 Best Engines list in 2022.[19]

A number of customers have reported main bearing failures in 2022 through April 2024 vehicles equipped with the V35A-FTS engine, with mileage as little as 40,000 km (25,000 miles).[20]

Applications (calendar years):

i-FORCE MAX Hybrid applications (calendar years):

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Toyota Dynamic Force engine

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The Toyota Dynamic Force engine is a family of high-efficiency, direct-injection engines in inline-three, inline-four, and V6 configurations developed by Motor Corporation as part of its (TNGA) platform, first announced in December 2016 with the 2.5-liter inline-four variant and expanded in February 2018 to include the 2.0-liter version for both conventional and applications. These engines achieve thermal efficiencies of up to 40% in configurations and 41% in hybrid setups—which were world-leading at the time of their introduction (as of 2018)—enabling improved fuel economy and reduced CO2 emissions while delivering enhanced across operating speeds. Key to the Dynamic Force design is the integration of high-speed combustion technology—the world's first for mass-produced engines—combined with a system (VVT-iE) and a long-stroke configuration with a stroke-to-bore of approximately 1.2, which optimizes and minimizes energy losses in intake, exhaust, and mechanical components. The engines employ Toyota's D-4S system, featuring multi-hole direct injectors for precise fuel delivery, alongside innovations like laser-clad seats, low-viscosity oils, and a continuous variable capacity oil pump to further reduce friction and pumping losses. These advancements allow the engines to comply with stringent emissions standards, such as LEV III in the United States, while providing responsive performance suitable for compact cars, sedans, and SUVs. The primary variants include the 2.0-liter , which produces up to 126 kW (169 hp) and 205 N·m of in form, and the 2.5-liter , delivering up to 151 kW (203 hp) and 250 N·m of , with hybrid versions tuned for synergy. The 2.5-liter variant, particularly in its hybrid A25A-FXS configuration, is widely applied in models such as the RAV4 (including Hybrid and Prime/PHEV variants, and the China-specific Wildlander), Camry Hybrid, Highlander Hybrid, Sienna Hybrid, Lexus ES 300h, NX Hybrid, and RX Hybrid. The RAV4, encompassing its Hybrid and Prime variants, ranked as the world's best-selling vehicle in 2024 with approximately 1.187 million units sold globally. The Dynamic Force engines contribute to Toyota's goal of reducing global CO2 emissions by over 18% in key markets by the end of 2023 through superior compared to prior generations.

Introduction and Development

Overview

The Toyota Dynamic Force engine is a family of modular inline-3, inline-4, and V6 engines developed by as part of its (TNGA) strategy to enhance overall vehicle efficiency and performance. These engines incorporate advanced design principles aimed at optimizing combustion, reducing mechanical losses, and integrating seamlessly with hybrid systems. Key objectives of the Dynamic Force family include achieving thermal efficiencies exceeding 40% in variants and up to 41% in hybrid applications, which helps lower emissions and supports broader hybridization across 's lineup. This focus on high —accomplished through innovations like higher compression ratios and improved air-fuel mixing—enables better fuel economy without sacrificing drivability. The engines span displacements from 1.5 L to 3.5 L, delivering power outputs ranging from 90 hp in compact hybrid configurations to 416 hp in high-performance V6 setups, with figures from 89 lb-ft to 479 lb-ft. They power a diverse array of vehicles, including sedans, SUVs, hybrids, and performance models, providing scalable performance tailored to various platforms. Announced in 2016, the Dynamic Force family marked a pivotal advancement in Toyota's evolution with first applications in 2017 models such as the Camry. As of 2025, the engines continue to be integrated into vehicles such as the Corolla, Tacoma, and , with refinements in models like the Corolla and Tacoma i-FORCE MAX hybrid system enhancing efficiency for trucks and SUVs, and no new additions to the core family announced.

