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Cavalry scout
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Cavalry scout
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Cavalry scout
Cavalry branch plaque
Active17 November 1775 – present
CountryUnited States
AllegianceUnited States of America
BranchUnited States Army
TypeMain Armor Corps Element
RoleReconnaissance, security, assault,
PatronSaint George
Insignia
Branch insignia

Cavalry Scout is the job title of someone who has achieved the military occupational specialty of 19D Armored Reconnaissance Specialist in the Combat Arms branch of the United States Army. As with all enlisted soldiers in the United States Cavalry, the person holding the Scout specialization will still be referred to as a "Trooper", the traditional colloquialism denoted in the cavalry's Order of the Spur.

Cavalry Scouts use their special training to obtain, distribute, and share vital combat and battlefield intelligence on the enemy and on combat circumstances and environmental conditions. The Cavalry Scout is also known as the "eyes and ears" of the Army.

Role

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The job of a Cavalry Scout is to operate as one of the first personnel in an area.

Cavalry Scouts gather information on the enemy by dismounted and/or mounted reconnaissance patrols. Cavalry Scouts engage the enemy with anti-armor weapons and scout vehicles in the field, track and report enemy movement and activities, and will direct the employment of various weapon systems onto the enemy.

Their specialized skills enable them to assist with observation and listening posts, perform and help with navigation, and help secure and transport ammunition. The Cavalry Scout leads, serves, or assists as a member of a scout crew, squad, section, platoon or troop in reconnaissance, security, and other combat operations.[citation needed]

Major duties by skill level

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Skill Level I (E1 Private – E4 Specialist/Corporal)

  • Performs duties as crewmember, operates, and performs operator maintenance on scout vehicles: Cavalry Fighting Vehicle (M3 Bradley CFV), HMMWV (Humvee), M1127 reconnaissance vehicle (Stryker), crew-served weapons, anti-armor weapons, and communications equipment.
  • Loads, clears, and fires individual and crew-served weapons.
  • Engages enemy armor with anti-armor weapons.
  • Operates and performs operator maintenance on wheeled vehicles.
  • Assists in the recovery of wheeled and tracked vehicles. Secures, prepares, and stows ammunition on scout vehicles.
  • Performs mounted and dismounted navigation.
  • Serves as member of observation and listening post.
  • Gathers and reports information on terrain features and enemy strength, disposition, and equipment.
  • Applies principles of escape and evasion.
  • Collects data for the classification of routes, fords, tunnels, and bridges.
  • Performs dismounted patrols.
  • Employs principles of cover and concealment and camouflage.
  • Assists with construction of light field fortifications, laying and removal of mines, and emplacing demolitions.
  • Requests and adjusts indirect fire.

Skill Level II (E5 Sergeant)

  • Supervises scout vehicle crew.
  • Supervises operator maintenance of tracked and wheeled scout vehicles and individual and crew-served weapons.
  • Selects, organizes, and supervises operation of observation and listening posts.
  • Supervises scout vehicle recovery operations.
  • Trains scout vehicle crew.
  • Supervises request, receipt, storage, and issue of ammunition.
  • Leads scout vehicle crew and assists in leading scout squad.
  • Serves as gunner, on CFV, HMMWV, and M1127 Stryker RV.
  • May also serve as an Operations Assistant at brigade or squadron level.

Skill Level III (E6 Staff Sergeant)

  • Supervises scout sections and squads.
  • Directs tactical deployment of section and squads in combat.
  • Supervises maintenance of assigned vehicles and equipment.
  • Collects, reports and evaluates accuracy of intelligence information.
  • Directs reconnaissance of fording sites, tunnels, and bridges.
  • Directs route / area / zone reconnaissance at section level.
  • Coordinates action of vehicles with platoon and supporting elements.
  • Evaluates terrain, selected routes, assembly areas, firing positions, and positions for combat operations.
  • Identifies, selects targets, and issues fire commands.
  • Supervises construction of hasty fortifications.
  • Supervises section and squad resupply of class I, III, and V.
  • Trains scout section.
  • Coordinates requirements for organizational maintenance.
  • Conducts scout section drills.
  • Calls for, observes, and adjusts indirect fires.
  • May also serve as an Operations Assistant in the squadron/battalion or higher level staffs and as Operations NCO at troop level.

Skill Level IV (E7 Sergeant First Class)

  • Assists the commander or operations officer in planning, organizing, directing, supervising, training, coordinating, and reporting activities of the scout or armored cavalry platoon and staff sections.
  • Directs distribution of fire in combat.
  • Supervises platoon maintenance activities.
  • Collects, evaluates, and assists in interpretation and dissemination of combat information.
  • Directs platoon tactical movement, platoon security operations (screening), and platoon route/area/zone reconnaissance.
  • Supervises the employment of OPSEC measures.
  • Coordinates the evacuation of casualties.
  • Coordinates and conducts platoon resupply.
  • Requests and adjusts aerial fires.
  • May also serve as an Assistant Operations NCO at battalion or higher level.

