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Philip Ashton
Philip Ashton
Philip Ashton
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Philip Ashton (1702—1746) was a castaway on then-uninhabited Roatán island in the Gulf of Honduras for 16 months in 1723/1724. His memoirs about his solitary stay were published in book form in Boston in 1725. While some people believed it was a novel in the style of Robinson Crusoe (1719), Ashton's book was the account of a genuine experience. He was born in Marblehead, Massachusetts in 1702 and married twice.[1]

Key Information

Castaway life

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In June 1722, Ashton was captured by pirates while fishing near the coast of Shelburne, Nova Scotia. In the Boston News Letter of 9 July 1722, Ashton was listed as being one of those captured by the pirate Edward Low.[1] As Ashton refused to cooperate with the pirates, he was often threatened, especially by Low's quartermaster John Russell. He managed to escape in March 1723 when the pirates landed at Roatán Island in the Bay Islands of Honduras, hiding in the jungle until the pirates decided to depart without him. He survived for 16 months, in spite of many insects, tropical heat and alligators. In the beginning he seems to have eaten only fruit, because he only had his hands to collect food; he could not kill any animal. He had no equipment at all until he met another castaway, an Englishman. A few days later the Englishman "went out but he never returned." The Englishman left behind a knife, gunpowder, tobacco and more. Ashton could then kill tortoises and crayfish and make fires to have hot meals. Ashton was finally rescued by the Diamond, a ship from Salem, Massachusetts.

In 1725 Ashton's "Memorial" - a short recollection of his adventures - was published with the help of his minister. Daniel Defoe is believed to have incorporated elements of Ashton's story into his 1726 novel "The Four Years Voyages of Capt. George Roberts."[2]

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Philip Ashton

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Philip Ashton (1702–1746) was an American fisherman from Marblehead, Massachusetts Bay Colony, best known as a survivor of the Golden Age of Piracy after being captured at age 19 by the notorious pirate Edward Low, escaping to survive as a castaway on Roatan Island in the Bay of Honduras for nearly 16 months, initially alone, and detailing his experiences in a 1725 memoir. Born on August 12, 1702, to a fellow fisherman in the tight-knit seafaring community of Marblehead, Ashton followed his father's trade and was aboard the fishing sloop Rebecca when it was seized by Low's crew off , , on June 15, 1722. Forced to join the pirates despite his repeated refusals, Ashton endured nearly nine months of brutality aboard Low's vessels, including whippings and threats of , as the crew ravaged ships along the Atlantic coast and into the . On March 9, 1723, while anchored at Roatan, Ashton seized an opportunity during a chaotic landing party to slip away, concealing himself in the island's dense foliage with only his clothes and a knife. Ashton's solitary existence on the tested his resourcefulness; he subsisted initially on wild fruits, eggs, and , later fashioning tools from salvaged materials to hunt birds and build shelters from palm fronds and logs, all while evading potential recapture and battling isolation, illness, and . His ordeal ended in July 1724 when he was rescued by the crew of the Salem Diamond after living with English logwood cutters (Baymen), who provided him passage back to via and Salem, arriving home after over two years away. Upon his return, Ashton dictated his story to his minister, , who published it as Ashton's Memorial: An History of the Strange Adventures and Signal Deliverances of Mr. Philip Ashton in that same year, offering a rare firsthand account of pirate life and that captivated colonial readers. Resuming his life in Marblehead, he married Jane Gallison in 1726 (who died in 1727), fathered children, remarried Sarah Bartlett, and continued fishing until his death in 1746 at age 44, buried in the town's Old Burial Hill Cemetery. Ashton's tale, often compared to Daniel Defoe's for its themes of endurance and faith, remains a key on early 18th-century and survival.

