Hubbry Logo
Populus grandidentataPopulus grandidentataMain
Open search
Populus grandidentata
Community hub
Populus grandidentata
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Populus grandidentata
Populus grandidentata
Populus grandidentata
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

Populus grandidentata
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Salicaceae
Genus: Populus
Section: Populus sect. Populus
Species:
P. grandidentata
Binomial name
Populus grandidentata
Natural range

Populus grandidentata, commonly called large-tooth aspen, big-tooth aspen, American aspen,[2] Canadian poplar,[2] or white poplar,[2] is a deciduous tree native to eastern North America.

Name

[edit]

The name Populus is from the Latin for poplar, and grandidentata refers to the coarse teeth on the leaves (grandis meaning "large", and dentata meaning "toothed").

Description

[edit]

Populus grandidentata is a medium-sized deciduous tree native to North America, found mostly in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. Leaves are similar to Populus tremuloides, but slightly larger and having larger teeth.[3] The leaves tremble in the wind as those of P. tremuloides do. Bark of younger trees is olive-green, thin and smooth; after 30–40 years, the bark is gray, thick and rough with grooves.

Reproduction

[edit]

Bigtooth aspens produce seeds from wind-pollinated flower clusters, known as catkins. The tree is dioecious, meaning that male and female flowers are on separate trees, which flower from mid-April to mid-May depending on the climate zone. The seed, a two-valved capsule, is distributed widely by the wind. Seed production begins around 10 years old. Individuals can also reproduce through the roots after a disturbance event, such as fire or harvest; the roots of the dead/cut tree will begin to send up suckers, creating identical individuals, and can result in a stand of clones that resemble that individual. Seeds viability is high (around 80%) but despite this and the sheer number of seeds produced (a mature tree can produce over 1 million per season), very few actually end up germinating due to their short viability (two weeks), natural growth inhibitor, and high likelihood of landing in spots unsuitable for germination, which must be done on the surface of moist soil.[4]

Growth

[edit]
Leaf of Populus grandidentata or "big-tooth aspen"

Bigtooth aspens are dioecious, medium-sized deciduous trees with straight trunks and gently ascending branches. Heights at maturity are around 60–80 feet (18–24 m) with diameters of 8–10 inches (20–25 cm). They are fast growing and are relatively short-lived; stands will begin to deteriorate after 60–70 years, while individuals can live up to 100 years. They often constitute early successional species of their landscapes. Roots are shallow and wide spreading; lateral root growth in a forest may be as far as 60 feet (18 m).[4] Generally, four to five lateral roots originate from the tree, and then branch within 2 feet (60 cm); vertical, penetrating roots near the base anchor the tree.

Distribution

[edit]

The range of Populus grandidentata extends from Virginia north to Maine and Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia; west to southeastern Manitoba and Minnesota; south through Iowa to extreme northeastern Missouri; and east through Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and West Virginia. Disjunct populations are found in Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, and South Carolina.[5]

Ecology

[edit]

The species is able to adapt to a wide range of soils, though it is most abundant on sands, loamy sands and light sandy loams. Big-tooth aspens can tolerate sandy uplands and high, rocky sites. The depth to the water table is generally about 5 feet (1.5 m).[6] Soil must be moist but well-aerated for good growth. Being very shade intolerant, most shaded stems die. They are pioneer species on disturbed sites, persisting in successional communities until senescence. Rapid height growth of suckers allows it to outcompete other sprouting species such as red oak (Quercus rubra) and red maple (Acer rubrum) on many sites. In the absence of disturbance, it is soon replaced by conifers and hardwoods. In the Great Lakes Region at the turn of the 20th century, many mature pine forests were logged and burned. Bigtooth and quaking aspens frequently dominated the postdisturbance forests. Without fire or other disturbance, these forests are being replaced by later successional, shade-tolerant species. This aspen usually grows in even-aged, mixed stands, most commonly with quaking aspens. Codominant in both hardwood and coniferous forests, it does not occur as a subdominant because of its extreme shade intolerance. Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) is the predominant species in aspen stands in the Great Lakes region, but bigtooth aspen dominates on drier, upland sites. Aspen stands dominated by bigtooth aspens are generally more open than those dominated by quaking aspens. It is more disease resistant than P. tremuloides. The most serious disease is hypoxylon canker (caused by Entoleuca mammata). Other rots, fungi, and root decay affect this species. A preferred host of the gypsy moth, tree death occurs when near-complete defoliation by the gypsy moth is followed by an infestation of Armillaria fungus. The ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus saxesceni) attacks fire-damaged bigtooth aspens. Commonly, it occurs in areas that frequently burn, such as large upland areas distant from water and upwind of natural fire breaks, such as lakes.

