Hubbry Logo
Hsiung Feng IIIHsiung Feng IIIMain
Open search
Hsiung Feng III
Community hub
Hsiung Feng III
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Hsiung Feng III
Hsiung Feng III
Hsiung Feng III
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

The Hsiung Feng III (HF-3; Chinese: 雄風三型; pinyin: Xióngfēng sān xíng, "Brave Wind III") is a medium range supersonic missile with capabilities to destroy both land based targets and naval targets developed by the National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST) in Taiwan.[4][3][5]

Key Information

Design

[edit]

Initial prototype versions of the missile used the design of an integrated rocket ramjet to achieve supersonic speeds. It uses a solid fuel main booster with two side-by-side solid-propellant jettisonable strap-on rocket boosters for initial acceleration and a liquid-fueled ramjet for sustained cruise. It also employs electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM) capabilities allowing it to penetrate an enemy ship's defenses.[3]

The missile is cylindrical in shape and composed of three sections, namely guidance and control, warhead, and propulsion. The body has four inlet ducts and four clipped delta control surfaces. It used the inertial navigation system (INS) during mid-course navigation phase and active radar seeker at terminal guidance phase. The air intake design arrangement was reported to have been optimized for evasive maneuvering at terminal sea-skimming altitudes. The missile is designed to be capable of way-pointing and can be programmed to fly offset attack axes to saturate defenses. It is also capable of high-G lateral terminal "random weaving" maneuvers to evade close-in defenses.[2][3]

It also features an armor-piercing warhead which generates tremendous destruction after hitting the target. The warhead is equipped with self-forging fragments and in the 225 kg (500 lb) weight class. It has a conventional warhead that is triggered by a smart fuze which directs most of the energy downwards, inside the target ship's hull.[2][3][6][7]

The missile is believed to have an operating range of over 100 km (62 mi; 54 nmi) [3] and an extended range version with a possible maximum range of over 400 km (250 mi; 220 nmi) .[8] It can be deployed on ships and mobile trailers. The instructions for missile launch can be issued by a command and control system for different platforms and different paths leading to saturation of a ship's defense system.[3]

History

[edit]

Development

[edit]

CSIST started a ramjet test vehicle program in 1994, and this project was later merged with the Hsiung Feng program. Flight testing of a prototype started in 1997. Operational testing and evaluation was started in 2004 and was completed by 2005, on board ROCS Cheng Kung.[2][3] The development and flight test program for the Yun Feng supersonic cruise missile was hidden within the HF-3's flight test program.[9]

According to the Jamestown Foundation the HF-3 was intended to counter the SS-N-22 Sunburn which the PRC had acquired with its Sovremennyy-class destroyers.[10]

Deployment

[edit]

The missile was officially revealed on October 10, 2007, at a military parade in Taipei, Taiwan.[11][12] It has now been deployed aboard the ROC Navy's La Fayette/Kang Ding-class frigate, Cheng Kung-class frigate, Jin Chiang-class patrol gunboats, and on road mobile tractor trailers.[3] In 2019, Taiwanese President Tsai Ing-wen ordered the NCSIST to accelerate mass production of the HF-3 in response to increasing Chinese military power and bellicosity.[13]

Misfire accident

[edit]
Hsiung Feng III missile mishap
Main article: Hsiung Feng III missile mishap

On July 1, 2016, Chinchiang (PGG-610) of the Republic of China (Taiwan) Navy accidentally fired a Hsiung Feng III missile during a training exercise. The missile traveled a distance of about 75 km (47 mi) before it hit a fishing boat[14][15] The captain of the boat was killed and three crew members were injured. The Taiwan Ministry of National Defense stated that the warship's commander, senior arms officer and missile launch control sergeant had all failed to follow standard operating procedure.[16]

Variants

[edit]

Extended range

[edit]

The larger, longer-range Hsiung Feng III has been developed since the Presidency of Ma Ying-jeou, and was formally established under the name "Panlong Project" during the Presidency of Tsai Ing-wen.[17] It is expected to produce extended-range missile with a range of 400 kilometers. NCSIST conducted multiple live-fire tests of the extended-range missile from 2017 to 2019, and the mass production budget will be approved in 2021.[18] The extended-range missile of Han Kuang Exercise 41 was deployed for the first time.[19]

Air launched

[edit]

The development of an air-launched variant of the HF-3, dubbed the Hsiung Chih, was disclosed in 2022. The air launched variant in expected to be significantly lighter and to use the F-CK-1 as a launch platform.[20] The air launched variant was spotted undergoing testing in 2025.[21]

Security concerns

[edit]

