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Wicket gate
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A wicket gate, or simply a wicket, is a pedestrian door or gate, particularly one built into a larger door or into a wall or fence.
Use in fortifications
[edit]
Wickets are typically small, narrow doors either alongside or within a larger castle or city gate. The latter were often double gates, large and heavy, designed to allow the passage of wagons, coaches and horsemen. The purpose of wickets was to avoid the risk of having to open the main gates to the castle or city for just one or two individuals on foot. Because the wicket was only one person wide, it allowed entry only one at a time and enabled the guards to control access better. In the Middle Ages the narrow doors in the city walls also enabled late arrivals to gain entry after the main gates had been closed.[1]
If the small entrance in the door of a large gate has a high threshold, it may be called a manway. If it is a separate, narrow entrance next to the main gate, it may be called a pedestrian entrance. This type of double entrance is rather uncommon, however, and was only worth having at large sites where there was a lot of coming and going.[2][3] It is found, for example, at the Alsatian castle of Hohlandsbourg, the Hochburg in Emmendingen, the Electoral Cologne castle of Friedestrom and at Schaunberg Castle in Austria. The narrow side entrance could be protected by its own drawbridge and sometimes even opened into a gate passage separated from the main one as, for example, at Hohenwang Castle.[4][5]
The wickets in main gates that were easily visible should not be confused with the small, hidden sally ports in the walls of castles and fortifications. These small openings were used in times of siege to escape or carry out military raids.[6]
Other uses
[edit]A wicket gate is also used for a stand-alone gate that provides convenient secondary access, for example to the rear of a walled park or garden. The cricket term "wicket" comes from this usage.[7]
"The Wicket Gate" is an important feature in John Bunyan's 17th-century Christian allegory The Pilgrim's Progress. As the first stage of the journey of Christian to the Celestial City, it is the entrance to the King's Highway, Bunyan's idea being to illustrate Jesus's dictum, "Enter by the narrow gate. For the gate is wide and the way is easy that leads to destruction, and those who enter by it are many. For the gate is narrow and the way is hard that leads to life, and those who find it are few." (Matthew 7:13–14).
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Heinrich August Pierer (Hrsg.): Universal-Lexikon, oder vollständiges encyclopädisches Wörterbuch. Band 20. Literatur-Comptoir, Altenburg, 1835, pp. 5–6 (online).
- ^ F.-W. Krahe: Burgen des deutschen Mittelalters. Grundrisslexikon, p. 24.
- ^ F.-W. Krahe: Burgen und Wohntürme des deutschen Mittelalters, p. 28.
- ^ Walter Hotz: Kleine Kunstgeschichte der deutschen Burg. 5th edn. Komet, Frechen, 1991, ISBN 3-89836-220-5, S. 48.
- ^ O. Piper: Burgenkunde, p. 300.
- ^ Horst Wolfgang Böhme, Reinhard Friedrich, Barbara Schock-Werner: Wörterbuch der Burgen, Schlösser und Festungen. Reclam, Stuttgart, 2004, ISBN 3-15-010547-1, p. 70.
- ^ "How a woman invented Overarm bowling". Sportskeeda. 20 March 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
Literature
[edit]- Friedrich-Wilhelm Krahe: Burgen des deutschen Mittelalters. Grundrisslexikon. Flechsig, Würzburg, 2000, ISBN 3-88189-360-1, p. 24.
- Friedrich-Wilhelm Krahe: Burgen und Wohntürme des deutschen Mittelalters. Thorbecke, Stuttgart, 2002, ISBN 3-7995-0104-5, p. 28.
- Otto Piper: Burgenkunde. Reprint of the 3rd edition of 1912. Weltbild, Augsburg 1994, ISBN 3-89350-554-7, p. 300.
