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Lee Lawrie, Odin (1939). Library of Congress John Adams Building, Washington, D.C.

In Norse mythology, Gungnir (/ˈɡʌŋ.nɪər/, "the rocking") is the spear of the god Odin. It is known for always hitting the target of the attacker regardless of the attacker's skill.

Attestations

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Poetic Edda

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In the Poetic Edda poem Völuspá, the Æsir-Vanir War is described as officially starting when Odin throws a spear over the heads of an assembly of Vanir gods. Whether or not this was specifically Gungnir is, however, unstated. In Sigrdrífumál, the valkyrie Sigrdrífa advises Sigurd on the magical application of runes. She gives Sigurd advice and shares with him lore, including that runes were carved on the tip of Gungnir.

Prose Edda

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According to chapter 51 of the Prose Edda book, Gylfaginning, Odin will ride in front of the Einherjar while advancing on to the battle field at Ragnarök wearing a gold helmet, an impressive cloak of mail and carrying Gungnir. He will then attack the wolf Fenrir with it.

In Skáldskaparmál, more information regarding the spear is presented. The spear was fashioned by the dwarves known as the Sons of Ivaldi under the mastery of the blacksmith dwarf Dvalinn. The spear was obtained from the dwarfs by Loki, the result of a scheme he concocted as a partial reparation for his cutting of the goddess Sif's hair. The spear is described as being so well balanced that it could strike any target, no matter the skill or strength of the wielder.

Archaeological record

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If the rider on horseback on the image on the Böksta Runestone has been identified as Odin, then Odin is shown carrying Gungnir while hunting an elk.[1]

In the Ring of the Nibelung

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In Richard Wagner's opera cycle, Der Ring des Nibelungen, Wotan's (Odin's) spear is made from the wood of the world tree, the ash tree Yggdrasil, and engraved with the contracts from which Wotan's power derives. He uses the spear to break the sword of Siegmund, leading to Siegmund's death. When he later tries to bar Siegmund's son Siegfried from awakening Brünnhilde from her magic sleep, Siegfried breaks the spear in two and Wotan flees. In the concluding opera Götterdämmerung Wotan is said to have returned to his stronghold Valhalla with the broken spear and withdrawn from worldly matters.

See also

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References

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Sources

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  • Orchard, Andy (1997). Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend. Cassell. ISBN 0-304-34520-2
  • Silén, Lars (1983). "Några Reflektioner Angående Bilderna på Balingsta-Stenen i Uppland" (PDF). Fornvännen. 78. Swedish National Heritage Board: 88–91. ISSN 1404-9430. Retrieved 2010-01-28.
[edit]
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Gungnir

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Gungnir is the spear of the Norse god Odin, forged by dwarves and famed for always striking its intended target without fail.[1] According to the Prose Edda, the weapon was crafted by the sons of Ivaldi, a group of skilled dwarven smiths, as one of several treasures made at the behest of Loki to compensate for cutting Sif's hair after his prank.[1] Loki presented Gungnir to Odin during a divine judgment alongside other treasures, including Thor's hammer Mjölnir and Freyr's ship Skíðblaðnir, as part of a contest to appease the gods for his misdeeds.[1] The spear's name derives from the Old Norse word gung, meaning "swaying" or "rocking," possibly alluding to its unerring flight or the trembling it induces in battle.[2] In mythological narratives, Gungnir serves as Odin's primary weapon and emblem of sovereignty, hurled to initiate the Æsir-Vanir War and symbolizing his role as a war god.[3] During Ragnarök, the apocalyptic battle foretold in the Prose Edda, Odin rides at the head of the gods' forces, clad in golden helmet and mailcoat, brandishing Gungnir as he confronts the monstrous Fenris Wolf.[4] Beyond combat, the spear embodies Odin's wisdom and cosmic authority, often depicted in medieval art and skaldic poetry as an artifact tied to fate and victory.[2]