In late 2021 and early 2022, the National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST) discovered equipment used in the development and testing of the Hsiung Feng III and other missiles used by Taiwan relied on mainland Chinese facilities for repair and maintenance, raising security concerns. NCSIST had shipped the instrument to its manufacturer in Switzerland and was not informed that the equipment would be sent to China. NCSIST performed check after receiving the equipment from China, which did not discover any malware or modifications.[22]

[edit]
  • Hsiung Feng III anti-ship missile launched from a missile launchers truck
    Hsiung Feng III anti-ship missile launched from a missile launchers truck
  • Two vessels of the Ching Chiang class at Keelung, Taiwan. The vessel on the left is armed with Hsiung Feng III
    Two vessels of the Ching Chiang class at Keelung, Taiwan. The vessel on the left is armed with Hsiung Feng III
  • Hsiung Feng II and Hsiung Feng III anti-ship missile launchers on the upper deck of ROCN Pan Chao
    Hsiung Feng II and Hsiung Feng III anti-ship missile launchers on the upper deck of ROCN Pan Chao
  • Hsiung Feng III anti-ship missile launchers at 110th National Day
    Hsiung Feng III anti-ship missile launchers at 110th National Day
  • Hsiung Feng II and Hsiung Feng III launchers aboard the ROCN Cheng Kung-class frigate Tian Dan (田單)
    Hsiung Feng II and Hsiung Feng III launchers aboard the ROCN Cheng Kung-class frigate Tian Dan (田單)
  • Display
    Display
  • HF-3 launched by ROCN Tuo Chiang (PGG-618)
    HF-3 launched by ROCN Tuo Chiang (PGG-618)
  • HF-3 launched by ROCN Tuo Chiang (PGG-618)
    HF-3 launched by ROCN Tuo Chiang (PGG-618)
  • HF-3 launch trucks, crews, and President Lai Ching-te in 2025
    HF-3 launch trucks, crews, and President Lai Ching-te in 2025

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Hsiung Feng III

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The Hsiung Feng III (HF-III) is a supersonic anti-ship cruise missile developed by Taiwan's National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST). Initiated in 1994 to counter the expansion of China's naval capabilities, the program produced Taiwan's first domestically built supersonic missile, featuring a ramjet propulsion system with solid-fuel boosters for high-speed terminal maneuvers designed to evade defenses. The standard variant measures 5.1 meters in length, has a diameter of 0.38 meters, and weighs approximately 660 kg at launch, carrying a 120 kg warhead guided by inertial navigation and active radar seeker. With an operational range of 120-150 km and speeds exceeding Mach 2, it serves as a key asymmetric deterrent, deployable from naval vessels, submarines, aircraft, and mobile land launchers to target surface threats including aircraft carriers. An extended-range variant, tested successfully, extends reach to around 400 km, enhancing Taiwan's strike capacity across the Taiwan Strait. Production has accelerated in recent years, with hundreds of units integrated into Taiwan's defenses amid rising cross-strait tensions.

Development and Design

Origins and Rationale

The Hsiung Feng III program was launched in 1994 by Taiwan's National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST) to address the rapid modernization of the (PLAN), which included expanding surface fleets equipped with advanced air defense systems. This indigenous effort prioritized developing a supersonic as a core element of Taiwan's asymmetric defense posture, focusing on capabilities that could neutralize invading naval forces through speed and maneuverability rather than matching China's numerical superiority in conventional assets. A primary rationale was to counter emerging supersonic threats posed by the PLAN's potential integration of high-speed anti-ship systems, such as the Russian Sunburn missiles acquired alongside Sovremenny-class destroyers in the late . Taiwanese defense planners, drawing on empirical assessments of regional naval dynamics, emphasized propulsion for achieving low-altitude, sea-skimming trajectories that would complicate interception by Chinese and point defenses, thereby enhancing deterrence via credible (A2/AD) effects. Initial critical technology research commenced that year, culminating in the first in 1997, reflecting a strategic pivot toward self-reliant munitions production amid uncertainties in foreign arms supplies. The 1995–1996 Taiwan Strait Crisis, involving Chinese missile tests and naval deployments near the island, further validated the program's imperatives by exposing Taiwan's vulnerabilities to and amphibious operations, reinforcing the causal logic of investing in standoff weapons over diplomatic concessions or unproven alliance interventions. This period marked heightened NCSIST efforts to prototype systems grounded in fundamentals, prioritizing empirical validation of and guidance technologies to ensure operational viability against a peer adversary's evolving countermeasures.

