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Toyota WW engine
Toyota WW engine
Toyota WW engine
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Toyota WW engine
Overview
ManufacturerToyota & BMW
Production2011–2018
Layout
ConfigurationStraight-4
Cylinder block materialAluminium
Cylinder head materialAluminium
ValvetrainDOHC, 4 valves per cylinder
Combustion
Fuel systemCommon rail
Fuel typeTurbo diesel
Chronology
PredecessorToyota AD engine

The Toyota WW engine family is a series of 16-valve DOHC inline-4 common rail direct injection turbo diesel engines produced by Toyota from 2011 through 2018. These engines are based on the BMW N47,[1] modified for use in Toyota vehicles, starting with the Verso in 2014. This involved the development of a number of new components, including engine mounts, a dual-mass flywheel, a new gearbox housing and gearing and a stop/start system to further improve efficiency and reduce emissions.[2] The WW engine is offered in 1.6-liter (112 PS, 270 Nm) and 2.0-liter (143 PS, 320 Nm) versions.[3]

1WW

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1WW
Overview
ManufacturerToyota & BMW
Layout
Displacement1.6 L (1,598 cc)
Cylinder bore78.0 mm (3.07 in)
Piston stroke83.6 mm (3.29 in)
Compression ratio16.5:1
Combustion
Fuel typeDiesel
Output
Power output82 kW (111 PS)
Torque output270 N⋅m (199 lb⋅ft)

The 1WW is a 1.6 L (1,598 cc) turbo-diesel engine that produces 112 PS (110 hp) and 270 N⋅m (199 lb⋅ft) of torque. This engine is derived from the 1.6 L version of the BMW N47.

Applications:

2WW

[edit]

2WW
Overview
ManufacturerToyota & BMW
Layout
Displacement2.0 L (1,995 cc)
Cylinder bore84.0 mm (3.31 in)
Piston stroke90.0 mm (3.54 in)
Compression ratio16.5:1
Combustion
Fuel typeDiesel
Output
Power output107 kW (143 hp)
Torque output320 N⋅m (236 lb⋅ft)

The 2WW is a 2.0 L (1,995 cc) turbo-diesel engine that produces 143 PS (141 hp; 105 kW) of peak power and 320 N⋅m (240 lb⋅ft) of peak torque. It is based on the 2.0 L version of the BMW N47.

Applications:

See also

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References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Toyota WW engine

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The WW engine family is a series of turbocharged, common-rail direct-injection diesel engines featuring a 16-valve DOHC inline-four configuration, comprising 1.6-liter (1WW) and 2.0-liter (2WW) variants developed through a collaboration between and . Produced from 2014 to 2018 primarily for the European market, these engines were adapted from BMW's N47 architecture to power compact and midsize vehicles, emphasizing and compliance with stringent emissions standards. The 1WW engine displaces 1,598 cc with a bore of 78 mm and stroke of 83.6 mm, delivering 112 hp (82 kW) at 4,000 rpm and 270 Nm (199 lb-ft) of torque at 2,000 rpm, while maintaining a compression ratio of 16.5:1. Similarly, the 2WW displaces 1,995 cc with a bore of 84 mm and stroke of 90 mm, producing 143 hp (105 kW) at 4,000 rpm and 320 Nm (236 lb-ft) of torque between 1,750 and 2,250 rpm, also with a 16.5:1 compression ratio. Both variants incorporate intercooled turbocharging, diesel particulate filters, and advanced fuel injection systems to optimize performance and reduce emissions, enabling paired transmissions like six-speed manuals or automatics in front- or all-wheel-drive setups. Introduced as part of BMW's supply agreement to starting in 2014, the WW engines replaced older D-4D units in models including the Avensis sedan and wagon, Auris hatchback, Verso MPV, and RAV4 crossover, supporting Toyota's strategy to enhance diesel offerings amid rising demand for efficient powertrains in . The allowed Toyota to leverage BMW's diesel expertise while focusing resources on hybrid technologies, though production ceased around 2018 with the phase-out of affected models and a shift toward .