Uses

[edit]

Various wildlife feed on the bark, foliage, and twig buds.[7]

The wood weighs 27 pounds (12 kg) per foot and is light-colored, straight-grained, fine-textured, and soft. It is used primarily for pulp, but can be used to make particle board and structural panels. Minor uses include log homes, pallets, boxes, match splints, chopsticks, hockey stick components, and ladders. The bark is pelletized for fuel and supplemental cattle feed.

It is occasionally cultivated. A cultivar, Grandmont, has recently been developed. It has an open growth habit with balanced branching.[8][9]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Populus grandidentata

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Populus grandidentata, commonly known as bigtooth aspen, is a medium-sized, short-lived, tree in the family, characterized by its rapid growth, dioecious flowers, and large, coarsely toothed leaves that distinguish it from related species like quaking aspen. Native to northeastern and north-central , it typically reaches heights of 18–24 meters (60–80 feet) with a trunk diameter of 20–25 centimeters (8–10 inches) at breast height, forming clonal stands through root suckering and featuring shallow, wide-spreading roots that extend 10–20 meters (33–66 feet). This species is widely distributed across the and southeastern , ranging from and westward to southeastern and , and southward to , with disjunct populations in , , , and . It thrives in a variety of climates, from marine to continental, with mean annual precipitation of 510–1,520 millimeters (20–60 inches) and temperatures ranging from -18°C to 26°C (0°F to 78°F) in and , respectively. Bigtooth aspen prefers sandy or loamy soils on uplands, floodplains, and lower slopes, tolerating acidic conditions ( as low as 4.0) and drier sites better than its congener Populus tremuloides, though it performs best on moist, fertile sands with a about 1.5 meters (5 feet) deep. Ecologically, P. grandidentata is a shade-intolerant that colonizes disturbed areas, regenerating vigorously via wind-dispersed (up to 5.6 million per , with high rates) or prolific suckers (3,200–24,000 per acre following disturbance), which can grow 0.9–1.8 meters (3–6 feet) in the first year. It has a lifespan of 50–70 years on good sites (up to 100 years), is fire-adapted with low-flammability bark useful for firebreaks, and provides critical and for wildlife such as , deer, and , though it is susceptible to pests like gypsy moth and diseases including Hypoxylon canker. Commercially, the soft, light-colored wood of bigtooth aspen is primarily harvested for paper pulp, particleboard, and panels, with yields reaching 100.8–296.8 cubic meters per (1,440–4,240 cubic feet per acre) at 50 years on optimal sites; it also supports , snow retention, and minor uses like pallets and feed from its bark.

Taxonomy

Etymology

The scientific name Populus grandidentata derives from Latin roots reflecting key characteristics of the tree. The genus name is the term for poplar trees, historically associated with their widespread planting near public spaces in . The specific epithet grandidentata combines grandis, meaning "large," and dentata, meaning "toothed," alluding to the prominently coarse serrations along the leaf margins. This distinguishes it from related species like , which features finer marginal teeth. Common names for Populus grandidentata emphasize these distinctive features. The primary , "bigtooth aspen," highlights the large teeth on the leaves, while alternatives include "largetooth aspen," "large-toothed aspen," and "big-toothed poplar." In , it is sometimes referred to as "Canadian aspen," reflecting its prevalence in the region. The species was first formally described by French botanist André Michaux in his 1803 work Flora Boreali-Americana, volume 2, page 243, based on specimens collected during his explorations in eastern North America.

Classification

Populus grandidentata is classified within the kingdom Plantae, phylum Tracheophyta, class Magnoliopsida, order Malpighiales, family Salicaceae, genus Populus (section Populus), and species grandidentata. The species has no widely accepted synonyms, although it was historically treated as Populus tremula subsp. grandidentata (Michx.) Á. Löve & D. Löve. Varieties such as P. grandidentata var. angustata Victorin have been described but are not currently recognized in major floras. Populus grandidentata belongs to the aspen subgroup (section Populus) of the genus Populus, which comprises primarily North American and Eurasian species characterized by their trembling leaves and clonal growth habits. Its closest relatives include the quaking aspen (P. tremuloides) in North America and the European aspen (P. tremula); phylogenetic analyses based on chloroplast and nuclear genomes place it in a monophyletic clade with these species within section Populus. The species evolved in North America during the late Miocene to Pliocene, with molecular divergence from its closest relatives estimated at 5–10 million years ago, supported by fossil records of section Populus from Miocene sediments. Populus grandidentata has the potential to hybridize with P. tremuloides, forming the rare natural hybrid P. × smithii B. Boivin (synonym P. × barnesii Sudworth), which exhibits intermediate and bark characteristics but occurs infrequently in the wild due to ecological and reproductive barriers.

