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Maug Islands
Maug Islands
Maug Islands
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Maug (from the Chamorro name for the islands, Ma'ok, meaning 'steadfast' or 'everlasting') consists of a group of three small uninhabited islands. This island group is part of the Northern Islands Municipality of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, itself part of the Marianas archipelago in the Oceanian sub-region of Micronesia.

Key Information

Geography

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Northern Mariana Islands
Northern Mariana Islands

The Maug Islands lie about 70 kilometers (43 mi; 38 nmi) south of Farallon de Pajaros and 37 km (23 mi; 20 nmi) north of Asuncion. The archipelago consists of three islands, the eroded exposed outer rim of a submerged volcano with a caldera with a diameter of approximately 2.2 km (1.4 mi; 1.2 nmi). The floor of the caldera is around 225 meters (738 ft) below sea level, and in the middle is a mountain whose summit is only 22 m (72 ft) below sea level. The total area of the islands combined is 2.13 square kilometers (0.82 sq mi), and the highest point is 227 m (745 ft) above sea level. About 10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of the Maug Islands is Supply Reef, a submarine volcano whose summit is 8 m (26 ft) below sea level. The Maug Islands and the Supply Reef are part of the same volcanic massif, and are connected by a saddle about 1,800 feet (550 m) below sea level.

Island Length (km) Width (km) Area (km²) Height (m)
North Island 1.5 0.5 0.47 227
East Island 2.25 0.5 0.95 215
West Island 2.0 0.75 0.71 178
Maug Islands 3.1 3.0 2.13 227

Environment

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The islands are overgrown with savannah grass. On East Island are Pandanus trees and coconut palms (Cocos nucifera), near the former settlement.

Important Bird Area

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The islands have been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because they support populations of Micronesian megapodes, red-tailed tropicbirds, brown noddies, Micronesian myzomelas and Micronesian starlings.[2]

History

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From a European perspective, the Maug Islands were discovered in 1522 by Gonzalo Gómez de Espinosa [es], who named it Las Monjas ("The Nuns" in Spanish). Gómez de Espinosa was a member of Ferdinand Magellan's attempted circumnavigation of the globe (1519–1522), and after Magellan’s death unsuccessfully attempted to navigate the ship Trinidad across the Pacific Ocean to the Viceroyalty of New Spain (now Mexico). Gomez de Espinosa found the largest island of the Maug Islands settled by Chamorros, who called the island Mao or Pamo. Gómez de Espinosa freed Chamorros whom he had kidnapped on Agrihan and three of his crewmen deserted the Trinidad on the island. The Chamorros killed two of the deserters, but the third, castaway Gonzalo Alvarez de Vigo, later came to Guam.[3]

Spain governed the Maug Islands as part of the Spanish East Indies beginning in the 16th century. In 1669, the Spanish missionary Diego Luis de San Vitores visited the Maug Islands and named them San Lorenzo (St. Lawrence). In 1695, the Spaniards forcibly deported all of the inhabitants of the islands to Saipan, and since that time the islands have been uninhabited. (In 1698, the Spaniards moved the former Maug Island inhabitants from Saipan to Guam.)[4]

In 1899, Spain sold the Maug Islands along with the rest of the Mariana Islands (except Guam, which the United States had seized from Spain in 1898) to the German Empire under the terms of the German–Spanish Treaty. The formalities of cession took place on November 17, 1899, on Saipan. Germany administered the islands as part of German New Guinea. In 1903, the Germans leased the Maug Islands to a Japanese company which hunted birds for feathers for export to Japan and from there to Paris.[5]

During World War I (1914–1918), the Empire of Japan seized the Maug Islands in 1914 and subsequently administered them as part of the South Seas Mandate. The Japanese established a weather station and a fish processing plant on the islands. During World War II, the German auxiliary cruiser Orion rendezvoused with supply ships in the waters over the caldera of the Maug Islands in January–February 1941 .

During the Pacific campaign (1941–1945) of World War II, the United States captured the Maug Islands, which became part of the vast US Naval Base Marianas. After the war ended in 1945, the islands came under the control of the United Nations and was administered on its behalf by the United States as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. In 1978, the islands became part of the Northern Islands Municipality of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, which in turn became an unincorporated territory and commonwealth of the United States in 1986.