Early Life

Birth and Family Background

Philip Ashton was born on August 12, 1702, in Marblehead, Bay Colony, to Philip Ashton Sr., a local fisherman, and his wife. His father, born around 1675, worked in the cod fishing trade that defined much of the community's economy during the early 18th century. In 1715, Ashton's father constructed a modest family home at 95 Elm Street in Marblehead, emblematic of the simple, functional dwellings typical of the town's colonial fishing families. This residence, a First Period house with characteristic post-medieval English architecture, served as the Ashton household's base amid the rugged coastal lifestyle. The home reflected the socioeconomic realities of Marblehead's working-class inhabitants, who relied on the sea for sustenance and livelihood. Marblehead, established as one of New England's earliest fishing settlements in the 1630s, had by the early 1700s emerged as a vital hub for the cod fishery and maritime trade in British colonial America. The town's harbor teemed with vessels exporting to markets in and the , fostering a prosperous yet hazardous community of fishermen and merchants. Growing up in this environment provided Ashton with early exposure to seafaring, shaping his path into the fishing profession.

Entry into Fishing

Philip Ashton, born on August 12, 1702, in —a coastal town renowned for its —entered the trade at a young age, emulating his father, who was also a local . Like many boys in the community, Ashton went to sea as a , beginning with smaller vessels to learn the essentials of maritime life in New England's demanding waters. By his late teens, he had progressed to working on local schooners, participating in seasonal cod-fishing expeditions that built his resilience against the region's unpredictable weather and isolation. In the summer of 1722, at age 19, Ashton served as master of the Milton, a Marblehead-owned vessel carrying a of about six young fishermen, including his childhood friend Libbey. The voyage targeted the productive fishing grounds near , specifically off Shoal, where the Milton joined a fleet of vessels pursuing in the waters around Port Roseway. Ashton later recounted in his that the schooner had been active in these areas for some time prior to the journey, underscoring his familiarity with the routes. Ashton's early experiences instilled practical skills vital to a fisherman's , including through foggy coastal passages, proficient boat handling under and , and rudimentary techniques such as for provisions and repairing gear amid storms. These abilities, developed through years of routine voyages from Marblehead's harbors, equipped him with the self-reliance characteristic of fishermen navigating the Atlantic's perils.

Capture by Pirates

The 1722 Pirate Attack

On June 15, 1722, Philip Ashton, a young fisherman from Marblehead, Massachusetts, was aboard the schooner Milton fishing off Cape Sable, Nova Scotia, near Port Rossaway, when his vessel was approached by a pirate brigantine commanded by the notorious Edward "Ned" Low. Low's ship carried approximately 42 crew members, two great guns, and four swivel guns, making it a formidable threat to the small fishing outfit. A boat dispatched from the brigantine, manned by four pirates armed with cutlasses and pistols, boarded the Milton without suspicion from Ashton's crew of five men and a boy. The boarders immediately demanded surrender, catching the fishermen off guard and leaving them with no capacity for effective resistance against the overwhelming force. Ashton and his companions submitted swiftly, and the pirates plundered the vessel before transferring the captives to the brigantine's hold. The capture of Ashton and the Milton's crew was one of several attacks by Low on New England fishing fleets that summer, as detailed in contemporary depositions published in the Boston News-Letter on July 9, 1722, which listed Ashton among those taken by the pirates.

Captivity Under Edward Low

Following his capture by pirates in June 1722, Philip Ashton was taken aboard the brigantine commanded by and refused to sign the pirate articles or actively participate in their activities, despite repeated . Low personally confronted Ashton shortly after the capture, pointing a cocked at his head and demanding he join the crew, threatening to shoot him if he refused; Ashton steadfastly denied being married or willing to , prompting Low to relent temporarily but vow further pressure. Ashton's primary tormentor was Low's , John Russell, who, upon discovering Ashton's early escape attempt via a small , chased him across the deck, cursed him vehemently, and snapped a loaded at his head three times—each misfiring—before firing it harmlessly overboard on the fourth attempt and pursuing him with a . Ashton fled to the hold, where he barricaded himself, emerging only after the immediate danger passed. Throughout his nine-month captivity, Ashton was treated as a reluctant , forced into menial labor such as unloading booty from captured vessels, including logwood from prizes in the Bay of , while Low's crew of approximately 42 men—later swelling to around 100 with forced recruits—engaged in rampant drinking, cursing, and disorderly revelry that Ashton avoided by hiding in the hold whenever possible. Low's leadership was marked by brutality; Ashton witnessed the captain's tyrannical commands and the crew's fear-driven obedience, including instances where Low ordered the or execution of non-compliant prisoners, fostering an atmosphere of terror that Ashton internally resisted by maintaining his resolve against . He and a few other captives even plotted to overpower the pirates during a moment of drunken vulnerability but abandoned the plan upon discovering it had been overheard and betrayed. From mid-June 1722 until his escape on March 9, 1723, the vessel sailed extensively through the Atlantic and into waters, departing from the Newfoundland banks, provisioning at St. Michael's in the and the Canaries, and ranging southward to the Grand Canary before crossing to the and the coast of for further raids and supplies. Stops for water and provisions were frequent but perilous, often involving skirmishes with locals or rival ships, during which Ashton's passive role spared him direct combat but exposed him to the ongoing threats of the pirate life he abhorred.