Technical Specifications and Features

The Hsiung Feng III supersonic features a cylindrical body approximately 6 meters in length, with a of about 0.46 meters and a launch weight of roughly 1,500 kg. It incorporates a 225 kg high-explosive semi-armor-piercing equipped with self-forging fragments for enhanced penetration against hardened naval targets. Propulsion is provided by an integrated rocket-ramjet system, consisting of a solid-fuel main booster and two side boosters for launch and initial acceleration, transitioning to a liquid-fueled engine that sustains supersonic cruise speeds exceeding Mach 2. This configuration enables efficient high-speed flight, reducing reaction time for defenses compared to subsonic alternatives in scenarios involving multiple simultaneous launches against surface fleets. Guidance combines an (INS) for mid-course trajectory control with an active radar seeker featuring (ECCM) for terminal homing, allowing precise . The missile executes sea-skimming profiles at low altitudes of 5-10 meters to minimize radar cross-section and detection probability, with a standard effective range of 120-150 km.
ParameterSpecification
~6 m
~0.46 m
Launch Weight~1,500 kg
Warhead225 kg semi-armor-piercing
Range120-150 km
Speed> Mach 2
PropulsionSolid booster + liquid
GuidanceINS + active

Testing and Validation

The Hsiung Feng III (HF III) supersonic underwent initial critical beginning in 1994, culminating in its first in 1997, which validated basic aerodynamic and propulsion performance. Development progressed with successful test-firings reported in January 2005, demonstrating reliable ignition and sustained supersonic flight over mock targets. Taiwan's navy completed initial operational test and evaluation (IOT&E) of the HF III in 2005, confirming integration compatibility with surface platforms and (INS) guidance accuracy sufficient for anti-ship engagement within its 120-150 km range. Subsequent live-fire trials from land-based launchers and Perry-class frigates in the late to early established sea-state launch reliability, transitioning from static firings to dynamic maritime conditions. Further validation occurred in June 2019 with a confirmed successful test launch, reaffirming the missile's and effectiveness against simulated naval threats under varied environmental factors. Extended-range variants underwent multiple live-fire tests between 2017 and 2019, enhancing baseline data on and extended trajectory stability prior to operational certification. In 2025, ongoing trials for air-launched configurations included aerodynamic validation flights, captive carry exercises, and drop tests from F-CK-1 aircraft, with planned live-fire phases to verify performance in high-altitude release scenarios mimicking combat deployment. These empirical evaluations prioritized real-world data over simulations, confirming the HF III's robustness in ignition sequencing and sea-skimming flight paths essential for evading defenses.

Production and Procurement

Manufacturing Milestones

The Hsiung Feng III supersonic achieved initial operational deployment in limited batches around 2010, following completion of operational testing and evaluation by the in 2005. The first production batch reached full combat readiness in 2014, marking the transition from development to initial fielding amid Taiwan's efforts to indigenize key defense capabilities. Production scaled significantly after 2020, driven by intensified military pressures from the , with annual output expanding from 20 to 70 units by 2018 and formally underway by 2022 under the National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST). This indigenous manufacturing surge reduced vulnerabilities to external supply disruptions, such as U.S. arms export delays, enabling to sustain deterrence through domestic control of the production chain. Key advancements included the 2023 announcement of extended-range variants with engagement distances up to 400 km, integrated into ongoing production to enhance output efficiency. In August 2025, Taiwan's Ministry of National Defense authorized of 232 additional units for delivery by 2026, reflecting empirically verified increases in NCSIST's fabrication capacity and a strategic pivot toward stockpiling amid regional tensions.

Acquisition and Stockpiling Efforts

Taiwan's Ministry of National Defense has prioritized the expansion of Hsiung Feng III inventories through dedicated budgetary allocations within its annual and special defense budgets, reflecting a strategic emphasis on indigenous supersonic anti-ship capabilities to address numerical disparities with the . In the 2024-2026 multi-year procurement plan, NT$619.3 billion was earmarked for missile production, including 70 Hsiung Feng III supersonic s alongside complementary systems like 131 and Hsiung Sheng cruise missiles, as part of efforts to accelerate output two years ahead of schedule. Further, fiscal year 115 (2026) budgets include NT$5.4 billion for the first stage of shore-based systems, encompassing additional Hsiung Feng variants to bolster coastal defenses. To overcome production constraints, the National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST) has invested in facility expansions and automation, scaling up to 16 mass production lines for missiles including the Hsiung Feng series, enabling higher-volume output despite prior limitations in indigenous manufacturing capacity. By August 2025, announcements confirmed plans for 232 additional Hsiung Feng III missiles by 2026, integrating extended-range variants to extend strike capabilities and add to existing stockpiles, which defense analysts describe as substantial for asymmetric deterrence. These procurements are funded partly through a special NT$1 trillion defense budget approved in recent years, prioritizing quantity alongside qualitative upgrades like enhancements to counter PLA surface fleet superiority. Such efforts underscore a pragmatic policy shift toward rapid stockpiling, with budgets projected to reach NT$22 billion by 2025, focusing on mobile launchers and integrated systems to enable saturation attacks rather than relying on foreign imports amid geopolitical constraints. This approach aims to amass inventories sufficient for sustained operations, verifying progress through phased deliveries that have already enhanced Taiwan's maritime denial posture without overreliance on unproven projections.