Uniform

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Cavalry Scouts wear the ACU, or Army Combat Uniform. The standard camouflage pattern issued is the OCP (OEF) Camouflage Pattern, commonly referred to as Multicam. Two unique articles, the stetson hat as well as spurs, can be worn during special events or when directed by the chain of command. Cavalry Scouts are permitted to wear the Cavalry Stetson Hat with the Dress Uniforms during formal unit functions. The Stetson is traditionally accompanied by wearing the spurs which are earned when the unit conducts a "Spur Ride." Cavalry Spurs can be earned by all Cavalry Scouts. Spurs may be worn on bloused combat boots with the dress uniforms and the duty uniform. The generally accepted Cavalry Spurs are the simplified Prince of Wales spurs (spurs without the rowel, or star-shaped 'wheel' on the back).[citation needed]

A Scout is authorized to wear silver spurs if he has completed a Spur Ride, a rigorous series of physical and mental tasks/events designed to test the scout's military skills, military bearing, physical endurance, mental fortitude, teamwork, ability to act under pressure and exhaustion, and ability to think and improvise quickly. The spur ride was similar to the Infantry's Expert Infantryman Badge in that only a scout could earn them. That tradition has since changed from the mid to late 1990s and now anyone serving in a Cavalry unit, CA or CSS can earn them. The Spur Ride rarely lasts more than three days (sometimes as little as one very long day and night), primarily due to U.S. Army regulations against hazing traditions. In short, it once was a "gut" check or a "smoke" session but it has changed with the times but some units still practice some of the older traditions when it comes to earning the spurs. The exact details of a Spur Ride varies according to the traditions of the particular Cavalry Squadron.[citation needed]

A Scout who has previously earned his silver spurs and then serves in combat is eligible for brass or gold combat spurs. Scouts who have directly been involved in combat are often awarded combat spurs in lieu of the normally prerequisite silver spurs. A Cavalry Trooper that has earned both Silver spurs and Gold spurs are known as a Master Spur Holder in the Order of the Spur.[citation needed]

The Certificate awarded to Order of the Spur inductees, while honored by Cavalrymen everywhere, is not a document that is authorized for inclusion in a soldier's permanent official military file. Regardless, induction into the Order of the Spur is for life, and once awarded is recognized no matter which duty station the Cavalry Scout is assigned to.[citation needed]

Although awarding of the Cavalry Spurs is often reserved for Cavalry troopers only, a deserving soldier or foreign military member who has provided great service (often in combat) to the Cavalry Squadron may be awarded Spurs.[citation needed]

The spurs and stetson are not authorized and are not official headgear or award. They are part of the esprit de corps that lives within the Cav.[citation needed]

Qualifications

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Physical demands rating and qualifications for initial award of military occupational specialty; the job is available to female personnel. Cavalry scouts must possess the following qualifications:

  • Physical Demands Rating = Very Heavy
  • Physical profile (The PULHES Factor) = 111121 or better
  • Correctable vision of 20/20 in one eye and 20/100 in other eye
  • Normal color vision
  • A minimum score, of 87 in aptitude area CO (ASVAB/GT score)
  • Formal training (completion of military occupational specialty I 19D course conducted under the auspices of the U.S. Army Armor School) mandatory
  • Highest rank an individual may be reclassified into military occupational specialty 19D is rank SPC

Additional skill identifiers

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  • 6B – Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course
  • D3 – Bradley Fighting Vehicle System
  • E9 – M901 (ITV) Gunner/Crew Training
  • F7 – Pathfinder
  • J3 – Bradley Fighting Vehicle Master Gunner
  • P5 – Master Fitness Trainer
  • 2C – Javelin Gunnery
  • 2S – Battle Staff Operations (skill level 3 and above)
  • 4A – Reclassification Train
  • 2B – Air Assault
  • B4 – Sniper*
  • R4 – Stryker Armored Vehicle Operator
  • R7 – Graduate of ARC (Army Reconnaissance Course) All graduates of the Army Reconnaissance Course that are recommended by the Armor Proponent will be awarded the “Personnel Only” SI/ASI R7 in coordination with the Branch Manager for that CMF.
  • 5W – Jumpmaster (personnel only)
  • Ranger

*ASI will only be awarded to Soldiers possessing MOS 11B

Skill qualification identifiers

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  • 3 – Advisor
  • P – Parachutist
  • Q – Equal Opportunity Adviser
  • 8 – Instructor
  • X – Drill Sergeant
  • V – Airborne Ranger
  • G – Ranger
  • 4 – Recruiter
  • D – SHARP Representative

Training and School information

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All Cavalry Scouts attend OSUT (One Station Unit Training) or split ops training at Fort Benning in Georgia. The first phase, roughly 10 weeks, is basic military training. The second phase, roughly 12 weeks long, focuses on becoming a Scout for a total of 22 weeks. The U.S. Army is currently testing and considering extending training to a 22-week OSUT course. During these final weeks the future Cavalry Scouts are trained by Instructors as well as their Drill Sergeants.

The OSUT training was moved from Fort Knox, Kentucky, to Fort Benning, Georgia, in 2011. Prior to current phase, OSUT was offered in the form of Cavalry Scout training with Ranger Assessment Selection combination to better prepare Soldiers for The Global War on Terror. This program ended in 2008 in favor of unit based Ranger School recommendation.