Description

Morphology

Populus grandidentata, commonly known as bigtooth aspen, is a medium-sized, that typically reaches heights of 18 to 30 m (60 to 100 ft) under optimal conditions, and a (DBH) ranging from 15 to 91 cm (6 to 36 in), averaging 20 to 30 cm (8 to 12 in) at maturity. It features a straight trunk and a crown that is narrow and conical in young trees, transitioning to rounded, broad, or irregular in mature, open-grown specimens, often with dense foliage. The species is dioecious, with separate trees, and exhibits clonal growth forming small groves of multiple stems. The bark on young trees is smooth and thin, ranging in color from greenish-white to grayish-white, yellowish-green, or light gray-green. In mature trees, it becomes thick, dark gray to nearly black, and deeply furrowed with rough ridges. The inner bark is bitter and , containing compounds such as salicylates. Leaves are alternate, simple, and broadly ovate to triangular or orbicular in , measuring 5 to 15 cm long and 5 to 12 cm wide, with common dimensions of 7.5 to 12.5 cm (3 to 5 in) in length. The margins are coarsely toothed with 5 to 10 large, blunt teeth per side, distinguishing them as larger than those in related aspens like quaking aspen. They are dark green above and paler below, borne on flattened petioles 2.5 to 7.5 cm (1 to 3 in) long that cause the leaves to tremble in the wind. Twigs are slender, reddish-brown, shiny, and lustrous when young, becoming gray with age; they are glabrous or slightly pubescent, with a bitter and prominent lenticels. Terminal buds are large, conical, and pointed, measuring 5 to 12 mm (0.2 to 0.5 in) long, shiny, reddish-brown to chestnut-brown, and resinous with a sticky coating. Reproductive structures consist of pendulous catkins that appear before the leaves in spring, with male catkins typically 5 to 10 cm long and female catkins 6 to 15 cm long, both up to 15 cm overall and tan-colored at maturity. Male flowers feature 4 to 12 (or numerous) stamens, while female flowers have 2 to 4 stigmas or styles; the resulting capsules are ovoid, 5 to 10 mm (0.2 to 0.4 in) long, with 2 to 4 valves containing numerous small seeds adorned with cottony hairs for dispersal.

Variation

Populus grandidentata displays intraspecific morphological variation, particularly in leaf characteristics among different clones and growth stages. Neoformed leaves on root suckers are notably larger and more pubescent on the abaxial surface compared to those on mature trees. Leaf size generally ranges from 7–12 cm in length, with broader and more ovate forms in vigorous shoots, while interclonal differences contribute to variations in overall tree form and growth rate. Genetic diversity in P. grandidentata is moderate but constrained by its predominant clonal via root suckering, which limits sexual recombination and . Allozyme analyses of populations in , , and reveal low levels of polymorphism, with 29% polymorphic loci and expected heterozygosity of 0.08 across 96 trees. DNA-based studies, including RFLP and RAPD markers, confirm similar patterns of within-population variation, though interclonal differences in traits like resistance and suckering ability are significant. No distinct genetic clusters corresponding to glacial refugia have been clearly delineated, but historical post-glacial migration influences overall diversity patterns. A selected , 'Grandmont' (also known as 'Jefmont'), features a compact, upright growth with balanced branching, making it suitable for urban planting and . Environmental factors influence phenotypic variation, with trees on poor, dry soils exhibiting reduced stature and slower growth compared to those on moist, well-aerated sites. No formal are recognized within P. grandidentata.