In 1985, per the Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, the islands were designated as a wilderness area for the protection and conservation of natural resources. Since 2009, the submerged lands and waters around the Maug Islands have been part of the Marianas Trench Marine National Monument of the United States.[6]

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  • Perspective view of central cone within caldera. Colors indicate depth.
    Perspective view of central cone within caldera. Colors indicate depth.
  • Maug's East Island taken from USCGC Sequoia.
    Maug's East Island taken from USCGC Sequoia.
  • Map including the Maug Islands (DMA, 1983)
    Map including the Maug Islands (DMA, 1983)

See also

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References

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Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Maug Islands

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The Maug Islands are a group of three small, uninhabited volcanic islands that form the northern, western, and eastern rims of a 2.5-km-wide submerged , located in the of the western . Situated at coordinates 20.02°N, 145.22°E and approximately 530 km north of Saipan, the islands—known as Higashi-shima (East Island), Kita-shima (North Island), and Nishi-shima (West Island)—span a total land area of 2.1 km² with a maximum of 227 m above . Geologically, the Maug Islands represent a complex composed of to , featuring exposed lava flows, pyroclastic deposits, and radial dikes along the walls, with a twin-peaked central rising to about 20 m below the sea surface and an average depth of ~200 m. No historical eruptions are recorded, with the last known activity occurring in the and possible unrest noted as recently as 2003, though no signs of steaming or recent volcanism were observed during a 1992 ; the islands pose a low to very low threat under the U.S. National Volcano . First sighted by Spanish explorer Gonzalo Gómez de Espinosa in 1522 during Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation expedition, the remote Maug Islands support poorly developed coral reefs and remain ecologically significant as part of the , with limited human access due to their isolation.

Geography

Location and Extent

The Maug Islands are located in the northern part of the Mariana Archipelago in the western , at coordinates 20°02′N 145°13′E. They lie within the of the (CNMI), an unincorporated U.S. commonwealth comprising 14 islands across a 300-mile chain. The CNMI's encompasses the uninhabited northernmost islands, including Maug, and is administered under U.S. federal oversight while maintaining local . Geographically, the Maug Islands are the third northernmost in the CNMI chain, positioned approximately 70 km south of (Uracas), 37 km north of Asuncion, 530 km north of Saipan (the CNMI's largest and most populated island), and roughly 450 miles (724 km) north of . This placement situates them in a remote, volcanic region far from major population centers, emphasizing their isolation within the . The overall extent of the islands is compact, with the three small landmasses encircling a submerged that spans about 2.5 km in diameter. The total land area of the Maug Islands is 2.13 km² (0.82 sq mi), consisting of three narrow, elongated islands that collectively cover a modest fraction of the CNMI's 464 km² land area. The name "Maug" originates from the term "Ma'ok," referring to the eighth island north of Saipan in indigenous nomenclature.

Physical Features

The Maug Islands consist of three small, elongated islands—North Island, East Island, and West Island—that mark the northern, eastern, and western rims, respectively, of an eroded volcanic approximately 2.5 km in diameter. The islands together span up to 2.3 km in length and enclose a submarine with an average depth of about 200 m, featuring a twin-peaked central that rises to within 20 m of the sea surface. The 's truncated inner walls expose layered lava flows and pyroclastic deposits, with the outer flanks displaying bedded ash layers, reflecting the volcanic composition ranging from to . North Island rises to the highest elevation of 227 m above , while the submerged southern notch of the caldera rim descends to about 140 m below . The terrain across the islands is characterized by steep, rocky slopes covered primarily in savannah grasses and shrubs, such as species and Scaevola species, with no permanent freshwater sources present. Submarine elements connect the Maug Islands to Supply Reef, a conical andesitic rising to within 8 m of the sea surface, via a approximately 1,800 m deep (equivalent to about 5,900 feet), forming a larger twin volcanic that extends about 11 km northward.