Name and Etymology

Linguistic Origins

The name Gungnir derives from Old Norse gungnir, a term meaning "the swaying one" or "the trembling one," rooted in the verb gunga ("to sway" or "to rock").[5][6] This etymology reflects connotations of oscillation or subtle motion inherent in the word's formation. (Simek, Rudolf. Dictionary of Northern Mythology. D.S. Brewer, 1993, p. 124.) In Old Norse, the phonetic pronunciation is approximately /ˈɡuŋ.ɡnir/, with a short u sound and geminated g.[5] Modern English adaptations typically render it as /ˈɡʌŋ.nɪər/, emphasizing a smoother flow while preserving the core syllables.[6] Gungnir serves as the designated name for the spear wielded by Odin in Norse tradition.[6]

Symbolic Interpretations

The name Gungnir, derived from Old Norse gungnir meaning "the swaying one" or "the trembling one," carries symbolic weight in Norse cosmology, evoking the precarious balance of fate and the universe's inherent instability. Scholars interpret this "swaying" as a metaphor for the unpredictable flux of destiny, where even divine actions resonate with the uncertainty underlying existence.[6][2] In association with Odin, Gungnir represents unyielding wisdom and sovereign authority, its unerring flight path signifying the divine inevitability of judgment and cosmic decree. The spear's motion, despite its "swaying" connotation, underscores Odin's role as the all-seeing arbiter whose actions propel the fulfillment of fate.[6][2] Nineteenth-century linguist Jacob Grimm, in his Teutonic Mythology, noted Gungnir's use in ritual contexts, such as self-marking with the spear's edge to consecrate warriors to Odin.[7]

Creation and Description

Forging by the Dwarves

In Norse mythology, the forging of Gungnir is detailed in the Prose Edda, specifically in the section Skáldskaparmál, where it emerges as part of a sequence of events triggered by Loki's mischief. Loki Laufeyarson, seeking to cause trouble, severed all of Sif's golden hair, the wife of Thor. Enraged, the gods seized Loki and demanded reparation, threatening severe punishment if he failed to replace the hair with something equally fine that would grow like natural tresses. To fulfill this, Loki vowed to procure aid from skilled dwarven smiths.[8] Loki then journeyed to the dwarves known as the Sons of Ivaldi, renowned for their masterful craftsmanship in the underground realms. These dwarves, also referred to as the Black Elves in some accounts, forged three extraordinary items as part of the reparations: a head of golden hair for Sif that would grow on her scalp as if real; the ship Skíðblaðnir for the god Freyr, capable of favorable winds and folding like a cloth; and the spear Gungnir, destined as a gift for Odin. The process involved the dwarves' innate magical smithing techniques, drawing on their expertise in shaping metals and enchantments within forges of intense heat.[8] In some later interpretations, the spear's shaft is said to be crafted from wood sourced from Yggdrasil, the world tree, symbolizing its unerring straightness and cosmic connection, though this detail does not appear in the primary Eddic texts. These dwarven creations, including Gungnir, were presented to the gods as atonement, with Odin receiving the spear as his personal weapon.[8][9]

Physical and Magical Attributes

Gungnir possesses several distinctive physical and magical attributes that set it apart as the preeminent weapon in Norse mythology. Crafted by skilled dwarves, the spear is described in the Prose Edda as never missing its intended target regardless of the thrower's skill or distance.[6][10] Furthermore, the Sigrdrífumál of the Poetic Edda instructs that victory-runes be carved upon Gungnir's point to ensure triumph in battle, elevating the spear from a mere instrument of combat to a conduit for strategic and mystical prowess.[11]