History and Development

The development of the Toyota Dynamic Force engine family began in 2016 as a core component of the company's (TNGA) strategy, aimed at creating modular designs to streamline production and enhance overall performance. Announced on December 6, 2016, the initiative focused on introducing nine base engine types with 17 variations by the end of 2021, emphasizing shared components to reduce development costs and improve while maintaining driving dynamics. This approach was driven by the need to address escalating global emissions regulations, including U.S. (CAFE) standards, which required automakers to achieve fleet-wide improvements in fuel economy and CO2 reductions, as well as competitive pressures from the rise of technologies. By consolidating engine architectures, Toyota sought to lower manufacturing expenses through and component commonality across its lineup. Key milestones marked the rapid rollout of Dynamic Force engines starting in 2017, with the initial application of the 2.5-liter A25A-FKS in the eighth-generation Camry, debuting in June of that year as Toyota's first TNGA-based gasoline engine. The hybrid variant, A25A-FXS, followed shortly in the 2018 Camry Hybrid, integrating with Toyota's fifth-generation for enhanced . Expansion continued in 2020 to models like the C-HR crossover, which adopted the 2.0-liter M20A-FKS, broadening the family's presence in compact vehicles. Turbocharged variants emerged in 2021 with the T24A-FTS debuting in the second-generation , offering a downsized alternative to larger V6 engines while meeting stricter emissions targets. The three-cylinder G16E-GTS arrived in 2020 for the GR Yaris, powering Gazoo Racing's performance lineup, and later influenced a 2021 hydrogen prototype based on the same architecture, reflecting 's exploratory work in alternative fuels amid efforts. Collaborations played a pivotal role, particularly with subsidiary for smaller-displacement engines under a 2016 agreement to unify small-car development strategies, enabling joint engineering for efficient, compact powertrains like the M15 series tailored for emerging markets and kei vehicles. By 2024–2025, the family evolved without introducing major new architectures, instead focusing on refinements for hybrid applications in trucks and SUVs, such as the i-FORCE MAX system pairing the T24A with electric motors in the fourth-generation Tacoma and 300-series Land Cruiser, boosting and efficiency for heavy-duty use while aligning with ongoing trends and regulatory demands. These updates prioritized delivery for off-road capability and further emissions compliance, solidifying the Dynamic Force lineup's role in Toyota's multi-pathway approach to carbon neutrality.

Key Technologies

Combustion and Efficiency Innovations

The Toyota Dynamic Force engine incorporates the D-4S fuel injection system, which combines direct and port fuel injection to enable stratified operation, allowing for precise control of the air-fuel mixture and significantly enhancing combustion efficiency. This dual-injection approach uses a multi-hole direct to deliver fuel directly into the under high pressure, promoting rapid atomization and mixing, while port injection supplies fuel during low-load conditions to prevent fouling and ensure smooth operation. By facilitating combustion—where the air-fuel ratio exceeds the stoichiometric value in certain regions of the chamber—the D-4S system reduces fuel consumption and heat losses, contributing to the engine's world-leading . To support higher compression ratios without compromising durability, the engine employs laser-cladded valve seats, a manufacturing technique that applies a thin, high-hardness metal layer to the valve seats using for superior resistance and dissipation. This allows variants to operate at a of 13:1 and hybrid variants at 14:1, optimizing the expansion of gases to extract more work from each cycle. The enhanced valve seat material also improves intake port efficiency by generating strong tumble flow, which promotes turbulent mixing of air and fuel for more complete . The design features an optimized bore-to-stroke ratio of approximately 1:1.2 (long-stroke configuration), which facilitates better air-fuel mixing through increased travel and swirl motion while reducing pumping losses during the and exhaust strokes. Complementing this, the are engineered with a contoured crown to accommodate the high compression ratios, directing the fuel spray toward the for efficient ignition and minimal . These elements collectively minimize unburned hydrocarbons and improve , further boosting overall performance. Gasoline variants of the Dynamic Force engine achieve a peak of 40%, while hybrid applications reach up to 41% through the adoption of the , which extends the expansion stroke relative to compression for greater energy recovery. In the implementation, late intake valve closing reduces effective compression, mitigating knock at high ratios while maximizing efficiency under part-load conditions typical in hybrid operation. The theoretical foundation for these efficiency gains lies in the efficiency formula, given by η=1−1rγ−1\eta = 1 - \frac{1}{r^{\gamma - 1}} where rr is the and γ\gamma is the specific heat ratio of the (approximately 1.4 for air-fuel mixtures). This equation derives from the assumptions in the , where higher rr increases η\eta by reducing the heat rejected during exhaust relative to heat added; however, practical limits from knock and material stresses necessitate innovations like D-4S injection and laser-cladded seats to realize these benefits without . These engines seamlessly integrate with systems to fine-tune the transitions, enhancing real-world efficiency.

