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Pasacao (/pɑːsəˈkaʊ/), officially the Municipality of Pasacao (Central Bikol: Banwaan kan Pasacao; Tagalog: Bayan ng Pasacao), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Camarines Sur, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 50,708 people.[5] The area is noted for its brown sand beaches and is sometimes referred to as the "Summer Capital of Camarines Sur.[6]

Key Information

During the Spanish colonization in the 16th century, a settlement surrounded a port in what is now Pasacao, serving as a primary embarkation point in Camarines Sur and the only sea link to Manila.[7] This strategic location supported commerce and trade across the archipelago.

Colloquially, "Pasacao" refers to this former settlement, which is still recognized separately as the modern town center housing government and business hubs. The settlement was designated as a town in 1854 and expanded to incorporate neighboring barrios, leading to the establishment of a municipality during the American colonial period in the early 20th century.

Etymology

[edit]

The town's name is derived from the Spanish-Tagalog portmanteau Pasa-Ikaw (English: Pass it on). This is because dock guards stationed at the Pasacao Port would regularly issue directions to passengers by shouting "Pasa ikaw, Pasa ikaw." Passengers mistook the phrase for the town's name, Pasacao.[7]

History

[edit]

Early European travelers noted that Pasacao, located at the present-day town center, was seen as separate from nearby barangays like Dalupaon and Tinalmud. This suggests that these areas were independent villages before being formally organized. The current municipality of Pasacao, which now includes all its barangays, was officially established during the American colonial period, while the individual barangays existed earlier as separate communities.[citation needed]

Spanish colonization

[edit]

From 1585 to the 19th century, Pasacao served as a crucial defense port against Moro pirate incursions. The raid in Caranan on October 4, 1779, is an example. Pasacao and 9 other towns and two missions were entirely destroyed.[8] In 1823, the town had an estimated population of only 200 people due to frequent attacks.[7] To defend Pasacao against these raids, Alcalde Jacinto Rodriguez Morales contributed material for a balwark. The fortification of Pasacao in 1848, which included Cabusao in Camarines Sur, Pantao (now Libon), and Donsol in Sorsogon, was motivated by these attacks.[7]

Between 1609 and 1616, during the governor generalship of Juan de Silva, two galleons, the Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe and Angel dela Guardia, were built in Barangay Dalupaon, as well as the Astillero de Dalupaon (English: Dalupaon Shipyard). Guadalupe was vital in the galleon commerce between Manila and Acapulco, as well as the defense of the Philippines against the Dutch at the Battle of Playa Honda.[7][9]

In 1627, an attempt was made to establish a canal linking a river in Pasacao[b] to the Bicol River,[10] which would have connected the town to Nueva Caceres (now Naga).[11][12] However, the project was abandoned due to concerns about the high costs involved. There was also uncertainty over whether the small boats that would utilize the canal would justify the expense,[13] and fears arose that seawater intrusion might threaten the town's rice fields.[11]

Japanese occupation

[edit]

In World War II, the Tangcong Vaca Guerilla Unit [bcl], based near Mount Bernacci, carried out significant operations against Japanese forces. Notably, after Japanese ships docked at Pasacao Pier, they were bombed as part of the guerrilla resistance, marking Pasacao’s involvement in the region’s wartime activities.[7]

The Six Daughters of Charity arrived in Pasacao to establish Naga's first regular girls' school, Universidad de Santa Isabel.[7]

Post-colonization

[edit]

On July 20, 1966, a major fire devastated the commercial and residential center of Pasacao. The blaze, ignited by sparks from a chimney, swept through approximately 13 blocks, resulting in damage estimated at PHP 3 to 4 million. The fire left about 700 families, or 3,000 individuals, homeless. Key structures, including the mayor's residence and a rural bank were destroyed.

Local firefighting efforts were hampered by inadequate equipment, and looting occurred amidst the chaos. In response, President Marcos allocated PHP 10,000 in initial aid, and Governor Armando B. Cledera provided PHP 10,000 worth of goods and materials. Various organizations, including the Philippine Red Cross and the Naga City Filipino-Chinese Chamber of Commerce, contributed food and supplies to support the affected residents.[14]

Geography

[edit]

Pasacao is located on the northwest coast of Camarines Sur. It shares its northwestern border with Libmanan, marked by Mount Bernacci, while San Fernando lies to the east and Pamplona to the north. The town center is nestled in a valley[15] between the Ragay Hills, offering direct access to the Bicol Plains. Pasacao's 29.56 kilometres (18.37 mi) coastline lies on the southern part of the municipality, facing the Ragay Gulf, which is part of the Sibuyan Sea.

Daruanak Island

It covers an area of approximately 149.54 square kilometres (57.74 sq mi). The municipality is characterized by flat lowlands in the north and east, consisting of silt,[16] and mountainous regions in the west. The western area mainly features rolling hills that are part of the highlands surrounding the Ragay Gulf, with the terrain primarily consisting of limestones,[16] sandstones, and marls.[13][17][18] The town's topography is characterized by steep slopes, with elevations ranging from sea level to over 400 metres (1,300 ft) above sea level. The highest point in the town is Mount Bernacci, which stands at 756 metres (2,480 ft) above sea level.

Pasacao is characterized by several rivers, notably including the Caranan, Cagbunini, Itulan, Balogo, and Tinalmud Rivers. All these waterways flow into the Ragay Gulf. Among them, the Tinalmud River is the longest, extending approximately 10.5 kilometres (6.5 mi).

Pasacao's coastline extends approximately 22 kilometres (14 mi). Its brown sand beaches, are used for activities like swimming, snorkeling, and fishing. Balogo Beach, the most notable beach, is near Daruanak Island, the town's landmark and one of the major features of the official seal.[16]

Biodiversity & resources

[edit]

Pasacao is home to 73 species across 64 genera and 41 families, including 10 mammals, 53 birds, 4 reptiles, and 6 amphibians.