Background and Development

Origins and Collaboration

In 2011, Motor Corporation sought to enhance its offerings for the European market amid impending stricter emissions regulations, including the transition from Euro 5 to Euro 6 standards effective in 2014. This move was driven by the need to improve fuel efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions in response to evolving EU requirements. On December 1, 2011, and Group announced a strategic supply and development agreement, under which would provide 1.6-liter and 2.0-liter diesel engines tailored for 's European . The partnership marked 's role in designing and manufacturing these engines at its plant in , with handling final assembly and integration into models for the regional market. Engine supply commenced in 2014, enabling to broaden its lineup of low-emission diesel options. The WW engine family served as a successor to Toyota's AD engine series, which had been introduced in the mid-2000s as common-rail turbocharged diesels to boost efficiency over prior indirect-injection designs. By adopting BMW's technology—specifically adapted from the —the WW series further advanced these capabilities, prioritizing compliance with enhanced emissions norms while maintaining high efficiency.

Design Basis from BMW N47

The Toyota WW engine family draws its foundational design from the inline-four , under a collaboration agreement between and Group to supply 1.6-liter and 2.0-liter diesel units starting in 2014. This inheritance includes key architectural features such as a double overhead (DOHC) with 16 valves per for optimized and , as well as an aluminum construction for both the block and cylinder head to reduce weight while maintaining structural integrity. The design also incorporates a (VGT) that adjusts vane positions to provide responsive boost across engine speeds, enhancing low-end torque delivery. Central to the N47-derived fuel system are piezoelectric injectors in higher-output variants, which enable precise high-pressure fuel delivery for better efficiency, though the Toyota-adapted versions primarily utilize injectors to achieve similar improvements in fuel atomization and emissions control. Across WW variants, the is maintained at 16.5:1, striking a balance between power output and in diesel operation. These elements collectively contribute to the engine's reputation for refined performance and compliance with stringent Euro emissions standards. Toyota engineers made targeted modifications to the base for seamless integration into their vehicles, including recalibrated engine management software aligned with the D-4D branding to optimize and ignition mapping for Toyota's characteristics. Additional adaptations encompass compatibility with Toyota's stop-start system to further reduce urban fuel consumption and CO2 emissions, as well as refinements to the for smoother power transmission and reduced vibrations during operation. These changes, developed by R&D, also involved new engine mounts and gearbox interfaces to ensure durability and acoustic comfort in Toyota applications.

Technical Specifications

General Architecture

The Toyota WW engine family employs an inline-four configuration with a double overhead (DOHC) layout and 16 valves, providing efficient gas flow and precise control over combustion processes. The are driven by a rear-mounted timing chain, which ensures durability under high loads typical of diesel operation. This architecture supports the engine's transverse mounting in front-wheel-drive vehicles, with balancing shafts integrated into the to minimize vibrations. Fuel delivery is handled by a direct injection system, utilizing piezoelectric injectors that operate at pressures up to 1800 bar for precise metering and multiple injections per cycle, enhancing efficiency and reducing noise. Supercharging is achieved via a single (VGT) with electrically adjustable vanes, allowing optimal boost across the rev range from low-end torque delivery to higher speeds. The design derives from the engine, adapted by for their vehicle platforms with modifications to ancillary components. The block is fully aluminum for significant weight reduction while incorporating cast-iron cylinder liners to maintain structural integrity and resist wear, paired with an aluminum cylinder head that features an integrated to shorten the path for exhaust gases and aid thermal management. Emissions control includes an integrated (EGR) system with a cooler and bypass valve, recirculating cooled exhaust to lower formation during combustion. Later Euro 6-compliant versions incorporate compatibility with AdBlue () for (SCR), further reducing nitrogen oxides in the exhaust stream. Piston design incorporates low-friction coatings to minimize mechanical losses and improve overall , contributing to better economy without compromising durability.

Performance Characteristics

The Toyota WW engine family achieves compliance with Euro 5 and Euro 6 emissions standards, featuring a (DPF) to capture particulate matter and, in later Euro 6 models, a (SCR) system using injection to minimize emissions. These measures ensure the engines meet stringent regulatory requirements for diesel vehicles produced between 2011 and 2018, balancing with environmental impact. Fuel economy for the WW series typically ranges from 4.5 to 5.5 L/100 km in the combined NEDC cycle, influenced by , , and transmission pairing, such as in the Avensis and RAV4 models. This efficiency stems from the common-rail direct injection and turbocharging, which optimize combustion for reduced consumption without sacrificing drivability. The delivery curve emphasizes low-end accessibility, with peak available between 1750 and 2250 RPM, providing responsive and suitable for urban and use. A briefly boosts intake air to support this broad band, enhancing overall usability across operating speeds. Improvements in (NVH) are realized through a balanced that minimizes rotational imbalances and hydraulic lash adjusters that maintain precise without mechanical noise. These features contribute to a smoother operation compared to earlier designs. Additionally, the WW engines exhibit a superior over the predecessor AD series, with the WW's lighter construction—approximately 150 kg dry—improving vehicle agility and handling dynamics.