Distribution and habitat

Range

Populus grandidentata, commonly known as bigtooth aspen, is native to eastern , with its range extending from and westward to southeastern and , and southward to northern Georgia and . Disjunct populations occur in and , as well as in the mountains of and . This distribution primarily encompasses the , southeastern , and the . The species covers a broad area within this native range, where it is most abundant in the and , forming significant stands in upland and disturbed sites. It is notably absent from coastal plains south of , limiting its southern extent to higher elevations and inland areas. While exact areal coverage varies by estimation methods, the range spans diverse forest ecosystems, reflecting its adaptation to post-disturbance environments. Historically, P. grandidentata expanded post-glacially from refugia in the and areas following the retreat of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Fossil pollen records indicate presence in eastern since at least 12,000 years ago. This migration pattern aligns with broader dynamics during rapid climate shifts after the . Outside its native range, P. grandidentata is rarely planted and has no established introduced populations. No widespread escapes or have been reported.

Soil and climate preferences

Populus grandidentata prefers well-drained sandy or loamy soils, including sands, loamy sands, and light sandy loams, where good aeration is essential for optimal growth. It thrives on moist, fertile sandy uplands and disturbed sites such as abandoned fields or burned areas, but performs poorly on heavy clays or waterlogged soils with stagnant water or impermeable layers near the surface. The species tolerates a soil pH range of 4.0 to 7.5, with a lower limit around 4.0 and suitability in mildly acidic to neutral conditions. Associations with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, common in fast-growing Populus species, enhance its growth on nutrient-poor soils. The tree is adapted to temperate continental climates, spanning marine to continental regimes with humid summers and adequate moisture. Mean annual ranges from 510 to 1520 mm (20 to 60 inches), with about half falling during the , though it commonly occurs in areas receiving 600 to 1000 mm. Winter temperatures average -18°C to 2°C (0°F to 35°F), with lows reaching -30°C, while summer averages are 16°C to 26°C (60°F to 78°F), with highs up to 30°C; the frost-free period typically spans 100 to 150 days. It is hardy in USDA zones 2 to 5, reflecting its tolerance to cold winters and moderate summers in the northeastern U.S. and southeastern . Ideal site conditions include full sun exposure, as P. grandidentata is highly shade-intolerant and functions as a on open sites. It occurs from to elevations of 1500 m, most abundantly between 150 and 610 m on flat to gently rolling floodplains or lower slopes, and favors areas with periodic disturbances like fire or logging to promote regeneration. Once established, P. grandidentata shows moderate drought tolerance, performing well on subxeric sites compared to related aspens, though seedlings are more sensitive to dry conditions. It exhibits moderate tolerance, growing on floodplains with a 0.6 to 1.5 m deep, but avoids prolonged inundation or poor drainage.

Ecology and life history

Reproduction

Populus grandidentata is dioecious, with separate male and female s producing flowers in s that emerge in late to mid-May, prior to leaf expansion. Male s are 5 to 7.5 cm long and release via wind pollination, while female s develop into fruits consisting of numerous capsules, typically around 20 to 50 per , each containing numerous tiny seeds (typically 2-10 viable) attached to cottony hairs. These seeds are dispersed by wind over long distances and remain viable for only 1 to 2 weeks, requiring immediate . Mature female s can produce over 1.5 million seeds in a good crop year, which occurs in about two out of every three years. Flowering exhibits synchrony between male and female trees within populations, facilitating effective , with a approximating 1:1. establishment from is uncommon in natural settings, as seeds germinate best on bare, moist mineral soil exposed by disturbances, but face high mortality rates due to , competition, and herbivory without such conditions. In mature stands, contributes less to population maintenance compared to asexual methods. Asexual reproduction predominates in P. grandidentata, primarily through root suckers arising from adventitious buds on shallow lateral s, often stimulated by disturbances such as , , or herbivory that damage or kill the parent . These suckers can number 8,000 to 60,000 per following severe disturbance, rapidly forming dense clones that may span up to 100 m in width or 1.5 ha in area, with individual suckers growing 0.9 to 1.8 m in the first year. Clones are typically unisexual, perpetuating either or genotypes. Vegetative rarely occurs via layering, where low branches root upon contact with soil.