Mount Tigbi

Suminabang Cave, located in Caranan near Dalupaon, hosts insectivorous species such as the Caroline swiftlet (Aerodramus inquietus) and the Philippine forest roundleaf bat (Hipposideros obscurus). Another cave in Bahay, situated on the slopes of Mt. Tigbi, features a distinctive dog-head shaped entrance and is accessible after a one-hour hike. This cave is part of a limestone mountain range that forms the natural boundary between Bahay and Caranan.[16]

Coastal Pasacao is abundant in marine species, including sea urchins, seaweeds, shellfish, and sea cucumbers. Indo-Pacific Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) and Spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata) have been sighted in the town's coastal waters.[16]

On August 9, 1993, a fish sanctuary and marine reserve were established under Municipal Ordinance No. 93-007, covering 32 hectares in Calibayan, Dalupan, and 112 hectares in Sarimao, Caranan. The reserve includes a site in Suminabang, Dalupaon, where a Japanese warship wreck can be seen underwater.[16]

Barangays

[edit]

Pasacao is politically subdivided into 19 barangays.

  Poblacion

Barangays[19] Population (2020)[20]
Antipolo 1.78% 953
Bagong Silang 1.03% 550
Bahay 3.56% 1,905
Balogo 10.82% 5,785
Caranan 19.57% 10,460
Cuco 3.75% 2,004
Dalupaon 7.44% 3,977
Hubo 1.46% 780
Itulan 2.29% 1,226
Macad[c] 3.41% 1,823
Odicon 5.69% 3,043
Quitang 5.59% 2,991
Salvacion 1.86% 995
San Antonio 1.15% 613
San Cirilo 9.97% 5,53
Santa Rosa Del Norte 7.74% 4,136
Santa Rosa Del Sur 6.60% 3,527
Tilnac 1.73% 927
Tinalmud 4.55% 2,435
Total 100% 53,461

Climate

[edit]
Climate data for Pasacao
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean maximum °F (°C) 82
(28) 		84
(29) 		86
(30) 		88
(31) 		90
(32) 		90
(32) 		86
(30) 		88
(31) 		88
(31) 		86
(30) 		84
(29) 		84
(29) 		90
(32)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 75
(24) 		73
(23) 		75
(24) 		75
(24) 		79
(26) 		79
(26) 		79
(26) 		79
(26) 		77
(25) 		77
(25) 		77
(25) 		77
(25) 		73
(23)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 5.82
(147.9) 		3.56
(90.5) 		3.06
(77.8) 		3.08
(78.2) 		5.66
(143.8) 		8.31
(211.1) 		12.46
(316.4) 		10.05
(255.3) 		11.96
(303.9) 		10.10
(256.6) 		5.81
(147.7) 		8.85
(224.7) 		88.72
(2,253.9)
Average rainy days 6 4 5 4 9 12 18 13 14 11 7 8 111
Average ultraviolet index 6 6 6 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Source: World Weather Online (modeled/calculated data, not measured locally)[21]

According to the Köppen climate classification system, Pasacao has a tropical rainforest climate. The north-east monsoon dominates the area; therefore, rainfall is evenly spread throughout the year. From October to January, the wind blows from north to east, from east to southeast from February to April, and from May to September, it blows from east to southeast. From December to May, the area is rather dry, and the rest of the year is wet. The town is occasionally affected by typhoons during the wet season, which can cause flooding and landslides in some areas.

Based on PAGASA’s Climate Projections, the temperature in Pasacao is estimated to rise ranging from 0.9 °C to 1.1 °C in year 2020, and will continue to rise in 2050 ranging from 1.8 °C to 2.2 °C. This will affect vital ecosystems such as forest, agriculture, and coastal and marine. The agricultural sector may experience loss as studies reveal that 1 °C increase in temperature causes 10% decrease in rice yield.[16]

Demographics

[edit]
Pasacao municipal hall

In the 2020 census, the population of Pasacao was 53,461 people,[22] with a density of 360 inhabitants per square kilometre or 930 inhabitants per square mile.

Population census of Pasacao
YearPop.±% p.a.
1903 2,431—    
1918 2,308−0.35%
1939 5,594+4.31%
1948 8,128+4.24%
1960 14,327+4.84%
1970 19,355+3.05%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1975 21,809+2.42%
1980 25,303+3.02%
1990 31,960+2.36%
1995 36,070+2.29%
2000 38,423+1.36%
2007 41,533+1.08%
YearPop.±% p.a.
2010 45,946+3.74%
2015 49,035+1.25%
2020 53,461+1.84%
2024 50,708−1.26%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[23][24][25][26][27]

Poverty incidence of Pasacao

10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2000
62.56
2003
56.96
2006
50.00
2009
48.74
2012
44.55
2015
41.62
2018
32.75
2021
44.87

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]

Language

[edit]

The primary language spoken in Pasacao is Bikol, specifically the Central Bikol dialect. However, many residents also speak Tagalog and English, which are the official languages of the Philippines.

Religion

[edit]

Despite the presence of a single church, Saint Rose of Lima Parish, and a few chapels, Roman Catholicism is the dominant religion in the municipality. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Iglesia ni Kristo, Born Again denominations, Jehovah's Witnesses, and other Christian denominations are also present across the municipality.

Economy

[edit]

Pasacao’s economy is primarily driven by agriculture, which occupies approximately 59.6% of the municipality’s total land. Key activities include crop cultivation, livestock and poultry raising, and fishing, which provide the main sources of livelihood for residents. Trade and commerce are concentrated around the Public Market, the town’s main commercial hub, which attracts both local residents and visitors from neighboring areas. Its proximity to Pasacao Port further facilitates the movement of goods and contributes to local revenues.

Forestry is another important component of the local economy, with around 383 hectares of land dedicated to forest production. Industrial activity remains limited, with establishments operating across sectors such as construction, utilities, and mining. Most of these are concentrated in Barangay Santa Rosa del Sur, followed by Santa Rosa del Norte, San Cirilo, and Caranan.

Despite possessing natural and cultural resources, the municipality’s tourism sector is relatively underdeveloped. The industry primarily serves short-term or passing visitors, reflecting the limited development of tourism sites and supporting facilities.[16]

The town was formerly included in the Metro Naga area before the designation was discontinued in 2017.