Wicket gate
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Definition and Etymology
Definition
A wicket gate is a small pedestrian door or gate, particularly one constructed as part of or adjacent to a larger door, wall, or fence, designed to permit access for a single individual without requiring the opening of the primary structure. This subsidiary element facilitates convenient passage while maintaining the security and integrity of the enclosing barrier, distinguishing it from full-sized gates intended for vehicular, animal, or group entry.[7] Key physical characteristics of a wicket gate include its narrow width, often measuring 2 to 3 feet to restrict entry to one person at a time, and robust locking mechanisms such as heavy iron bolts or crossbars for secure closure.[8] Wicket gates generally fall into two basic types: those integrated directly within a larger door, forming a smaller inset panel.[2] Historically, wicket gates were prevalent in fortifications to enable controlled pedestrian access when larger entrances were secured.[9]Etymology
The term "wicket gate" originates from the Anglo-French "wiket" and Old North French "wiket," attested in the 12th century as a diminutive form denoting a small opening or passage within a larger structure.[10] This linguistic root traces back further to Proto-Germanic *wik-, derived from the Proto-Indo-European *weik- (2), signifying "to bend" or "to turn," evoking the idea of a small, turning or twisting portal.[10] Adopted into Middle English as "wiket" between 1150 and 1500, the word first appeared in architectural contexts by the early 13th century, referring to a minor door or gate.[11][1] Its evolution from Old Norse influences, such as "vík" (meaning inlet or nook) and related forms like "víkjas" (a diminutive suggesting a bent or turned space), underscores connections to Germanic languages emphasizing movement or deflection.[10][12] Over time, "wicket" extended beyond literal architecture to influence modern English terms, including its adoption in cricket to describe the stumps, drawing from the gate-like structure.[10] Semantically, the word shifted toward metaphorical uses in literature, symbolizing narrow or restrictive passages, as seen in John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress (1678), where the wicket gate represents the strait entrance to salvation.[13]Historical Development and Uses
In Medieval Fortifications
In medieval fortifications, wicket gates functioned as small pedestrian doors embedded within or adjacent to larger main gates, enabling controlled entry and exit for authorized individuals during sieges or after the primary gates were secured, thus minimizing the risk of exposing the full defensive structure to potential attackers. This design allowed defenders to maintain vigilance over access points without compromising the integrity of the main barrier, which was often too heavy and slow to operate frequently. Such gates were essential in castle gatehouses, where multiple layers of defense like portcullises and murder holes protected the entrance overall.[14] Design adaptations for wicket gates emphasized security and tactical utility, including high sills—often termed manways—that forced entrants to step over an elevated threshold, effectively unhorsing any riders and preventing cavalry incursions through the narrow opening. In some configurations, these gates featured separate drawbridges or isolated passages to further segregate pedestrian traffic from vehicular or mounted access, while iron reinforcements, such as latticed grilles or metal banding, enhanced durability against battering or forced entry. These features were integrated into broader gatehouse architecture to create chokepoints where guards could scrutinize and control movement.[15] Wicket gates became widespread across European fortifications from the 12th to the 15th centuries, coinciding with the height of castle-building during the High and Late Middle Ages, when concentric designs and advanced gatehouses proliferated to counter evolving siege tactics. Their prevalence reflected a shift toward more sophisticated defensive layering in response to prolonged conflicts and the need for efficient daily operations within fortified enclosures.[16] Notable examples include the 14th-century wicket gate at the Palais des Papes in Avignon, France, which exemplifies Gothic-era integration into a papal fortress's main entrance for secure clerical and administrative access. Similar installations appear at Hohlandsbourg Castle in Alsace, France (built 1279), where the wicket facilitated border patrol movements; Hochburg Castle near Emmendingen, Germany (12th-century origins), as a pedestrian entry in its expansive ruin; and other sites like Friedestrom Castle in Zons, Germany, featuring a prominent south gate wicket for urban defense. Additional instances are documented at Schaunberg Castle in Austria and Hohenwang Castle in Styria, Austria, both highlighting regional variations in Central European fortification practices.[17][18][19] Tactically, wicket gates differed from posterns—concealed rear exits for discreet evacuation or supply—and sally ports, which were specialized for rapid defender raids against besiegers; instead, wickets served as visible, front-facing points for routine authorized passage under guard supervision, often positioned in the main gatehouse to leverage nearby defensive features like arrow slits and portcullises. This distinction underscored their role in balancing security with operational necessity in frontal defenses.[20]In Religious and Domestic Settings
