Muqan Qaghan (Old Turkic: 𐰢𐰆𐰴𐰣:𐰴𐰍𐰣, romanized: Muqan qaɣan, Chinese: 木杆可汗/木汗可汗; pinyin: Mùgān Kèhán/Mùhàn Kèhán, Sogdian: 𐼍𐼇𐼉𐼒𐼎 𐼉𐼒𐼄𐼒𐼎, romanized: mwx’n x’ɣ’n, Rouran: 𑀫𑀼𑀖𑀅𑀦 𑀕𑀅𑀖𑀅𑀦, romanized: Muɣan Qaɣan), born Ashina Yandou (阿史那燕都) was the second son of Bumin Qaghan and the third khagan of the Göktürks and the First Turkic Khaganate. He expanded their khaganate and secured the borders against the Hephthalites.

According to Sergey Kljaštornyj and Vladimir Livšic, this ruler is mentioned in the 3rd and 5th lines of the Left Side and the 3rd lines of the Front Side of the Sogdian Bugut Inscription as "mwγ’n γ’γ’n", and according to Yutaka Yoshida and Takao Moriyasu, in the 2nd, 3rd and 5th lines of the B-1 Side and the 3rd lines of the B-2 Side as "mwx’n x’γ’n." Turkish researchers Talat Tekin, Ahmet Taşağıl, Ahmet Bican Ercilâsun as well as Christopher Beckwith reconstructed his Turkic regnal name as Buqan and equated him to Bokhanos (Βώχανος) of Menander Protector.

He was born Ashina Yandou (阿史那燕都) to Bumin Qaghan and was made irkin during his lifetime. He succeeded his elder brother Issik Khagan in a lateral succession in 553. Upon succession, he appointed his younger brother Ashina Kutou (阿史那庫頭) as lesser khagan in the east.

His accession to power was followed by finishing off remnants of the Rouran. Around the new year 554, after the defeat of Yujiulü Kangti at the hands of Göktürks, the remnants of the Rouran, which by that point was near its end, surrendered to the Northern Qi to seek protection from Gökturk attacks. Emperor Wenxuan personally attacked Muqan Qaghan, fighting off his army and then made Yujiulü Anluochen the new khagan of Rouran, settling the Rouran people within Northern Qi territory, at Mayi (馬邑, in modern Shuozhou, Shanxi). The last khagan of the Rouran Yujiulü Dengshuzi was executed by Emperor Gong in 555 because of Gökturks' pressure.

Muqan led an attack on Tuyuhun territory in 556 together with the Western Wei. According to the plan, Muqan was to attack Hezhen (near present-day Chaka Salt Lake, Qinghai) from the north and general Shi Ning (史寧) was to attack Shudun (near Gonghe County). The siege was a success as the Tuyuhun king Murong Kualu's wife, children and treasure was captured, but he returned to his homeland after the Turks withdrew. As the army prepared to withdraw, Muqan Qaghan gifted Ning 100 slaves, 500 horses, and 10,000 sheep.

He then defeated the Hephthalites to the west near Bukhara in 557 together with Khosrow I, however this battle was largely overseen by Muqan's uncle Istami. He routed the Khitan to the east, and annexed the Kyrgyz to the north. This expansion also pushed against the Avars who were driven towards the Byzantine Empire and the Sassanid Empire and eventually towards the Danube. Other tribes of Central Asia, such as the eastern Bulgars were also displaced.

Muqan proposed to marry his daughter to Yuwen Tai in 556, but his death prevented this. After the establishment of the Northern Zhou by Emperor Ming, Muqan sent gifts and an emissary to establish contact in 558. At first he wanted to marry his daughter to Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou, however, she was also being courted by Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi, which caused Muqan some indecision. Ultimately, Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou took the extra step of dispatching Yang Jian, the Governor of Liangzhou, along with Wang Qing (王庆) and others to formally propose the marriage. In fall 563, Northern Zhou entered into an alliance treaty with the Göktürks against the Northern Qi, part of which involved a promise that Emperor Wu would marry the daughter of Muqan Qaghan.

In the winter of 563, the joint forces of the Northern Zhou and Gökturks launched a two-prong attack on the Northern Qi, with the northern prong attacking the Northern Qi's secondary capital Jinyang (晉陽, in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi) and the southern prong attacking Pingyang (平陽, in modern Linfen, Shanxi).