Culture

[edit]

Pasacao holds its annual fiesta and Pasa-Pasa Ikaw Festival on August 29–30 in honor of Saint Rose of Lima, the town's patron saint.[36][37] The municipal government organizes various events, including pageant competitions, civic parades, and other activities. These festivals are key to Pasacao's cultural calendar, showcasing the town's heritage and offering opportunities for local celebration. Additionally, the Daruanak Summer Festival takes place during the summer season.[16]

Infrastructure

[edit]

Pasacao is served by 21 healthcare facilities, including 19 barangay health, two clinics and the Municipal Health Office in Barangay Santa Rosa del Norte.[16]

Solid waste management in the municipality is handled through three Materials Recovery Facilities located in Caranan, San Cirilo, and Santa Rosa del Sur, which support recycling and materials recovery.[16]

Commercial and civic center

[edit]

The Public Market in Barangay Santa Rosa del Sur serves as the main hub for trade, facilitating the sale of agricultural, fishery, and general goods for residents. Signature Park in Barangay Santa Rosa del Norte functions as a civic and recreational area, encompassing the Central Business District, an evacuation court, and an eco-park plaza. [38]The park is also designated to host the municipal office, which is under construction.

Roadways

[edit]

Pasacao is primarily accessible via the Danao-Pasacao Road, a 8.89 km (5.52 mi)[39] road which extends from a junction with the Pan-Philippine Highway in Tambo, Pamplona, to various local road networks within the town's barangays. This road serves as the main route connecting Pasacao to surrounding areas and facilitates internal transportation. Complementing this, the 40.69 km (25.28 mi) Pasacao-Balatan Tourism Coastal Highway, developed under the Build, Build, Build program, links the municipality with neighboring towns including San Fernando, Minalabac, Bula, and Balatan, integrating 15 barangays along the route.[40] These roadways are critical for regional connectivity, the movement of goods, and access to local services.

Ports

[edit]
Pasacao Port

Pasacao Seaport, also known as the Port of Pasacao, locally known as Pier, is a fishing, passenger, and cargo port managed by the Philippine Ports Authority (PPA) in Camarines Sur. It is situated in Barangay Sta. Rose del Sur. The port serves passengers traveling from Pasacao to Burias and Mobo in Masbate Province.

The nearby smaller Pasacao Fishport is primarily utilized for fishing and unloading fish, as well as pump boats and fastcrafts for short trips.

Education

[edit]

The Pasacao Schools District Office governs all educational institutions within the municipality. It oversees the management and operations of all private and public, from primary to secondary schools.[41]

The municipality has several educational institutions catering to different levels of education. For elementary education, the town has 16 public schools and 2 private schools. At the secondary level, there are 6 public high schools and 2 private high schools. Students can continue their studies in nearby cities like Naga and Legazpi.

A key institution in Pasacao is the Central Bicol State University of Agriculture (CBSUA) - Pasacao Campus, which offers undergraduate programs in education. The town also supports non-formal education through the Alternative Learning System (ALS) for out-of-school youth and adults, and technical and vocational training through the Camarines Sur Institute of Fisheries and Marine Sciences (CASIFMAS), which offers courses in various vocational fields.

Below is the list of the tertiary and secondary level existing schools on the municipality.

Primary and elementary schools

[edit]
  • Arborvitae Plains Montessori
  • Bagong Silang Elementary School
  • Bahay Elementary School
  • Balagon Elementary School
  • Balogo Baptist Christian School
  • Balogo Elementary School
  • Caranan Elementary School (North)
  • Caranan Elementary School (South)
  • Compra Elementary School
  • Cuco Elementary School
  • Dalupaoon Elementary School
  • Hubo Elementary School
  • Itulan Elementary School
  • La Florianne Institute of Learning
  • Lyceo de Pasacao
  • Macad Elementary School
  • Odicon Elementary School
  • Pasacao Academy
  • Pasacao Central School
  • Quitang Elementary School
  • Salvacion Elementary School
  • San Antonio Elementary School
  • Tilnac Elementary School
  • Tinalmud Elementary School

Secondary schools

[edit]
  • Antipolo Heights Integrated School
  • Arbovitae Plains Montessori
  • Balogo Baptist Christian School (Junior High School)
  • Dalupaon National High School
  • Dr. Lorenzo P. Ziga Memorial High School
  • Juan F. Triviño Memorial High School
  • La Florianne Institute of Learning (Junior High School)
  • Lyceo de Pasacao
  • Pasacao Academy
  • Pasacao Municipal High School
  • Rolando R. Andaya Memorial High School

Higher educational institutions

[edit]
  • Camarines Sur Institute of Fisheries & Marine Sciences
  • Camarines Sur Institute of Fisheries & Marine Sciences (Caranan Campus)
  • Central Bicol State University for Agriculture

Notable people

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Pasacao

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Pasacao is a coastal in the province of , (Region V), , , situated along the Ragay Gulf and known for its historical role as a key and its scenic beaches. Established as the de Pasacao in Ambos Camarines in 1872 and becoming an independent parish in 1885 under Casimiro Herrero, Pasacao served as the primary of the since the late , facilitating trade and defense against Moro raids from 1585 onward. During the Spanish colonial era, galleons such as Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe and Angel dela Guardia were constructed in its Dalupaon area between 1609 and 1616 for the Manila-Acapulco and coastal protection. A devastating Moro raid occurred on October 4, 1779, leading to fortifications built in 1834, while in , American forces landed at Magtabid on April 27, 1945, and local guerrillas ambushed Japanese troops on November 28, 1942. The municipality's name derives from Spanish-native interactions, possibly from phrases like "Pasa ikaw," and its patroness is Saint , with an annual fiesta on August 30. Geographically, Pasacao covers 149.54 square kilometers (57.74 square miles), accounting for 2.71% of Camarines Sur's total land area, and comprises 19 barangays with coordinates at 13°31′N 123°03′E. As of the 2024 Census, it has a population of 50,708 residents. The town is approximately 20 kilometers southwest of Naga City, the nearest urban center, and borders municipalities like and San Fernando. Upgraded to a first-class in 2024, its relies on coastal , , and tourism, bolstered by attractions such as Pasacao Beach, Daruanak Island, and various resorts. Historically significant for education, the Daughters of Charity arrived on April 6, 1867, contributing to the establishment of the first for girls in the region in Naga City, which evolved into the Universidad de Sta. Isabel.

