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Habersham County, Georgia
Habersham County, Georgia
Habersham County, Georgia
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Habersham County is a county in the Northeast region of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 46,031.[1] The county seat is Clarkesville.[2] The county was created on December 15, 1818, and named for Colonel Joseph Habersham of the Continental Army in the Revolutionary War.[3] Habersham County comprises the Cornelia, GA Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Key Information

Geography

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According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 279 square miles (720 km2), of which 277 square miles (720 km2) is land and 2.3 square miles (6.0 km2) (0.8%) is water.[4] The county is located within the Blue Ridge Mountains, a segment of the Appalachian Mountains. The county also includes part of the Chattahoochee National Forest.

The highest point in the county is a 4,400-foot (1,300 m) knob less than 700 feet (210 m) southeast of the top of Tray Mountain, the seventh-highest mountain in Georgia. Habersham shares this portion of Tray Mountain, just 30 vertical feet shy of the peak's 4,430-foot summit, with White County to the west and Towns County to the north. 2.4 miles to the northeast of Tray Mountain is Young Lick (elevation 3,809 feet (1,161 m)). The Appalachian Trail runs along the top of the high ridge between Young Lick and Tray, a part of the Blue Ridge Mountain crest.

Habersham is mostly located in the Upper Chattahoochee River sub-basin of the ACF River Basin (Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin), with the northeastern corner of the county located in the Tugaloo River sub-basin in the larger Savannah River basin, and the southeastern portion located in the Broad River sub-basin of the same Savannah River basin.[5]

The Chattahoochee River rises in what used to be Habersham County, as portrayed in Sidney Lanier's poem "Song of the Chattahoochee":

Out of the hills of Habersham,
Down the valleys of Hall,
I hurry amain to reach the plain,
Run the rapid and leap the fall,
Split at the rock and together again.

The county, originally comprising much of Northeast Georgia, was cut up dramatically in the latter half of the 19th century and the first years of the 20th century; as population increased in the area, new counties were organized from it and borders were changed. In 1857, its most western part was added to Lumpkin County, which had been created in 1832. That same year, the area east of Lumpkin and west of present-day Habersham became White County. In 1859, Banks County was carved from Habersham's southernmost territory. Finally, in 1905, Stephens County was formed from parts of Habersham and Banks.

Major highways

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Adjacent counties

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Education

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Photograph of a classroom full of students observing a poster on a chalkboard wall, Clarkesville, Habersham County, Georgia, 1950

All of Habersham County is served by the Habersham County School District.[6]

The Tallulah Falls School is located in Tallulah Falls. Piedmont University and North Georgia Technical College are also located in Habersham county.

Demographics

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Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18203,145—
183010,671239.3%
18407,961−25.4%
18508,89511.7%
18605,966−32.9%
18706,3226.0%
18808,71837.9%
189011,57332.7%
190013,60417.5%
191010,134−25.5%
192010,7305.9%
193012,74818.8%
194014,77115.9%
195016,55312.1%
196018,1169.4%
197020,69114.2%
198025,02020.9%
199027,62110.4%
200035,90230.0%
201043,04119.9%
202046,0316.9%
2024 (est.)49,665[7]7.9%
U.S. Decennial Census[8]
1790-1880[9] 1890-1910[10]
1920-1930[11] 1930-1940[12]
1940-1950[13] 1960-1980[14]
1980-2000[15] 2010[16] 2020[17]

2020 census

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Habersham County, Georgia – Racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) Pop 2000[18] Pop 2010[16] Pop 2020[17] % 2000 % 2010 % 2020
White alone (NH) 30,486 34,621 34,694 84.91% 80.44% 75.37%
Black or African American alone (NH) 1,551 1,412 1,722 4.32% 3.28% 3.74%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 89 81 83 0.25% 0.19% 0.18%
Asian alone (NH) 664 955 990 1.85% 2.22% 2.15%
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander alone (NH) 30 47 35 0.08% 0.11% 0.08%
Other race alone (NH) 5 34 109 0.01% 0.08% 0.24%
Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) 327 558 1,518 0.91% 1.30% 3.30%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 2,750 5,333 6,880 7.66% 12.39% 14.95%
Total 35,902 43,041 46,031 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

As of the 2020 census, there were 46,031 people, 16,408 households, and 10,440 families residing in the county.[19] The median age was 40.2 years, with 22.1% of residents under the age of 18 and 19.3% aged 65 or older.[19]

For every 100 females there were 89.0 males, and for every 100 females age 18 and over there were 84.4 males age 18 and over.[19] 40.7% of residents lived in urban areas, while 59.3% lived in rural areas.[20]

The racial makeup of the county, as of the 2020 census, was 78.7% White, 3.8% Black or African American, 0.5% American Indian and Alaska Native, 2.2% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander, 6.6% from some other race, and 8.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race comprised 14.9% of the population.[21]

There were 16,408 households in the county, of which 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them and 24.7% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. About 23.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.[19]

There were 18,340 housing units, of which 10.5% were vacant. Among occupied housing units, 74.3% were owner-occupied and 25.7% were renter-occupied. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.1% and the rental vacancy rate was 6.7%.[19]