In medieval English churches, wicket gates facilitated discreet and controlled entry for individuals, such as clergy or late-arriving worshippers, without the need to open larger main doors, thereby preserving security and structural integrity. These small pedestrian openings were particularly common in 15th-century ecclesiastical architecture, where they allowed for everyday access while the grand portals remained reserved for processions or communal gatherings. A notable example is the south door at All Saints Church in Thornham, Norfolk, which features a 15th-century wooden traceried-headed door with a central ogee-headed traceried wicket, enabling single-person passage into the porch.[21] Similarly, elaborate medieval south doors with integrated wicket openings appear in church porches across England, underscoring their role in balancing accessibility with the sanctity of sacred spaces.[22] Symbolically, the narrow design of wicket gates in religious settings evoked themes of humility and controlled access, mirroring biblical imagery of the "narrow gate" as a path to spiritual salvation and separation from worldly excess, which resonated in monastic and rural parish contexts. This connotation aligned with Christian teachings on modest entry into divine presence, as seen in the restrained proportions that required entrants to approach singly and submissively.[23] In domestic settings, wicket gates provided practical secondary access to enclosed spaces like gardens or estates, permitting individuals to pass through without maneuvering heavy field gates, thus streamlining daily rural life. Standalone wickets were incorporated into medieval farm enclosures and abbey walls for similar purposes, offering efficient pedestrian routes amid larger barriers. For instance, in 15th-century timber-framed houses, such as The Ancient House in Ipswich, Suffolk, a wicket gate served as a functional front entrance element, adapting the design for household convenience.[24] Over time, in late medieval domestic architecture, wicket gates transitioned from strictly utilitarian features to decorative components, often enhanced with ornate ironwork or tracery that complemented the aesthetic of surrounding structures, blending practicality with emerging stylistic sophistication. This evolution reflected broader shifts toward refined rural and monastic estates, where such gates became integral to both form and function.Modern Engineering Applications
In Hydroelectric Power Generation
In hydroelectric power generation, wicket gates serve as a series of adjustable radial vanes arranged in a circular formation surrounding the runner of reaction turbines, such as Francis or Kaplan types, to precisely regulate the volume and velocity of water flow entering the turbine.[3] These gates direct water tangentially onto the turbine blades, optimizing hydraulic efficiency and enabling control over power output by modulating the water's entry angle and speed.[4] Developed alongside reaction turbines in the mid-19th century, with the Francis turbine invented by James B. Francis in 1849 and the Kaplan turbine by Viktor Kaplan in 1919, wicket gates became essential for modern hydroelectric systems by the early 20th century, facilitating efficient energy production in large-scale dams.[3] Operationally, wicket gates pivot open or closed through interconnected linkages driven by hydraulic actuators or servomotors, allowing synchronized adjustment across the assembly; when fully closed, they halt water flow to the turbine for shutdown or maintenance, while partial openings vary the flow rate to match electricity demand and maintain stable grid frequency.[6] This mechanism ensures rapid response to load changes, with gates typically numbering 16 to 24 per turbine unit, often around 20 in standard installations.[25] Constructed from corrosion-resistant materials like stainless steel alloys (e.g., 13Cr-4Ni or 16Cr-5Ni grades) to withstand constant exposure to water and sediment, these components require periodic maintenance to address issues such as sticking, which can arise from corrosion, debris accumulation, or bushing wear during disassembly, potentially causing misalignment or damage if not managed.[26][27] Prominent examples include the Hoover Dam in the United States, where wicket gates regulate water delivery from penstocks to its 17 Francis turbines under heads ranging from 304 to 590 feet, enabling the facility to generate up to 2,080 megawatts by controlling flow to match demand.[28] Similarly, in China's Three Gorges Dam, the world's largest hydroelectric plant with 32 Francis turbines, wicket gates manage high-volume flows from the Yangtze River, supporting a total capacity of 22,500 megawatts while integrating sealing solutions to minimize leakage and enhance efficiency.[29]In Contemporary Architecture and Industry