Geology

Formation and Structure

The Maug Islands are part of the Mariana volcanic arc within the Izu-Bonin-Mariana subduction system, where the Pacific Plate is subducting westward beneath the Philippine Sea Plate at a rate of approximately 4-5 cm per year. This tectonic process has driven the formation of the arc's volcanic edifices over millions of years, with magma generated by flux melting in the mantle wedge above the subducting slab. The islands themselves represent the emergent remnants of a composite stratovolcano built through repeated eruptions of intermediate to felsic magmas. The volcanic structure centers on a largely submerged , approximately 2.5 km in diameter and up to 200 m deep below , formed by catastrophic collapse following major explosive eruptions during the period. These ancient eruptions involved the evacuation of a shallow , leading to the 's formation, while the three islands—North, East, and West—preserve portions of the original rim, with truncated inner walls rising steeply to elevations of up to 227 m. A twin-peaked central , rising to about 20 m below the sea surface, occupies part of the floor, indicative of post-collapse resurgence. The exposed geology consists primarily of andesitic to dacitic lava flows and pyroclastic deposits, with lesser basaltic components, reflecting the calc-alkaline suite typical of subduction-related in the region. These materials form the radial dikes and bedded layers on the outer flanks, while the walls reveal layered sequences of flows and breccias that document the 's episodic growth and collapse. The islands' physical layout, with their elongated shapes up to 2.3 km long, directly stems from this rim morphology.

Volcanic and Seismic Activity

The Maug Islands, part of a classified as a , exhibit no recorded eruptions during the epoch, though unrest, such as possible submarine geothermal activity detected during a 2003 NOAA expedition, has been noted. No historical eruptions have been documented since the islands' discovery in 1522, and surveys in 1994 confirmed the absence of steaming or other indicators of recent activity. Seismic activity in the Maug Islands region is frequent, driven by the of the Pacific Plate beneath the Philippine Sea Plate along the . For instance, a magnitude 5.3 struck on December 27, 2024, at coordinates 19.516°N, 144.741°E, with a depth of 416.1 km. Potential hazards include eruptions associated with the adjacent , which forms part of the same volcanic as the Maug Islands, approximately 11 km to the north and connected by a at about 1800 m depth; hydroacoustic signals from such events have been detected in the vicinity, approximately 15-25 km northwest of the reef. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and regional seismic networks monitor the area using remote methods, including sensors on Saipan, satellite imagery, and distant seismic data, though no local geophysical instruments are deployed, resulting in an unassigned alert level. As of 2025, no fumarolic activity or precursors to imminent eruption have been observed.

Environment

Terrestrial Ecology

The terrestrial ecology of the Maug Islands features sparse vegetation dominated by savannah grasses and low scrub, reflecting the islands' small size, volcanic origins, and exposure to harsh environmental conditions. Introduced species, including coconut palms (Cocos nucifera) and thatch screw-pines (Pandanus tectorius), are present on East Island, contributing to localized coastal vegetation near former human settlement sites. Native ferns such as Nephrolepis spp. and Dicranopteris linearis, along with grasses like Sporobolus virginicus, form much of the understory cover across the three islets. Avifauna represents the primary biodiversity highlight, with the Maug Islands designated as an Important Bird and Biodiversity Area due to their role in supporting colonies and endemic . The endangered Micronesian (Megapodius laperouse), a ground-nesting bird that incubates eggs in geothermal burrows, is common across all three islands, with population estimates ranging from 50-150 individuals in 1992 to approximately 544 (95% CI: 308-834) in 2010. Other key include the (Phaethon rubricauda), with around 200 breeding individuals recorded between 1979 and 1988; the (Anous stolidus), supporting a colony of about 6,000 mature individuals during the same period; the Micronesian myzomela (Myzomela rubratra); and the Micronesian starling (Aplonis opaca). These birds utilize the islands for breeding and foraging, drawn by the nutrient-rich environment from . Terrestrial wildlife beyond birds is limited, with no resident reptiles or mammals documented; however, transient visits by the (Pteropus mariannus) are possible, as the species ranges across the . are present but not diverse, including families such as Formicidae () and Gryllidae (), which inhabit the grassy and scrubby terrains. Ecological threats are significant and multifaceted, including like rats that prey on eggs and nestlings, particularly affecting the Micronesian . Frequent typhoons erode habitats and disrupt nesting sites, while exacerbates risks through sea-level rise inundating low-lying areas and altering thermal conditions for incubation. Volcanic activity poses an ongoing hazard, potentially burying burrows or altering vegetation, though no major eruptions have occurred recently.