2010 census

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As of the 2010 United States census, there were 43,041 people, 15,472 households, and 11,307 families living in the county.[22] The population density was 155.5 inhabitants per square mile (60.0/km2). There were 18,146 housing units at an average density of 65.6 units per square mile (25.3 units/km2).[23] The racial makeup of the county was 85.7% white, 3.4% black or African American, 2.2% Asian, 0.5% American Indian, 0.2% Pacific islander, 6.3% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 12.4% of the population.[22] In terms of ancestry, 15.6% were English, 13.9% were Irish, 13.7% were American, and 9.9% were German.[24]

Of the 15,472 households, 34.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.8% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 26.9% were non-families, and 23.2% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.08. The median age was 38.6 years.[22]

The median income for a household in the county was $40,192 and the median income for a family was $49,182. Males had a median income of $35,974 versus $27,971 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,286. About 15.7% of families and 19.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.2% of those under age 18 and 12.5% of those age 65 or over.[25]

2000 census

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As of the census[26] of 2000,[needs update] there were 35,902 people, 13,259 households, and 9,851 families living in the county. The population density was 129 people per square mile (50 people/km2). There were 14,634 housing units at an average density of 53 units per square mile (20 units/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 88.88% White, 4.48% Black or African American, 1.89% Asian, 0.29% Native American, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 2.99% from other races, and 1.36% from two or more races. 7.66% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 13,259 households, out of which 32.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.90% were married couples living together, 9.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.70% were non-families. 22.40% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 2.98.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 23.50% under the age of 18, 11.10% from 18 to 24, 28.50% from 25 to 44, 23.10% from 45 to 64, and 13.80% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 105.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.00 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $36,321, and the median income for a family was $42,235. Males had a median income of $28,803 versus $23,046 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,706. About 8.80% of families and 12.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.40% of those under age 18 and 15.00% of those age 65 or over.

Politics

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A parade float with a replica of the Habersham County Courthouse, Clarkesville, Habersham County, Georgia

Habersham County is a Republican stronghold, having last voted for a Democrat in 1980. In every presidential election since 2012, the Republican candidate has received over 80% of the vote.

As of 2012, the county is split into 14 voting precincts:[27]

Ty Akins serves as chairman of the Board of County Commissioners as of July 2022. Since 2011, Habersham County has been represented in the Georgia House of Representatives by Republican member Terry Rogers. Habersham County was represented in the US House of Representatives as part of the 10th District. Representative Charlie Norwood represented the county for one month, until his death (February 13, 2007). The seat remained vacant until a special election in July 2007, which was won by Republican Paul Broun, an Athens physician. Broun served in the House until 2014, when he ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for the U.S. Senate seat vacated by the retiring Saxby Chambliss.

With the 2012 reapportionment, Habersham County became part of the 9th congressional district. Former Georgia House of Representatives member Doug Collins won the seat in the 2016 election.

Habersham county is the current home of former governor Nathan Deal after his term expired in 2019.

Habersham County became the first Second Amendment sanctuary county in Georgia on January 13, 2020.

For elections to the Georgia State Senate, Habersham County is part of District 50.[28] For elections to the Georgia House of Representatives, Habersham County is divided between District 10 and District 32.[29]

United States presidential election results for Habersham County, Georgia[30]
Year Republican Democratic Third party(ies)
No.  % No.  % No.  %
1912 45 5.31% 485 57.26% 317 37.43%
1916 48 3.23% 1,032 69.45% 406 27.32%
1920 626 55.45% 503 44.55% 0 0.00%
1924 322 27.01% 808 67.79% 62 5.20%
1928 1,404 55.96% 1,105 44.04% 0 0.00%
1932 225 11.56% 1,693 86.95% 29 1.49%
1936 424 18.21% 1,884 80.93% 20 0.86%
1940 421 18.55% 1,840 81.06% 9 0.40%
1944 504 21.48% 1,842 78.52% 0 0.00%
1948 368 17.77% 1,477 71.32% 226 10.91%
1952 921 25.81% 2,647 74.19% 0 0.00%
1956 855 27.31% 2,276 72.69% 0 0.00%
1960 895 26.13% 2,530 73.87% 0 0.00%
1964 1,595 31.84% 3,412 68.12% 2 0.04%
1968 1,611 28.32% 1,070 18.81% 3,008 52.87%
1972 971 84.95% 172 15.05% 0 0.00%
1976 1,315 20.44% 5,120 79.56% 0 0.00%
1980 2,224 32.80% 4,394 64.80% 163 2.40%
1984 4,647 68.62% 2,125 31.38% 0 0.00%
1988 4,871 69.45% 2,114 30.14% 29 0.41%
1992 4,569 50.02% 3,098 33.92% 1,467 16.06%
1996 4,730 51.93% 3,170 34.80% 1,208 13.26%
2000 6,964 71.86% 2,530 26.11% 197 2.03%
2004 10,434 78.59% 2,750 20.71% 92 0.69%
2008 11,766 79.18% 2,900 19.52% 193 1.30%
2012 12,166 82.90% 2,301 15.68% 209 1.42%
2016 13,190 80.76% 2,483 15.20% 660 4.04%
2020 16,637 81.39% 3,562 17.42% 243 1.19%
2024 19,142 81.91% 4,036 17.27% 192 0.82%
United States Senate election results for Habersham County, Georgia2
Year Republican Democratic Third party(ies)
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2020 16,385 80.88% 3,340 16.49% 534 2.64%
2020 14,871 82.47% 3,160 17.53% 0 0.00%
United States Senate election results for Habersham County, Georgia3
Year Republican Democratic Third party(ies)
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2020 10,319 51.28% 2,133 10.60% 7,670 38.12%
2020 14,776 82.00% 3,243 18.00% 0 0.00%
2022 13,509 80.06% 2,887 17.11% 478 2.83%
2022 12,668 82.35% 2,715 17.65% 0 0.00%
Georgia Gubernatorial election results for Habersham County
Year Republican Democratic Third party(ies)
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2022 14,513 85.42% 2,322 13.67% 155 0.91%