In contemporary architecture, wicket gates have evolved into integral components of commercial and industrial door systems, providing pedestrian access within larger overhead or roller shutter doors. These modern adaptations often include insulated or fire-rated designs to meet stringent building requirements, such as those in warehouses and manufacturing facilities where emergency egress and thermal performance are critical. For instance, fire-rated wicket doors, certified to standards like EN 16034:2014, allow safe passage during fire events without compromising the integrity of the main door structure.[30][31] In secure facilities like prisons, wicket doors embedded in cell or perimeter gates enable visual observation and controlled access, enhancing security by minimizing the need to fully open larger barriers. Industrial applications emphasize wicket gates as "manways" in expansive overhead doors for factories and distribution centers, facilitating routine pedestrian traffic without operational disruptions. Compliance with accessibility codes, such as the ADA's requirement for at least 32 inches of clear width and operable hardware mounted between 34 and 48 inches above the floor, ensures these gates support inclusive design in modern buildings.[32][33] Additionally, OSHA standards for exit routes mandate that doors in occupied spaces swing in the direction of egress, a feature incorporated into many wicket designs to prevent hazards in high-traffic industrial environments.[34] Materials have shifted post-20th century toward durable options like galvanized steel and aluminum, offering corrosion resistance and lightweight construction suitable for automated systems. Since the 1980s, integration of electronic locks and proximity sensors has become standard, allowing seamless access control via keycards or biometrics while ensuring doors close automatically to maintain security.[35][36] Notable examples include bespoke powder-coated wicket gates from UK manufacturers like SSS Industrial Doors, which feature insulated steel construction for roller shutters in commercial settings, providing both aesthetic integration and robust performance as of 2024.[37] In data centers, similar secure wicket configurations within perimeter gates support rapid personnel entry while aligning with layered security protocols. The primary advantages lie in energy efficiency—by avoiding full door activation, these gates reduce heat loss in insulated setups, potentially lowering operational costs in climate-controlled facilities—and adherence to safety regulations, which mitigates risks like unauthorized access or mechanical failures.[38][39]Cultural Significance
In Sports
In cricket, the term "wicket" originates from the visual similarity of early 18th-century setups to a small gate, featuring two upright stumps topped by a horizontal bail that evoked a wicket gate's structure.[40] This nomenclature entered the English cricket lexicon during the 1700s, as the sport evolved from rustic field games where players targeted actual barriers or narrow passages resembling wicket gates.[41] By the 1770s, the wicket standardized to three stumps—prompted by an infamous 1775 match incident where underarm bowler Edward "Lumpy" Stevens repeatedly passed the ball beneath the bail between two stumps—yet the gate-derived name persisted due to its entrenched usage.[42][43] The etymological roots of "wicket" as a diminutive gate from Old Norse vīk further underpin this sporting adaptation, linking medieval barriers to recreational targets.[10] Similar concepts appear in related bat-and-ball games like stoolball, a traditional English sport where players defended small, elevated targets—originally milking stools or wicket-like markers—mirroring the narrow, gate-evoking defenses in early cricket variants.[44] The term is also used in croquet, particularly in American English, where the hoops or arches through which balls are hit are called wickets, retaining the original sense of a small gate or passage.[1]In Literature and Symbolism
In John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress (1678), the Wicket Gate serves as a central symbol representing the narrow path to salvation, through which the protagonist Christian must pass to begin his spiritual journey toward the Celestial City.[45] This gate embodies Jesus Christ as the sole savior and entry point for sinners seeking redemption, emphasizing the difficulty and exclusivity of true faith.[46] The imagery directly alludes to the biblical passage in Matthew 7:13–14, which describes entering through the "narrow gate" leading to life, in contrast to the wide gate of destruction, underscoring themes of humility, repentance, and divine grace.[47] The Wicket Gate's symbolism extends to representing controlled access to sacred or protected spiritual realms, where only those with sincere intent—demonstrated by knocking and faith—gain passage, guarded by figures like Good-Will who aid the worthy pilgrim.[48] This motif influenced later Christian literature, portraying the gate as a threshold of transformation from worldly burdens to eternal hope. In the 19th century, Charles Haddon Spurgeon's Around the Wicket Gate (1890) employs the same metaphor to exhort seekers toward committed faith, framing it as the essential, humble entry to Christian life amid hesitation and doubt.[49] Such uses highlight the gate's enduring role in evoking restriction as a path to opportunity, particularly in devotional writings that echo Bunyan's allegorical depth.[50]References
- https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wicket
- https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PopePalaceAvignonDoor.jpg