Training is broken into color-coded phases, during which recruits gain increasing freedom, based on the recommendations of their drill Sergeants. Training requires excellent physical and mental condition, and is mostly hands-on, in the field. Due to rigorous training an incoming recruit group can see a drop by half or more prior to graduation.[1]

Notable Cavalry Scouts

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See also

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References

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Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Cavalry scout

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
A cavalry scout is a specialized combat arms soldier in the United States Army whose primary role is to conduct reconnaissance, surveillance, and security operations, serving as the "eyes and ears" of commanders by observing enemy positions, movements, and activities while minimizing direct engagement. These soldiers gather and report critical intelligence to inform tactical decisions, track enemy forces, and direct supporting fires or weapon systems, often operating in small teams ahead of main units. In contemporary operations, they employ advanced vehicles such as the M3 Bradley Fighting Vehicle, Humvee, or Stryker, alongside dismounted tactics, to fulfill missions that provide early warning and protect larger forces. The cavalry scout role traces its origins to the early days of the U.S. Army, established on , 1775, with scout units formed shortly thereafter to perform forward on horseback. During the Civil War, scouts rode horses to gather intelligence and scout enemy lines, a tradition that continued into the Indian Wars period from 1866 to 1890, when authorized the enlistment of up to 1,000 Native Americans as scouts to support operations against tribal nations. By , the role evolved with mechanization, as scouts transitioned from horses to jeeps for mobile , adapting further in the postwar era to armored and tracked vehicles amid the decline of horse in 1951. In conflicts like and during the early 2000s, scouts temporarily shifted toward infantry-style patrols and , but post-2011, they reverted to core and reporting missions. Today, cavalry scouts hold the military occupational specialty (MOS) 19D and undergo rigorous 22-week (OSUT) at Fort Benning, Georgia, combining basic combat training with advanced skills in weapons handling (e.g., M4 rifle, M240B ), vehicle operations, , and tactical . Career progression includes roles from driver/gunner to , emphasizing in scout platoons that answer commanders' information needs through mounted and dismounted operations. Traditions such as the —dating to the early 1800s U.S. Dragoons and involving a grueling "spur ride" to earn silver s— the unit's heritage, with gold spurs awarded for combat deployments. Since 2016, the role has been open to women following policy changes on combat assignments, enhancing unit diversity and capabilities.

Historical Background

Origins and Early Development

Cavalry scouts originated as specialized mounted units dedicated to and intelligence gathering, tracing their roots to where mobility on horseback provided a critical advantage in exploring terrain and monitoring enemy movements. In the Achaemenid Persian Empire, units, often comprising nomadic horsemen from subject peoples, were employed for ahead of the main army, harassing flanks, and relaying information during campaigns. Similarly, the Romans integrated into their legions primarily for reconnaissance duties, with exploratores conducting patrols to assess enemy positions and serving as individual forward observers, a practice that became essential after early republican reliance on allied contingents evolved into more formalized auxiliary alae by the imperial period. These early roles established the foundational concept of cavalry scouts as the "eyes and ears" of armies, prioritizing speed and stealth over heavy combat engagement. By the medieval period, the tactical employment of cavalry scouts reached new levels of sophistication under the in the 13th century. Genghis Khan's horsemen, organized into tumens with dedicated nōkōr scouts, formed an extensive intelligence network that screened army movements, gathered advance information on enemy dispositions, and sowed psychological disruption through pre-invasion , enabling rapid conquests across . This system, which included far-ranging patrols and merchant spies, exemplified how scout units could decisively shape operational outcomes by providing real-time in vast, unfamiliar territories. In 18th-century Europe, the role of cavalry scouts evolved further with the rise of light cavalry regiments like the hussars, who specialized in screening the main force, conducting raids on supply lines, and performing to mask army maneuvers during linear warfare. Originating from Hungarian irregulars, hussars in armies such as the Austrian and Prussian forces were equipped for agility, using sabers and light arms to execute these tasks while avoiding pitched battles, as seen in campaigns of the Seven Years' War where they disrupted enemy communications. This period marked a professionalization of tactics, emphasizing deception and mobility to support larger formations. The transition to the American context occurred during the mid-19th century Indian Wars (1850s–1890s), where U.S. frontier scouts adapted these traditions to the expansive western plains, serving as mounted reconnaissance experts to navigate hostile terrain and track nomadic tribes. Civilian frontiersmen like , renowned for guiding expeditions and leading volunteer units against and forces, exemplified this role, leveraging intimate knowledge of the landscape for intelligence and survival. Native American auxiliaries, including and Ute scouts enlisted by the U.S. , provided invaluable cultural and tactical insights, often outperforming regular troops in tracking and ambushes due to their horsemanship and local expertise. A pivotal event underscoring the critical need for effective cavalry scouting was the Battle of Little Bighorn on June 25, 1876, where Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer's 7th suffered a devastating defeat against a combined Lakota, Northern , and force. Custer's failure to heed warnings from his Arikara and about the overwhelming enemy numbers—estimated at 1,500–2,500 warriors—led to inadequate , resulting in his battalion's annihilation and highlighting the perils of disregarding specialized scout intelligence in frontier conflicts. This tragedy prompted reforms in U.S. scouting practices, reinforcing the scouts' emergence as indispensable units for operational security.