Escape and Marooning

Arrival at Roatán Island

In late winter of 1723, one of Edward Low's pirate vessels (part of a small fleet including two sloops and a ) arrived at in the Bay of Honduras, anchoring in Roatán Harbour on Saturday, March 9. The crew's purpose was to replenish freshwater supplies by filling casks and to perform maintenance on the vessels, including cleaning their hulls after months of cruising the . This stop provided a rare opportunity for the captives, including Philip Ashton, to set foot on land amid the ongoing brutality of shipboard life. Meanwhile, Low and other pirates caroused on nearby Port Royal Key. Roatán, a remote and then-uninhabited island in the Bay Islands archipelago, spanned approximately 10 to 11 leagues in length, situated at 16° 30' north. Its terrain featured rugged hills, high mountains, and deep valleys, densely covered in scrubby black pine forests interspersed with thick underbrush and clusters of fruit-bearing trees such as coconuts, wild figs, mammees, and plums. The island teemed with , including deer, , various like and curlews, , serpents, and abundant fish in surrounding waters, though it was also plagued by swarms of mosquitoes and black flies. Fringed by sandy beaches and nourished by natural springs, Roatán offered a stark contrast to the confined decks of the pirate vessel, yet its isolation underscored the perils of desertion in such a wild, untamed environment. As part of a shore party dispatched to gather water, Ashton joined the effort to haul heavy casks to a nearby freshwater spring, gaining his first close view of the island's lush interior and coastline. The sight of the dense woods and abundant resources, coupled with the temporary freedom from the pirates' oversight, intensified his desperation for , solidifying a determination that had simmered during his months of captivity. In his own words, upon stepping ashore, he felt resolute: "I was resolved, come what would, never to come on board again."

The Act of Escape

On March 9, 1723, Philip Ashton seized a rare opportunity to escape his pirate captors when a party from one of Edward Low's vessels, anchored at Roatán Harbour in the Bay of Honduras, went ashore on Roatán Island to water the ship (while Low and others caroused separately on nearby Key). Ashton joined the cooper and six hands in the , assisting in unloading empty casks upon landing. Once on the beach, he casually strolled away under the pretense of gathering coconuts, then darted into the surrounding woods and thickets, running as swiftly as the dense underbrush and his bare feet allowed until he was well hidden. The pirates soon noticed his absence and called out briefly in search, but after a short effort, they abandoned the pursuit and departed without him, leaving Ashton alone on the uninhabited island. Clad only in a frock, trousers, and cap, he possessed no tools, provisions, or weapons, facing immediate vulnerability to recapture or the harsh environment. This lack of resources heightened his peril in the initial hours, as he concealed himself amid the foliage, listening intently for any signs of return. In the aftermath, Ashton's emotions were a tumult of and terror; he wept upon realizing his deliverance from the pirates' brutality, viewing the wilderness as "hospitable" and his as preferable to , yet the onset of profound isolation filled him with dread for what lay ahead. This marked a pivotal shift from the constant threat of pirate violence to the uncertainties of on the desolate shore.