Name and etymology

Etymology

The name Pasacao is believed to derive from several Spanish-Tagalog or Spanish-Bikol folk etymologies rooted in the town's early maritime activities during the Spanish colonial period. One prominent origin story attributes it to the phrase "pasa ikaw," meaning "pass, you," which dock guards reportedly shouted to passengers and workers handling cargo along the shore, leading settlers to adopt the term as the place name over time. Another variation suggests "pasa-pasa ikaw," stemming from a fisherman's response to a Spanish sentry inquiring about his catch—"pasa-pasa" referring to a type of small fish, combined with "ikaw" meaning "you"—which was misinterpreted as the locale's designation. Additional folk explanations further emphasize the port's role in daily interactions. The phrase "pasok kayo," or "come in," is said to have arisen when a native invited Spanish soldiers into a , only for the words to be misconstrued as the settlement's name. Similarly, "pasangkay," a request meaning "let me ride" or "give me passage" made by travelers seeking to board sailboats, is thought to have evolved into "Pasacao" through repeated usage and linguistic shortening. These etymologies collectively reflect the town's historical function as a key embarkation point, where such verbal exchanges were commonplace. The name was officially established as "Pueblo de Pasacao" in 1872, when the settlement was formally recognized as an independent under Spanish administration, according to canonical records of the of Caceres.

Nicknames and symbols

Pasacao is informally known as the Summer Capital of , a earned due to its distinctive brown sand beaches, scenic coastal resorts, and as a prime summer getaway destination within the province. The municipality's official motto, , embodies the community's resilience, orderly governance, and active participation in local development, with "MATATAG" standing for Malinig, Asensado, Trangkilo, Areglado, Tarabang Para sa Aktibong Pag-govern. No specific anthem or adopted floral or arboreal symbols, such as a town flower or tree linked to local flora, are officially documented in available municipal records.

History

Colonial era

Prior to Spanish colonization, the area now known as Pasacao served as a strategic in the , facilitating trade and navigation among indigenous communities, a role noted by early Spanish explorers in the late . From 1585 through the , Pasacao functioned as a key defense outpost against frequent Moro pirate raids originating from , which targeted coastal settlements for slaves and plunder. A particularly devastating attack occurred on October 4, 1779, at Caranan, where pirates killed residents and burned homes; earlier raids in the region, such as those around 1757, were described in a June 29, 1758, letter to the King by Bishop Manuel dela Concepción y Matos as "undoubtedly greater at any other time," noting around 8,000 inhabitants captured in Kabikolan. These incursions reduced the local population to around 200 by 1823, prompting fortifications including a baluarte (stone watchtower) built in 1834 under Alcalde Jacinto Rodriguez Morales to bolster coastal defenses. During the early 17th century, under Governor-General Juan de Silva, Dalupaon in Pasacao hosted a royal (astillero) where two galleons essential to the Manila-Acapulco trade were constructed between 1609 and 1616 using abundant local hardwoods like molave. These vessels, Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe and Angel de la Guardia, supported Spanish maritime commerce and defense against Dutch threats, drawing on the port's sheltered location amid low-lying mountains. Pasacao was formally established as the Pueblo de Pasacao in Ambos Camarines on May 1, 1872, marking its transition from a visita (mission outpost) to an independent municipality. In , Bishop Casimiro Herrero, O.S.A., of Nueva Cáceres decreed the creation of an independent dedicated to Saint Rose of Lima, leading to the construction of the town's iconic stone church. In a pivotal moment for education in the region, six Daughters of Charity from arrived at Pasacao's shore on April 4, 1868, en route to Nueva Cáceres, where they established the Escuela-Colegio de Santa Isabel—the first for girls in the and —under a royal decree of November 5, 1867. The sisters' landing, welcomed by local crowds, underscored Pasacao's role as a vital entry point for colonial religious and educational initiatives.

World War II and Japanese occupation

During , Pasacao became a focal point of resistance against Japanese forces in , , as local fighters organized early guerrilla operations in response to the invasion that began on December 8, 1941. On March 18, 1942, Juan Q. Miranda, Elias Madrid, and Leon S. Aureus from established the Tangcong Vaca Guerilla Unit (TVGU), the first major guerrilla organization in the province, basing it in the Sierra Madre range near Tangcong Vaca, spanning Pasacao and . This unit drew on pre-war port fortifications in Pasacao to support defensive efforts against Japanese advances. The TVGU conducted , disrupting enemy supply lines and communications in the . A pivotal action by the TVGU occurred on November 28, 1942, when the unit ambushed a Japanese convoy led by General Takano at Taguilid Pass in , , en route from Pasacao to Naga City. The attack killed 186 Japanese soldiers, including General Takano, marking a significant blow to the occupiers and boosting local morale amid widespread resistance efforts. Such operations exemplified the asymmetrical warfare waged by Filipino guerrillas in , where underground units emerged even before the fall of and . The Japanese occupation imposed severe hardships on Pasacao's population, including brutal reprisals against civilians suspected of aiding guerrillas and forced labor to support military needs. Economically, the town was repurposed as a dockyard for Japanese warships, with remnants of sunken vessels still visible in Suminabang, Dalupaon, reflecting the exploitation of local resources and coastal for imperial . These measures contributed to broader regional suffering in the Bicol area, fostering both active resistance and reluctant among residents desperate for liberation. Liberation came on April 27, 1945, when the American 1st Cavalry Brigade landed at Magtabid Beach in Barangay Caranan, , initiating the recapture of and adjacent provinces from Japanese control. This amphibious assault, supported by local guerrillas, ended the occupation in the area and paved the way for the Allied victory in the .

Post-war development

Following the liberation of Pasacao by American forces on , , the municipality entered a phase of recovery and gradual modernization, transitioning from wartime devastation to rebuilding efforts aligned with the ' independence in 1946. In the post-independence era, improvements played a key role in fostering connectivity and economic activity, notably the cementing of the Pamplona-Pasacao road, which shortened travel times from three days to approximately 20 minutes and facilitated trade and mobility. These developments were complemented by the establishment of a factory, a fishery school, and oil warehouses, diversifying the local economy beyond traditional and fishing. Over time, Pasacao's economy shifted toward , leveraging its brown sand beaches and coastal appeal to draw summer visitors and position the town as a regional destination, often called the "Summer Capital of ." This pivot supported broader growth, with the achieving 1st class status based on income and development indicators. Recent initiatives continue this trajectory, including the ongoing construction of the 40.69-kilometer Pasacao-Balatan Tourism Coastal Highway, funded under the government's Build, Build, Build program and aimed at reducing travel time between the two towns from over two hours to 41 minutes while enhancing access; as of June 2025, the was 12.93% complete with a target finish in November 2025. Pasacao's population reflects steady long-term growth amid these changes, rising from 2,431 in 1903 to 53,461 in the 2020 , though it experienced a slight decline to 50,708 by the 2024 , indicating a recent annual growth rate of approximately -1.32% influenced by regional migration patterns.