Evolution in the US Army

Following , the U.S. Army began transitioning cavalry units from horse-mounted operations to mechanized forces, driven by the limitations of traditional in . In the , experiments with tanks, scout cars, and armored vehicles marked the initial shift, as the Army recognized the need for faster, more survivable capabilities. By 1931, War Department policies formalized within the , leading to the creation of experimental mechanized units that integrated automobiles and light armored vehicles to replace horses, a process accelerated by the obsolescence of equine transport in industrialized conflict. During , cavalry scouts evolved into armored reconnaissance specialists, conducting screening and intelligence-gathering missions in support of larger armored advances. Units such as the 1st Armored Division employed M3 half-tracks for these roles, providing mobile firepower and observation in the North African and European theaters from 1942 to 1945. These vehicles enabled scouts to operate ahead of main forces, relaying critical terrain and enemy position data while maintaining speed and light armor suitable for fluid combat environments. In the era, the establishment of Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) 19D in the mid-1970s formalized the scout role within Field 19, separating it from branches to emphasize armored expertise. Scouts integrated into armored regiments, utilizing vehicles like the from the 1960s through the 1990s for airborne assault and rapid deployment missions, including border patrols in Europe and operations in . This period solidified the scout's function as the "eyes and ears" of commanders in mechanized formations, adapting to nuclear and conventional threats. Post-9/11 conflicts in and shifted cavalry scout operations toward dismounted elements, prioritizing urban and reconnaissance from 2001 to 2021. This adaptation incorporated unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) for overhead surveillance and networked intelligence systems to enhance in asymmetric environments. As of 2025, scouts continue to leverage these technologies for sharing, amid ongoing restructuring under the Army of 2030 force structure, which includes the deactivation of some squadrons and the introduction of Multi-Functional Reconnaissance Companies to address multi-domain threats. Doctrinal evolution reflects these changes, with FM 3-20.96 (initially published in 2002 and updated through ATP 3-20.96 in 2016, alongside ATP 3-20.98 in 2019 and ATP 3-20.97 in September 2024) outlining scout platoon organization, tactics, and integration into brigade combat teams. Recent updates as of 2025 emphasize , incorporating cyber and electronic warfare elements to counter multi-domain threats.

Role and Functions

Reconnaissance and Security Operations

Reconnaissance operations by scouts involve the collection of critical about forces, features, conditions, and dispositions, conducted primarily without engaging in direct to maintain operational surprise. This process emphasizes stealth, rapid mobility, and the use of small teams to penetrate forward areas, enabling commanders to make informed decisions on maneuver and positioning. According to U.S. Army , such tasks provide essential , time, and space for larger units to adapt to battlefield dynamics. Security missions form a core component of cavalry scout activities, focusing on protecting friendly forces through screening, observation, and delay tactics. Screening involves positioning posts (OPs) and conducting patrols to monitor enemy movements, detect threats early, and provide early warning to the main body, often covering between fixed positions. Scouts may also delay enemy advances by harassing or impeding their progress without committing to decisive engagement, buying time for friendly forces to consolidate. These efforts align with doctrinal types such as zone (systematic search of a defined area), route (detailed assessment along a specific path), and area (broad survey of a region), as detailed in Techniques Publication (ATP) 3-20.97. In operational contexts, cavalry scouts have demonstrated these roles effectively in major conflicts. During the , scouts from the 3rd Infantry Division's cavalry units led the "Thunder Run" into , identifying viable routes through urban terrain while evading ambushes and reporting real-time enemy positions to enable the armored advance. This in force confirmed the city's defenses and facilitated the rapid seizure of key objectives with minimal initial casualties. Cavalry scouts integrate seamlessly with elements to enhance and mission success. They coordinate closely with for dismounted support, for suppressive fires, and aviation assets for aerial and rapid extraction, ensuring synchronized operations across the battlefield. Such integration was highlighted in exercises like combined arms live-fire training, where scouts provided targeting data to and attack helicopters, simulating protection against advancing threats. To mitigate risks inherent in forward operations, cavalry scouts employ specialized tactics emphasizing low-signature movement and evasion. Camouflage techniques, including natural cover integration and pattern disruption, conceal positions from enemy detection, while evasion maneuvers allow teams to break contact and reposition without escalation. Night vision devices enable operations in low-light conditions, preserving stealth and extending observation capabilities during periods of reduced visibility. These methods, drawn from field manuals on camouflage and scout skills, reduce exposure to enemy fire and counter-reconnaissance efforts. In contemporary training, cavalry scouts prepare for peer-level threats through exercises that simulate contested environments akin to those posed by adversaries like or , focusing on electronic warfare denial and dispersed operations. For instance, rotations at the Joint Readiness Training Center incorporate scout platoons in scenarios replicating large-scale mechanized advances, honing reconnaissance amid jamming and drone threats.