Engine Variants

1WW

The 1WW is a 1.6-liter turbocharged developed by as part of the WW family, featuring a displacement of 1,598 cc achieved through a bore of 78.0 mm and a of 83.6 mm with a of 16.5:1. It incorporates a double overhead (DOHC) configuration with 16 valves and a direct injection system, contributing to its efficient combustion process. This variant delivers a maximum output of 112 PS (82 kW) at 4,000 RPM and 270 N⋅m of between 1,750 and 2,250 RPM, providing strong low-end response suitable for everyday driving. Introduced in 2014, the 1WW served as an entry-level diesel powerplant, emphasizing refined performance in compact applications. The engine's tuning prioritizes , particularly in urban and highway scenarios, with claimed extra-urban consumption as low as 3.6 L/100 km under optimal conditions. It is typically paired with a 6-speed manual gearbox, though some configurations include automatic transmissions for smoother operation in varied driving environments. Minor variations in the 1WW lineup involve adjustments to the mapping and for compliance with Euro 6 emissions standards, ensuring balanced power delivery without significant deviations in core architecture.

2WW

The 2WW is the 2.0-liter variant of the WW engine family, featuring a displacement of 1,995 cc achieved through a bore of 84.0 mm and a stroke of 90.0 mm with a of 16.5:1. This inline-four engine delivers a maximum output of 143 PS (105 kW) at 4,000 rpm and 320 N⋅m of available between 1,750 and 2,250 rpm, providing robust low-end response suitable for mid-size vehicles. Like other WW engines, it employs an aluminum block and head construction for reduced weight and improved . Introduced in 2015 as part of the Euro 6-compliant update for models like the Avensis, the 2WW was developed alongside the smaller 1WW to expand Toyota's diesel offerings, with production continuing until 2018. Its tuning emphasizes enhanced highway performance through linear torque delivery and strong in-gear acceleration, contributing to combined fuel efficiency of approximately 4.5 L/100 km under official testing cycles. The engine supports optional all-wheel drive configurations in select applications, such as the RAV4, where it integrates with Toyota's dynamic torque control system for improved traction. Common gearbox pairings for the 2WW include a six-speed for direct control and efficiency, as well as a six-speed automatic in markets where higher comfort is prioritized. Minor variations exist in calibration for different emission standards and vehicle platforms, but the core architecture remains consistent, featuring common-rail direct injection.

Applications and Production

Vehicle Models

The Toyota WW engine family found primary application in the from 2014 to 2018, where the 1.6-liter 1WW variant powered entry-level trims such as Active and , emphasizing and compliance with 6 emissions standards in European markets. This engine delivered 112 PS and was paired with a six-speed , offering a braked capacity of up to 1,300 kg suitable for light family hauling. The Verso represented the initial integration of the WW series, with production overlapping the engine's lifecycle until the model's discontinuation in 2018. In the sedan and wagon (T270 series, facelift from 2015 to 2018), the 2.0-liter 2WW engine was the predominant diesel option, fitted to mid- and higher trims like Business Edition and Executive for enhanced performance in executive and fleet applications across . Producing 143 PS and 320 Nm of , it supported a braked capacity of up to 1,800 kg, making it viable for users requiring moderate duties such as small trailers. The 1WW variant saw limited use in lower-trim Avensis models during the same period, prioritizing economy over power. The hatchback and Touring Sports (E180 series, facelift from 2015 to 2018) incorporated the 1WW engine in its 1.6 D-4D configuration for entry-level trims like Active and Style, targeting urban commuters in European markets with a focus on low CO2 emissions. This setup provided 112 PS and was available with and a six-speed manual, aligning with the model's compact positioning. Select regions, particularly the , saw the 2WW engine in the (XA40 series) from 2016 to 2018, equipping higher trims such as Excel and Invincible with the 2.0 D-4D for crossover versatility and improved delivery. Offered exclusively with and in this market, it supported towing up to 1,500 kg braked, catering to light off-road and utility needs. Overall, WW engine deployments were concentrated in to meet stringent emissions regulations, with minimal availability in and due to regional preferences for hybrid and powertrains.

