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Open sesame
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"Open sesame" (French: Sésame, ouvre-toi; Arabic: افتح يا سمسم, romanized: iftaḥ yā simsim) is a magical phrase in the story of "Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves" in Antoine Galland's version of One Thousand and One Nights. It opens the mouth of a cave in which forty thieves have hidden a treasure.
Etymology
[edit]The phrase first appears in Antoine Galland's French translation of One Thousand and One Nights (1704–1717) as Sésame, ouvre-toi (English, "Sesame, open yourself").[1] In the story, Ali Baba overhears one of the forty thieves saying "open sesame". His brother later cannot remember the phrase, and confuses it with the names of grains other than sesame, becoming trapped in the magic cave.
Galland's phrase has been variously translated from the French into English as "Sesame, open",[2] "Open, sesame" and "Open, O sesame".[3][failed verification] "Open sesame" is the conventional arrangement, however.
Sesame seeds grow in a seed pod that splits open when it reaches maturity,[4] and the phrase possibly alludes to unlocking of treasures.[5] Babylonian magic practices used sesame oil.[6] It is not certain, however, if the word "sesame" actually refers to the sesame plant or seed.[7] Sesame may be a reduplication of the Hebrew šem 'name', i.e., God, or a kabbalistic word representing the Talmudic šem-šāmayīm ("shem-shamayim"), 'name of heaven'.[8]
Classification
[edit]Open sesame has been classified by Stith Thompson as motif element D1552.2, "Mountain opens to magic formula".[9]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ "Les mille et une nuits : contes arabes / traduits par Galland, ornés de gravures". Gallica.bnf.fr. 2009-05-25. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
- ^ "The Novelist's Magazine - Google Boeken". 1785. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
- ^ Burton
- ^ "Sesame: Origin, History, Etymology and Mythology". MDidea.com. 2015-11-30. Archived from the original on 2018-01-25. Retrieved 2018-01-25.
- ^ "Open Sesame". The New York Times Magazine. 2015-04-08. Retrieved 2018-01-25.
- ^ Theodor Nöldeke in Zeitschrift für Assyriologie (1914), as reported in Haupt.
- ^ Armstrong, Marian (2007). Wildlife and Plants. Vol. 16. Marshall Cavendish. p. 972. ISBN 978-0761477105. Retrieved 2014-12-24.
- ^ Felix Ernst Peiser in Orientalistische Literaturzeitung (1902), as reported in Haupt.
- ^ S. Thompson, Motif-index of folk-literature : a classification of narrative elements in folktales, ballads, myths, fables, mediaeval romances, exempla, fabliaux, jest-books, and local legends", 1955-1958. [1] Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine cf. Aarne–Thompson classification system
Bibliography
[edit]- (in English) Paul Haupt, "Open Sesame" in Beiträge zur assyriologie und semitischen Sprachwissenschaft 10:2, 1927, p. 165ff. Originally presented at the meeting of the American Oriental Society, Washington, April 15, 1916.