Marine Ecology

The marine habitats of the Maug Islands encompass a diverse range of underwater environments within and around the submerged volcanic , including shallow reefs in waters less than 30 meters deep, steep fore-reef drop-offs at depths of 10-20 meters, and the deeper floor averaging around 200 meters with some areas reaching approximately 250 meters. Nearby seamounts and hydrothermal vents along the walls, some at depths up to 145 meters, further contribute to unique benthic zones characterized by chemosynthetic communities. These habitats are mapped through NOAA's benthic surveys, revealing a of hard-bottom substrates supporting growth and soft sediments on the deeper floor. Coral reefs in the shallow zones host high , with up to 73 recorded, alongside diverse reef fish assemblages including surgeonfish such as the Hawaiian bristletooth (Ctenochaetus hawaiiensis) and other common Pacific like groupers and reef sharks. Megafauna such as sea turtles (including and hawksbill ) and dolphins are sighted in the surrounding waters, utilizing the area for foraging and transit. Benthic communities on drop-offs and the floor feature sponges, anemones, and vent-associated organisms like tubeworms, mussels, and galatheid crabs, which thrive in the interface of photosynthetic and chemosynthetic ecosystems. The ecological significance of these habitats stems from nutrient enrichment driven by hydrothermal activity in the Mariana subduction zone, where vents release minerals and gases that fuel high primary productivity through both sunlight-dependent and chemical-based food webs—the only known site of such coexistence. This supports elevated biomass, making Maug a hotspot within migratory corridors for pelagic species like sharks, whales, and dolphins traversing the western Pacific. Despite their health, these reefs face vulnerabilities, including historical in the Mariana that depleted some stocks, ongoing exacerbated by shallow CO2 vents mimicking future climate scenarios and promoting algal overgrowth while inhibiting calcification, and emerging accumulating on remote island shores. Surveys conducted as part of the Mariana Archipelago Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program from 2003 to 2007 documented relatively healthy cover and diversity at Maug sites, though with signs of and sensitivity to environmental stressors.

Conservation and Protection

The Maug Islands were designated as a wilderness area in 1985 under the Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), mandating their maintenance as uninhabited to preserve wildlife and natural resources. The surrounding submerged lands and waters form part of the core Islands Unit of the Marianas Trench Marine National Monument, established by Presidential Proclamation 8335 on January 6, 2009, to protect unique marine ecosystems including volcanic features and chemosynthetic communities. The islands are also recognized as an (IBA) by , valued for supporting breeding populations of the endangered Micronesian megapode (Megapodius laperouse) and several species, encompassing a total land area of 2.13 km². Management of the Maug Islands and their surrounding waters is led by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) as part of the Mariana Arc of Fire Complex, with public access strictly limited to permit holders to prevent disturbance to sensitive habitats. Efforts prioritize scientific research over visitation, including NOAA's comprehensive benthic habitat mapping of nearshore areas to depths of 30 meters, which identifies coral cover, reef structures, and substrate types essential for ecosystem monitoring. Recent advancements in monitoring include the NOAA National Coral Reef Monitoring Program's 2025 survey of Maug Islands and other sites in the Mariana , which assessed coral health, fish populations, and ocean conditions. Key conservation challenges include rising sea temperatures and from , which degrade coral reefs and alter grounds; the proliferation of such as rats and plants that prey on or outcompete native ; and constrained funding that hampers eradication programs and .