Intelligence Collection and Reporting

Cavalry scouts serve as the primary collectors of tactical intelligence on the , employing a range of methods to gather critical information that informs command decisions and . Their role emphasizes stealthy observation and reporting to provide commanders with timely insights into enemy positions, movements, and intentions, often operating ahead of main forces to minimize risk to larger units. Collection methods for cavalry scouts primarily involve visual observation, where teams use binoculars, night-vision devices, and terrain concealment to monitor enemy activities without direct engagement. Basic signals intelligence (SIGINT) collection includes intercepting radio communications or electronic emissions during patrols to detect enemy command signals, while human intelligence (HUMINT) is obtained through interactions with local populations or captured personnel during dismounted patrols. These methods align with U.S. Army doctrine for reconnaissance platoons, ensuring scouts maintain a low profile to avoid detection. Reporting protocols standardize the dissemination of collected intelligence through structured formats like the report, which details enemy , Activity, , Unit/, Time observed, and to ensure clarity and completeness in transmissions. Digital systems such as Blue Force Tracker enhance this process by providing GPS-enabled real-time updates on scout positions and enemy sightings, integrating with secure networks for immediate to higher headquarters. This combination allows scouts to transmit data via radio or satellite while tracking friendly forces to support coordinated maneuvers. In basic analysis, cavalry scouts assess gathered to identify capabilities, such as systems and troop strengths, intentions like attack routes, and vulnerabilities including supply lines or morale indicators, often filtering raw observations into actionable summaries for commanders. By 2025, integration with the Joint Battle Command-Platform (JBC-P), upgraded via Mounted Mission Command-Software (MMC-S), enables scouts to fuse their reports with broader battlefield for enhanced situational awareness across mounted units. During Afghanistan operations in the , cavalry scout reports from patrols in areas like Bala Murghab district directly enabled precision airstrikes on positions, such as in Operation Red Sand, where visual and HUMINT data pinpointed insurgent strongholds for targeted coalition responses. Key challenges in intelligence collection and reporting include adversary counter-reconnaissance tactics, such as ambushes or electronic jamming, which force scouts to adapt routes and methods to maintain stealth. Additionally, the imperative for rapid and accurate dissemination is critical to prevent incidents, as delayed or erroneous reports can lead to misidentification of allied forces in dynamic environments.

Training and Qualification

Initial Entry Training

Initial Entry Training for cavalry scouts, designated as Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) 19D, is conducted through (OSUT) at Fort Moore, Georgia. This integrated program combines Basic Combat Training (BCT) and Advanced Individual Training () into a continuous 22-week course, designed to transform recruits into foundational specialists capable of supporting armored and operations. The first 10 weeks focus on BCT, emphasizing core soldiering skills essential for all personnel. Recruits undergo phased instruction: the Red Phase (weeks 1-3) covers basic discipline, physical conditioning, and introductory tactics; the White Phase (weeks 4-6) advances to marksmanship with the , including qualification on the rifle for combat proficiency; and the Blue Phase (weeks 7-10) integrates team-based field exercises, , and basic to build unit cohesion and operational readiness. Throughout BCT, trainees must meet standards on the (ACFT), which assesses strength, endurance, and agility to ensure physical preparedness for demanding scout roles. The subsequent 12 weeks of shift to MOS-specific competencies, introducing recruits to cavalry scout functions. Trainees receive hands-on instruction in scout vehicle operations, including familiarization with the for missions, as well as advanced using maps, compasses, and global positioning systems. Emphasis is placed on basic tactics, such as techniques, route reporting, and patrolling in varied terrains to simulate real-world gathering, with recent additions including familiarization with unmanned aerial systems for enhanced . These skills prepare scouts to operate as the "eyes and ears" of commanders, focusing on , reporting, and security without engaging in direct combat unless necessary. Upon successful completion, graduates are awarded the 19D MOS designation.

Advanced Skill Development

Following initial entry training, cavalry scouts pursue advanced skill development through specialized (NCO) courses and optional elite training programs to build , technical expertise, and operational proficiency in and missions. The Scout Leader Course (SLC), conducted at Fort Moore, Georgia, targets sergeants (E-5 to E-7) and emphasizes platoon-level , advanced techniques, and mission planning using troop-leading procedures, preparation of the , and . This approximately seven-week program develops adaptive NCOs capable of executing complex and operations in contested environments, including advanced communications, reporting, and integration of supporting assets. Optional schools enhance mobility and insertion capabilities for cavalry scouts assigned to elite or airborne units. The Basic Airborne Course (BAC) at Fort Moore lasts three weeks and qualifies soldiers in static-line operations, fostering leadership and self-confidence for combat deployments via aerial insertion. Similarly, the Air School, also at Fort Moore, spans 10 to 12 days and trains soldiers in -based operations, including sling-load proficiency, rappelling, and air planning to support rapid insertions. The Pathfinder Course, a 15-day program at Fort Moore, provides navigation expertise through instruction in landing zone establishment, drop zone operations, and sling-load coordination, enabling scouts to guide forces in challenging terrain. Specialized technical training includes the Bradley Master Gunner Course at Fort Moore, an 11-week program that equips NCOs with advanced knowledge of vehicle weapons systems, gunnery tactics, and maintenance, with recent curricula incorporating unmanned aerial system integration for enhanced targeting and . Ongoing occurs through unit-level sustainment training, such as annual gunnery qualifications that certify crews in live-fire and simulated engagements to maintain . These efforts often utilize Virtual Battlespace (VBS) simulations for realistic scenario-based rehearsals of missions without live ammunition. Completion of these programs awards Additional Skill Identifiers (ASIs) that denote specialized qualifications, such as 6B for leadership upon finishing the Reconnaissance and Surveillance Leaders Course, or R8 for Master Gunner expertise in wheeled vehicle operations. Similarly, J3 ASI is granted for Bradley Master Gunner proficiency, signaling advanced capabilities in armored platforms. These identifiers support career progression by qualifying scouts for specialized billets in platoons or -equipped units.