Open sesame
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Origins in Literature
The Arabian Nights Tale
The Arabian Nights, also known as One Thousand and One Nights, is a renowned collection of Middle Eastern folk tales assembled in Arabic during the Islamic Golden Age, originating from diverse oral storytelling traditions across Persian, Indian, and Arabic cultures that evolved between the 8th and 14th centuries.[6] These narratives were gradually compiled into written manuscripts, with significant expansions occurring in regions like Baghdad and Syria, forming a framed structure where the storyteller Scheherazade recounts tales to delay her execution.[6] The story of "Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves" first appeared in the French translation of this collection by Antoine Galland, titled Les Mille et une nuits, published in twelve volumes from 1704 to 1717.[7] Galland, a French orientalist, incorporated the tale based on oral accounts from a Syrian Maronite storyteller, Hanna Diyab, making it one of several additions not found in earlier Arabic manuscripts.[7] In the narrative, Ali Baba is depicted as a humble woodcutter living in poverty with his family in a Persian town, contrasting sharply with his wealthier but greedy brother Cassim.[8] While gathering firewood one day in a remote forest, Ali Baba stumbles upon the hideout of a notorious band of forty thieves, concealed in a rocky area at the base of a large isolated rock.[8] Hiding in a tree for safety, he overhears the thieves' leader approach the rock and command the entrance to open with the magical phrase "Open, Sesame!"—rendered in Galland's original French as "Sésame, ouvre-toi" (Sesame, open yourself)—causing a heavy stone door to slide aside and reveal the cavern within.[8][7] The cave, entered via steps leading to a spacious, naturally lit hall, functions as the thieves' secure hoard for their plundered riches, including vast quantities of gold and silver coins, ingots, precious silks, brocades, fine carpets, and ample provisions for their operations.[8] After the thieves depart with the closing incantation "Sesame, close thyself," Ali Baba cautiously enters, takes a modest portion of treasure, and uses the same phrase to exit, forever altering his fortunes while setting the stage for the ensuing conflict with the cunning robbers.[8]Phrase's Function in the Narrative
In the tale of "Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves," the phrase "Open, Sesame!" serves as a magical incantation that exclusively activates the entrance to the thieves' hidden cave, revealing vast treasures of gold and silver upon utterance, while the corresponding command "Sesame, close yourself!" seals the door to protect the hoard.[9] This binary mechanism underscores the phrase's role as a narrative device for access control, ensuring that only those privy to the secret can enter or exit, thereby heightening the story's themes of opportunity and peril.[10] Ali Baba first learns the phrase through eavesdropping on the forty thieves as they approach the cave's rock facade; concealed nearby, he hears their leader pronounce "Open, Sesame!" to swing open the door, allowing the group to deposit their plunder before commanding it to close.[11] Emboldened by this discovery, Ali Baba repeats the words himself after the thieves depart, gaining entry to the cavern and enabling him to discreetly remove measures of gold that transform his impoverished life without immediate detection.[9] The phrase's simplicity as a spoken password thus propels Ali Baba's initial thefts, positioning it as the pivotal plot catalyst that shifts the protagonist from mere observer to active participant in the narrative conflict.[10] As the story progresses, the thieves detect the intrusions and attribute the breaches to the phrase's compromise, prompting their captain to devise countermeasures that bypass its power altogether, such as disguising themselves as oil merchants and concealing in jars to infiltrate Ali Baba's home.[11] This escalation illustrates the phrase's narrative function in generating adversarial ingenuity, as the thieves abandon reliance on the incantation for stealthier tactics, including attempts to mark Ali Baba's door for assassination.[9] The phrase's exclusivity further amplifies tension through risks inherent to its oral transmission: Ali Baba's brother Cassim, upon learning it secondhand, enters the cave but forgets the closing command in his greed, trapping himself inside until the returning thieves discover and execute him, thereby illustrating the peril of mispronunciation or memory lapse.[11] Overall, these mechanics create sustained suspense, as the phrase's vulnerability—dependent on secrecy and precise recollection—drives the tale's cycles of fortune, betrayal, and resolution.[10]Etymology and Symbolism
Linguistic Origins