Prison

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The Georgia Department of Corrections operates the Arrendale State Prison in an unincorporated area in the county, near Alto.[31]

Lee Arrendale State Prison was built in 1926. The prison was named after Lee Arrendale, former chairman of the Georgia Board of Corrections, after he and his wife were killed in a plane crash.[citation needed] The facility was originally constructed as a tuberculosis (TB) hospital, when treatment consisted primarily of rest in sanatoriums. It operated until the mid-1950s; with antibiotics, TB was better controlled and such hospitals were no longer needed. The facility was transferred to the Georgia Prison system.

Once acquired by the Georgia Department of Corrections, it was first used to house youthful offenders from ages 18–25. Over a short amount of time, Lee Arrendale prison gained a bad reputation as the second most violent all-male prison in the state. In 2005, however the Department of Corrections decided to make the prison an exclusive general purpose women's prison. As a result of the prison's past troubles and reputation for violence, the state decided to make this change to improve the prison's status in the state. In March 2006, the prison took in 350 women prisoners from Georgia's overflowing jail system to start this process.

Lee Arrendale is also home to the United States' first all-female fire department[citation needed] and the state's first inmate fire department,[citation needed], thanks to the Georgia Department of Corrections' (GDC) Fire Services Division. The GDC operates many fire departments throughout the state, staffed solely by inmates, who are supervised by GDC employees. Such inmates are trained as certified officers but as professional firefighters. The inmate firefighter program provides fire protection to the largely rural communities without local or volunteer fire departments near the prisons, as well as to other locations in Georgia during emergencies. Inmates are trained and certified in accordance with Georgia law and the Georgia Firefighter Standards and Training Council, as with any regular fire department. In 2007, inmate fire squads responded to the wildfires in South Georgia near Waycross, Georgia,[citation needed] in addition to the hundreds of other alarms they received statewide.

Communities

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Cities

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Towns

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Census-designated place

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Unincorporated communities

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See also

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References

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[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Habersham County, Georgia

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from Grokipedia
Habersham County is a county in northeastern Georgia, , established on December 15, 1818, from lands ceded by the Indians in 1817 and 1819. Named for Joseph Habersham, a Revolutionary War officer and Georgia statesman who served as under Presidents Washington and Adams, the county spans approximately 279 square miles in the foothills of the . As of the , its population was 46,031, reflecting growth driven by agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism. The county seat is Clarkesville, incorporated in 1823, which anchors a local economy centered on processing, production including peaches and apples, and amid the Appalachian terrain. Historically, railroads arriving in the late 19th century boosted cultivation and institutions like , while modern diversification includes industrial parks alongside traditional farming.

History

Establishment and Etymology

Habersham County was established on December 15, 1818, by acts of the , carved from territory previously occupied by the . This creation followed the cession of Cherokee lands through treaties, enabling white settlement in the northeastern Georgia foothills, with the county initially encompassing a larger area that later contributed to the formation of adjacent counties such as and Towns. The county derives its name from Joseph Habersham (1751–1815), a Savannah native who served as a in the Continental Army during the and later as the first under Presidents and . Habersham's military contributions, including leading a raid on British armaments in , in 1779, earned him recognition among Georgia's revolutionary leaders, prompting the legislature to honor him posthumously despite his lack of direct connection to the specific territory beyond regional ties.

Native American Era and Land Acquisition

The territory comprising present-day Habersham County was primarily inhabited by the people during the Native American era, with occupation concentrated in the northern portions after approximately 1715, while the lower half and areas east of the remained outside their primary domain. Archaeological and historical records indicate several Cherokee settlements within the region, including one known as "Sakwi-yi" or "Su-ki," located near the site of modern Clarkesville. These communities engaged in , , and along river valleys, with the Chattahoochee and its tributaries serving as key lifelines, though direct evidence of large-scale villages in the southern extents is limited. Land acquisition by the state of Georgia proceeded through a series of treaties with the , beginning with cessions in 1816 and 1817 that transferred all territory now within Habersham County to state control. The pivotal Treaty of the Cherokee Agency, signed on July 8, 1817, formalized the cession of significant lands in northeastern Georgia, enabling surveys and lotteries for white settlement. These agreements, often negotiated under pressure from expanding American frontiersmen and federal intermediaries, divided the ceded lands into districts for distribution via Georgia's and systems, with Habersham County formally established by legislative act on December 18, 1818. Additional Cherokee cessions in 1819 via the Treaty of Washington incorporated western portions into the county's boundaries, while further annexations in 1828 and 1829 expanded its area to approximately 713 square miles at peak, drawing initial white settlers to riverbanks for farming and milling. The process culminated in the broader Cherokee removal efforts, with remaining tribal members in Georgia, including stragglers in Habersham, forcibly relocated westward starting in 1838 under the of 1830 and the (1835), clearing the region for uninterrupted European-American development. This acquisition reflected Georgia's systematic push for sovereignty over indigenous-held lands, substantiated by treaty texts and state records, though Cherokee resistance and legal challenges, such as those reaching the U.S. , underscored the contentious nature of the transfers.