Geography

Physical features

Pasacao is situated in the southwestern coastal part of province in the of the , occupying a strategic coastal position along the southern edge of the province. It borders the municipalities of to the north and San Fernando to the east, and faces the Gulf to the south, which forms part of the larger Sibuyan Sea. The municipality encompasses a total land area of 149.54 square kilometers, representing approximately 2.71% of 's overall area. Its coastline along the Gulf provides direct access to marine environments and has historically supported trade and defense activities. The of Pasacao is diverse, characterized by coastal plains that extend inland from the shoreline, interspersed with rolling hills and elevated terrains. These plains, often gently sloping at 0-3% gradients, transition into steeper hills (3-8% slopes) and culminate in mountainous areas, including the prominent Mount Bernacci, which rises to an elevation of 756 meters and marks the boundary with . Beaches along the coastline feature brown to golden sands, contributing to the area's appeal as a coastal destination, while the inland hills and plains support varied land uses. Biodiversity in Pasacao is highlighted by its and marine ecosystems, which sustain a range of and . Natural forests span about 1.36 thousand hectares, accounting for roughly 9.6% of the land area and serving as critical habitats amid ongoing conservation efforts. Marine resources include forests along the coastal zones, reefs, and fish sanctuaries in the Ragay Gulf waters, supporting local fisheries and ecological balance.

Climate and environment

Pasacao experiences a tropical maritime climate classified as Type II under the Corona-Pagasa classification system, characterized by no distinct dry season but a pronounced maximum rainfall period from November to January. Average annual temperatures range from 74°F to 91°F (23°C to 33°C), with the hottest period occurring from April to June when highs often exceed 90°F (32°C) and the coolest from late November to February when highs remain below 85°F (29°C). Rainfall is abundant year-round, totaling approximately 100-150 inches annually, with the wet season spanning June to January featuring over 46% probability of wet days and peaks in December at 12.9 inches (328 mm), while the relatively drier period from January to June sees lows in April at 3.2 inches (81 mm). Humidity remains consistently high at around 100% "muggy" conditions throughout the year, contributing to an oppressive feel. The municipality faces significant risks from typhoons, as the Bicol Region, including , lies in a high-impact zone for tropical cyclones originating from the Pacific, with 10-15 typhoons affecting the area annually during the June-to-November rainy season. These storms often bring extreme rainfall exceeding 150 mm in short periods, leading to flooding and landslides; for instance, in November 2020 caused widespread inundation across 295 km² of , including coastal areas near Pasacao. Topographical features such as coastal plains and nearby hills exacerbate these vulnerabilities by channeling runoff into low-lying zones. Pasacao's environment supports rich , particularly along the Gulf, which features extensive forests, reefs, and intertidal mudflats that serve as critical habitats for marine life including fish species and seabirds like the Great White Egret (Ardea alba) and (Egretta eulophotes). See "Physical features" for details on . Protected areas in the region include small-scale marine sanctuaries and fish sanctuaries like Nabangka, with limited overlap into Pasacao's coastal zones, emphasizing the gulf's role as a key area. Environmental challenges in Pasacao include from degraded hillsides and upland , which threatens marine habitats in Ragay Gulf, as well as ongoing mangrove harvesting for timber and conversion to ponds, reducing coastal resilience. is a growing concern in low-lying barangays due to wave action and storm surges, compounded by rates that saw 2 hectares of natural forest lost in 2024 alone. Pollution from silt and potential runoff further impacts beds and ecosystems essential for local fisheries. Conservation efforts focus on through initiatives like the 2023 Memorandum of Agreement between Pasacao's Local Government Unit and Vives University of Applied Sciences (), which promotes planting, marine protection, and coastal clean-ups in areas such as Balogo to enhance and resilience. These projects integrate eco-tourism practices, such as nature-based coastal protection and low-impact beach development, to support environmental advocacy while fostering community involvement in management. Historical establishment of six marine protected areas in Ragay Gulf between 1993 and 2005 has laid groundwork for ongoing participatory resource assessments to address threats like habitat loss.

Administrative divisions

Pasacao is administratively subdivided into 19 barangays, serving as the basic political and administrative units of the . These divisions encompass both urban and rural areas, with urban barangays functioning as primary commercial and centers, while rural ones support agricultural and activities. According to the 's Comprehensive Plan, three barangays are classified as urban: San Cirilo (the former and main administrative hub), Santa Rosa del Norte, and Santa Rosa del Sur; the remaining 16 are rural. As of the 2020 Census, Pasacao had a of 53,461, distributed unevenly across the , with higher concentrations in coastal and central areas. Detailed distribution from the 2020 Census shows significant variation, as summarized in the following table (populations rounded to the nearest whole number; source: via PhilAtlas).
BarangayPopulation (2020)Classification
953Rural
550Rural
Bahay1,905Rural
Balogo5,785Rural
Caranan10,460Rural
Cuco2,004Rural
Dalupaon3,977Rural
Hubo780Rural
Itulan1,226Rural
Macad1,823Rural
Odicon3,043Rural
Quitang2,991Rural
Salvacion995Rural
613Rural
San Cirilo5,331Urban
Santa Rosa del Norte4,136Urban
Santa Rosa del Sur3,527Urban
Tilnac927Rural
Tinalmud2,435Rural
Notable among the rural barangays is Dalupaon, recognized for its historical significance as a Spanish-era shipbuilding site. Coastal rural barangays such as Caranan and Balogo include key shoreline features like Magtabid Beach, which marks an important geographical boundary along the municipality's Pacific-facing coast. These divisions align with Pasacao's elongated coastal geography, influencing settlement patterns and resource access.