Survival on Roatán

Initial Solitary Months

Upon arriving on Island in 1723, Philip Ashton faced immediate challenges in securing basic sustenance without any tools or provisions, relying solely on the island's natural resources for during his first nine months of isolation. His diet consisted primarily of wild fruits such as figs, grapes, cocoa-nuts, and an oval brownish-red fruit, supplemented by tortoise eggs, of which he discovered and consumed around 150, often eaten raw or sun-dried on strips of palmetto leaves. formed another key component, gathered from the shoreline and consumed uncooked in his early weeks. For shelter, Ashton constructed crude huts using palmetto leaves and fallen branches positioned near the , orienting them open to the sea to capture breezes and maintain a vantage for potential rescuers. The physical hardships of this period were unrelenting, exacerbated by the tropical environment and Ashton's lack of preparation. He endured plagues of , particularly black flies that caused constant irritation and prevented rest, alongside scorching heat that intensified his discomfort during the day. Nutritional deficiencies from his sparse diet led to progressive weakness, episodes of fainting, and overall frailty, while the absence of fire meant he could not cook or ward off nocturnal threats effectively. Encounters with added to the dangers; Ashton navigated areas inhabited by large snakes measuring 12 to 14 feet in length—though non-venomous—and alligators that lurked near water sources, forcing him to remain vigilant at all times. Injuries from traversing the sharp, rocky terrain barefoot further compounded his physical toll, at times rendering him temporarily immobile due to pain and swelling. Psychologically, the solitude proved as taxing as the physical demands, with Ashton experiencing profound that left him "much cast down with the thoughts of my lonely condition." Days often passed in aimless rambling along the shore, gazing at the horizon in hopes of a passing ship, with no contact to alleviate his isolation until late in the year. To cope, he turned frequently to , retiring to secluded spots for reflection and drawing solace from contemplating his prior lawful life as a . Ashton also maintained a journal of his thoughts, documenting his daily struggles and spiritual meditations as a means of preserving his sanity amid the desolation.

Acquisition of Tools and Meeting the Englishman

After approximately nine months of solitary existence on Island, during which Ashton had foraged for raw eggs, berries, and without the means to cook or hunt effectively, he encountered an unnamed North-Briton in November 1723. The man, an elderly fugitive who had lived among the Spanish for 22 years, arrived by canoe with a , , a , and provisions of , intending to establish a new life on the island by wild hogs and deer. The encounter provided brief companionship over three days, marked by limited but generous assistance from the stranger, who shared some of his and helped Ashton as much as possible given his weakened state. Before departing alone to hunt—deeming Ashton too frail to join—the North-Briton left him with essential tools and supplies: about five pounds of , a , a bottle of , tobacco tongs, and a flint. These items, particularly the and flint, enabled Ashton to strike fires for the first time, revolutionizing his ability to prepare food. The North-Briton paddled away promising to return within a day or two, but a sudden with gusts and heavy rain likely capsized his canoe about an hour later, and he was never seen again. With the acquired tools, Ashton shifted to more sustainable hunting and cooking practices, such as cutting and broiling for meals and catching , which restored his strength and greatly boosted his morale over the following two to three months.

Integration with Baymen

In early 1724, after months of solitary survival on , Philip Ashton encountered a group of approximately 18 English logwood cutters, known as baymen, who had arrived from the to extract logwood for export. The group, led by figures such as John Hope and , included one Indigenous woman and established a communal settlement, integrating Ashton into their shared labor and resources for mutual sustenance. Daily life revolved around tasks essential to their remote existence on the small . The baymen and Ashton divided efforts in cutting logwood from the dense forests, which was hauled to the shore for shipment, while others ventured in canoes to hunt and deer or to and capture sea turtles using nets. They shared provisions, such as two barrels of brought by the group, and constructed two rudimentary houses on a nearby key they named the "Castle of Comfort" to provide . Basic community defense was maintained through armed lookouts and rotations of men to guard against potential intruders, fostering a sense of . This period of integration lasted several months, marking Ashton's first sustained human companionship after his isolation and allowing him to contribute using tools like a and acquired earlier from an Englishman, which aided in food preparation and group hunting efforts. The arrangement provided stability through shared responsibilities until his rescue in July 1724.