Valve Train and Timing Systems

The valve train and timing systems in Toyota Dynamic Force engines feature sophisticated variable valve timing mechanisms designed to optimize airflow, combustion efficiency, and emissions control across operating conditions. These systems primarily utilize dual overhead camshafts (DOHC) with four valves per cylinder, driven by a timing chain for durability and low maintenance. The intake side employs VVT-iW (Variable Valve Timing-intelligent Wide), which provides continuous camshaft phasing over a broad range—typically up to 70 degrees of crankshaft rotation—to enable flexible valve timing adjustments. This allows the engine to seamlessly transition between conventional Otto cycle operation for high-power output and Atkinson cycle for enhanced efficiency, particularly in hybrid applications where delayed intake valve closing reduces pumping losses. Complementing VVT-iW, select Dynamic Force variants incorporate VVT-iE (Variable Valve Timing-intelligent Electric) on the intake camshaft, utilizing an electric motor actuator instead of oil-pressure hydraulics for rapid and precise timing control. This electric system responds faster to engine demands, improving low-speed torque and transient performance while minimizing emissions by optimizing valve overlap. The exhaust camshaft, in contrast, uses standard VVT-i with hydraulic actuation to maintain reliable timing synchronization, ensuring balanced gas exchange and reduced exhaust backpressure. Together, these technologies contribute to thermal efficiencies exceeding 40% in conventional setups and up to 41% in hybrids, without relying on variable valve lift mechanisms. In turbocharged Dynamic Force engines, such as the 2.4-liter T24A-FTS, the systems integrate with an electronically actuated on the to precisely manage boost pressure in coordination with events. This setup ties exhaust flow modulation to intake and exhaust valve phasing, enabling quick spool-up and efficient power delivery while suppressing turbo lag and overboost, ultimately supporting higher output without compromising fuel economy. The overall design facilitates mode switching between efficiency-focused and performance-oriented operation, enhancing drivability across a wide RPM range.

Cooling and Structural Design

The Toyota Dynamic Force engine series incorporates the (TNGA) modular design philosophy, which standardizes key structural elements such as bore centers and deck height across engine families to enhance manufacturing efficiency and reduce production costs. This approach allows for shared tooling and assembly processes, enabling scalability from smaller three-cylinder variants to larger V6 configurations while maintaining consistent performance characteristics. A notable structural feature is the offset crankshaft, where the crankshaft axis is shifted by approximately 10 mm relative to the centerline, reducing side loads during the compression and expansion strokes. This design lowers by minimizing the lateral on the skirt, achieving up to 30% reduction in -related losses compared to conventional layouts. The reduction can be understood through the offset , where the side Foffset=μ⋅N⋅sin⁡([θ](/page/Theta))F_{\text{offset}} = \mu \cdot N \cdot \sin([\theta](/page/Theta)), with μ\mu as the coefficient, NN as the normal , and θ\theta as the angle between the and axis; the offset decreases sin⁡([θ](/page/Theta))\sin([\theta](/page/Theta)) peak values, thereby reducing overall mechanical losses. The cylinder head integrates an exhaust manifold directly into its structure, promoting faster engine warm-up by retaining heat from exhaust gases and improving cold-start emissions control through reduced thermal inertia. This layout, combined with a built-in EGR cooler, facilitates quicker catalyst light-off and enhances overall exhaust aftertreatment efficiency. Cooling innovations include an electric water pump that enables variable flow rates for precise thermal management, alongside a split cooling system with separate coolant paths for the block and to optimize temperatures—maintaining the at around 80–90°C for better efficiency and knock resistance. A water jacket spacer further directs flow to critical areas, such as around the exhaust ports, supporting rapid warm-up while preventing overheating under load. The engine block utilizes an aluminum construction with cast-iron cylinder liners fused into the material, providing a balance of lightweight design and durability for high specific outputs. Design optimizations contribute to weight reductions compared to previous generations, lowering the overall mass and improving . Additional friction reductions are achieved through the use of low-viscosity oils and a continuously variable capacity oil pump, which optimize lubrication and minimize pumping losses across varying operating conditions.