19th-Century Development and Civil War

Following its creation on December 15, 1818, from land cessions in 1817 and 1819, Habersham County experienced rapid settlement by white farmers and , who established large agricultural operations, particularly in the lowlands of present-day Banks and Stephens counties and the Nacoochee Valley. These plantations relied on enslaved labor for cultivating crops such as corn, wheat, and limited , alongside rearing, reflecting the county's position in the Appalachian foothills where diversified farming predominated over the of the Georgia lowcountry. The county expanded territorially in 1828 and 1829 with additional land claims, peaking at 713 square miles before subsequent divisions reduced it to its modern boundaries. By the mid-19th century, Clarkesville, the , emerged as a summer retreat for affluent families from southern Georgia seeking cooler elevations, fostering modest commercial growth around and small-scale milling. Economic activity centered on subsistence and market-oriented farming, with limited to rudimentary roads and trails until post-war railroad expansions in the 1870s began integrating the area more firmly into regional trade networks. Habersham County aligned with Georgia's secession in 1861, producing over 1,000 Confederate volunteers who served in units such as the 52nd Georgia Infantry Regiment, with many perishing in major eastern theater engagements. The county's endured hardships from supply shortages and foraging, culminating in the Battle of the Narrows on October 12, 1864, where local Confederate forces under J.J. Finley repelled a Union raid led by Ivan Turchin near Long Creek, preventing pillaging of crops and livestock essential for sustaining Southern armies. This skirmish, involving approximately 300 Confederates against a larger Union detachment, marked the only significant Civil War action in the county and underscored its strategic value for grain production amid Sherman's . Post-war, the county faced economic disruption from and disrupted trade, shifting toward recovery through diversified agriculture by the 1870s.

20th- and 21st-Century Growth

The population of Habersham County reached 13,604 by 1900, reflecting steady expansion driven by agricultural expansion and improved transportation links from late-19th-century railroads. In 1905, a longstanding dispute over the was resolved through the creation of Stephens County from northern portions of Habersham, affirming Clarkesville's status and stabilizing local governance amid territorial adjustments. The economy during the early emphasized diversified farming, including apple orchards and vineyards, which capitalized on the region's fertile mountain soils and moderate climate, supplemented by educational institutions like Piedmont College, established in 1897 and expanding thereafter. Mid-century growth sustained agricultural dominance, with , corn, and fruit production forming the economic core, while natural features such as the Chattahoochee National Forest began fostering nascent . By 2000, the had more than doubled to 35,902, indicating cumulative advances in rural infrastructure and proximity to urban centers like . Industrial diversification emerged, including sectors that leveraged the county's location along U.S. highways for . Into the , accelerated, rising to 43,401 by 2010 and 46,031 by 2020—a 7.2% increase over the decade—attributable to inbound migration seeking , , and in expanding sectors like advanced and healthcare. initiatives, coordinated by the Habersham Development Authority since its formalization, prioritized job creation through industry recruitment and workforce training tied to local , yielding a 1.3% uptick from 2022 to 2023 alone. This expansion strained infrastructure, prompting comprehensive planning efforts documented in the 2023 Joint Comprehensive Plan, which addressed housing, transportation, and service demands amid a micropolitan oriented toward , via sites like , and light industry. Local leaders noted in 2006 that a 6.3% surge to over 42,000 necessitated balanced growth strategies to preserve rural character while accommodating business inflows.

Geography

Physical Features and Climate

Habersham County is situated in the foothills of the , part of the Appalachian range, in , featuring a landscape of rolling hills, valleys, and extensive forested areas, including portions of the Chattahoochee National Forest. Elevations typically range from 1,400 to 2,000 feet above sea level, with the county's highest point at Young Lick Knob, reaching 3,800 feet. The region lies within the Upper sub-basin, where tributaries such as the Soque River, which originates and flows entirely within the county, feed into the broader Chattahoochee River system. The county experiences a marked by four distinct seasons, hot and humid summers, and mild winters. Annual averages approximately 57 inches, occurring on about 140 days, with March as the wettest month and September and the driest. Snowfall totals around 4.5 inches over roughly 5 days per year, while thunderstorms occur on 50 to 60 days, predominantly in spring and summer. Summer afternoon high temperatures average in the lower 80s°F, with highs of 90°F or above on 15 to 25 days and overnight lows in the 60s°F; winter highs average in the 40s°F, lows in the 20s°F, and freezing temperatures or below occur on about 100 days annually. The median annual temperature is 69.7°F, with the first average freeze in and the last in April.