Role in Norse Mythology

Use in Key Myths

In the Poetic Edda poem Völuspá, Odin hurls his spear—traditionally identified as Gungnir—over the assembled Vanir host, thereby igniting the Æsir-Vanir War, the first major conflict among the gods, and marking the onset of hostilities by breaking the protective wall around the Æsir.[12] This act symbolizes Odin's invocation of war and his claim over the adversaries, setting the stage for the eventual truce that integrates the two divine tribes.[6] During the apocalyptic events of Ragnarök, as described in the Prose Edda’s Gylfaginning, Odin wields Gungnir as he leads the Æsir into the final battle on the field of Vígríðr, specifically advancing against the monstrous Fenrir wolf in a doomed confrontation that culminates in Odin's death.[13] The spear accompanies Odin in his golden helmet and mail coat, underscoring its status as his indispensable weapon amid the cosmic upheaval involving floods, earthquakes, and clashes with giants and beasts.[13] The custom of throwing a spear—associated with Gungnir—over enemy forces at the start of battle to dedicate them to Odin also features prominently in Norse rituals and oaths, ensuring their slain bodies serve as offerings to the god.[14] This practice, attributed to Odin himself in the Ynglinga Saga, transformed warfare into a sacred rite, where the hurled spear invoked Odin's favor and bound the conflict to his divine authority, a tradition echoed in historical accounts of Viking-age battles.[14]

Association with Odin

Gungnir serves as Odin's primary weapon in Norse mythology, embodying his sovereignty as the Allfather and his multifaceted role as a god of war, wisdom, and poetry. As the chief deity of the Aesir, Odin wields Gungnir to assert his authority, often hurling it to claim victory in battle by designating enemies for the gods, a practice that underscores his strategic command over fate and conflict.[6] This association highlights Odin's position as protector of Asgard and ruler of the divine realm, where the spear's unerring flight symbolizes his precise, far-reaching influence over cosmic order.[15] In primary texts like the Prose Edda's Gylfaginning, Odin is described as the one-eyed wanderer who carries Gungnir, reinforcing its role in marking his divine kingship.[16] The spear's deep ties to Odin's quest for knowledge further cement its significance, particularly in rituals of sacrifice and foresight. During his self-impalement on the world tree Yggdrasil to gain rune wisdom, Odin pierced himself with his spear—commonly interpreted as Gungnir—hanging from the tree for nine nights as an act of profound self-sacrifice that mirrors his relentless pursuit of esoteric understanding. This event, detailed in the Poetic Edda's Hávamál (stanzas 138–141), portrays the spear not merely as a tool of destruction but as an instrument of Odin's intellectual and spiritual trials, linking it to his prophetic vision and mastery of magic.[6] Scholars note that such depictions emphasize Gungnir's role in Odin's wanderings across the realms, where he employs it to probe the boundaries of existence, embodying the god's enigmatic blend of martial prowess and shamanic insight.[17] In contrast to Thor's hammer Mjölnir, which represents raw, thunderous might suited to the thunder god's direct confrontations, Gungnir reflects Odin's preference for cunning strategy and psychological dominance in warfare. While Mjölnir crushes foes through overwhelming force, Gungnir's magical accuracy and symbolic oaths—such as those sworn upon it—allow Odin to manipulate alliances and destinies with calculated precision, aligning with his archetype as a tactical warlord rather than a brute warrior.[6] This distinction, evident in skaldic poetry like Bragi Boddason's 9th-century verses, positions Gungnir as an extension of Odin's intellectual sovereignty, prioritizing foresight and ritual over physical power.[18]