Variants and Upgrades

Surface- and Ship-Launched Variants

The surface-launched variant of the Hsiung Feng III employs mobile transporter-erector-launchers (TELs) stationed in coastal defense batteries, allowing for swift repositioning to evade counter-battery fire and enabling coordinated salvo launches against invading fleets. These ground-based systems support rapid deployment along Taiwan's shoreline, integrating with radar networks for over-the-horizon targeting. Ship-launched integrations feature dedicated canister launchers mounted on deck, as seen on Cheng Kung-class frigates, where up to four missiles complement systems for layered anti-ship strikes. The Tuo Chiang-class corvettes carry eight missiles in similar configurations, leveraging their stealthy hulls for covert littoral operations and saturation attacks. Deployment on Jin Chiang-class patrol gunboats further bolsters near-shore defense, with these vessels equipped to fire the from stabilized launchers during high-sea-state patrols, extending effective coverage against amphibious threats in contested waters. While primarily optimized for anti-ship roles, the Hsiung Feng III demonstrates potential land-attack utility against coastal fortifications through inertial navigation and active radar homing, allowing programmed strikes on static shore-based assets during defensive scenarios.

Air-Launched Variant

The air-launched variant of the Hsiung Feng III (HF-3) supersonic anti-ship missile is being adapted for integration with the Republic of China Air Force's F-CK-1 Ching-kuo Indigenous Defense Fighter, enabling aerial deployment to extend operational standoff distances. Development focuses on modifying the missile's pylon and release mechanisms for compatibility with the F-CK-1's underwing hardpoints, while preserving the core ramjet propulsion and active radar homing in the terminal phase for sea-skimming attacks. Testing commenced in early 2025, with the National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST) conducting captive carry flights to assess aerodynamic stability and structural loads on the F-CK-1 airframe. In June 2025, trials included aerodynamic validation over the coast and initial drop tests from the F-CK-1, confirming safe separation dynamics at supersonic speeds. Subsequent demonstrations in August 2025 at Chihhang Air Base validated missile acquisition post-release, with F-CK-1A MLU variant tail number "1490" performing a drop test on August 6 to evaluate supersonic separation and initial flight stability. This configuration boosts the missile's beyond the surface-launched baseline, potentially exceeding 200 km by leveraging the launch aircraft's altitude and velocity to evade threats while maintaining high-speed ingress. Ongoing evaluations aim to support live-fire integration, enhancing Taiwan's capacity for rapid, dispersed strikes from airborne platforms outside adversary detection envelopes.

Extended-Range Developments

In July 2023, Taiwan's Ministry of National Defense announced accelerated production of upgraded Hsiung Feng III missiles incorporating enhanced engines, designed to extend the missile's effective engagement envelope against distant surface combatants. These modifications directly targeted the baseline variant's range constraint of approximately 150 kilometers, enabling strikes on high-value targets such as aircraft carriers operating farther from Taiwan's coastlines and reducing reliance on allied munitions like the , which possess comparable or inferior reach. The extended-range variant, designated HF-IIIER, achieved operational deployment by mid-2025, with public unveiling on July 15 during the Han Kuang 41 exercises, where land-launched systems were showcased for coastal defense roles. Estimated at over 400 kilometers, the HF-IIIER's reach stems from propulsion refinements—including optimized fuel efficiency in the integrated rocket-ramjet system—and aerodynamic improvements that sustain supersonic speeds (Mach 2+) over longer distances, empirically validating its "carrier killer" designation against carrier groups. Guidance enhancements in the HF-IIIER retain the baseline's (INS) fused with for terminal accuracy, allowing mid-course autonomy and sea-skimming trajectories resistant to interception, though independent verification of real-world precision against electronic warfare remains limited to classified testing data. This progression from 2023 production initiatives to 2025 fielding underscores Taiwan's iterative focus on asymmetric deterrence, prioritizing verifiable range expansion over unproven hypersonic alternatives.

Deployment and Operational Use

Integrated Platforms

The Hsiung Feng III supersonic is integrated into multiple naval platforms of the , providing versatile launch capabilities from surface vessels. Cheng Kung-class have undergone refits to incorporate four Hsiung Feng III missiles alongside existing systems, enabling enhanced strike capacity against maritime threats. Tuo Chiang-class corvettes are equipped with eight Hsiung Feng III missiles, complementing their stealth design and supporting rapid, distributed anti-access operations in littoral environments. These integrations on and corvettes distribute firing points across Taiwan's fleet, bolstering survivability under the fleet-in-being strategy by complicating adversary targeting. Patrol vessels, including the Jin Chiang-class, have also adopted Hsiung Feng III systems, extending coverage to smaller, agile assets for coastal denial roles. Ongoing procurements and programs through 2025-2026 aim to expand these capabilities to additional corvettes and patrol craft, incorporating advanced variants for improved penetration. On land, Hsiung Feng III employs truck-mounted mobile launchers for coastal defense, allowing rapid deployment and relocation to evade detection. These systems feature containerized launchers capable of holding multiple missiles, facilitating by enabling dispersed, survivable firing positions along Taiwan's shoreline. Such multi-domain flexibility underscores the missile's role in layering defenses across sea and shore, prioritizing mobility to counter superior naval forces.