Duties and Responsibilities

Core Operational Tasks

Cavalry scouts perform a range of hands-on operational tasks essential to and missions, focusing on practical execution in dynamic field environments. These tasks emphasize mobility, vigilance, and rapid response to maintain operational tempo while minimizing detection. Vehicle operations form a foundational element, involving the mounting and dismounting of scout vehicles such as the (BFV) or variants to facilitate quick transitions between mounted and dismounted phases during . Scouts conduct basic maintenance checks, including fluid levels and track/wheel inspections, to ensure vehicle readiness, and execute convoy security by employing traveling or bounding techniques to protect the formation from ambushes. Weapons handling requires proficiency in loading, clearing, and firing both individual and crew-served systems to engage threats at varying ranges. Scouts routinely manage the and for personal defense, while operating crew-served weapons like the and TOW missile systems on vehicles for anti-armor engagements. These actions adhere to restrictions, prioritizing self-defense to avoid compromising positions, with rehearsals ensuring swift employment under stress. Field skills underpin mission success through precise using GPS, compasses, and maps to traverse terrain undetected, often plotting routes with phase lines and checkpoints for zone or route , supplemented by unmanned aerial systems (UAS) for enhanced . Establishing security perimeters involves positioning posts (OPs) with overlapping fields of fire, , and early warning sensors to monitor named areas of interest (NAIs). (CASEVAC) procedures include organizing litter teams during patrols and requesting medical extraction via standardized reports, marking pickup zones with smoke while securing the area. Ammunition management entails securing loads on scout vehicles, preparing rounds for immediate use, and maintaining through daily status reports categorized as green (full), amber (partial), red (low), or black (depleted) to coordinate resupply without halting operations. Team coordination is critical during dismounted patrols, where scouts move in buddy teams using stealthy techniques like low crawls to gather terrain details, and execute immediate action drills—such as reacting to contact by returning fire, seeking cover, and maneuvering per standard operating procedures—to break contact or suppress enemies, with real-time reporting via digital systems like the Joint Battle Command-Platform (JBC-P). These tasks directly support collection by providing raw data on enemy activity for higher reporting.

Skill Levels and Progression

In the U.S. Army, Scouts (MOS 19D) progress through four skill levels aligned with enlisted ranks, evolving from foundational operational roles to advanced and supervisory responsibilities within and units. This structure, outlined in Department of the Army Pamphlet 611-21 (as updated through 2024), emphasizes increasing expertise in mounted and dismounted operations, reporting, and team management. Skill Level 1, corresponding to Privates through Specialists (E-1 to E-4), focuses on basic individual tasks as vehicle crewmembers. Soldiers at this level operate and perform operator maintenance on scout vehicles such as the M3A3 Bradley Cavalry Fighting Vehicle or , ground surveillance systems, antiarmor weapons, and the or M16-series rifle. They assist in patrols by conducting threat identification, preparing oral and written reports like formats, and supporting rear-area operations, including processing enemy prisoners of war. These duties build proficiency in vehicle driving, weapon familiarization, and basic reconnaissance support, typically requiring completion of (OSUT). At Skill Level 2 (/, E-4), achieved after approximately 6-12 months of experience, soldiers transition to leading small teams of 4-5 personnel while performing Skill Level 1 duties. They supervise on scout vehicles, weapons, and equipment; train junior crewmembers; and conduct basic reports, including sector sketches and adjustments. Responsibilities include managing observation posts, ensuring secure communications, and evaluating terrain during mounted or dismounted patrols. Skill Level 3 ( through , E-5 to E-6) involves supervising squads or sections and requires completion of the (BLC) or equivalent for promotion to . Soldiers plan routes, oversee tactical deployments, and train subordinates in core operational tasks such as intelligence collection and battle damage assessment. They coordinate with supported units, prepare operations overlays, issue fire commands, and advise commanders on employment, while supervising resupply and . Skill Level 4 (Staff Sergeant through Sergeant First Class, E-6 to E-7) entails managing platoons or serving as operations NCOs, with duties encompassing all prior levels plus strategic oversight. Leaders integrate with broader operations, evaluate unit readiness, develop training programs, and direct like and weapons qualification. They advise commanders on strategies and ensure compliance with operational security. Progression across skill levels is governed by promotion boards under Army Regulation 600-8-19, requiring minimum time in service (e.g., 24 months for E-5), time in grade, and key developmental assignments such as 24 months as a for eligibility. Evaluations include proficiency in Tasks and Battle Drills (WTBD), Fitness Test (AFT) scores (minimum total of 350 with at least 60 points per event for passing; promotion cutoffs vary by board and MOS, often requiring 500+ as of 2025), and completion of education system courses like Advanced Leader Course (ALC) for E-6. Higher levels emphasize in multi-domain operations, including proficiency with systems like the Joint Battle Command-Platform (JBC-P) for real-time reporting.