Transportation Infrastructure

Habersham County's transportation network relies heavily on roadways, with state highways forming the backbone for regional connectivity. U.S. 23 and U.S. 441 provide primary north-south corridors through the county, linking it to approximately 70 miles southwest and to the border to the north. State Route 365, a divided four-lane , connects Cornelia to Interstate 85 in Hall County, facilitating freight and commuter access to larger metropolitan areas. Additional state routes, including Georgia 17, Georgia 115, and Georgia 197, serve intra-county travel and link to adjacent communities. The oversees maintenance and improvements, with recent and ongoing projects focused on safety and capacity. These include resurfacing segments of SR 365 from Hall County to its junction with US 441 and SR 17, as well as implementing restricted crossing intersections at locations such as Luthi Road, Charlie Davis Road, and U.S. 23 to reduce crash risks at high-volume access points. County-maintained roads supplement state highways, though portions of routes like Business US 441 and SR 365 fall under state jurisdiction. Public transit options are limited to demand-response services operated by Habersham County Transit, which requires advance reservations via phone at 706-839-0167 for trips within the county, operating weekdays from approximately 7 a.m. to 4 p.m. Aviation infrastructure centers on (ICAO: KAJR), a public-use facility in Cornelia with a 5,503-foot paved , a 3,000-square-foot terminal, and capacity for 63 based . The supports business travel, medical evacuations, emergency services, and , with daily staffing from 8 a.m. and infrastructure upgrades enhancing its role in . Freight rail access is available, particularly serving industrial parks near key highway and airport nodes, though passenger rail service is absent. Historically, the Tallulah Falls Railway operated from Cornelia northward until its abandonment in the mid-20th century, once vital for regional freight and passenger transport.

Adjacent Counties and Boundaries

Habersham County borders Towns County and Rabun County to the north, White County to the west, Banks County and Hall County to the south, Stephens County to the southeast, and Oconee County in to the east. The county's eastern boundary follows the Tugaloo River, which delineates the Georgia- state line in this region. Other boundaries largely conform to natural features such as ridgelines in the Appalachian foothills and tributaries of the system, including the Soque and Tallulah Rivers within or adjacent to the county. Originally encompassing 713 square miles upon its formation in 1818, Habersham County's boundaries were reduced through legislative acts creating neighboring counties, resulting in its current area of 279 square miles as of the latest surveys.

Demographics

The population of Habersham County, Georgia, has exhibited steady growth since the late , driven by economic opportunities in , , and proximity to regional hubs. The recorded 46,031 residents. By July 2024, estimates placed the population at approximately 49,665, reflecting a 7.9% increase from the 2020 baseline. Between 2010 and 2022, the county grew from 43,058 to 47,475 residents, a 10.3% rise, with annual increases averaging around 1.5% in recent years, including a 1.34% uptick from 2022 to 2023. Earlier decades saw accelerated expansion, with a 30% surge from 1990 to 2000, followed by sustained but moderating growth through 2023, totaling nearly 35% over the 2000–2023 period at an average annual rate of 1.52%. Demographically, the county remains predominantly White, though diversification has occurred, particularly through immigration tied to labor demands in processing and . In 2022, constituted 75.2% of the population, down from 80.4% in 2010. or Latino residents, of any race, comprised about 16% as of 2023 estimates. The following table summarizes the 2019–2023 racial and ethnic composition:
CategoryPercentage
White alone (including Hispanic Whites)89.7%
Black or African American alone4.2%
American Indian and Alaska Native alone1.0%
Asian alone1.2%
Hispanic or Latino (any race)15.5%
Two or more races3.1%
The median age stood at 39.6 years in 2023, with households averaging 2.78 persons and 87.8% of residents aged 1 year and older living in the same house as the prior year, indicating relative stability and low mobility. This composition aligns with broader Appalachian Georgia patterns, where native-born White populations form the core amid gradual influxes from .

Economic Indicators from Census Data

According to the U.S. Census Bureau's (ACS) 2019–2023 5-year estimates, the median household income in Habersham County was $65,622, reflecting earnings adjusted to 2023 dollars. This figure represents the midpoint where half of households earned more and half earned less, encompassing all sources of income for household members aged 15 and older. , calculated as total income divided by the total , stood at $30,661 over the same period, indicating average individual earnings including non-workers such as children and retirees. The county's poverty rate, based on ACS 2018–2022 5-year estimates, was 13.6 percent of the population, encompassing individuals and families with incomes below the federal adjusted for household size and composition. This rate aligns closely with Georgia's statewide figure of 13.5 percent but exceeds the national average of 12.4 percent, highlighting localized economic pressures amid broader rural Appalachian influences. Employment-related indicators from the ACS reveal a labor force participation rate of approximately 57.5 percent for the aged 16 and older in recent estimates, with 82 percent of employed residents in private wage and salary positions. , as captured in ACS data, averaged around 4 percent in the 2018–2022 period, though monthly figures derived from Census inputs show it at 3.1 percent as of October 2024, underscoring a tight labor market in and sectors.
IndicatorValuePeriodSource
Median Household Income$65,6222019–2023ACS 5-year estimates
Per Capita Income$30,6612019–2023ACS 5-year estimates
Poverty Rate13.6%2018–2022ACS 5-year estimates
Labor Force Participation57.5%Recent ACSACS-derived profiles