Exercises and Demonstrations

The Hsiung Feng III has been integrated into Taiwan's annual Han Kuang exercises since its operational deployment around 2013, simulating scenarios of (PLAN) invasions and targeting mock naval threats to validate anti-access capabilities. These drills, conducted without reported integration failures in controlled environments, have demonstrated the missile's compatibility with ground-based and naval platforms in multi-domain operations post-2010. In the 2025 , spanning July 9 to 18 and marking the longest iteration since 1984, the extended-range Hsiung Feng III variant (HF-IIIER) was publicly deployed for the first time during inspections by in , underscoring prolonged defensive staging against simulated amphibious assaults. The exercise incorporated live-fire elements simulating strikes on invading fleets, with HF-III systems contributing to layered deterrence demonstrations. Air-launched variants of the Hsiung Feng III underwent validation tests in 2025, including carriage and drop exercises from Indigenous Defense Fighters (F-CK-1) at Chihhang Air Base in , expanding threat envelopes in aerial anti-ship scenarios without integration issues. Earlier in February 2025, an F-CK-1 conducted a flight exercise armed with the air-launched HF-III, confirming aerodynamic stability and platform interoperability in simulated high-threat environments. These demonstrations highlighted the missile's supersonic performance in extending Taiwan's defensive perimeter during joint air-naval drills.

Incidents and Operational Challenges

2016 Misfire Accident

On July 1, 2016, during a naval training exercise off the coast of , the PGG-610, a Cheng Chiang-class vessel, accidentally launched a at approximately 8:20 a.m. . The missile, equipped with a live , traveled roughly 72 kilometers (45 miles) westward into the but fell short of its intended target area near , striking a Taiwanese named Min Long Yu 688 without detonating upon impact. The impact penetrated the vessel's stern, killing the captain, Huang Wen-chung, and injuring three crew members; the missile's had locked onto the trawler as an unintended target in its flight path. The incident did not involve crossing the median line into mainland Chinese waters, and Taiwan promptly notified neighboring countries, including , confirming no intentional provocation. Investigations by the Ministry of National Defense attributed the misfire to operator error, specifically an enlistee's violation of standard operating procedures during preparation, compounded by the inadvertent selection of "war mode" on the launch control panel instead of training mode, along with a faulty connector in the . No evidence emerged of , foreign interference, or inherent flaws; the event highlighted procedural lapses in high-stakes simulations rather than systemic reliability issues with the itself. In the aftermath, four navy personnel, including the and missile technicians, were convicted in October 2017 of resulting in death, receiving prison sentences ranging from four to five years, though appeals and reductions followed. The Ministry of National Defense implemented reforms, including enhanced safety training, stricter protocol for live-warhead drills, and improved interlock mechanisms to mitigate factors in missile handling. These measures aimed to prevent recurrence without altering the Hsiung Feng III's operational doctrine.

Other Reliability Issues

Early testing of the Hsiung Feng III in the mid-2000s revealed engine-related malfunctions that contributed to several launch failures. By 2011, additional issues emerged during live-fire trials, including two instances where the supersonic missiles deviated from intended trajectories and failed to strike designated targets, prompting internal reviews and criticism from Taiwanese leadership. These guidance anomalies were attributed to integration challenges in the active radar homing system under high-speed conditions but were mitigated through design refinements, such as enhanced seeker stabilization and materials to counter transonic vibrations. Post-resolution in the early , the missile has exhibited consistent performance in operational exercises, with no documented systemic guidance or failures in public reports from subsequent drills. Taiwan's scaled production ramp-up between 2023 and 2025, achieving annual outputs exceeding initial targets, incorporated stringent protocols to maintain reliability amid expanded for variants like the HF-3ER. No confirmed malfunctions simulating combat conditions have surfaced in this period, underscoring effective maturation of the system. Such developmental setbacks align with patterns observed in ramjet-supersonic s, where aerodynamic stresses and demand iterative validation, rather than pointing to fundamental unreliability once operational thresholds are met.