Growth

Bigtooth aspen (Populus grandidentata) exhibits rapid early growth, primarily through vegetative suckering following disturbance, though seed-derived seedlings develop more slowly. On suitable sites, seedlings from seed reach 15-20 cm in height during their first year, with roots penetrating 15-25 cm deep and spreading 40 cm wide; by the second year, they attain 30-60 cm, and by the third year, 90-120 cm. Suckers, the dominant regeneration mode, grow more vigorously, often reaching 0.9-1.8 m in the first year, outpacing seedlings due to established root systems. Initial height growth remains rapid at approximately 1-1.5 m per year for the first 10-20 years on favorable sites, driven by abundant moisture and minimal competition. As trees mature, growth slows after canopy closure around 20-30 years, when stands reach commercial sizes of 15-20 m in . Maximum mature is typically 18-24 m, though exceptional individuals on optimal sites achieve 30 m at 50-60 years, with diameters at height up to 25 cm. Juvenile growth is fast but tapers as competition intensifies, with overall height increments peaking at 0.5-1 m annually after year 5 on good sites. Bigtooth aspen is short-lived, with most stands declining after 50-70 years and individual trees rarely exceeding 100 years. is marked by reduced vigor, from fungi like Phellinus tremulae, and cankers such as Hypoxylon species, which weaken stems and increase susceptibility to breakage. The shallow, wide-spreading , extending 10-20 m laterally (up to three times the canopy width) and typically 7.5-17.8 cm deep, contributes to instability, making mature trees prone to . Phenologically, leaf-out occurs in early to mid-May in northern ranges and late April to early May in southern areas, with full expansion by late May. Leaf senescence begins in late September, with colors turning yellow by early October, marking the end of the growing season. Annual height increment aligns with this cycle, concentrated in the active growth period from May to September.

Ecological interactions

Populus grandidentata serves as a in early successional forests, rapidly colonizing disturbed sites such as abandoned fields, burned areas, and clearcuts due to its high shade intolerance and prolific suckering. This rapid establishment stabilizes , reduces , and provides initial canopy cover that moderates microclimates, facilitating the establishment of later-successional like oaks and pines while enhancing overall in regenerating ecosystems. In these roles, it outcompetes slower-growing hardwoods through dense sucker stands, though it typically declines as shade-tolerant competitors mature. The species supports diverse wildlife interactions, with its foliage, twigs, and bark serving as important forage. and heavily browse young suckers and leaves, particularly in winter, while beavers utilize bark, twigs, and branches for and construction. consume buds, catkins, and leaves year-round, and the tree's seeds are eaten by birds such as and other small birds; additionally, cavities in mature or dead individuals provide nesting sites for over 100 nongame bird species in aspen-dominated stands. Populus grandidentata is susceptible to several pathogens and pests that influence its ecological dynamics. Hypoxylon canker, caused by Hypoxylon mammatum, is a primary disease, leading to girdling and tree mortality, especially in stressed stands. Leaf rust from Melampsora species defoliates foliage, reducing vigor, while insects like the forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria) and gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) can cause widespread defoliation during outbreaks, often followed by secondary infections. Root rots from Armillaria spp. further weaken trees in dense populations. Symbiotic relationships enhance nutrient acquisition for Populus grandidentata, particularly through ectomycorrhizal associations with fungi such as species, which improve and uptake in nutrient-poor soils. These mutualisms are crucial in early successional habitats, supporting rapid growth. In fire-prone ecosystems, Populus grandidentata exhibits adaptations for post-disturbance recovery, with its thin bark making it vulnerable to top-kill from low- to moderate-severity s, but robust systems enable vigorous suckering regeneration, often producing thousands of stems per . This trait maintains its presence in fire cycles occurring every 50–150 years, promoting stand renewal without serotinous release.

Uses

Economic uses

Bigtooth aspen (Populus grandidentata) wood is primarily utilized as in the production of due to its color, soft texture, and uniform quality. The and soft nature of the wood also makes it suitable for manufacturing (OSB), particleboard, and excelsior for packing materials, as well as for pallets, boxes, and match splints. Stands of bigtooth aspen typically yield 100–300 m³/ha at maturity, depending on site quality, with rotations ranging from 30–40 years on poorer sites to 50–60 years on better ones for pulp production. Harvesting is commonly conducted through clear-cutting to regenerate stands via root suckering, mimicking natural disturbances and promoting even-aged . Byproducts from bigtooth aspen include bark, which is pelletized for use as fuelwood or supplemental , and wood residues that contribute to for production in mixed aspen stands. Economically, bigtooth aspen serves as a major fiber source for the in the , where aspen species collectively support high-volume harvests despite lower per-unit value compared to hardwoods; annual U.S. removals of all aspen exceed 77 million m³, with bigtooth contributing significantly in northern states.