Smaller Displacement Engines

M15 Family

The M15 family comprises a series of 1.5-liter inline-three-cylinder engines within Toyota's Dynamic Force lineup, designed primarily for compact vehicles emphasizing and lightweight construction. These engines feature a displacement of 1,490 cc and a DOHC 12-valve configuration, enabling compact packaging suitable for subcompact and entry-level models. Key variants include the naturally aspirated M15A-FKS, which delivers 118–123 hp and 107 lb-ft of for standard applications; the hybrid-specific M15A-FXE, producing 90 hp and 89 lb-ft as the engine component; the China-market naturally aspirated M15B-FKS and M15C-FKS; and the India-market M15D-FXE hybrid variant. These variants incorporate shared technologies such as the VVT-iW system for optimized . The following table summarizes representative specifications for select variants:
VariantConfigurationPower (hp)Torque (lb-ft)Compression RatioDry Weight (lbs)
M15A-FKSNA, D-4S direct injection118–123~188
M15A-FXEHybrid, port injection90~193
M15D-FXEHybrid, market-specific90~193
Applications span 2018+ models including the Yaris, Corolla, and Yaris Cross, with hybrid variants powering the Yaris Hybrid and Yaris Cross Hybrid; 2025 updates for the Yaris Hybrid achieve a total system output of 114 hp. Unique features emphasize a aluminum weighing under 200 lbs, contributing to improved and efficiency, alongside an integrated starter-generator in hybrid variants for seamless electric assistance. Performance metrics highlight practical usability, with naturally aspirated versions achieving 0–60 mph in 9–10 seconds and hybrid configurations offering up to 58 combined fuel economy in representative testing.

G16E Family

The G16E family consists of high-performance turbocharged inline-three engines within Toyota's Dynamic Force lineup, specifically engineered for Gazoo Racing (GR) applications to deliver exceptional and responsiveness. The G16E-GTS variant features a displacement of 1,618 cc, with a DOHC 12-valve configuration and a single-scroll ball-bearing integrated into the for rapid boost response. It employs D-4S , combining direct and port injection to optimize combustion across varying loads, alongside multi-oil jet cooling to manage thermal stresses during high-output operation. This design draws from development, emphasizing lightweight construction and to support revs up to 6,500 rpm. Power output for the G16E-GTS varies by market and model year, ranging from 257 horsepower and 266 lb-ft of in early European GR Yaris applications to 300 horsepower and 295 lb-ft in North American 2025 GR Corolla models, achieved with a 10.5:1 that balances efficiency and boost potential. A notable experimental variant, introduced in 2021, modifies the G16E-GTS for in a GR Yaris , retaining the core while adapting the delivery system for gaseous to explore carbon-neutral performance. The engine's lightweight components, including forged connecting rods and hollow camshafts, contribute to its high specific output of approximately 185 horsepower per liter in top configurations. Primarily applied in the 2020-present GR Yaris and 2022-present GR Corolla, the G16E-GTS powers these front-engine, all-wheel-drive hot hatches with a focus on rally-derived agility. For the model year, updates include a increase to 295 lb-ft, enhancing low-end delivery without altering peak power, alongside refinements for broader drivability in rally-inspired conditions. Performance benchmarks highlight its capabilities, with the GR Corolla achieving 0-60 mph in approximately 5 seconds, supported by features like large-diameter exhaust valves and a compact, rigid cylinder block. Key innovations include individual throttle bodies in racing derivatives for precise airflow control, though production models prioritize integrated intake systems for reliability. The D-4S injection system enables high through stratified charge combustion, contributing to responsive throttle feel and reduced emissions under part-load conditions. Early production units demonstrated robust durability in endurance testing, with ongoing refinements addressing high-rpm stability through material enhancements in the .

Mid-Size Inline-4 Engines

M20 Family

The M20 family consists of 2.0-liter inline-four engines within Toyota's Dynamic Force lineup, featuring a displacement of 1,986 cc, DOHC with 16 valves, and D-4S dual-injection technology. These engines employ a bore of 80.5 mm and stroke of 97.6 mm, enabling high through optimized and reduced mechanical losses. Introduced in 2018, the family includes naturally aspirated and hybrid variants designed for compact and mid-size vehicles, emphasizing fuel economy and responsive performance. Key variants include the M20A-FKS and M20A-FKB for naturally aspirated applications, delivering 169 hp at 6,600 rpm and 151 lb-ft of torque at 4,800 rpm, with a 13:1 compression ratio to support efficient Otto cycle operation. The hybrid-oriented M20A-FXS operates in Atkinson cycle mode with a 14:1 compression ratio, producing 143 hp at 6,000 rpm and 133 lb-ft at 4,400 rpm from the engine alone, integrated into Toyota's Hybrid System for total outputs of 194 hp in FWD configurations and 196 hp in AWD setups. Later developments include the M20B-FXS, a hybrid variant for Chinese-market vehicles like the IZOA, similar to the M20A-FXS; and the M20C-FKS, a naturally aspirated variant with ethanol compatibility producing approximately 172 hp for select regions. The high-output M20A-FXS variant in plug-in applications supports system totals of 220 hp. These engines power mid-size sedans and crossovers starting from 2018, including the Corolla sedan and (naturally aspirated), RAV4 (naturally aspirated), Prius (hybrid), and select Corolla Hybrid models in various markets. For instance, the 2025 Corolla equips the M20A-FKS for 169 hp and EPA-estimated 35 mpg combined (41 mpg highway) in select trims. Hybrid variants pair with an electric (eCVT), achieving up to 52 mpg combined in plug-in hybrids and 57 mpg in standard configurations, thanks to the Atkinson cycle's expanded expansion stroke for better efficiency. Performance characteristics include 0-60 mph acceleration in 8-9 seconds for naturally aspirated models like the Corolla SE, balancing everyday usability with refined dynamics. Hybrid systems enhance this to around 7 seconds in high-output setups, such as the 196 hp Prius AWD-e, while maintaining low noise and vibration through structural innovations like laser-clad valve seats. Overall, the M20 family prioritizes a 40% in non-hybrid forms and 41% in hybrids, setting benchmarks for the segment.