Strategic Significance

Role in 's Asymmetric Defense

The Hsiung Feng III serves as a pivotal element in Taiwan's porcupine strategy, an asymmetric defense approach aimed at deterring a (PLA) invasion by inflicting prohibitive costs on amphibious and naval forces attempting to cross the . This strategy exploits Taiwan's defensive geography and the HF-III's supersonic capabilities to enable rapid, high-volume strikes that can overwhelm PLA air defenses and protective screens around carrier groups and landing fleets. The 's -mounted launchers facilitate mobile, dispersed operations, allowing Taiwan to maintain firing positions resilient to preemptive strikes and complicating PLA efforts to neutralize threats before an assault. In the confined battlespace of the , where invasion routes are predictable and narrow, the HF-III's speed—exceeding Mach 2—shortens reaction times for attackers, forcing PLA vessels into dilemmas between evasion and sustained offensive momentum. Taiwan's indigenous production of the HF-III asserts , complementing U.S. military assistance by reducing reliance on foreign systems while building a credible independent deterrent. Production expansions, including 232 additional HF-III missiles contracted in August 2025, enhance stockpiles to target high-value assets like aircraft carriers, thereby elevating the risks of naval attrition in any or scenario. These developments signal Taiwan's resolve against pressure, as the HF-III's proliferation directly counters amphibious vulnerabilities by threatening the and escort forces required for large-scale landings, grounded in the causal reality that sufficient missile density can disrupt operational tempo in contested waters.

Comparative Effectiveness Against Adversaries

The Hsiung Feng III (HF-III) supersonic attains speeds of up to Mach 3.5 in its terminal phase, substantially outpacing the subsonic AGM-84 Harpoon's maximum velocity of approximately Mach 0.85, which enables faster target approach and diminished vulnerability to during ingress. This velocity differential enhances the HF-III's capacity to overwhelm adversary horizons and point defenses compared to legacy subsonic systems reliant on low-altitude sea-skimming for evasion. Relative to China's , which achieves comparable supersonic speeds of Mach 3 to 4, the HF-III provides velocity parity while leveraging indigenous design optimizations for the Strait's cluttered electromagnetic environment, including refined seeker integration with local intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance assets for improved accuracy against maneuvering surface targets. The HF-III's propulsion and high-g maneuvering capabilities, such as lateral weaving at sea-skimming altitudes, further facilitate evasion of close-in weapon systems (CIWS) like those on () vessels, where the compressed reaction time from Mach 3 closure reduces effective intercept probabilities. Extended-range variants of the HF-III, such as the HF-IIIER, extend operational reach to approximately 400 km from the baseline 120-150 km, directly countering tactics emphasizing standoff engagements beyond shorter-range envelopes to minimize exposure to coastal defenses. These upgrades, informed by iterative testing, enable preemptive strikes on amphibious or carrier groups attempting to maintain distance, thereby restoring parity in engagement ranges against adversaries employing long-range precision fires.

Criticisms and Limitations

The development of the Hsiung Feng III faced notable technical challenges, particularly in mastering propulsion technology, which contributed to protracted timelines from initial testing in the late 1990s to full operational deployment around 2011. These hurdles, common to supersonic systems requiring precise fuel management and air intake design, delayed production scaling and integration. The 's baseline range of 120-150 kilometers imposed operational constraints, compelling land-based to adopt forward coastal positions for effective anti-ship engagement, thereby exposing them to heightened risks from enemy artillery, airstrikes, or raids in a scenario. This basing vulnerability was a key impetus for the extended-range variant, though its own rollout encountered setbacks, including a postponed public debut in July 2025 due to unresolved testing issues. Deployment remains tethered to a finite array of mobile launchers, corvettes, and frigates, with Taiwan's limited naval —fewer than major surface combatants—potentially enabling adversary saturation attacks to neutralize platforms before missiles can be expended. High supersonic speeds, while enhancing penetration, introduce maneuvering limitations during terminal phases, reducing adaptability against agile targets or electronic countermeasures compared to subsonic alternatives. Production bottlenecks, stemming from indigenous constraints, have historically capped annual output, though recent procurements of over 200 units signal mitigation efforts amid broader defense industrialization pushes. Such dependencies underscore that, despite empirical live-fire validations, the system's hinges on of delivery assets, countering narratives that overstate its standalone deterrent value without addressing these structural gaps.