Attestations in Primary Sources

Poetic Edda References

In the Poetic Edda poem Völuspá, Gungnir is implicitly referenced in stanza 23, where the völva recounts the onset of the Æsir-Vanir War: "On the host his spear | did Othin hurl, / Then in the world | did war first come; / The wall that girdled | the gods was broken, / And the field by the warlike | Wanes was trodden."[19] This act of Odin hurling his spear over the Vanir host marks the formal declaration of war and the breaching of Asgard's walls, with scholars interpreting the unnamed spear as Gungnir due to its central role as Odin's signature weapon in Norse tradition.[6] The gesture symbolizes ritual dedication of the enemy to Odin, initiating cosmic conflict and underscoring Gungnir's function in divine warfare. Gungnir appears explicitly in Sigrdrífumál, where the valkyrie Sigrdrífa advises the hero Sigurðr on inscribing runes for victory. In stanza 17, she instructs: "On glass and on gold, | and on goodly charms, / In wine and in beer, | and on well-loved seats, / On Gungnir’s point, | and on Grani’s breast, / On the nails of Norns, | and the night-owl’s beak."[11] This guidance emphasizes carving victory runes (sigr-rúnar) on the spear's tip to ensure triumph in battle, highlighting Gungnir's magical properties as a conduit for runic power and Odin's favor in heroic endeavors. The poem, preserved in the Codex Regius, blends mythological instruction with practical sorcery, positioning Gungnir as an essential tool for martial success.[20] Within the Poetic Edda and associated skaldic poetry traditions, Gungnir features in kennings and metaphors that evoke its symbolic weight, such as "swinger of Gungnir" (váfaðr Gungnis) as a kenning for Odin himself, denoting his mastery over the weapon in verses like Bragi's fragments.[21] Other periphrases include "Odin's staff," portraying Gungnir as a scepter of authority, and "swaying dart," reflecting its etymological meaning from Old Norse gungnir ("the swaying one"), which alludes to its unerring flight and trembling precision in battle.[22] These poetic devices, compiled in Eddic collections, reinforce Gungnir's role as an emblem of Odinic wisdom and warcraft, often contrasting its physical might with metaphysical resonance.

Prose Edda Accounts

In the Skáldskaparmál section of the Prose Edda, Gungnir is described as one of the masterworks forged by the dwarves known as the Sons of Ivaldi.[23] This creation occurs as compensation for Loki's mischief in cutting off the hair of Thor's wife Sif, prompting Loki to commission the dwarves to craft replacements; they produce not only the golden hair that grows like natural locks but also Freyr's ship Skíðblaðnir and Odin's spear Gungnir, which is renowned for always hitting its target. Loki then wagers his head with the dwarf Brokkr, betting that Brokkr's brother Sindri cannot equal these gifts, leading to a contest where Sindri forges Thor's hammer Mjöllnir, Odin's ring Draupnir, and Freyr's boar Gullinbursti; the gods deem Mjöllnir the finest, but Gungnir remains Odin's prized weapon.[23] In Gylfaginning, Gungnir appears as Odin's weapon during the cataclysmic events of Ragnarök.[24] As the gods and their foes clash on the vast plain of Vígríðr, Odin rides forth at the head of the Einherjar, clad in a golden helmet and mailcoat, brandishing Gungnir against the monstrous Fenris Wolf amid the world's destruction by fire and flood.[24] This confrontation underscores Gungnir's role in Odin's final stand, though Odin meets his end by being devoured by the wolf, avenged by his son Víðarr.[24] Snorri Sturluson, writing the Prose Edda in the early 13th century for a Christian audience, frames these mythological accounts within an euhemeristic narrative to reconcile pagan lore with historical and biblical traditions. In the prologue, he portrays Odin not as a divine being but as a mortal chieftain from Asia Minor who migrates to northern Europe, thus rationalizing the gods' exploits as distorted memories of ancient kings and their artifacts. This approach allows Snorri to preserve skaldic poetry and myths, including Gungnir's attributes, while presenting them as euhemerized history to avoid conflict with Christian doctrine.