The phrase "Open sesame" first appeared in written form in Antoine Galland's French translation of the Arabian Nights, Les Mille et une nuits (1704–1717), rendered as "Sésame, ouvre-toi." This version incorporated the story of Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves, which Galland recorded from oral narration by the Syrian Maronite storyteller Ḥannā Diyāb during their meetings in Paris in 1709. In 2015, Diyāb's autobiography was discovered in the Vatican Library, confirming his role in providing several tales, including Ali Baba, to Galland.[12][13] Scholars posit that Galland adapted the magical incantation from Diyāb's telling, likely drawing on an Arabic expression such as "افتح يا سمسم" (Iftah ya simsim), translating to "Open, O sesame." This reflects broader Middle Eastern oral traditions, where sesame (simsim in Arabic) held symbolic significance in folklore. The term simsim itself traces to ancient Semitic languages, deriving from Akkadian šamaššammū, a compound root denoting "oil plant" or "sesame," emphasizing the plant's oily seeds central to regional agriculture and rituals.[14][15] The phrase entered English through early translations of Galland's work, with the first appearing in the 1706 Grub Street edition of Arabian Nights' Entertainments, standardizing variations like "Open, Sesame!" It gained wider currency around 1814 in subsequent editions and was popularized in 19th-century English translations.[16] As the tale spread across Europe, the phrase adapted into local idioms: German "Sesam, öffne dich!" (Sesame, open yourself!), directly from 19th-century translations; Spanish "¡Ábrete, sésamo!" (Open yourself, sesame!), seen in modern editions; and retaining the original French "Sésame, ouvre-toi" in literary contexts. These variations preserve the imperative structure while localizing the plant name.[16]Connection to the Sesame Plant
The sesame plant, scientifically known as Sesamum indicum, is an annual herb native to tropical regions, characterized by its elongated seed pods that dehisce explosively upon ripening, splitting open to release numerous small seeds with a sudden, popping action that resembles a door swinging ajar.[17] This distinctive pod behavior is widely regarded as the botanical inspiration for the magic phrase "open sesame," evoking the image of an effortless unveiling of treasures, much like the narrative device in ancient tales where the words command entry to hidden riches.[18] The plant's capsules develop tension through lignification and drying, leading to this rapid dispersal mechanism, which has been studied for its hygroscopic properties and functional adaptations in seed propagation.[17] Sesame cultivation dates back to approximately 3000 BCE, with archaeological evidence from the Indus Valley Civilization sites like Harappa confirming its domestication as one of the earliest oilseed crops, where charred seeds indicate early agricultural use.[19] By the third millennium BCE, the crop had spread to ancient Mesopotamia, where textual records from Sumerian and Babylonian sources document its widespread production for seed and oil extraction, valued primarily as a food source and for pressing into a stable, nutrient-rich oil.[20] In ancient Egypt, sesame appears in records from around 1550 BCE, such as the Ebers Papyrus, which lists it among medicinal substances for treating ailments like asthma, though its cultivation there likely postdates its Indian and Mesopotamian origins.[21] In ancient Indian cultural contexts, sesame seeds held profound symbolic meaning, often associated with immortality and purification in Hindu rituals; texts describe them as creations of Yama, the god of death, used in funerary practices to cleanse the soul and symbolize eternal life due to the seed's enduring viability and regenerative qualities.[22] In Babylonian lore, sesame embodied abundance and prosperity, attributed to its exceptionally high oil yield—up to 50-60% of the seed's weight—making it a prized commodity that Herodotus noted as the sole oil source in the region, essential for daily sustenance, lighting, and ritual uses.[23] This economic value positioned sesame as a marker of wealth along ancient trade routes, including precursors to the Silk Road, where its transport from South Asia to the Near East reinforced its role as a symbol of opulence and accessibility to hidden bounties.[20] The phrase "open sesame" thus metaphorically draws on these attributes, invoking not only the plant's physical opening but also the unlocking of prosperity tied to its historical and cultural significance.[24]Cultural and Historical Significance
Adoption in Western Culture