Security and Espionage Risks

Known Breaches and Investigations

In March 2025, Taiwan's High Prosecutors Office investigated a retired major, Hsu Shih-ming, for leaking on the operational applications of air-launched Hsiung Feng III missiles to (PRC) intelligence operatives between 2021 and August 2024. The leaked data included details on deployment tactics and usage scenarios, but Taiwan's Ministry of National Defense (MND) stated that no core development designs, technical specifications, or production data were compromised. MND emphasized that the information pertained to applications rather than foundational technology, limiting its strategic value to potential PRC countermeasures. Hsu was convicted under Taiwan's Anti-Secrecy Act and National Security Law, receiving a 26-month prison sentence upheld by the on August 21, 2025; prosecutors noted his by PRC agents via online channels and financial incentives. Separately, two officers—one retired and one active—admitted in March 2025 to disclosing related Hsiung Feng III operational secrets, prompting parallel probes into methods and internal vetting failures. Following these revelations, MND initiated enhanced countermeasures, including stricter data compartmentalization, loyalty screenings, and cyber monitoring protocols across missile programs, with no verified evidence of widespread infiltration or additional breaches as of October 2025. Investigations remain ongoing to assess recruitment patterns, reflecting persistent efforts targeting Taiwan's indigenous defense technologies.

Implications for Technology Protection

The Hsiung Feng III's advanced supersonic capabilities and integration into Taiwan's asymmetric defense posture render it a high-priority target for (PRC) intelligence operations, as its potential to disrupt amphibious assault fleets directly counters Beijing's unification objectives. PRC efforts to acquire technical data on the missile, evidenced by multiple prosecuted cases involving , stem from the need to develop countermeasures such as electronic warfare systems or decoys that could neutralize its over-the-horizon strike potential. This targeting underscores the causal link between the missile's deterrence value—capable of engaging surface threats at ranges exceeding 150 kilometers—and the PRC's strategic imperative to erode Taiwan's defensive edge prior to any coercive action. Incidents of attempted highlight vulnerabilities in human and elements of indigenous programs, necessitating compartmentalized development processes to isolate critical subsystems from broader collaborations that could inadvertently expose proprietary propulsion or guidance algorithms. Taiwan's National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST) has emphasized that even peripheral leaks, such as those involving retired officers, do not compromise core developmental data, as verified in official assessments following specific allegations. This empirical resilience supports maintaining operational secrecy through segmented access controls rather than expansive international partnerships, which risk diluting safeguards via shared platforms or joint ventures. In response, has fortified technology protection via enhanced personnel vetting protocols, including examinations and loyalty education for defense personnel, alongside stricter export controls on 22 designated core technologies encompassing and . Cyber defense investments, such as NCSIST's fortified , address digital vectors exploited in PRC operations, with empirical data indicating minimal disruption to deployed Hsiung Feng III units despite infiltration attempts. These measures preserve the missile's deterrence utility by ensuring that any acquired intelligence yields incomplete or outdated insights, prioritizing verifiable hardening over speculative overhauls.