A25 Family

The A25 family consists of 2.5-liter inline-four engines with a displacement of 2,487 cc, featuring a DOHC 16-valve configuration and the D-4S system that combines direct and port injection for optimized performance. Bore is 87.5 mm and stroke is 103.4 mm. These engines are designed for mid-size requiring higher and , achieving a of up to 41% through advanced combustion technologies. Key variants include the naturally aspirated A25A-FKS and A25A-FKB, which produce 203 horsepower at 6,600 rpm and 184 lb-ft (250 Nm) of at 4,800 rpm, with a of 13:1. The hybrid-oriented A25A-FXS and A25B-FXS variants operate at a higher 14:1 , delivering 174 horsepower at 5,700 rpm and 162 lb-ft (220 Nm) of at 3,600–5,200 rpm from the alone, while the total system output reaches 208–219 horsepower when paired with electric motors. Multi-hole direct injectors enable the elevated compression ratios, supporting efficient fuel atomization and reduced emissions. These engines power a variety of Toyota and Lexus mid-size vehicles. The naturally aspirated variants are used in models such as the 2017+ Toyota Camry, RAV4, and Highlander, where they pair with an eight-speed automatic transmission for responsive acceleration, achieving 0–60 mph in 7.5–8.5 seconds. The hybrid-oriented A25A-FXS variants power the Camry Hybrid, Highlander Hybrid, Sienna Hybrid, Lexus ES 300h, Lexus NX Hybrid, Lexus RX Hybrid, and the RAV4 Hybrid (including Plug-in Hybrid/Prime variants and the China-specific Toyota Wildlander, which shares the same 2.5L hybrid engine and PHEV variants as the global RAV4 Hybrid and RAV4 Prime). In hybrid applications, such as the 2025 RAV4 Hybrid, they integrate with an e-CVT for seamless power delivery, yielding a combined 219 horsepower and up to 41 mpg city efficiency. The shared cooling design enhances thermal management across the family, contributing to durability in demanding conditions.

Turbocharged Engines

S20A Engine

The S20A-FTS is a 2.0-liter turbocharged inline-four engine within Toyota's Dynamic Force family, developed specifically for mid-size luxury crossovers in the Chinese market. It features a displacement of 1,997 cc, a DOHC 16-valve configuration, and a single twin-scroll turbocharger to enhance low-end response and overall efficiency. The engine incorporates Toyota's D-4ST fuel injection system, which combines direct and port injection for optimized combustion, reduced emissions, and better fuel economy under varying loads. In its primary variant, the S20A-FTS delivers 244 horsepower at 6,000 rpm and 280 lb-ft of from 1,800 to 4,000 rpm, operating at a of 11:1 to balance turbo boost with . This setup emphasizes smooth delivery across the rev range rather than maximum peak power, contributing to refined driving dynamics in upscale vehicles. The engine's design draws from broader Dynamic Force principles, including a long-stroke and advanced , to achieve high while supporting premium fuel requirements. Introduced in 2022, the S20A-FTS powers models such as the Chinese-market (SXUA75) and Crown Kluger, as well as the 2024+ 300 (SALA15). These applications highlight its role in providing responsive acceleration for luxury crossovers, with estimated 0-60 mph times around 7 seconds based on similar turbocharged Dynamic Force configurations. The engine integrates with an , prioritizing seamless power delivery and estimated at up to 25-30 mpg combined in real-world testing for equipped vehicles.