History

Early Exploration and Naming

Prior to European contact, the Maug Islands were part of the broader northern Mariana Archipelago, which ancient likely visited periodically for fishing, , and navigation purposes using their swift canoes. These remote, steep-sided islets, lacking flat terrain and sheltered harbors, show no archaeological evidence of permanent settlements, unlike the larger southern islands such as and Rota. The Maug Islands were first sighted and documented by Europeans on August 30, 1522, during the return leg of Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation expedition. Gonzalo Gómez de Espinosa, who had assumed command of the flagship Trinidad after Magellan's death, stopped at the islands while attempting to sail eastward across the Pacific to reach (modern ) for repairs and resupply. Espinosa described Maug as a cluster of three small islets enclosing a central , noting the presence of about 20 Chamorro individuals who provided limited assistance but possessed few resources beyond sugarcane and scarce . Espinosa named the islands Las Monjas (The Nuns), an appellation that persisted in early Spanish records. Subsequent Spanish voyages in the 16th century, building on Magellan's 1521 sighting of the southern Marianas and Espinosa's northern explorations, incorporated Maug into maps of the archipelago, recognizing it as the northernmost extent of the island chain under Spanish claim.

Colonial and Wartime Periods

The Maug Islands, part of the archipelago, fell under Spanish colonial administration following their initial European sighting in 1522 by members of the . During the late , amid the Chamorro-Spanish Wars, Spanish authorities enforced the "reduction" policy, forcibly relocating indigenous Chamorro populations from the northern islands, including the approximately 20 inhabitants documented on Maug in 1669 by Jesuit missionary Father Diego Luis de Sanvitores, to centralized villages on Saipan and by 1697. This deportation, driven by efforts to consolidate control and facilitate , left the Maug Islands uninhabited thereafter, with no permanent settlements established during the remaining Spanish era, though occasional visits occurred. Spanish rule over the islands persisted until 1899 without significant economic exploitation of Maug, as focus remained on southern Marianas like . In 1899, following the Spanish-American War, Spain ceded the north of —including Maug—to under the German-Spanish Treaty, integrating them into . German administration emphasized production across the archipelago, but Maug saw limited activity; Governor Georg Fritz's 1901 survey noted substantial deposits on the islands, hinting at future resource potential, though no immediate mining ensued. In 1903, German authorities leased Maug to a Japanese for bird feather harvesting, targeting plumes for the Asian , which involved temporary worker camps but no permanent . Japan formally seized the Northern Marianas, including Maug, in October 1914 at the outset of , administering them as a from 1920 onward. Under Japanese control, Maug experienced short-term settlements focused on resource extraction, including a small facility and a by . The island's population remained sparse and temporary, with no indigenous or long-term residency reestablished. During , fortified Maug as a peripheral outpost in the chain, installing an to monitor Allied naval movements amid the broader defense of the territory. U.S. forces, advancing in the campaign, subjected Maug to aerial bombing on June 19, 1944, as part of preparatory strikes to neutralize Japanese positions across the archipelago, though the saw minimal ground combat due to its remoteness and lack of major installations. American naval and air units effectively captured control of Maug by mid-1944, integrating it into U.S. Pacific operations without significant resistance; any remaining Japanese personnel and civilian workers were evacuated or surrendered as the islands fell under Allied administration.

Post-War Administration

Following the capture of the Maug Islands by United States forces in mid-1944 during World War II as part of the Mariana Islands campaign, the islands came under U.S. military administration. In 1947, the Northern Mariana Islands, including the Maug Islands, were incorporated into the United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI), administered by the United States from its headquarters in Saipan until 1986. Under the TTPI, the islands remained largely undeveloped and uninhabited, with oversight focused on strategic military interests and basic governance rather than settlement. In 1976, the entered into a Covenant to Establish a with the , which took full effect on November 3, 1986, terminating the TTPI trusteeship for these islands and integrating them into the (CNMI) as part of the Northern Islands Municipality. This transition granted U.S. citizenship to residents and established local under U.S. , though the Maug Islands' remote location limited administrative presence. The 2010 U.S. recorded zero permanent population for the Northern Islands Municipality, confirming the Maug Islands' uninhabited status, with only occasional visits by researchers for scientific purposes. Access to the Maug Islands remains restricted, with no regular tourism operations due to their isolation and protected status. Landing requires prior permits from the CNMI Department of Lands and Natural Resources or relevant U.S. agencies, primarily for research or emergency purposes. Boat charters from Saipan, the nearest major island approximately 300 miles south, are the only practical means of access and are expensive, often exceeding $5,000 for multi-day trips as of 2024, due to fuel costs and limited operators. Recent developments include enhanced protections under the Mariana Trench Marine National Monument, designated in 2009, which encompasses the waters and submerged lands around the Maug Islands to safeguard unique volcanic and deep-sea ecosystems. The 2024 management plan update emphasizes coordinated monitoring and restricted access to preserve these areas. Following a series of significant s in the region during 2024, including magnitudes up to 6.8, the U.S. Geological Survey intensified seismic monitoring around the Maug Islands to assess volcanic and tectonic risks.