The phrase "Open Sesame" entered Western culture primarily through 19th-century English translations of One Thousand and One Nights, where it appeared as the magical incantation in the tale of "Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves." The first major English version, Edward William Lane's 1838–1840 translation, rendered the phrase as "Open, Sesame!" to evoke the door-opening command used by Ali Baba to access the thieves' treasure cave.[25] This rendition, drawn from Antoine Galland's earlier French adaptation, quickly established the English form that diverged slightly from the Arabic original while retaining its exotic allure.[3] Richard F. Burton's expansive 1885 translation further disseminated the story in Britain and America, employing "Open, O Simsim!" to more closely approximate the Arabic ifṭaḥ yā simsim, though the popularized "Sesame" variant persisted in subsequent editions and adaptations.[1] By the mid-19th century, the phrase had transcended its narrative origins to serve as a metaphor for unlocking opportunities or secrets in British and American literature. For instance, in Charlotte Brontë's 1853 novel Villette, the protagonist Lucy Snowe invokes "Open! Sesame" upon entering an art gallery, symbolizing the revelation of hidden cultural treasures and personal insight.[26] In Victorian England, the phrase integrated deeply into children's literature and theatrical traditions, reinforcing its association with enchantment and accessibility. It featured prominently in illustrated storybooks for young readers, such as those adapting Arabian Nights tales for moral and imaginative education, and became a hallmark of family-oriented entertainment. Pantomimes, a staple of holiday theater, frequently staged the Ali Baba story, with productions like the 1854 extravaganza Open Sesame; or, A Night with the Forty Thieves at the Adelphi Theatre in London using the incantation as a climactic magical device to delight audiences and embed the phrase in popular imagination.[27] The 20th century saw the phrase's magical connotation amplified through cinematic adaptations that reached mass audiences across the West. While the 1940 fantasy film The Thief of Bagdad—a lavish production evoking Arabian Nights motifs—did not directly feature the Ali Baba tale, its success spurred similar Orientalist spectacles, including Universal Pictures' 1944 Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves, which explicitly incorporated "Open Sesame" as the key to the treasure cave, solidifying the phrase's role in visual storytelling.[28] These films, alongside radio dramas and serials, transformed "Open Sesame" from a literary curiosity into a ubiquitous symbol of effortless entry and wonder in everyday Western parlance.[29]Use in Folklore and Mythology
The phrase "open sesame" finds parallels in various non-Arabian folklore traditions through similar incantations believed to unlock hidden realms or treasures. In ancient Roman lore, the word "abracadabra" served as a potent magic charm, inscribed in a diminishing triangular pattern on amulets to ward off illness and evil spirits, as prescribed by the physician Serenus Sammonicus in his second-century AD medical text Liber Medicinalis.[30] This incantation, possibly derived from Aramaic or Hebrew roots meaning "I create as I speak," functioned analogously to "open sesame" by invoking supernatural forces to reveal protection or access forbidden knowledge.[31] In European fairy tales, simple verbal commands like "open" appear in narratives of discovery and peril, echoing the motif of words compelling doors or barriers to yield. Sesame motifs in African oral traditions often symbolize protection and concealed wisdom, with the seeds employed in rituals to safeguard against malevolent forces. Among the Gullah Geechee people of the American South, whose practices trace back to West African roots, sesame—known as "benne"—was sprinkled at home entrances to invoke good fortune and repel evil spirits, embodying a hidden knowledge of ancestral safeguards passed through enslaved communities.[24] In broader African diaspora folklore, these seeds represent a talismanic barrier, their scattering ritual drawing on beliefs in the plant's inherent power to "open" pathways to safety while concealing vulnerabilities from harm.[32] In Asian oral traditions, sesame carries symbolism of fertility and esoteric insight, integrated into myths that highlight its role in nurturing life and unveiling profound truths. Across Chinese and Korean folklore, black sesame seeds denote longevity and reproductive vitality, often incorporated into festival foods to bless couples with prosperous offspring and enduring health, reflecting the plant's nutrient-rich essence as a conduit for generative forces.[33] In Tibetan Buddhist narratives, sesame evokes the infinite multitude of enlightened beings (Tathagatas), symbolizing the revelation of hidden spiritual knowledge through meditative practices and offerings that "unlock" paths to wisdom.[34] Mythological connections link sesame to harvest and underworld deities, particularly in Hindu texts where the seeds embody ritual purity and transition between life and death. Yama, the god of death and justice, is said to have created sesame (tila) as a purifying agent for ancestral rites, with black seeds mixed in water offerings during tarpanam ceremonies to satisfy departed souls and ensure their peaceful passage, underscoring the plant's role in cleansing impurities and granting immortality-like absolution.[22] These rituals, detailed in Vedic traditions, position sesame as a sacred medium for communicating with the divine, its oil and seeds facilitating offerings that honor Yama's domain while symbolizing the cyclical fertility of the harvest.[35] The "open sesame" motif migrated across cultures through ancient trade networks, appearing in Persian and Turkish folktales that predate Antoine Galland's 18th-century adaptation of the Arabian Nights. In Southwest Asian lore, sesame's dehiscent pods—bursting open to release seeds—symbolized abundance and the magical unlocking of treasures or caverns, a belief tied to the plant's cultivation along Silk Road routes from India through Persia to Anatolia.[20] This imagery, evoking doors to prosperity and hidden wealth, influenced oral narratives in Ottoman-era Turkish storytelling, where sesame's "opening" power mirrored agrarian rituals and predated European retellings by centuries via merchant exchanges.[36]Modern Interpretations and Usage