T24A Engine

The T24A-FTS is a 2.4-liter (2,393 cc) turbocharged inline-four engine featuring a DOHC 16-valve configuration and a twin-scroll turbocharger, designed primarily for high-torque applications in Toyota's truck and SUV lineup. It employs direct fuel injection via Toyota's D-4ST system, achieving a compression ratio of 11:1 to balance power and efficiency in demanding off-road and towing scenarios. This engine incorporates a variable displacement oil pump driven by a short chain, which the engine control module regulates to optimize oil pressure and volume, enhancing durability under heavy loads. In its standard form, the T24A-FTS delivers 278 horsepower at 6,000 rpm and 317 lb-ft of from 1,700 to 3,600 rpm, paired with an eight-speed in models like the 2024 Tacoma. The i-FORCE MAX hybrid variant integrates a 48-hp within the transmission, boosting output to 326 horsepower and 465 lb-ft of for superior low-end response in hybrid-equipped trucks. These power figures enable a 0-60 mph time of approximately 6.5 seconds in non-hybrid configurations, emphasizing the engine's focus on robust, immediate delivery over peak speed. The T24A-FTS powers vehicles such as the 2024 and later , 4Runner, and Land Cruiser Prado, where it contributes to EPA-estimated highway fuel economy of up to 24 mpg through efficient direct injection and turbocharging. Like other Dynamic Force engines, it benefits from an offset design that reduces piston-to-cylinder wall friction, improving overall and in rugged applications. Maintenance recommendations for the T24A-FTS engine include no unique break-in requirements beyond standard guidelines, such as avoiding high RPMs under 4,000 rpm and varying speeds for the first 500-1,000 miles. To protect the turbocharger, allow the engine to idle for 30–60 seconds after spirited driving or heavy load before shutdown to cool the turbo.

V35A Engine

The V35A engine is a 3.5-liter (3,445 cc) V6 with a 60-degree bank angle, featuring a dual overhead (DOHC) setup with 24 valves and twin turbochargers, designed as part of Toyota's Dynamic Force engine family for high efficiency and performance in premium vehicles. Bore and stroke measure 85.5 mm by 100.0 mm, enabling a balance of power and refinement through advanced features like (VVT-iE on intake and on exhaust). The primary variant, V35A-FTS, employs direct and port fuel injection (D-4ST system) and delivers varying outputs depending on application and tuning: up to 409 horsepower and 479 lb-ft of in non-hybrid setups, such as the 600, while in hybrid configurations like the i-FORCE MAX system, it pairs with s for combined outputs reaching 457 horsepower and 583 lb-ft, as seen in the 2025 700h. This engine supports a 10.5:1 , which contributes to its 37% , and utilizes twin parallel turbochargers for responsive boost across the rev range. In hybrid applications, an provides instant low-end , enhancing responsiveness without traditional turbo lag, while the multi-stage hybrid transmission optimizes power delivery for up to 22 combined in models like the hybrid. Introduced in 2017 for the 500, the V35A powers luxury sedans with rear- or all-wheel drive. It also equips large SUVs and trucks, including the 2021 Lexus LX 600, 2022 and Sequoia (both non-hybrid and i-FORCE MAX hybrid variants), and the 2025 Lexus LX 700h hybrid, where the system output reaches 457 horsepower. The engine's design emphasizes quiet operation through features like acoustic control induction and isolated turbo mounting, making it suitable for premium cabins, and it integrates seamlessly with all-wheel-drive systems for enhanced traction in vehicles like the LX 700h. In November 2025, Toyota issued a recall (NHTSA campaign 25V-767) for certain 2022-2024 Toyota Tundra, 2022-2024 Lexus LX, and 2024 Lexus GX vehicles equipped with the V35A-FTS engine, affecting approximately 126,691 units produced through April 10, 2024. The issue involves manufacturing debris that may contaminate the crankshaft main bearings, potentially leading to bearing failure, engine damage, and sudden loss of drive power, increasing crash risk. Dealers will inspect and replace the engine sub-assembly free of charge, with owner notifications beginning December 22, 2025. This expands on a prior recall (24V-381) for similar concerns. Performance highlights include 0-60 mph acceleration in approximately 5 seconds for hybrid-equipped models like the i-FORCE MAX, prioritizing smooth, linear power delivery over raw speed. Overall, the V35A excels in luxury hybrid integration, combining robust torque with refined efficiency for flagship sedans, large SUVs, and trucks.

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