Rescue and Aftermath

Renewed Pirate Threat

In the summer of 1724, approximately six or seven months after the arrival of the English baymen on , a pirate crew under Captain launched a sudden attack on their settlement in Roatán Harbor. Spriggs, a former lieutenant to , commanded a ship mounting 24 guns and a with 12 guns; his men came ashore, killed one bayman, and burned the body in a canoe containing tar before capturing the remaining settlers, including an Indian woman and her child, whom they treated with extreme brutality. The pirates held the captives aboard their vessels for five days, during which the baymen's camp was disrupted and plundered. At the time of the assault, Ashton was returning from a hunting trip on the nearby of Bonacca in a with three other baymen, carrying and jerked . Spotting a flash of light and hearing gunfire upon entering the harbor mouth, they realized the danger and rowed swiftly to a small adjacent , using their oars and navigational knowledge to evade a pursuing periagua sent by the pirates. Once ashore, Ashton and his companions hid deep in the 's wooded interior, subsisting on raw provisions to avoid detection from any cooking fires, which they feared would betray their position through smoke. They remained concealed for five days while the pirate vessels anchored in the harbor, maintaining constant vigilance against discovery. After the pirates departed, they released the captives onto a shallow flat without food or supplies, under strict orders not to assist any potential escapees like Ashton's group. The reunited baymen faced heightened risks, with the destruction of their camp leading to immediate of tools, , and stored provisions, forcing reliance on intensified and amid ongoing fears of further pirate incursions. This period of elevated tension and hardship persisted for several months, exacerbating the challenges of their isolated existence until external aid arrived.

Rescue by the Diamond

In late March 1725, after nearly two years of captivity and survival on , Philip Ashton was rescued by a brigantine from , commanded by Captain Dove, an acquaintance from near his hometown of Marblehead, which was part of a larger fleet that included the British man-of-war bound for and had anchored offshore to take on fresh water near the Baymen's settlement. Spotting the vessel approaching the shoals, Ashton made his way to the watering place where the brigantine's boat had come ashore; upon seeing him, Captain Dove immediately recognized the young and welcomed him aboard, offering him employment as a crew member with full provisions and pay for the voyage north. This rescue concluded Ashton's total ordeal of two years, ten months, and fifteen days since his capture by Edward Low's pirates on June 15, 1722. Aboard the , Ashton received essential clothing and sustenance to address his emaciated condition after months of hardship, including recent evasion of pirate threats under . The ship then sailed in with the fleet toward , where Ashton would begin his return to civilization.

Return to Massachusetts

Following his rescue by the crew of the Salem-based brigantine attached to the Diamond in late March 1725, Philip Ashton departed from . He boarded the vessel, which joined a under the Diamond—a British —initially bound for . The group navigated southward, but on April 1, 1725, Ashton's brigantine separated from the and charted a course northward through the toward . The voyage lasted approximately five weeks, with Ashton working his passage aboard the amid lingering effects of his ordeal. The vessel reached Salem Harbour on May 1, 1725—precisely two years, ten months, and fifteen days after his initial capture by in June 1722. Upon docking, Ashton, described as gaunt and weakened, immediately sought medical attention for conditions stemming from prolonged , exposure to harsh tropical elements, and untreated injuries, including severely blistered and deformed feet from constant barefoot wandering. Local physicians in Salem provided care focused on restoring his strength through nourishing diet and rest, addressing the physical toll of his 16 months of isolation and subsequent time with the Baymen. That same evening, Ashton traveled the short distance to his family's home in nearby Marblehead, reuniting with his parents and siblings in an emotional homecoming that concluded the most perilous phase of his maritime trials. The reunion offered initial emotional solace, though Ashton later recounted the psychological strain of his experiences, including persistent fear from the renewed pirate threats he had evaded just months prior. This return marked his reintegration into society, where gradual recovery allowed him to reflect on his survival.