Demographics

Population statistics

According to the 2024 of Population and Housing conducted by the (PSA), Pasacao has a total population of 50,708 residents. This marks a decline of 2,753 individuals, or approximately 5.15%, from the 53,461 recorded in the 2020 census. The corresponding stands at 339.09 persons per square kilometer, based on the municipality's land area of 149.54 square kilometers. Historical population trends indicate steady growth from the 1990s through 2020, followed by a recent downturn. The table below summarizes key figures:
YearAnnual Growth Rate (from previous census)
199041,533-
200045,7170.97%
201047,4420.37%
201549,0350.67%
202053,4611.84%
202450,708-1.32%
Data sourced from the via PhilAtlas. The average household size was 4.93 persons in 2015, reflecting a gradual decrease from higher figures in earlier decades. incidence among the stood at 41.62% in 2015, according to PSA estimates; updated municipal-level data post-2020 remains unavailable. In terms of age distribution, the 2020 data shows a youthful demographic structure: approximately 32.5% of the was aged 0-14 years, 62.5% was in the working-age group of 15-64 years, and 5.0% was 65 years and older, with a age of about 23 years. remains limited, with approximately 25% of the residing in urban areas as of 2020, primarily concentrated in the . Migration patterns have contributed to the recent population decline, with net out-migration observed between 2020 and 2024, likely driven by economic opportunities elsewhere in the region. Barangay-level population breakdowns are detailed in the administrative divisions section.

Ethnic groups and languages

The residents of Pasacao are predominantly Bicolanos, the fifth-largest ethnolinguistic group in the , native to the southeastern region including . This ethnic majority traces its origins to pre-colonial settlers who intermingled with later migrants, notably Tagalogs who moved into during historical expansions, contributing to a blended . The primary language spoken in Pasacao is , a coastal variant of the Bikol used in daily interactions, local governance, and community events. Tagalog serves as a secondary language, widely employed in , media, and commerce due to its status as the basis for Filipino and influences from within the . With a of 50,708 as of the 2024 census, this bilingualism supports effective communication across diverse social contexts. Minority ethnic groups in Pasacao include small indigenous communities such as the Agta, part of the broader populations in , whose dialects and traditions have been affected by ongoing migration and . These groups, though comprising a minor portion of the , add to the area's linguistic diversity through occasional use of Agta variants alongside dominant Bikol and Tagalog. Migration from other Philippine regions has further introduced minor dialects, enhancing in trade and social exchanges.

Religion

The population of Pasacao is predominantly Roman Catholic, reflecting the province of Camarines Sur's high adherence rate of approximately 93.86 percent to the faith. This majority faith shapes much of the community's spiritual and social fabric, with the serving as the central religious institution since its establishment in 1885 under the . Located in the , the acts as a focal point for worship, sacraments, and communal gatherings, fostering a sense of unity among residents through regular masses, , and pastoral programs administered by the Diocese of Libmanan. Smaller religious minorities exist alongside the Catholic majority, including Protestant denominations and the . Protestant communities, such as the Faith Assembly of God located along Danao Pasacao Road in Santa Rosa del Sur, provide alternative worship spaces and services for a portion of the population. The maintains at least one locale in Pasacao I, offering structured worship and community activities distinct from Catholic practices. These groups contribute to the town's religious diversity, though they represent a minority share consistent with national trends of about 5-9 percent affiliation to non-Catholic Christian denominations.

Economy

Agriculture and fishing

Agriculture forms the backbone of Pasacao's economy, with a significant portion of the municipality's land devoted to crop production, primarily , , and abaca. These crops align with broader patterns in , where serves as a staple for local consumption and , coconuts support oil milling industries in the area, and abaca contributes to production for and local use. Farming techniques in Pasacao typically involve traditional rain-fed and irrigated systems for rice paddies, for coconuts and abaca to maximize land efficiency, and manual labor supported by smallholder cooperatives, yielding moderate outputs that sustain rural livelihoods but remain vulnerable to seasonal variations. Fishing complements as a vital sector, centered on small-scale coastal operations along the Ragay Gulf and Lagonoy Gulf, where fisherfolk use non-motorized or small motorized boats for nearshore capture. Key species include roundscad, , and sardines, harvested through hook-and-line, gill nets, and traps, providing essential protein and income for coastal communities. The Pasacao Fish Port supports these operations with icing, unloading, and basic processing facilities to reduce post-harvest losses and improve . Both sectors face significant challenges from frequent typhoons, which disrupt planting cycles, damage crops, and endanger vessels, as seen in regional impacts from storms like Pepito in 2024 that caused PHP 20.8 million in damage to Bicol's fisheries, with among the least affected areas. Sustainability practices include community-managed fish sanctuaries and marine reserves to protect reefs and replenish stocks, alongside efforts to promote resilient crop varieties and to mitigate and climate risks.

Industry and trade

Pasacao's industry sector is predominantly small-scale, focusing on value-added activities that complement local . , particularly through coconut oil milling, serves as a key enterprise, utilizing abundant resources to produce oils and related byproducts for regional markets. Handicrafts, including abaca and fabrication, provide additional income streams for artisans, drawing on the province's traditional production expertise. Port-related services, such as handling and facilitation, support for inter-island , employing locals in loading, , and administrative roles. The Pasacao Port acts as a vital maritime gateway for , managing cargo shipments of essentials like , , , and , while connecting to ports in , , and via operators such as . This infrastructure bolsters commerce by enabling efficient distribution of goods from nearby agricultural and fishing outputs. In the third quarter of 2025, municipal revenue collections exceeded P71 million, driven significantly by trade activities including the Pasacao and Agri Trade Fair during local festivals, marking a P12 million increase from the previous year. These developments align with Camarines Sur's 4.9% in 2024, surpassing the prior year's 3.1% rate, through targeted initiatives like MSME training, financial aid, and infrastructure enhancements such as the Pasacao relocation for vendors. Tourism further amplifies trade by attracting visitors to port-adjacent beaches and events, fostering spillover effects into local commerce and handicraft sales.

Local government

Municipal officials

The current mayor of Pasacao is Niño A. Tayco, who was elected in the 2025 local elections with 16,694 votes, representing 51.50% of the total, under the Nationalist People's Coalition (NUP). Tayco previously served as from 2013 to 2022, following a term as municipal councilor, and briefly as a board member for Camarines Sur's 2nd district before returning to the mayoralty. His administration emphasizes the MATATAG Pasacao program, a flagship initiative standing for "Malinig, Asensado, Trangkilo, Areglado, Tarabang Para sa Aktibong Pag-Gobernar," aimed at promoting clean , sustainable development, peace and order, organized administration, and community assistance across the municipality's 19 barangays. The vice mayor is Jojo Bengua, also of the NUP, elected with 12,652 votes (39.03%) in 2025, who oversees legislative matters and presides over the . Key members of the municipal council include Maryol Tayco (NUP, 13,830 votes), Randy U. Latosa (NUP, as Kap Latosa, 12,383 votes), Melinda T. Sambajon (NUP, 11,310 votes), and Rose Bee Tolentino (NUP, 10,909 votes), among the top eight elected councilors responsible for ordinances on local revenue and services. These officials manage revenue collection, with Tayco reporting over ₱71 million generated in the third quarter of 2025 through local taxes, fees, and business permits, supporting community initiatives like infrastructure improvements and health services. Under Tayco's leadership, the municipal officials have focused on policies enhancing fiscal responsibility and resident welfare, including streamlined permit processing via the Mayor's Office and partnerships for barangay-level programs, contributing to Pasacao's recognition as a summer capital destination in Camarines Sur.

