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Telescope aboard the New Horizons spacecraft for imaging
LORRI captured this panchromatic greyscale image of Pluto on July 13, 2015 when still almost half a million miles away from the icy dwarf planet.
Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) is a telescope aboard the New Horizons spacecraft for imaging.[1] LORRI has been used to image Jupiter, its moons, Pluto and its moons, and Arrokoth since its launch in 2006.[2][3] LORRI is a reflecting telescope of Ritchey-Chrétien design, and it has a main mirror diameter of 208 mm (8.2 inches) across.[4][5] LORRI has a narrow field of view, less than a third of a degree.[4] Images are taken with a CCD capturing data with 1024 × 1024 pixels.[4] LORRI is a telescopic panchromatic camera integrated with the New Horizons spacecraft, and it is one of seven major science instruments on the probe.[5] LORRI does not have any moving parts and is pointed by moving the entire New Horizons spacecraft.[5]
First image of Arrokoth by New Horizons, taken on 16 August 2018 with LORRI. Left: Raw image includes background stars. Right: After being processed for background star subtraction.Long distance imaging (animated) of 50000 Quaoar
LORRI was used to calculate albedos for Pluto and Charon.[6] LORRI is also used for navigation, especially to more precisely determine the location of a flyby target.[7] In 2018, New Horizons spacecraft used navigation data from LORRI for its planned flyby of Arrokoth in a couple months.[8]
During the cruise to Jupiter, LORRI data was also used to determine a value for the cosmic optical background as an alternative to other methods.[9] At Jupiter, LORRI was used for an extensive observation campaign of Jupiter's atmosphere, rings, and moons.[4]
On August 29, 2006, the cover on LORRI was opened and it took an image in space of Messier 7 (aka Ptolemy’s Cluster) for its first light image.[10] The following year, in 2007 when it flew by Jupiter for its gravity assist, it was used to image Jupiter and its moons.[11] LORRI also imaged the Jovian system in 2010 as part of an annual checkout confirming the operation of LORRI, taking pictures from a distance of about 16 AU.[11]
This LORRI image, taken on December 5, 2017, broke the record for an image taken at the greatest distance from Earth, surpassing Pale Blue Dot taken on February 14, 1990, by Voyager 1.[13]
In August 2018, LORRI was able to detect Arrokoth at distance of around 161 million kilometres (100 million miles).[15]
A large stack of images of Arrokoth from August to December 2018 was used to confirm a closer flyby, rather than more distant by ruling out moons and rings systems to a certain level of detection.[16]
On the night of December 24, 2018 LORRI was used to take images of Arrokoth at a distance of 10 million kilometres (6.2 million miles).[17] Three images were taken each with a half second long exposure, at a 1024x1024 pixel resolution.[17][18]
Sensor: E2V Technologies CCD47-20 and Analog Devices AD9807 ADC[21][22]
Frame-Transfer Back-Illuminated CCD
Size: 13.3×13.3 mm
Pixel size: 13×13 μm native size with 4×4 pixel on-chip binning possible
1024×1024 active pixels
12 bits ADC
The mirror is made of silicon carbide which helped support meeting the thermal requirements of the design.[20]
The instrument is a thinned backside-illuminated charge-coupled device, and captures images at a resolution of 1024 by 1024 pixels, with a variety of exposure settings.[4] LORRI can take one picture per second and store the picture digitally as a 12-bit image, with either lossless or lossy compression.[4] (See also Data compression)
The design can take images at very low light levels required for the mission, including light levels 1/900 those of Earth when it is at Pluto.[4] For the Arrokoth encounter the longest exposure time (up to ten seconds for the Pluto flyby) was increased.[23] This was accomplished after the Pluto flyby by the team, to support taking images in even lower light levels.[24]
After the Pluto flyby, exposure times of at least 30 seconds were made possible, which was also useful for taking reconnaissance images and enabling imaging down to a magnitude of 21.[25]
LORRI is pointed by moving the entire spacecraft, which limits the exposure time.[5][21] The spacecraft does not have reaction wheels and is stabilized by thrusters.[21]
Due to its telescope power, LORRI was able to capture images of Pluto and its moons, offering the closer views as the spacecraft flew by the dwarf planet.
Long range view with Pluto and moons circled. (stars processed out)
Observation of Pluto and Charon from January 2015
LORRI image of Pluto and Charon in June 2015
Days before closest approach, LORRI views the other side of Pluto
Since LORRI had the highest magnification of the instruments, it captured the closest views of Pluto's terrain during the flyby. Its smaller field of view was panned across Pluto, capturing a stripe of the dwarf planet's terrain.
This image taken by LORRI is among the highest resolution views of the surface of Pluto during the encounter, capturing an area 50 miles (80 kilometers) wide and over 400 miles (700 kilometers) long.
^ abcdefghijklCheng, A. F.; Weaver, H. A.; Conard, S. J.; Morgan, M. F.; Barnouin-Jha, O.; Boldt, J. D.; Cooper, K. A.; Darlington, E. H.; Grey, M. P.; Hayes, J. R.; Kosakowski, K. E.; Magee, T.; Rossano, E.; Sampath, D.; Schlemm, C.; Taylor, H. W. (2009). "Long-Range Reconnaissance Imager on New Horizons". New Horizons. pp. 189–215. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-89518-5_9. ISBN978-0-387-89517-8.
^Buratti, B. J.; Hofgartner, J. D.; Hicks, M. D.; Weaver, H. A.; Stern, S. A.; Momary, T.; Mosher, J. A.; Beyer, R. A.; Verbiscer, A. J.; Zangari, A. M.; Young, L. A.; Lisse, C. M.; Singer, K.; Cheng, A.; Grundy, W.; Ennico, K.; Olkin, C. B. (2017). "Global albedos of Pluto and Charon from LORRI New Horizons observations". Icarus. 287: 207–217. arXiv:1604.06129. Bibcode:2017Icar..287..207B. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.11.012. S2CID118330416.
^ abRobichaud, J.; Green, J.; Catropa, D.; Rider, B.; Ullathorne, C. (2008). "Silicon Carbide Optics for Space Situational Awareness and Responsive Space Needs". Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference: E67. Bibcode:2008amos.confE..67R.
^ abcdCheng, A. F.; Weaver, H. A.; Conard, S. J.; Morgan, M. F.; Barnouin-Jha, O.; Boldt, J. D.; Cooper, K. A.; Darlington, E. H.; Grey, M. P.; Hayes, J. R.; Kosakowski, K. E.; Magee, T.; Rossano, E.; Sampath, D.; Schlemm, C.; Taylor, H. W. (2008). "Long-Range Reconnaissance Imager on New Horizons". Space Science Reviews. 140 (1–4): 189–215. arXiv:0709.4278. Bibcode:2008SSRv..140..189C. doi:10.1007/s11214-007-9271-6. S2CID118330150.
Media related to Photos of Jupiter system by New Horizons at Wikimedia Commons
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![Arrokoth among the stars of Sagittarius, imaged by New Horizons in late 2018. Its apparent magnitude from the spacecraft decreased from 20 to 15.[33]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ultima_Thule_approach_video1.gif)
![Arrokoth viewed on December 24, 2018 by LORRI[34]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Newhorizonschristmasthule.png)
![Arrokoth as seen by LORRI during its approach, and released on January 1, 2019.[35]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detecting_Ultima_Thule%27s_Size_and_Shape_on_Approach_(cropped).png)