Later Life and Legacy

Personal Life and Family

Following his rescue and return to Marblehead in 1725, Philip Ashton settled into a quiet domestic life, marrying Jane Gallison on December 8, 1726. Jane, who was about 17 at the time, died just over a year later on December 10, 1727, shortly after giving birth to their daughter (born December 3, 1727). Ashton remarried on July 15, 1729, to Bartlett, daughter of William Bartlett and Purchase. Together they had six children—two daughters and four sons—including (baptized October 25, 1730), Philip (baptized May 28, 1732), and William (baptized October 20, 1734). Ashton resumed life in Marblehead, though records do not specify if he continued in the fishing trade that had defined his youth or took up other labor. He died in the summer of 1746 at the age of 43 or 44 and was buried in Old Burial Hill Cemetery in Marblehead.

Publication of Memoirs

In 1725, Philip Ashton's experiences were documented in the pamphlet Ashton's Memorial: An History of the Strange Adventures, and Signal Deliverances, of Mr. Philip Ashton, published in , , by Samuel Gerrish. The work was compiled and edited by , a minister at the First Church in , who assisted Ashton in transforming his oral recollections into a written following his return home. Barnard, a respected clergyman and author, framed the account to align with contemporary Puritan values, ensuring its dissemination among readers. The presents a of Ashton's ordeal, beginning with his capture by the pirate on June 15, 1722, off Cape Sable Shoal, and detailing his escape to Island, where he survived in solitude for approximately sixteen months from March 1723 to June 1724. It continues through his integration with logwood cutters, known as Baymen, and culminates in his rescue by the man-of-war on March 31, 1725, followed by his return to in May 1725. A brief appendix recounts the fate of Ashton's fellow captive, Nicholas Merritt, who remained with the pirates and met a tragic end. The text emphasizes Ashton's physical and spiritual trials, portraying his isolation and privations as tests of endurance. The publication served a dual purpose: to caution readers against the perils of and to impart lessons on through divine reliance, all conveyed in a distinctly religious tone. Ashton and Barnard underscore themes of and providence throughout, with Ashton attributing his deliverance to God's intervention rather than human efforts, as exemplified in the closing exhortation: "Not unto Men and means, but unto thy Name, O Lord, be all the Glory!" Appended to the narrative is Barnard's on Daniel 3:17, reinforcing the message of unwavering trust in divine protection amid adversity. This religious framing positioned the as both a personal testimony and a moral guide for an era rife with maritime dangers.

Cultural Influence

Philip Ashton's experiences as a , detailed in his 1725 memoir Ashton's Memorial, are believed by scholars to have influenced Daniel Defoe's 1726 novel The Four Years Voyages of Capt. George Roberts. In Defoe's work, the protagonist Captain George Roberts is captured by the pirate Ned Low—mirroring Ashton's own abduction by Low's crew—before escaping and surviving isolation on a deserted island, echoing Ashton's 16 months alone on . This narrative parallel highlights how Ashton's real-life ordeal of , escape, and solitary survival contributed to the emerging genre of maritime adventure fiction in the early 18th century. Ashton's story has continued to resonate in later historical accounts and retellings, underscoring its place in the canon of survival narratives. Edward E. Leslie's 1988 book Desperate Journeys, Abandoned Souls: True Stories of Castaways and Other Survivors devotes a chapter to Ashton's , framing it among tales of human endurance against nature and human cruelty from the onward. Similarly, Gregory N. Flemming's 2014 At the Point of a Cutlass: The Pirate Capture, Bold Escape, and Lonely Exile of Philip Ashton provides a modern, comprehensive reconstruction based on the original , emphasizing the historical context of colonial and Ashton's ingenuity in and shelter-building during his isolation. Beyond specific literary works, Ashton's saga symbolizes resilience in castaway literature, predating many fictional adaptations of Robinson Crusoe while drawing from the same era's real maritime perils. His account, blending themes of faith, survival, and defiance against pirates, has informed broader discussions in pirate and colonial-era survival stories, illustrating the precarious lives of early American seafarers and the psychological fortitude required to endure abandonment in the .

References

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  5. https://historyofmassachusetts.org/philip-ashton-castaway/
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  22. https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Gallison-34
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  26. https://www.masshist.org/beehiveblog/2014/06/guest-post-unlocking-the-story-of-a-real-life-robinson-crusoe/
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