Administrative structure

Pasacao operates as a first-class municipality under the framework of the Local Government Code of 1991 (Republic Act No. 7160), which establishes a decentralized system of governance comprising executive, legislative, and local units. The executive branch is led by the mayor, who holds primary responsibility for implementing policies and managing municipal operations, supported by the vice mayor who presides over the legislative body and assumes the mayoral role in cases of vacancy. The legislative arm, known as the Sangguniang Bayan, consists of 10 elected councilors whose number is determined by the municipality's population size, along with ex-officio members such as the Association of Barangay Captains president; this body enacts ordinances and approves the annual budget. At the grassroots level, Pasacao is divided into 19 barangays, each governed by an elected barangay captain who coordinates local services and represents community interests in municipal affairs. For national representation, Pasacao falls within the 2nd congressional district of , where its residents elect a representative to the to address provincial and national legislative matters affecting the locality. The municipal government includes specialized departments to handle administrative functions, such as the Municipal Treasurer’s Office for fiscal management and revenue collection, the Municipal Health Office for services, and the Municipal Planning and Development Office for urban and initiatives. These departments operate under the mayor's oversight to deliver essential services efficiently. To promote transparency and accessibility, Pasacao maintains a Citizen’s Charter that outlines procedures, timelines, and requirements for public transactions, ensuring compliance with the Ease of Doing Business and Efficient Government Service Delivery Act of 2018 (Republic Act No. 11032).

Culture and festivals

Traditions and events

Pasacao's primary cultural celebration is the annual town fiesta honoring its , Saint Rose of Lima, held on August 30. This event commemorates the saint's feast day and reflects the community's deep Catholic faith, with festivities typically spanning several days in late August. The celebration includes religious observances such as Masses and communal gatherings that reinforce social bonds among residents. A key component of the fiesta is the Pasa-Pasa Ikaw Festival, an annual event from August 25 to 30 that highlights the town's historical and . The festival reenacts the etymological origin of Pasacao's name, derived from the Spanish-era "pasa-pasa ikaw" (pass it on), shouted by workers passing from one person to another during the colonial period. Participants engage in vibrant dances and music performances that mimic these historical shouts, fostering a sense of communal pride and reminding locals of Pasacao's role as a significant trade hub. The event culminates in a grand parade featuring colorful costumes, street dancing, and music, organized by the local government unit with participation from all 19 barangays. Another notable event is the Daruanak Festival, which celebrates the town's marine heritage and attractions like Daruanak Island, featuring activities such as boat races and cultural performances. In addition to these festivals, Pasacao's traditions emphasize community-driven activities that preserve local identity, such as collaborative events during the fiesta that promote cultural exchange and economic contributions from the region's history. These practices underscore the town's enduring connection to its maritime past and collective resilience.

Tourism and attractions

Pasacao, dubbed the "Summer Capital of ," draws tourists seeking coastal relaxation and natural adventures along its northwest shoreline facing Ragay Gulf. The area's pristine beaches and offshore islands provide a serene escape, bolstered by its development as a key maritime and eco-tourism hub in the province. With efforts to promote sustainable visitor experiences, Pasacao ranked among the top 10 most visited tourist destinations in the as of 2023. The municipality's beaches feature wide brown sand shores, such as Pasacao Beach, where visitors enjoy swimming in clear, calm waters just a short drive from Naga City. Nearby resorts like Sea N' Sand Beach Resort and Surfers Paradise Beach Resort offer comfortable stays with direct beach access, catering to families and groups looking for affordable seaside lodging. A highlight is Daruanak Island, a small islet reachable by a 10- to 15-minute boat ride, known for its unique rock formations, pebbly white sands, and vibrant marine life ideal for casual exploration. Eco-tourism enthusiasts can engage in amid coral reefs in Ragay Gulf, particularly around Daruanak, where clear turquoise waters reveal diverse underwater ecosystems during the . For land-based activities, trails up Mount Bernacci, which forms the border with neighboring , provide rewarding ascents with sweeping views of coastal plains and gulf horizons. These pursuits emphasize Pasacao's blend of marine and terrestrial attractions, encouraging low-impact visits that preserve its natural appeal.

Infrastructure and transportation

Roads and ports

Pasacao's road infrastructure is anchored by the Danao-Pasacao Road, a secondary that provides essential connectivity from the municipality to the ( Highway), facilitating access for residents and visitors. This route, spanning approximately 9 kilometers, supports daily commuting and goods transport within . Complementing this is the Pasacao-Balatan Tourism Coastal Highway, a 40.69-kilometer project traversing Pasacao, San Fernando, Minalabac, Bula, and , designed to enhance regional and reduce travel times from over two hours to about 41 minutes. The highway, implemented by the Department of Public Works and Highways, has a target completion date of November 13, 2025, promising improved coastal access and economic linkages. The Pasacao Port stands as the municipality's primary maritime facility, serving as a vital hub for fishing, trade, and passenger services in the Bicol Region. Located 27 kilometers southwest of Naga City, it handles most seaborne cargoes for Camarines Sur, including roll-on/roll-off (RORO) operations with Mediterranean docking and conventional berths for domestic vessels. A smaller adjacent fishport caters specifically to local fishing activities, supporting the community's agri-fishery sector. For passenger transport, the port accommodates interisland ferries connecting Pasacao to nearby destinations such as Burias Island and ports in Masbate, providing essential links for travel and commerce. Public transportation in Pasacao relies on jeepneys for routes from Naga City and inter-barangay travel, offering an affordable and ubiquitous option for residents. Tricycles serve as the go-to mode for short-distance trips within the town and to nearby sites like beaches, ensuring flexible local mobility in this coastal municipality.