References

  1. https://www.ncsist.org.tw/eng/csistdup/products/product.aspx?product_Id=10&catalog=30
  2. https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/hsiung-feng-iii/
  3. https://missilethreat.csis.org/taiwan-tests-antiair-antiship-missiles/
  4. https://armyrecognition.com/news/army-news/2025/taiwan-expands-arsenal-with-232-hsiung-feng-iii-supersonic-missiles-to-deter-china
  5. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/taiwan/hf-3.htm
  6. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/139755/1997-09_Crisis_Taiwan_Strait_11-Chap.pdf
  7. https://www.twz.com/air/taiwan-is-testing-an-air-launched-supersonic-anti-ship-missile
  8. https://defense-update.com/20141218_hsiung-feng-iii.html
  9. https://docs.tuyap.online/FDOCS/22904.pdf
  10. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/[taiwan](/page/Taiwan)/hf-3.htm
  11. https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2011/08/11/2003510452
  12. https://missilethreat.csis.org/taiwan-confirms-successful-hsiung-feng-iii-test/
  13. https://theaviationist.com/2025/08/17/hsiung-feng-iii-ashm-f-ck-1-ching-kuo/
  14. https://thedefensepost.com/2025/02/28/taiwan-air-launched-missile/
  15. https://dominotheory.com/taiwan-mass-producing-its-supersonic-anti-ship-missile/
  16. https://defence-blog.com/taiwan-to-buy-more-hsiung-feng-anti-ship-missiles/
  17. https://dominotheory.com/taiwans-supersonic-ship-killers-set-to-join-u-s-missiles-above-taiwan-strait/
  18. https://globaltaiwan.org/2024/10/taiwans-missile-programs/
  19. https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2023/07/02/2003802506
  20. https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/news/6181136
  21. https://www.mnd.gov.tw/newupload/ndr/112/112ndreng.pdf
  22. https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/news/4933600
  23. https://globaldefensecorp.com/2025/08/20/taiwan-deploys-250km-hsiung-feng-iii-anti-ship-missile/
  24. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/taiwan/tuo-jiang.htm
  25. https://armyrecognition.com/news/navy-news/2025/taiwan-starts-deploying-hf-2-and-hf-3-anti-ship-missiles-in-response-to-chinas-largest-naval-exercise
  26. https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/taiwan-progresses-air-launched-version-of-hf-iii-anti-ship-missile
  27. https://www.zona-militar.com/en/2025/08/13/f-ck-1-fighter-jets-of-the-taiwanese-air-force-carried-out-simulated-launches-of-the-new-version-of-the-hf-3-anti-ship-missile/
  28. https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/news/6172772
  29. https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/testing-of-taiwans-air-launched-supersonic-anti-ship-missile-commences/
  30. https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/taiwan-unveils-extended-range-hsiung-feng-iii-missile
  31. https://armyrecognition.com/news/navy-news/2025/taiwan-deploys-new-hf-3er-anti-ship-missiles-to-threaten-chinese-warships-well-beyond-previous-limits
  32. https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/taiwans-new-anti-ship-supersonic-missiles-game-changer-ps
  33. https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202507030016
  34. https://taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4747614
  35. https://armyrecognition.com/news/navy-news/2024/taiwan-navys-second-batch-of-tuo-chiang-class-corvettes-set-for-completion-in-2026
  36. https://www.naval-technology.com/news/newstaiwan-navy-hsiung-fengiii-missile/
  37. https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202507150023
  38. https://globaltaiwan.org/2025/08/2025-han-kuang-exercise/
  39. https://debuglies.com/2025/07/17/strategic-reach-and-regional-resilience-taiwans-2025-deployment-of-the-hf-iiier-supersonic-anti-ship-missile/
  40. https://news.defcros.com/taiwan-introduces-enhanced-extended-range/
  41. https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2025/02/23/2003832360
  42. https://www.defensenews.com/air/2016/07/01/taiwan-anti-ship-missile-destroys-fishing-boat/
  43. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-36680899
  44. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/01/taiwanese-warship-missile-china-hsiung-feng-iii
  45. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/07/01/484422346/taiwan-s-navy-accidentally-fires-missile-toward-china-hits-a-fishing-boat
  46. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/02/world/asia/taiwan-china-missile.html
  47. https://www.cnn.com/2016/07/01/asia/taiwan-fires-missile-on-china
  48. https://www.dw.com/en/taiwans-navy-sinks-fishing-boat-by-mistake/a-19370574
  49. https://taiwantoday.tw/print/Politics/Top-News/3919/Taiwan-keeps-neighbors-informed-over-domestic-missile-incident
  50. https://defensemirror.com/news/16503/War_Mode_Setting_Caused_Taiwan_Missile_To_Fire_On_China
  51. https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2016/08/30/2003654143
  52. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/7/1/taiwan-fires-missile-by-mistake-killing-fisherman
  53. https://www.france24.com/en/20171001-taiwan-navy-personnel-jailed-fatal-missile-misfire
  54. https://www.defencetalk.com/taiwan-successfully-test-fires-anti-ship-missile-report-4723/
  55. https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2011/06/29/2003506966
  56. https://tnsr.org/2021/12/a-large-number-of-small-things-a-porcupine-strategy-for-taiwan/
  57. https://ipdefenseforum.com/2025/04/taiwan-sharpens-porcupine-capabilities-to-deter-ccp-invasion-threat/
  58. https://www.wsj.com/world/asia/taiwans-new-strategy-make-china-fear-the-pain-of-an-invasion-dfe28815
  59. https://www.defensepriorities.org/explainers/target-taiwan-prospects-for-a-chinese-invasion/
  60. https://asiatimes.com/2025/08/taiwan-readying-carrier-killer-missile-to-thwart-china-invasion/
  61. https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/JIPA/Display/Article/4164821/taiwans-defense-policies-in-evolution/
  62. https://thaimilitaryandasianregion.wordpress.com/2016/07/01/taiwan-mistakenly-fires-carrier-killer-missile-toward-china/
  63. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/104102/2006_06_01_ENG_Cruise_Missiles_&_Anti-Access_Strategies.pdf
  64. https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/news/6160342
  65. https://turdef.com/article/idef25-development-of-supersonic-anti-ship-missile-launched
  66. https://focustaiwan.tw/society/202508210006
  67. https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2025/08/21/2003842438
  68. https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202503130022
  69. https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/news/6058662
  70. https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/news/6057693
  71. https://jamestown.org/program/taiwan-exposes-more-prc-military-infiltration-cases/
  72. https://globaltaiwan.org/2025/04/the-lai-administration-vows-renewed-efforts-to-combat-prc-espionage-and-subversion/
  73. https://globaltaiwan.org/2024/09/recent-chinese-spy-cases-in-taiwan/
  74. https://www.military.com/daily-news/2025/03/13/taiwans-leader-says-tougher-measures-needed-counter-stepped-chinese-infiltration-and-spying.html
  75. https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2023/12/07/2003810274
  76. https://www.ocac.gov.tw/OCAC/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=329&pid=73539376
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.