Archaeological and Historical Evidence

Depictions in Artifacts

Archaeological evidence for depictions of Gungnir primarily appears in Viking Age runestones and portable artifacts, where the spear is often associated with a mounted or standing figure interpreted as Odin. The Böksta Runestone (U 855), a granite memorial stone located near Balingsta in Uppsala County, Sweden, and dated to the 11th century, features a prominent hunting scene carved on its surface. This includes a horseman wielding a spear while pursuing an antlered animal, likely an elk, accompanied by two dogs. Other runestones exhibit spear motifs in association with Odin worship, reflecting the god's martial iconography during the late pagan period. For instance, the Glavendrup stone (DR 209), a large limestone runestone from Funen, Denmark, erected in the early 10th century, incorporates pagan elements invoking divine protection against desecration, though the inscription primarily hallows the site through Thor's name. Similar patterns appear on stones like Gotland Runic Inscription G 181, from Sanda parish, Sweden (ca. 10th century), where a figure identified as Odin is shown among deities, holding an elongated staff or spear symbolizing authority. Viking Age amulets and bracteates provide additional visual representations, often portraying a one-eyed figure grasping a staff-like spear, emblematic of Odin's wisdom and warfare attributes. These gold-foil discs and pendants, dated between the 8th and 11th centuries and found across Scandinavia (e.g., in Sweden and Denmark), frequently depict a bearded, single-eyed man with a spear or baton, sometimes accompanied by birds or horses, as seen in examples from Birka settlements and Valsgärde burials.[25] Such artifacts, recovered from graves and hoards, underscore Gungnir's role as a protective talisman in daily and ritual life.[26]

Scholarly Interpretations

The Böksta runestone (U 855), discovered in Uppsala, Sweden, and dated to around 1050 CE, features imagery of a rider wielding a spear while pursuing a horned animal, which scholars have interpreted as potential evidence of Odinic cult practices involving hunting rituals associated with Gungnir. Lars Silén proposed in 1983 that the rider represents Odin himself, with the spear symbolizing Gungnir and the scene reflecting pre-Christian worship of the god as a divine hunter. This view ties the artifact to broader Odinic traditions, where spears served as symbols of divine authority and ritual dedication.[27] Debates over such interpretations trace back to 19th-century scholarship, including Sophus Bugge's analyses of runic inscriptions like the Thorsberg chape (c. 200 CE), which he linked to theophoric names potentially evoking Odin or related figures, influencing early understandings of spear symbolism in Odinic contexts.[27] Archaeological evidence from 20th-century excavations further connects spear-throwing to pre-Christian rituals, particularly in berserker traditions tied to Odinic worship. Neil Price's examination of sites like Tissø in Denmark (excavated in the 1990s–2000s) reveals spears deliberately thrust into graves, interpreted as ritual dedications to Odin, mirroring mythological accounts of Gungnir's use to claim enemies or sacrifices. These findings support the idea of spear-throwing as a berserker initiation or battle rite, where warriors invoked Odin's favor through symbolic violence.[28] Jens Peter Schjødt's research reinforces this, positing berserkir as animal-warriors in an Odinic cult framework, with spear rituals facilitating ecstatic states and divine possession during pre-Christian warfare.[29] However, scholars critique these interpretations for potential over-reliance on ambiguous iconography from the pagan-Christian transitional period (c. 900–1100 CE), where artifacts often blend motifs. Lilla Kopár argues that Viking Age stone sculptures, including those with spear-bearing figures, reflect religious accommodation rather than pure Odinic symbolism, warning against projecting mythological narratives onto syncretic Christian monuments. Sophus Bugge earlier described such imagery as "pagan iconography of Christian ideas," highlighting how transitional artifacts like runestones obscure clear cult evidence due to cultural hybridization.[30] This ambiguity underscores the challenges in distinguishing ritual intent from artistic convention in the archaeological record.