Utilities and healthcare

Pasacao's utilities infrastructure includes water supply, electricity distribution, and sanitation systems managed primarily by the local government unit (LGU) in coordination with national agencies and cooperatives. Access to piped water has historically been limited, with reliance on deep wells, springs, and communal faucets; regional safe water supply coverage in the Bicol Region reached 81.20% as of 2021. Recent efforts to improve water access include the installation of five water tanks and 17 handwashing facilities in barangay health centers and public spaces in 2020 as part of the Roots to Shoots program, targeting underserved coastal communities. Electricity is supplied through the National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP) transmission lines and distributed by the Camarines Sur I Electric Cooperative (CASURECO I), which has achieved 100% energization across its franchise areas, including Pasacao's 19 barangays, since 2001. Sanitation coverage has improved through programs, with workshops conducted by the Roots to Shoots Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) component in 2021 promoting better practices in partnership with the Pasacao LGU. Healthcare services in Pasacao are delivered through a network of public facilities overseen by the Municipal Health Office, focusing on , maternal and child health, and poverty alleviation. The municipality operates one located at the municipal compound in , which provides essential services such as immunizations, TB treatment, and , supported by the Department of Health's National TB Control Program. Complementing the RHU are multiple barangay health stations (BHS), including those in Cuco, Itulan, Hubo, and Odicon, offering grassroots-level care like basic consultations and . Poverty-related health programs, such as the Roots to Shoots initiative launched in collaboration with Pilipinas Shell Foundation, World Vision Philippines, and Foundation, address and stunting in low-income fishing and farming communities through integrated , nutrition education, and mother-child care interventions, reporting reductions in by 5.39% and stunting by 10.57% since inception. Recent enhancements include funding allocations under the Health Facilities Enhancement Program for the Pasacao RHU (PHP 500,000) and a new Super Health Center (PHP 8,000,000) in the 2025 national budget to expand diagnostic and specialty services. Frontline healthcare and utility services adhere to the Pasacao LGU's , which standardizes procedures for applications like medical certificates and business permits related to water connections, ensuring timely delivery within prescribed timelines and prohibiting unauthorized fees under Republic Act 11032. This framework promotes transparency and efficiency, with the Municipal Health Office providing free medicines and certifications as key accessible services.

Education

Primary and secondary education

Pasacao's primary and system serves the needs of its approximately 53,461 residents as recorded in the 2020 census, with enrollment trends reflecting steady access to amid demographic growth. The municipality maintains 16 public elementary schools and 6 public high schools, ensuring coverage across its 19 ; notable among these is Dalupaon Elementary School, a key institution in the Dalupaon that supports early childhood and primary learning. Enrollment in these public facilities has shown resilience, with participation rates historically exceeding national benchmarks, as per assessments from 2009. Challenges to education in Pasacao include high poverty incidence, which at the provincial level in reached 29.8% among families in 2021, contributing to barriers such as limited resources for school supplies and occasional dropout risks in rural areas. Despite this, completion rates for elementary education have been strong, averaging 89-95% in earlier assessments from 2009, supported by government programs aimed at poverty alleviation and school infrastructure improvements. The medium of instruction primarily uses Filipino and English, aligning with national standards while incorporating local linguistic elements where relevant. Private schools supplement public offerings, providing alternatives with smaller class sizes and specialized curricula; examples include Lyceo de Pasacao, Inc., which offers preschool through senior high school programs. Vocational training centers, such as the Institute of Fisheries and Marine Sciences (CASIFMAS), focus on technical skills like automotive servicing and organic production, targeting secondary graduates for practical workforce preparation under TESDA supervision. These institutions collectively address skill gaps exacerbated by , promoting higher in Pasacao's coastal and agricultural economy.

Higher education

The higher education landscape in Pasacao is primarily anchored by the Pasacao Campus of the Central Bicol State University of Agriculture (CBSUA), a state university established as part of the broader CBSUA system in 1918 and elevated to university status in 2009 under Republic Act No. 9717. Located in Pasacao, , this satellite campus serves as a key extension for in the , focusing on undergraduate programs that align with regional needs in and . The campus operates under the university's mandate as the regional center for agricultural higher learning, emphasizing accessible education for local students. The Pasacao Campus houses the College of Education, which offers accredited undergraduate programs in teacher training. Key offerings include the Bachelor of Elementary Education (BEEd), preparing students for foundational roles, and the Bachelor of Secondary Education (BSED) with majors in , English, , and Physical Science. These programs are accredited by the Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities in the (AACCUP) at Levels I through III, ensuring alignment with national standards for teacher certification. Enrollment emphasizes practical integrated with agricultural contexts, supporting the campus's role in producing educators for rural Bicol communities. Facilities at the Pasacao Campus include rehabilitated academic buildings following damage in 2006, with ongoing ISO 9001:2015 certification for in instructional delivery. The campus contributes to CBSUA's broader research initiatives in organic agriculture and disaster risk management, though its primary focus remains on education programs that foster through trained professionals. No other standalone higher education institutions operate within Pasacao , making CBSUA Pasacao the central hub for tertiary studies.

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  59. https://visitcamsur.com/places-to-go/mountains
  60. https://www.bicolmail.net/single-post/pasacao-tourism-sector-to-boost-tourism-industry
  61. https://www.dpwh.gov.ph/dpwh/sites/default/files/webform/civil_works/advertisement/25fe0019_plan.pdf
  62. https://rdc5.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/4Q-CY-2024-RPMES-Report_compressed.pdf
  63. https://lca.logcluster.org/print-preview-current-section/5037
  64. https://us.trip.com/moments/pasacao-1524435/
  65. https://www.casureco1.com/casureco-i-brief-history/
  66. https://www.dbm.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/NEP2025/Details-of-HFEP.pdf
  67. https://region5.dilg.gov.ph/attachments/article/119/LGPMS_CamSur_Pasacao_SLDR.pdf
  68. https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/fact-check/camsur-not-poorest-province-bicol-2023/
  69. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/central-bicol-state-university-agriculture
  70. https://cbsua.edu.ph/
  71. https://cbsua.edu.ph/pasacao-campus/college-of-education/
  72. https://www.finduniversity.ph/universities/camarines-sur-state-agricultural-college-pasacao-extension-campus/courses/education/
  73. https://cbsua.edu.ph/pasacao-campus/
  74. https://www.finduniversity.ph/universities/province-camarines-sur/
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