Idiomatic Expressions
The phrase "open sesame" functions as an English idiom denoting a simple, often magical or effortless means to gain access to restricted areas, opportunities, or solutions to complex problems. Its metaphorical usage, distinct from the literal command in folklore, was first attested in English around 1814. In 20th-century prose, the idiom frequently appears in business contexts to describe pivotal strategies that unlock market advantages or growth, such as innovative advertising techniques portrayed as the "open sesame to success" in early marketing discussions.[37] Similarly, in personal development literature, it symbolizes breakthrough moments that propel individual advancement, as seen in mid-century writings emphasizing skill acquisition as an "open sesame" for professional fulfillment.[38] Variations of the idiom, such as "open sesame to success," emerged prominently in motivational literature from the 1950s onward, framing education or self-improvement as infallible pathways to achievement.[38] These extensions retain the core imagery while adapting to inspirational rhetoric. Linguistically, "open sesame" exemplifies a fixed idiomatic expression, maintaining its invariant form—"open" as imperative followed by "sesame" as a non-literal object—due to its opaque semantics and cultural entrenchment, which resist syntactic alteration or substitution in standard usage.[39] This rigidity aligns with broader patterns in English idioms, where non-compositional meanings preserve the phrase's holistic integrity.[40]Depictions in Media and Popular Culture
The phrase "open sesame" has been prominently featured in 20th-century film adaptations of the Ali Baba tale, where it serves as the magical incantation to access hidden treasure. In the 1944 Universal Pictures film Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves, directed by Arthur Lubin, the protagonist discovers the thieves' cave and utters the words to reveal vast riches, a pivotal scene that popularized the phrase in Hollywood cinema.[41] Similarly, the 2000 Hallmark Entertainment miniseries Arabian Nights, which weaves together tales from the source material, includes the Ali Baba segment where the phrase unlocks the cave entrance, emphasizing its role in narrative revelation and adventure.[42] In music, the phrase inspired the title track of Kool & the Gang's 1976 debut album Open Sesame, a funk-disco single that evokes mystical entry into a world of rhythm and energy, reaching number 55 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[43] The song's lyrics playfully reference genies and magical openings, blending the folklore motif with 1970s groove.[44] Sesame Street, the long-running children's educational program launched in 1969, derives its name directly from the phrase "open sesame," symbolizing a gateway to learning and imagination.[45] The show incorporates playful nods to the phrase in segments and skits, such as Muppet reenactments of magical door-opening scenarios tied to educational themes. In modern technology, voice-activated assistants like Amazon's Alexa reference "open sesame" in their design explanations, likening wake words to the magical command that unlocks hidden possibilities, as noted in official product documentation.[46] Users have also created custom routines and skills invoking the phrase, such as garage door integrations or demo activations, highlighting its cultural resonance in smart home interfaces.[47] The phrase appears in comics and advertising to convey effortless access or revelation. In Disney's 2004 Pirates of the Caribbean comic story "Open Sesame!", it functions as a humorous incantation for unlocking treasure, tying into adventure tropes.[48] For advertising, Credit Sesame's 2021 TV spot features a genie responding to "open sesame" to promote the app's credit monitoring features, playing on the idea of unveiling financial insights.[49] Similarly, Alibaba has leveraged "open sesame" in branding since the early 2000s, positioning its e-commerce platform as a magical portal to global shopping, as seen in partnerships and marketing narratives.[50] Brand names like "Open Sesame" software for task automation emerged in the 1990s, often marketed for quick program launching akin to unlocking files or tools.[51]References
- https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/open_sesame
- https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sesame