Economy

Agriculture and Natural Resources

Agriculture in Habersham County is the leading economic sector, dominated by production that constitutes 98% of the $133.8 million in total market value of agricultural products sold in 2022. The county supported 375 farms across 27,608 acres of farmland, with average farm size at 74 acres. output included 2.95 million broilers and other meat-type chickens, alongside 457,841 layers and 200,034 pullets, driving sales of $125.4 million from poultry and eggs. Fieldale Farms, a vertically integrated family-owned operation founded over 50 years ago, processes millions of birds annually and remains one of the county's largest employers in the sector. Crop production, while minor at 2% of sales ($2.8 million), focuses on for hay and haylage (5,110 acres), corn for or greenchop (826 acres), soybeans for beans (275 acres), and corn for (274 acres); irrigated cropland totals 47 acres. Fruits such as peaches and apples represent key cash crops, with apples holding historical prominence—Habersham once produced more than any other U.S. region, though modern efforts emphasize heirloom varieties for preservation amid declining commercial scale. Livestock beyond poultry includes 9,320 cattle and calves ($4.6 million in sales), supporting beef production, along with smaller inventories of goats (524), hogs (124), horses (263), and sheep (215). Pastureland spans 9,732 acres, aiding operations. Natural resources encompass 6,541 acres of woodland operated as part of farms, contributing to timber harvesting regulated by county ordinances requiring permits and best management practices to mitigate and impacts. Portions of the Chattahoochee National Forest lie within the county, managed for conservation following historical depletion from , , and fires; the provides fire suppression, prevention, and management assistance. Mineral deposits include , kyanite, mica, graphite, garnets, and others, primarily of historical extraction value rather than current industrial scale.

Manufacturing and Industrial Base

Manufacturing constitutes the largest employment sector in Habersham County, supporting 3,630 jobs in 2023 and surpassing and retail trade. This sector benefits from the county's strategic location near Interstate 85 and a labor force exceeding 17,500 workers, with historically low rates around 3.7% annual growth. Poultry processing dominates local manufacturing, led by Fieldale Farms Corporation, one of the world's largest independent poultry producers and the county's top private employer with over 2,000 workers as of the early 2010s; the firm processes chickens raised on nearby farms, leveraging Habersham's agricultural heritage for integrated operations. Diversification includes medical devices, textiles, and metal fabrication. Ethicon, a Johnson & Johnson subsidiary in Cornelia, manufactures surgical sutures and related products, employing 751 people. Mt. Vernon Mills operates textile facilities focused on fabrics and yarns, with 725 employees. Habersham Metal Products Company, founded in 1954, produces engineered steel doors and frames, achieving annual sales of $23.16 million. Smaller but notable firms in Cornelia bolster the base, such as Globaltech Industries ($11.14 million in sales) and BBI Inc. ($10.34 million), specializing in industrial components and equipment. employs about 240 in geosynthetic textiles, while Morito Scovill manufactures fasteners and hardware. The Habersham County Development Authority promotes industrial expansion through site preparation and incentives, emphasizing advanced to complement and reduce reliance on seasonal sectors.

Tourism, Events, and Recent Development Initiatives

Habersham County's tourism centers on its natural landscapes in the Appalachian foothills, including scenic trails, waterfalls, and recreational areas such as Lake Russell and Panther Creek Falls. The Chenocetah Fire Tower, a 40-foot structure built in by the , offers panoramic views of Lake Russell Recreation Area and is accessible to visitors on Saturdays from April through October. Other attractions include segments of the and state parks like , which has drawn visitors since 1882 via rail excursions to view its waterfalls. Annual events highlight local agriculture and culture, with the Chattahoochee Mountain Fair, established in 1975, featuring vendors, shows, rides, music, and a as a major family-oriented gathering. The Mountain Laurel Festival and Cornelia's Big Red Apple Festival celebrate regional flora and produce, while the Habersham spans a weekend in with activities starting at 4:00 p.m. on Friday. Additional fall events include the Clarkesville Fall Festival on October 5 and various community fairs emphasizing historical and seasonal themes. Recent development initiatives prioritize industrial expansion and economic diversification alongside and , including a new 200-acre industrial site under development to attract businesses. Habersham County supports job creation through incentives like a state of $3,000 per job for five years for qualifying employers offering benefits, with a minimum of 10 jobs. The county's Joint Comprehensive Plan, updated as of 2023, addresses growth management, housing, density, and employment opportunities amid proximity to expanding corridors like I-985/GA 365. In March 2025, Demorest considered resolutions to enable tax allocation districts for targeted and economic stimulation.

Government and Politics

Local Government Structure

Habersham County operates under a commission-manager form of , with a five-member Board of County Commissioners serving as the primary legislative and policy-making body. The commissioners are elected to staggered four-year terms, representing five districts but not required to reside within them. The board enacts ordinances and resolutions governing , safety, and welfare; levies property taxes to fund operations; and directs the planning and delivery of , including road construction and maintenance, parks and recreation, support for and , , courthouses and jails, airports, libraries, 911 emergency communications, landfills, animal control, , , and . The board meets on the third Monday of each month at 6:00 p.m. in the Clarkesville and annually elects a chairman and vice chairman from its members to lead proceedings. Day-to-day administration falls to a manager, appointed by the board to oversee departmental operations, implement policies, and act as liaison between the commissioners and staff. Tim Sims assumed this role full-time in April 2025, following an interim period after serving as . Several constitutional officers are elected independently by county voters for four-year terms, operating autonomously from the board: the , who commands the county's primary and jail operations; the , handling estates, wills, guardianships, and vital records like licenses; the clerk of , maintaining judicial records and managing civil filings; the tax commissioner, collecting ad valorem taxes, business licenses, and issuing registrations; and the coroner, investigating unattended or suspicious deaths. Additional elected roles with county-level impact include the for minor civil and criminal matters and the state court for and cases, though judges serve broader circuits. County departments deliver core functions such as elections and , property assessment and recording, welfare services, initiatives, and like roads and public transportation, supplementing state-mandated programs with local enhancements authorized under Georgia's 1983 constitution. The , Clarkesville, hosts administrative offices, while municipalities maintain separate charters for their internal governance.