Ornamental and other uses

Populus grandidentata, commonly known as bigtooth aspen, is utilized in ornamental primarily for its rapid growth and adaptability to disturbed sites. It serves effectively in windbreaks and shelterbelts, providing quick screening and protection against wind due to its dense, early-successional form. The 'Grandmont' (Populus grandidentata 'Jefmont'), with its compact, open growth habit and balanced branching, is particularly suited for urban parks and naturalized plantings, offering aesthetic appeal without excessive spread. Its fast growth rate, often exceeding 24 inches per year under optimal conditions, enables rapid establishment for visual screening in landscapes. Indigenous peoples have employed P. grandidentata for various traditional purposes, drawing on its bark and . The Ojibwa used it as a , applying preparations to stop bleeding, while the inner bark served as an emergency food source, dried and ground into powder for soups or eaten directly during scarcity. Bark infusions provided medicinal benefits, acting as a substitute due to content, which alleviates pain and fevers; other groups like the utilized root bark for gynecological aids. The lightweight has been crafted into tool handles and other implements, valued for its workability in traditional settings. In restoration and , P. grandidentata plays a key role in stabilizing ecosystems. It is planted for , leveraging its extensive to bind soils on slopes and disturbed areas. For , particularly on spoils in regions like and , it excels as a , naturally colonizing acidic, metal-contaminated sites to facilitate recovery and support . In systems, it is interplanted with crops to create windbreaks, enhancing protection while contributing to in short-rotation plantations, where poplars like this species store significant carbon. Minor uses include fodder production, with bark pelletized as supplemental feed for during lean periods, providing a nutritious roughage alternative. The catkins attract bees, supporting minor production from floral in suitable habitats.

Conservation

Status

Populus grandidentata is classified as Least Concern on the of Threatened Species (as of 2014), with the assessment indicating a low risk of due to its widespread distribution and stable populations. NatureServe ranks the species as G5, denoting it is globally secure and demonstrably widespread, abundant, and secure throughout its range. The species receives no federal protections in the United States or , and it is not listed under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (). Overall population trends for P. grandidentata are stable across its native range in eastern , where it is a minor but persistent component of forest cover. However, it is of conservation concern in some southern peripheral areas, such as where it is ranked S2 (imperiled). These trends highlight vulnerabilities at the periphery of its range, though the core northern populations remain robust. The species is monitored primarily through U.S. Forest Service inventories, which assess forest composition, stem density, and health across public lands in its range. Legal protections are provided at subnational levels, including designations in certain state parks and conservation areas where occurrences are safeguarded from direct threats. does not apply, as international trade does not pose a conservation .

Threats and management

Populus grandidentata faces several major threats that impact its populations across its native range in . Hypoxylon canker, caused by the fungus Entoleuca mammata (formerly Hypoxylon mammatum), is a primary leading to significant mortality in aspen stands, including bigtooth aspen, by stems and branches, often resulting in tree death within a few years of infection. Insect defoliators, such as the gypsy moth (), pose another key risk by causing extensive leaf loss, which weakens trees and predisposes them to secondary infections and reduced growth. Habitat loss due to and agricultural expansion has contributed to declines in early successional forests where bigtooth aspen thrives, leading to reduced availability of suitable sites for regeneration. exacerbates these pressures through increased frequency and intensity, which can stress trees and limit suckering, as well as altered regimes that may either suppress or overly intensify disturbances beyond historical norms. Management practices aim to mitigate these threats and sustain P. grandidentata populations. Prescribed burns are employed to promote suckering and regenerate stands by mimicking natural disturbances, while controlling competing vegetation. Selective harvesting techniques help maintain clone integrity and age-class diversity, preventing overmaturation and supporting long-term stand health. Genetic conservation efforts include banking through USDA collections to preserve diverse for future restoration. Restoration planting on disturbed lands, such as post-agricultural or logged sites, facilitates reestablishment using seedlings or cuttings adapted to local conditions. Monitoring for hypoxylon canker involves aerial surveys to detect early infections across large areas, enabling targeted interventions. Ongoing research addresses adaptation needs, with recent studies evaluating drought-resistant selections of P. grandidentata to inform breeding for climate-resilient populations amid projected environmental changes.