Cultural Depictions and Legacy

In Wagner's Ring Cycle

In Richard Wagner's operatic tetralogy Der Ring des Nibelungen (1876), the spear wielded by Wotan, the chief god and analogue to the Norse Odin, serves as a central symbol of divine authority and contractual law, diverging from its mythological precursor while retaining thematic echoes of power and inevitability. Wagner reimagines the weapon not as a dwarven-forged artifact like the Norse Gungnir, but as one personally crafted by Wotan himself from a branch of the World Ash-Tree, the cosmic source of wisdom whose desecration foreshadows the gods' decline.[31] Upon forging the spear, Wotan engraves it with "truly sworn treaty-runes," transforming it into an instrument for enforcing oaths and binding agreements among gods, giants, and mortals, thereby establishing and upholding the fragile order of the divine realm.[31] This adaptation emphasizes the spear's role in Wagner's narrative as a tool of governance rather than warfare, reflecting the composer's interest in themes of law, betrayal, and the limitations of imposed authority.[32] Throughout the cycle, the spear's narrative arc underscores the erosion of Wotan's dominion and the inexorable march toward the twilight of the gods. In Die Walküre (1870), Wotan deploys the spear to shatter the hero Siegmund's sword Nothung during a duel, enforcing a treaty-bound fate and sacrificing his own desires to maintain cosmic balance, a moment that highlights the weapon's unyielding enforcement of contracts.[33] The spear meets its dramatic breaking point in Siegfried (1876), where the young hero Siegfried, wielding the reforged Nothung, cleaves it in two during their confrontation at Neidhöle, an act that symbolizes the shattering of the old divine order and the ascendancy of fearless human agency over godly tyranny.[33] In Götterdämmerung (1876), the fractured spear's legacy persists indirectly through the Norns' prologue, which recounts Wotan's felling of the World Ash-Tree for pyres around Valhalla, evoking the weapon's origins and the impending Ragnarök-like cataclysm it once upheld.[34] This progression illustrates Wagner's portrayal of the spear as a emblem of Wotan's self-imposed constraints, where its destruction heralds the collapse of patriarchal rule and the potential for renewal through love and nature.[31] Wagner's depiction of the spear draws from 19th-century Romanticism's fascination with Norse mythology and German folklore, blending elements from sources like the Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, and Nibelungenlied to craft an operatic allegory of fate, power, and redemption.[32] Influenced by Romantic thinkers such as Johann Gottfried Herder's emphasis on folk traditions and Arthur Schopenhauer's pessimism about will and destiny, Wagner infuses the spear with symbolism that critiques modern civilization's contractual illusions, portraying it as both a scepter of sovereignty and a harbinger of doom.[35] This synthesis elevates the artifact beyond mere prop to a leitmotif—recurrent in the score as the "Spear motif"—that musically reinforces themes of inexorable fate and the gods' tragic hubris, aligning with Romantic ideals of mythic grandeur and emotional catharsis.[36]

In Modern Media and Symbolism

In video games, Gungnir is prominently featured as Odin's signature weapon, emphasizing its mythological attributes of unerring accuracy and rune-enhanced power. In God of War (2018), the spear is depicted in Jötunn shrines, illustrating Odin wielding it alongside his brothers Vili and Vé to slay the primordial giant Ymir, portraying it as a tool of divine precision and authority that never misses its mark.[37] This depiction influences the game's narrative by underscoring Odin's manipulative and warlike nature, though it remains non-playable. In God of War Ragnarök (2022), Gungnir physically appears and is wielded by Odin in multiple cutscenes, including confrontations with Thor, Kratos, Atreus, and Freya, further emphasizing its role as an indestructible staff-like weapon central to Odin's schemes and battles.[37] Similarly, in Assassin's Creed Valhalla (2020), Gungnir serves as a legendary spear obtainable in Norway's Hordafylke region after completing key quests, boasting superior stats including extended attack reach that allows players to maintain distance in combat while channeling Odin's mythical prowess.[38] Its mechanics enhance gameplay by enabling fluid, long-range strikes, reflecting the spear's role as a symbol of unyielding authority in Viking-era simulations.[39] In contemporary literature and adaptations, Gungnir embodies Odin's cunning and strategic dominance, often reimagined in modern contexts. Neil Gaiman's American Gods (2001) presents the spear as Mr. Wednesday's (Odin's) indispensable tool, disguised as an everyday staff but capable of lethal precision, symbolizing the god's deceptive intellect and command over fate in a clash of old and new deities.[40] This portrayal highlights Gungnir's versatility beyond warfare, using it to orchestrate schemes and oaths, which reinforces Odin's archetype as a master manipulator. Post-2000 fantasy media frequently features Gungnir in games, books, and films as a symbol of destiny and power.[41] Beyond entertainment, Gungnir holds symbolic significance in neo-pagan and Ásatrú practices, revived during the 20th-century Heathenry resurgence. Some groups, such as the Society of Gungnir within Odin's Warrior Tribe, honor the spear as a symbol of martial and spiritual authority among military heathens.[42] This usage draws from its mythological role as an unbreakable emblem of cosmic order, adapted in contemporary contexts to represent personal empowerment and ancestral connection within Heathen groups that emerged in the 1970s onward.[43]