Electoral History and Political Alignment

Habersham County exhibits a strong Republican political alignment, with voters consistently delivering overwhelming majorities to GOP presidential candidates in recent elections, reflecting the county's rural, conservative demographic base.
Election YearRepublican CandidateVotesPercentageDemocratic CandidateVotesPercentageTotal Votes Cast
202419,14282.6%4,03617.4%~23,178
202016,61681.4%3,55917.4%20,406
201613,19080.8%2,48315.2%16,333
Data sourced from official county records and certified results; 2024 figures approximate based on reported totals at 99% precincts. Local elections reinforce this trend, with the five-member Board of County Commissioners typically comprising Republicans elected primarily through partisan primaries, as Democratic challengers rarely emerge in general elections. in presidential cycles exceeds 70-80%, driven by strong GOP mobilization.

Education

K-12 Public Education System

The Habersham County School District oversees public K-12 education in the county, serving 6,553 students across 14 schools during the 2023-24 school year. The district maintains a student-teacher ratio of approximately 16:1, with instruction spanning pre-kindergarten through grade 12. It operates eight elementary schools—Baldwin Elementary School, Clarkesville Elementary School, Cornelia Elementary School, Demorest Elementary School, Fairview Elementary School, Hazel Grove Elementary School, Level Grove Elementary School, and Woodville Elementary School—along with three middle schools, Habersham Ninth Grade Academy, Habersham Central High School, and Habersham Success Academy as an alternative program for at-risk students. Student performance on the Georgia Milestones Assessment System, which evaluates proficiency in core subjects from grades 3 through high school, placed the district above regional Educational Service Agency averages in all 19 tested areas in 2023, outperforming 79% of Georgia school systems statewide. Statewide data indicate that 46% of district students achieved proficiency or above in reading and combined, reflecting above-average results relative to the state's overall performance. At Habersham Central High School, the sole serving grades 10-12, 41% of students are from minority backgrounds and 62% qualify as economically , correlating with rates and college readiness metrics tracked under state accountability standards. The district's fiscal operations run on a July 1 to June 30 cycle, with a proposed operating of $137 million for the period aligned with 2025 planning, funded through a mix of state allocations, property taxes, and federal grants including $11.5 million from American Rescue Plan ESSER III funds allocated for pandemic recovery efforts through 2024. Budget approvals require balance under Georgia's Quality Basic Education formula, emphasizing instructional costs amid enrollment growth of about 2.9% in upper grades from the prior year.

Higher Education Institutions

Piedmont University, a private liberal arts institution founded in 1887, maintains its primary residential campus on 300 acres in Demorest, within Habersham County. The university offers more than 40 undergraduate degree programs, with particular emphasis on fine arts, alongside graduate and online options across its Demorest, , and virtual campuses. As of fall 2024, Piedmont enrolls approximately 1,159 undergraduate students system-wide, with a student-faculty ratio of 12:1 and average class sizes around 10 students. Undergraduate enrollment on the Demorest campus rose by 8% in fall 2023 compared to the prior year, reflecting growth in residential students by over 6%. North Georgia Technical College, part of Georgia's Technical College System, operates its main Clarkesville at 1500 Georgia 197 North in Habersham , serving as a hub for technical and in a mountainous setting. Accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC), the institution provides over 80 , diploma, and certificate programs focused on in fields such as sciences, industrial trades, and business, with a student-to-faculty ratio of 22:1. The Clarkesville supports adult education, continuing education, and facilities including a bookstore and services, contributing to high job placement rates exceeding 99% for completers in targeted programs. While NGTC maintains additional campuses in Blairsville and Toccoa, the Clarkesville location anchors higher education access for Habersham residents seeking affordable, debt-minimizing pathways to workforce entry.

Law Enforcement and Corrections

County Sheriff's Office and Jail Operations

The Habersham County Sheriff's Office maintains primary over unincorporated county areas, executes court summonses and property levies, and operates the county detention center as mandated by Georgia law. Located at 1000 Detention Drive in Clarkesville, the office employs command staff including Major Les Hendrix, who oversees jail operations, alongside division heads for patrol and investigations. Sheriff Robin Krockum assumed office on January 1, 2025, after winning the November 2024 unopposed in qualification; Krockum, possessing over 29 years of experience, began at the detention center in 1995 handling jailer, dispatching, and transport duties before advancing through local police departments and returning as commander in 2008. The Jail Division manages the Habersham County Detention Center, constructed in the mid-1990s with a rated capacity of 130 beds, though daily populations range from 150 to 230 inmates, resulting in over 60 housed in external facilities to mitigate . The center confines pre-trial detainees and those with sentences of one year or less, with staff conducting booking, , , transportation, and visitor services; provisions include virtual visitation for families and attorneys, nutritionally adequate meals, and protocols for secure housing. Capacity constraints, intensified by increased arrests including among female offenders and prior additions of 34 beds, prompted a proposed $52 million expansion in August 2025, dependent on Special Purpose Local Option (SPLOST) approval via fall to accommodate projected growth. Current inmate records are accessible publicly via an online inquiry tool maintained by .