Equipment and Uniform

Vehicles and Weapons Systems

Cavalry scouts primarily operate the Cavalry Fighting Vehicle (CFV), a tracked armored platform equipped with a 25mm for engaging light armored targets, TOW anti-tank guided missiles for long-range precision strikes, and second-generation (FLIR) thermal sights for enhanced night and adverse weather capabilities. The M3A3 variant, in widespread use, supports a of three plus up to six dismounted scouts, providing mobility, , and firepower during missions. For wheeled operations, cavalry scouts employ Reconnaissance Vehicle (RV) variants, such as the M1127 Reconnaissance Vehicle and , which offer rapid deployment and terrain versatility in Stryker Brigade Combat Teams, with approximately 545 M1127 units in active service as of early 2025. These wheeled platforms feature modular armor kits and sensor suites for , enabling scouts to conduct mobile screening and early warning tasks. When dismounted, cavalry scouts carry the M4A1 as their primary , a 5.56mm select-fire rifle optimized for close-quarters combat and , often fitted with optics and suppressors for stealthy operations. Anti-armor capabilities include the AT-4 unguided for engaging armored threats at short ranges, while the monocular night vision device provides hands-free, helmet-mounted low-light visibility, weighing approximately 0.77 pounds (device only; total system with mount and battery approximately 1.2 pounds) and mountable on the M4A1 for aiming. Support systems augment scout mobility and intelligence gathering, including the (JLTV) for utility transport in rugged environments, featuring and modular payload options to replace older HMMWVs. Aerial scouting integrates unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) such as the RQ-20 Puma, a hand-launched drone with real-time video feed for battlefield surveillance, operated by scout teams to extend observational reach without risking personnel; the RQ-11 Raven has largely been replaced by newer systems. Cavalry scouts perform routine maintenance on their assigned , including daily inspections of tracks, wheels, and systems; electronic diagnostics for sensors and communications; and procedures for loading and securing weapons to ensure operational readiness. Vehicle platforms for cavalry scouts have evolved from the HMMWV (High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle) for light reconnaissance to advanced systems like the for interim utility, with the Optionally Manned Fighting Vehicle (OMFV) program expecting delivery in late 2025 or 2026 to provide next-generation manned-unmanned teaming, enhanced lethality, and survivability in contested environments.

Distinctive Uniform and Insignia

Cavalry scouts in certain units, such as the 1st Cavalry Division, are distinguished by their iconic Cav Hat, a black cowboy hat featuring a 3-inch curved brim, a yellow-braided cord encircling the crown, and a black leather chin strap. This , authorized for wear by the 1st Cavalry Division since the , symbolizes the unit's historical roots in mounted warfare and is typically donned during formations, ceremonial events, or when directed by the chain of command. The hat's front displays the wearer's rank insignia above the branch disc, centered evenly, with a spurs pin affixed to the hatband for those who have earned the distinction. In operational environments, cavalry scouts wear the standard (OCP) uniform, which incorporates the branch's traditional yellow color on the Velcro-backed name tape, unit patch outline, and rank for identification. Field operations also include tan or boots for mobility and protective gloves to handle equipment, ensuring functionality in diverse terrains. Key include the cavalry , a gold-plated rowel device awarded for service in a designated zone, or a silver version earned through completion of the rigorous Spur Ride—a assessing physical endurance, tactical skills, and cavalry knowledge. These spurs are worn on ceremonial boots or affixed to the Cav Hat, signifying full membership in the and unit prestige. Collar devices feature gold-colored crossed sabers with cutting edges upward, measuring 11/16 inch in height, pinned to the OCP coat lapels to denote the branch. Ceremonial protocols emphasize the Cav Hat's upkeep through unit-enforced policies, such as brushing to maintain felt quality and prohibiting indoor wear except during official functions, though it lacks formal coverage in Army Regulation 670-1 and relies on divisional standards like those in the 1st Division's Yellow Book. This cultural significance fosters esprit de corps, linking modern scouts to the legacy of horse-mounted troopers.

Career and Identifiers

Entry Qualifications

To qualify as a cavalry scout (MOS 19D) in the U.S. Army, applicants must meet specific (ASVAB) score requirements, including a minimum of 87 in the (CO) aptitude area, which assesses skills in mechanical comprehension, auto/shop information, and assembling objects relevant to duties. Physical standards for enlistment include a height range of 60 to 80 inches for males and 58 to 80 inches for females, with weight limits determined by Army Regulation 600-9 body composition standards based on height, age, and gender to ensure operational readiness. Applicants must also demonstrate the ability to meet Army Fitness Test (AFT) benchmarks effective June 1, 2025, such as achieving at least 60 points per event in a total score of 350 for combat specialties, including hand-release push-ups (e.g., a minimum of 10-20 repetitions in 2 minutes depending on age and gender) and a 2-mile run (e.g., under 21:00 for males aged 17-21). The physical profile requirement is 111121 under the PULHES system, indicating no limitations in physical capacity, upper/lower extremities, or psychiatric factors, but allowing for correctable vision issues. Eligibility further requires applicants to be between 17 and 35 years of age, a U.S. citizen or lawful permanent resident, and free from disqualifying moral or medical conditions, though limited waivers may be granted on a case-by-case basis by the Recruiting Command. Medical screening at the Military Entrance Processing Station (MEPS) mandates correctable distant and near to 20/20 in each eye, normal , and hearing thresholds not exceeding 30 decibels at 500, 1,000, and 2,000 Hz per American National Standards Institute specifications. The selection process for airborne-qualified cavalry scouts involves enlisting under an airborne contract (often designated as Option 4), which guarantees attendance at Airborne School following , provided the applicant meets height/weight and criteria for operations. Enlistment incentives for MOS 19D include potential quick-ship bonuses up to $10,000 for reporting to Basic Training within 30 days, though specific job bonuses vary and may reach $50,000 for a 6-year commitment in select cases as of 2025, subject to needs and availability.