References

  1. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Prose_Edda_(1916_translation_by_Arthur_Gilchrist_Brodeur
  2. Norse-Viking Symbols & Meanings - World History Encyclopedia
  3. Gungnir - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
  4. Gungnir - Norse Mythology for Smart People
  5. https://norseimports.com/blogs/news/gungnir-meaning
  6. Decoding Viking Signs: Nine Norse Symbols Explained
  7. Full text of "Teutonic mythology / Jacob Grimm - Internet Archive
  8. Edda to English: Translations of the Prose Edda - Mimisbrunnr.info
  9. Gungnir - The Spear of Odin - Grizz Studio
  10. The Poetic Edda: Voluspo | Sacred Texts Archive
  11. Gylfaginning | Sacred Texts Archive
  12. Heimskringla/Ynglinga saga/Chapter 6 - Wikisource, the free online library
  13. Norse mythology: What you need to know about Gungnir, Odin's spear
  14. The Younger Edda - Project Gutenberg
  15. [PDF] The Materiality of Myth: Divine Objects in Norse Mythology - Journal.fi
  16. [PDF] Snorri Sturluson's Edda - Viking Society Web Publications
  17. The Poetic Edda: Voluspo | Sacred Texts Archive
  18. The Poetic Edda: Sigrdrifumol | Sacred Texts Archive
  19. Sigrdrífumál - Voluspa.org
  20. Bragi Frag 4III - Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages
  21. Kennings for Óðinn - Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages
  22. Skáldskaparmal | Sacred Texts Archive
  23. Gylfaginning | Sacred Texts Archive
  24. [PDF] Images of weapons on runestones
  25. [PDF] Warrior institutions and martial networks in Viking-Age Scandinavia
  26. Iconography of Odin - Germanic Mythology
  27. [PDF] Viking and medieval amulets in Seandinavia - DiVA portal
  28. [PDF] Faculty of Social and Human Sciences University of Iceland 2015
  29. Crossing the Maelstrom: New Departures in Viking Archaeology
  30. [PDF] The Notion of Berserkir and the Relation between Óšinn and Animal ...
  31. [PDF] THE ICONOGRAPHY OF VIKING-AGE STONE SCULPTURES
  32. [PDF] Interpreting Wagner's Wotan in the Context of Germanic Mythology
  33. Wagner's Norse Obsession - Metropolitan Opera
  34. A Beginner's Guide to Wagner's RING Cycle | Lyric Opera of Chicago
  35. Synopsis: Götterdämmerung - Metropolitan Opera
  36. [PDF] Connecting Johann Herder's Romantic Nationalism & Richard ...
  37. Myths of Creation Wagner's Ring Cycle - Paul A. Cantor
  38. Gungnir | God of War Wiki - Fandom
  39. How to Get Odin's Spear - Assassin's Creed Valhalla Guide - IGN
  40. Assassin's Creed Valhalla: How to Get Gungnir (Odin's Spear)
  41. American Gods: Can Gungnir Really Kill Odin? - Screen Rant
  42. [PDF] The Norse Myth in Video Games: A Controversial Approach
  43. Column: Practice Tips - Living, Paganism, Perspectives, Witchcraft
  44. Ásatrú and Heathenry, Belief and Beards, Racists and Reporters
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