Lee Arrendale State Prison

Lee Arrendale State Prison is a medium-security correctional facility for female offenders, situated at 2023 Gainesville Highway South in , Habersham County, Georgia. Originally built in as a tuberculosis and repurposed for the state prison system in 1951, the site underwent significant renovations in 1999 and transitioned to an exclusively women's institution in early 2005 after relocating male youth detainees. With a rated capacity of 1,476, it houses adult and juvenile female felons as well as probationers, emphasizing special mission functions such as treatment, services, diagnostic evaluations, and transitional programming; it also maintains a Children's Center for visitation and family support. Vocational offerings include training in auto mechanics, , and , alongside academic programs like GED preparation and counseling in reconation and reentry planning. The facility hosts the adjacent Arrendale Transitional Center, a minimum-security annex constructed in 1980 and opened in 2008, accommodating up to 117 adult female felons nearing release. This unit prioritizes community reintegration via opportunities in Habersham and Hall counties, alongside interventions for , family violence intervention, and job readiness assessments. In January 2023, the Georgia Department of Corrections proposed downsizing the main by transferring most inmates to a repurposed federal facility elsewhere in the state, while preserving the transitional center; however, the continued full operations through 2025, including responses to internal security challenges. Operational difficulties have included persistent violence and oversight lapses. At least three inmate homicides were documented from 2022 to 2024, involving mechanisms such as asphyxia from neck compression and other blunt force traumas. Gang influence contributed to a August 2022 riot, yielding charges of institutional rioting, gang terrorism violations, and theft against six participants. In July 2025, 32-year-old inmate Sheqweetta Vaughan was pronounced dead in her cell amid 90-degree heat, with her body in advanced decay, leading her family to question medical monitoring and response times. Separate allegations include a 2024 lawsuit claiming brutal assault by correctional officers on an inmate, alongside a June 2025 federal indictment tying an internal "prison broker" to methamphetamine distribution networks spanning south Georgia.

Communities

Incorporated Cities

Habersham County includes seven incorporated municipalities: , Baldwin, Clarkesville, Cornelia, Demorest, Mount Airy, and Tallulah Falls. These cities and towns vary in size and historical development, primarily emerging in the late along railroad lines and in the Appalachian foothills, with Clarkesville serving as the since its early establishment.
MunicipalityIncorporation Date2023 Population Estimate
December 16, 18951,011
BaldwinDecember 17, 18963,730
Clarkesville18231,830
CorneliaOctober 22, 18875,371
Demorest18892,340
Mount Airy18741,480
Tallulah Falls1885273
Alto, straddling the Habersham-Banks county line, developed as a railroad stop and remains a small community focused on and local . Baldwin, similarly bisected by county lines, was named for railroad official Joseph A. Baldwin and supports manufacturing and residential growth near Interstate 85. Clarkesville, the historic , originated as a planned village amid lands ceded in 1818, featuring preserved 19th-century architecture and serving as a hub for nearby mountains. Cornelia, known for its apple industry and as a gateway to the North Georgia mountains, grew around the railroad junction and hosts annual festivals tied to local . Demorest, a temperance-founded community, emphasizes education with and maintains a small-town character with historic districts. Mount Airy, one of the county's smaller towns, supports rural residential areas and in its southern reaches. Tallulah Falls, spanning Habersham and Rabun counties, attracts visitors for its scenic waterfalls and resort history, though its population remains minimal due to seasonal .

Towns and Census-Designated Places

Habersham County includes three incorporated towns—Alto, Mount Airy, and Tallulah Falls—and one census-designated place, Raoul. These communities vary in size and location, primarily serving as residential areas with ties to agriculture, tourism, and proximity to larger urban centers like Cornelia and Clarkesville. Alto is a small town in the northern portion of the county, extending into Banks County along U.S. Route 23 and Georgia State Route 365. Its total population was 970 in the 2020 U.S. Census, with 619 residents in the Habersham County portion. The community supports local farming and commuting to nearby industrial areas. Mount Airy, located centrally near Demorest, had a population of 1,391 as of the 2020 . It functions primarily as a bedroom community with historical ties to early 20th-century settlement patterns in the region. Tallulah Falls sits in the eastern county along the Habersham-Rabun line, known for its scenic waterfalls and draw. The town's total 2020 population was 199, including 79 in Habersham County. Raoul, an unincorporated census-designated place south of Cornelia, recorded 2,803 residents in the 2020 Census. It consists largely of residential neighborhoods and mobile home parks, reflecting suburban expansion from adjacent incorporated areas.

Unincorporated Communities

Habersham County contains several unincorporated communities, which are rural settlements without independent municipal governance and are administered directly by county authorities. These include Aerial, Batesville, Habersham, Hollywood, and Turnerville, as documented in historical and geographic records. Batesville, located in the northern part of the county near the White County line, consists primarily of scattered residences and farmland with no formal population as an independent entity; it remains a sparsely populated area focused on and local timber activities. Hollywood, situated in the eastern county near the Chattahoochee National Forest boundary, features small-scale residential clusters and proximity to natural recreation sites, supporting a rural tied to and outdoor pursuits. Turnerville, positioned along Georgia State Route 197 in the northwest, is noted as a key serving as an access point to mountainous terrain; county profiles highlight its role in regional connectivity without urban development. Other named locales, such as Fairview, contribute to the county's pattern but lack distinct boundaries or significant . These communities reflect the county's emphasis on unincorporated lands, which comprise the majority of its 279 square miles and support agricultural and recreational land uses. Overall, they exhibit low-density populations and reliance on county services for utilities, response, and , with no incorporated status per state records.

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