Production Timeline and Discontinuation

The development of the WW engine family began with initial production phases from 2011 to 2013, focused primarily on testing and validation as part of the BMW collaboration. Full-scale rollout commenced in 2014, coinciding with the launch of the equipped with the 1.6-liter 1WW variant. Production peaked between 2014 and 2016, supporting the European lineup. The engines were produced by and supplied to 's manufacturing plants in , such as the Burnaston plant in the for models like the Auris and the Adapazari plant in for the Verso, for integration into vehicles. Discontinuation of the WW engines occurred in 2018, driven by 's strategic shift toward in-house TNGA-based diesel technologies for remaining applications and a broader emphasis on to meet rising demand for hybrid vehicles in . This phase-out applied specifically to passenger car diesels.

Reliability and Maintenance

Common Issues

The Toyota WW engine, derived from BMW's N47 diesel architecture, inherits certain reliability challenges inherent to that design, particularly in high-mileage applications. A prominent issue is timing chain stretch, which typically manifests after 100,000 to 150,000 km of use, resulting in audible rattles during startup or idling and risking severe engine damage if the chain jumps a . This problem stems from wear on the chain guides and , often requiring full engine removal for repair, with costs ranging from £2,000 to £3,000 including labor and parts. Diesel particulate filter (DPF) clogging is another frequent concern, especially in vehicles subjected to predominantly urban or short-trip driving patterns, where insufficient exhaust temperatures hinder passive regeneration. Accumulated can trigger warning lights, reduced power, and the need for forced regeneration or professional cleaning, potentially impacting and emissions compliance if unaddressed. Oil dilution arises from post-injection fuel strategies employed during DPF regeneration, particularly on cold starts, where unburned fuel mixes with engine oil and reduces its . This can accelerate wear on bearings and other lubricated components over time, exacerbating issues in engines with irregular driving cycles. Compared to its predecessor, the AD series diesel, the WW engine incurs higher repair expenses due to reliance on BMW-sourced components for critical parts like the timing chain assembly, while the AD was more prone to head gasket failures and excessive oil consumption from piston ring wear. These issues have been observed in applications such as the RAV4 and Avensis models equipped with the WW engine. In 2016, a targeted EU addressed loose exhaust bolts near the in select 2.0-liter diesel Avensis units built between June and October, which could lead to exhaust leaks.

Service Recommendations

Regular maintenance is essential for the Toyota WW engine family, which includes the 1WW and 2WW variants, to ensure optimal performance and longevity in these compact diesel powerplants. Oil changes should be performed every to 15,000 kilometers, utilizing low-ash 5W-30 specifically formulated for D-4D engines to protect the (DPF) and minimize wear on internal components. Additionally, timing chain inspection is recommended at 100,000 kilometers, as these engines, derived from BMW-influenced designs, can experience stretch over time despite no mandatory replacement interval. For DPF maintenance, periodic highway drives of at least 20 miles at sustained speeds above 60 km/h are advised to facilitate passive regeneration and prevent accumulation, while using Toyota-approved ultra-low diesel fuels helps avoid injector fouling from contaminants. EGR valve cleaning every 50,000 kilometers is crucial to remove carbon deposits that can impair and lead to reduced efficiency. In high-mileage applications exceeding 150,000 kilometers, consider upgrading the to a single-mass variant during replacement to reduce and enhance durability, as conversion kits are available for WW-equipped models like the Avensis. Diagnostics should leverage OBD-II compatibility via the Toyota Techstream software, which allows reading error codes related to the and common-rail injectors for proactive fault resolution. With adherence to these practices, WW engines can achieve up to 250,000 kilometers of service life, surpassing the average reported 150,000 kilometers for units with inconsistent care.

References

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  6. https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/mi/country-industry-forecasting.html?id=1065931867
  7. https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/global/article/detail/T0123686EN/bmw-group-and-toyota-agree-to-mid-to-long-term-research-collaboration-in-environment-friendly-technologies?language=en
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