Additional Skill and Qualification Identifiers

Additional Skill Identifiers (ASIs) and Skill Qualification Identifiers (SQIs) are alphanumeric codes appended to a soldier's Occupational Specialty (MOS) code, such as 19D for cavalry scout, to denote specialized , expertise, or roles that enhance operational capabilities within Field (CMF) 19. ASIs, typically three-letter codes, indicate proficiency in specific technical or tactical skills relevant to and armored operations, while SQIs, single-letter or numeric codes in the fifth position of the MOS code, signify broader qualifications applicable across MOSs. These identifiers are governed by Department of the Army Pamphlet (DA Pam) 611-21 and are critical for assigning personnel to advanced positions in units like reconnaissance squadrons. Examples of ASIs for MOS 19D include M1 for master gunner, which qualifies soldiers to train and certify crews on weapons systems like the through completion of the Armor Master Gunner Course at Fort Moore; R7 for , restricted to skill level 3 and above, focusing on advanced techniques; and R8 for instructor, designated for E-7 personnel at the U.S. Armor School to develop training programs for scout platoons. Other relevant ASIs encompass B9 for Bradley M2A3/M3A3 operator/maintainer, J3 for operator/maintainer, and L3 for forward observer, each requiring hands-on certification in equipment operation and maintenance. For specialized roles like scout sniper, soldiers may pursue the Sniper Course at Fort Moore, though it awards the B4 ASI more commonly associated with ; cavalry scouts must achieve expert-level marksmanship, typically scoring 80% or higher on qualification tables with the M24 or M110 systems. SQIs for 19D include "3" indicating responsibilities in leadership positions and "P" denoting prior service enlistees with retained qualifications from previous MOS experience, influencing eligibility for accelerated promotions and specialized assignments. Soldiers earn these identifiers by completing targeted courses under the U.S. Armor School or Combined Arms Center, such as the Battle Staff NCO Course for staff integration skills (potentially awarding ASI 2S) or the Mission Digital Master Gunner Course (awarding ASI 5C) for expertise in digital systems like the Command Post of the Future. Reclassification to or within 19D may require ASI validation during MOS transition training, ensuring alignment with unit needs. Recent updates as of 2024 include expanded ASIs for leaders, emphasizing integration with operations. These identifiers provide tangible benefits, including eligibility for higher pay grades through special duty allowances, priority assignment to elite units like the Combat Team for airborne-qualified scouts, and enhanced promotion potential by demonstrating advanced competencies during board evaluations. For instance, holding an ASI like M1 or R7 positions soldiers for roles in high-intensity missions, contributing to unit readiness in multi-domain operations.

Notable Cavalry Scouts

Historical Figures

Christopher "Kit" Carson (1809–1868) was a renowned frontiersman who served as a scout for the U.S. Army during the Mexican-American War (1846–1848), guiding General Stephen Watts Kearny's Army of the West from to and acting as a courier to deliver critical dispatches. In the Civil War, Carson commanded the 1st Cavalry Regiment for the Union, leading expeditions that gathered intelligence on territories and culminating in the 1863–1864 campaign that forced the surrender of forces, relocating approximately 8,000 people on the Long Walk to Bosque Redondo. James "Jim" Bridger (1804–1881), a legendary , enlisted as a trooper and scout for the U.S. Army from 1859 to 1860, leveraging his extensive knowledge of the to map uncharted regions and guide military expeditions. Bridger led Captain William F. Raynolds' 1859 Yellowstone expedition, providing detailed reconnaissance of the upper Yellowstone and Powder River areas, and later scouted against hostile Native American tribes, including forces, during operations from Fort Laramie in the early 1860s. Curley (Ashishishe, 1856–1923), a young warrior, served as one of six attached to the 7th Cavalry under Lieutenant Colonel during the 1876 Great Sioux War. At the on June 25, 1876, Curley observed Custer's detachment from a distance, escaped through enemy lines as the only immediate survivor of that command, and delivered the first post-battle report of the defeat to U.S. forces at the Bighorn River, alerting them to the scale of the disaster. The scouting exploits of figures like Carson, Bridger, and Curley were instrumental in shaping early U.S. , highlighting the value of rapid mobility across rugged and the integration of local geographical and cultural to enhance and operational success against Native American adversaries.

Modern Recipients and Leaders

In the post-9/11 era, cavalry scouts have received numerous valor awards for operations in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2021, including Silver Stars and Bronze Stars with "V" device during intense engagements like the Battle of Kamdesh in 2009, where troops from the 61st Cavalry Regiment's scout elements defended against a large Taliban assault, earning nine Silver Stars and multiple Bronze Stars for reconnaissance and defensive actions under fire. Notably, two 19D Cavalry Scouts from this battle received the Medal of Honor: Staff Sgt. Ty Michael Carter for his actions in rescuing wounded comrades under heavy fire at Combat Outpost Keating, and Staff Sgt. Clinton Romesha for leading a counterattack that repelled the assault. Sergeant First Class Corey Seeds exemplifies contemporary cavalry scout leadership in advisory roles, transitioning from his initial 19D MOS to serve as a maneuver advisor with the 2nd during a 2024 deployment to Marrakech, , where he enhanced partner nation capabilities through joint training on terrain analysis and integration. Cavalry scout units participated in European deterrence missions, such as the 4th Squadron, 2nd Regiment's involvement in Exercise Saber Guardian 25 in as part of DEFENDER-Europe 25, conducting multinational reconnaissance patrols to bolster interoperability and rapid response postures. The legacy of modern cavalry scouts reflects a post-9/11 shift toward greater diversity, exemplified by female pioneers like Sgt. Kayci Landes, the first woman to graduate as a 19D Cavalry Scout in 2016, breaking barriers in roles, alongside technological advancements such as unmanned aerial systems and networked sensors that enhance scouting precision in asymmetric and deterrence operations.

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