References

  1. https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/maug-islands
  2. http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/pibhmc/cms/data-by-location/cnmi-guam/maug-island/
  3. https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=284143
  4. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/island-areas/commonwealth-of-the-northern-mariana-islands/population-and-housing-unit-counts/commonwealth-northern-mariana-islands-phc-table02.pdf
  5. https://dlnr.cnmi.gov/assets/docs/dfw/cnmi-swap-2015-final.pdf
  6. https://mva.mymarianas.com/the-northern-islands/
  7. http://www.chamoru.info/dictionary/display.php?action=view&id=7334
  8. https://www.uog.edu/_resources/files/ml/technical_reports/43Eldredge_1977_UOGMLTechReport43.pdf
  9. https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=284142
  10. https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/supply-reef
  11. http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/pibhmc/cms/data-by-location/cnmi-guam/supply-reef/
  12. https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/eoi/staff/chadwick/pubs/Embley_2004_Mariana_EOS.pdf
  13. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000pfvu
  14. https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hans2/view/notice/DOI-USGS-NMI-2025-11-07T00:08:10%2B00:00
  15. https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/24521-maug-islands
  16. https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/micronesian-scrubfowl-megapodius-laperouse
  17. https://www.pacioos.hawaii.edu/metadata/mp_noaa_mau_benthic_habitats.html
  18. https://www.fws.gov/refuge/mariana-arc-fire
  19. https://dcrm.gov.mp/wp-content/uploads/crm/The-State-of-the-Coral-Reef-Ecosystems-of-the-CNMI.pdf
  20. https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/pacific-islands/ecosystems/coral-reefs-pacific
  21. https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/inport/item/25301
  22. https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/pacific-islands/habitat-conservation/mariana-trench-marine-national-monument
  23. https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/maug-provides-natural-lab-for-ocean-acidification/
  24. https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/resource/document/coral-reef-ecosystem-monitoring-report-mariana-archipelago-2003-2007
  25. https://cnmilaw.gov/cons.php
  26. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2010-title3-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title3-vol1-subjectgroup-id2.pdf
  27. https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/noaa-shallow-water-benthic-habitats-cnmi-maug-islands
  28. https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/feature-story/2025-coral-reef-survey-sets-new-records-mariana-archipelago
  29. https://dlnr.cnmi.gov/assets/docs/dfw/cnmi-swap-2025-2035-draft-for-review.pdf
  30. https://www.guampedia.com/ancient-chamorro-settlement-patterns/
  31. https://www.guampedia.com/proa-and-navigation/
  32. https://lir.byuh.edu/index.php/pacific/article/download/323/306
  33. https://digitalcollections.byuh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2417&context=pacific-studies-journal
  34. https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/5585/noaa_5585_DS1.pdf
  35. https://lir.byuh.edu/index.php/pacific/article/download/323/306/583
  36. https://www.soest.hawaii.edu/pibhmc/cms/data-by-location/cnmi-guam/
  37. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1999-10-21/html/99-27548.htm
  38. https://npshistory.com/publications/usfws/mariana-trench/submerged-lands-transfer-ea.pdf
  39. https://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/APA/Historical-Essays/Growing-Diversity/Pacific-Islanders/
  40. https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/archives/speech/proclamation-5564-united-states-relations-northern-mariana-islands-micronesia-and
  41. https://www.doi.gov/ocl/hearings/112/HR670_051211
  42. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/cnmi.htm
  43. https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/uploads/Census-Bureau_Pop-Trends-2000-10-in-Insular-Areas_Apr2015.pdf
  44. https://dlnr.cnmi.gov/wildlife-conservation-areas.html
  45. https://www.fishguyzscuba.com/boat-charter.html
  46. https://npshistory.com/publications/usfws/mariana-trench/mgt-plan-2024.pdf
  47. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000ma2w
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