References

  1. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/popgra/all.html
  2. https://plants.usda.gov/plant-profile/POGR4
  3. https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ag_654/volume_2/populus/grandidentata.htm
  4. https://www.britannica.com/plant/poplar
  5. https://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/dendrology/syllabus/factsheet.cfm?ID=65
  6. https://newyork.plantatlas.usf.edu/plant.aspx?id=6408
  7. https://indiananativeplants.org/wp-content/uploads/GM_BigToothAspen.doc
  8. https://www.ipni.org/n/208297-2
  9. https://floranorthamerica.org/Populus
  10. https://acir.aphis.usda.gov/s/cird-taxon/a0u3d000000CqB5AAK/populus-grandidentata
  11. https://floranorthamerica.org/Populus_grandidentata
  12. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2022.813177/full
  13. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9815717/
  14. https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ag_654_vol2.pdf
  15. https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/populus/grandidentata/
  16. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00223752
  17. https://knowledgecommons.lakeheadu.ca/bitstream/handle/2453/4627/TimmsR2020b-1a.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  18. https://jeffriesnurseries.com/grandmont-large-toothed-aspen/
  19. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2008.00406.x
  20. https://www.fs.usda.gov/nsl/Wpsm/Populus.pdf
  21. https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/POGR4/characteristics
  22. https://rngr.net/publications/tpn/54-2/evidence-for-nitrogen-fixation-in-the-salicaceae-family
  23. https://landscapeplants.oregonstate.edu/plants/populus-grandidentata
  24. https://trees.umn.edu/bigtooth-aspen-populus-grandidentata
  25. https://kb.jniplants.com/bigtooth-aspen-populus-grandidentata
  26. https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=POGR4
  27. https://www.fs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/fs_media/fs_document/15364%2520FS_GuideToSpeciesEcology_v7%2520508.pdf
  28. https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/sites/default/files/topic/ForestManagement/24315_43.pdf
  29. https://files.dnr.state.mn.us/forestry/ecssilviculture/ncsm/ncsm_aspen.pdf
  30. http://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/education-opportunities/classic-outreach-resources/autumn-foliage-color/autumn-foliage-plants/
  31. https://chiefrivernursery.com/bigtooth-aspen-populus-grandidentata-seedlings.html
  32. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=aes_bulletin
  33. https://ohiodnr.gov/discover-and-learn/plants-trees/broad-leaf-trees/bigtooth-aspen-populus%2Bgrandidentata
  34. https://wp.towson.edu/glenarboretum/home/bigtooth-aspen/
  35. https://wildadirondacks.org/trees-of-the-adirondacks-bigtooth-aspen-populus-grandidentata.html
  36. https://research.fs.usda.gov/silvics/bigtooth-aspen
  37. https://msaf.forest.mtu.edu/ForestInfo/MSUElibrary/E1552_Aspen.PDF
  38. https://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/dendrology/USDAFSSilvics/65.pdf
  39. https://pubs.cif-ifc.org/doi/pdf/10.5558/tfc62104-2
  40. https://campustrees.umn.edu/bigtooth-aspen
  41. https://farm-energy.extension.org/poplar-populus-spp-trees-for-biofuel-production/
  42. https://www.ncasi.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/tb955.pdf
  43. https://www.fs.usda.gov/nrs/pubs/jrnl/2023/nrs_2023_carson_001.pdf
  44. https://digginitnursery.com/products/populus-grandidentata-big-toothed-aspen
  45. https://www.planetnatural.com/aspen-tree/
  46. http://naeb.brit.org/uses/species/3103/
  47. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989419305803
  48. https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/cjfr-2020-0248
  49. https://pa.audubon.org/sites/default/files/erie_county_native_trees_and_shrubs_for_stormwater_management5.pdf
  50. https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000928328
  51. https://auth1.dpr.ncparks.gov/flora/plant_list.php?name_sn=Populus
  52. https://www.wood-database.com/bigtooth-aspen/
  53. https://auth1.dpr.ncparks.gov/flora/species_account.php?id=2519
  54. https://www.fs.usda.gov/foresthealth/docs/fidls/FIDL-06-HypoxylonCanker.pdf
  55. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.1079/cabicompendium.31807
  56. https://www.fs.usda.gov/nrs/pubs/gtr/gtr_nrs90/gtr-nrs-90-chapter-2.pdf
  57. https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/sites/default/files/topic/ForestManagement/FR805_51.pdf
  58. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037811271831418X
  59. https://www.fs.usda.gov/foresthealth/technology/pdfs/AerialSignaturesEast.pdf
  60. https://www.mdpi.com/2037-0164/16/2/61
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.