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Microsoft Power BI
Microsoft Power BI
Microsoft Power BI
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Microsoft Power BI
DeveloperMicrosoft
Initial releaseJuly 11, 2011; 14 years ago (2011-07-11)
Stable release(s) [±]
WindowsJanuary 2026 Update (2.150.1704.0) / 20 January 2026; 20 days ago (2026-01-20)[1][2][3]
iOS[a]36.6 / 18 January 2026; 22 days ago (2026-01-18)[4]
Android2.2.251204 (Build 21280310) / 4 December 2025; 2 months ago (2025-12-04)[5][6]
M365 ecosystem1.19.5 / September 29, 2025; 4 months ago (2025-09-29)[7]
Operating systemWindows 10, 11
iOS 17, 18[b]
watchOS 2+
Android 8+
web
Discontinued
TypeData visualization
Business intelligence
LicenseProprietary
Websitepowerbi.microsoft.com Edit this on Wikidata

Microsoft Power BI (PBI) is an interactive data visualization software product developed by Microsoft with a primary focus on business intelligence (BI).[8] It is part of the Microsoft Power Platform. Power BI is a collection of software services, apps, and connectors that work together to turn various sources of data into static and interactive data visualizations. Data may be input by reading directly from a database, webpage, PDF, or structured files such as spreadsheets, CSV, XML, JSON,[9] XLSX, and SharePoint.[10]

General

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Power BI provides cloud-based BI (business intelligence) services, known as "Power BI Services", along with a desktop-based interface, called "Power BI Desktop". It provides data warehouse capabilities including data preparation, data mining, and interactive dashboards.[11] In March 2016, Microsoft released an additional service called Power BI Embedded on its Azure cloud platform.[12] One main differentiator of the product is the ability to load custom visualizations.

History

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The software was originally used as Power Pivot and Power Query in Microsoft Excel. This application was originally conceived by Thierry D'Hers and Amir Netz of the SQL Server Reporting Services team at Microsoft.[13] It was originally designed by Ron George in the summer of 2010 and named Project Crescent.[14] Project Crescent was initially available for public download on 11 July 2011, bundled with SQL Server Codename Denali.[15] Later renamed Power BI it was then unveiled by Microsoft in September 2013 as Power BI for Office 365.[16] The first release of Power BI was based on the Microsoft Excel-based add-ins: Power Query, Power Pivot and Power View. With time, Microsoft also added many additional features like question and answers, enterprise-level data connectivity, and security options via Power BI Gateways.[11] Power BI was first released to the general public on 24 July 2015. It has several versions for desktop, web, and mobile app.[17]

On 14 April 2015, Microsoft announced that they had acquired the Canadian company Datazen, to "complement Power BI, our cloud-based business analytics service, rounding out our mobile capabilities for customers who need a mobile BI solution implemented on-premises and optimized for SQL Server." [18] Most of the 'visuals' in Power BI started life as Datazen visuals.

Key components

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Example of a screenshot from the software

Key components of the Power BI ecosystem are as follows:

Power BI Desktop[19]
The Windows desktop-based application for PCs, primarily for designing and publishing reports to the service.
Power BI Service
The SaaS-based (software as a service) online service. This was formerly known as Power BI for Office 365, now referred to as PowerBI.com or simply Power BI.
Power BI Mobile Apps
Power BI Mobile apps are for Android and iOS devices, as well as for Windows phones and tablets.
Power BI Gateway
Gateways are used to sync external data in and out of Power BI and are required for automated refreshes. In enterprise mode, it can also be used by Microsoft Power Automate (previously called Flows) and PowerApps in Office 365.
Power BI Embedded
Power BI REST API can be used to build dashboards and reports into the custom applications that serve Power BI users and non-Power BI users.
Power BI Report Server
An on-premises Power BI is a reporting product for companies that choose not to store data in the cloud-based Power BI Service.
Power BI Premium
Capacity-based offering that includes flexibility to publish reports broadly across an enterprise without requiring recipients to be licensed individually per user. This provides greater scale and performance than shared capacity in the Power BI Service.
Power BI Visuals Marketplace
A marketplace of custom visuals and R-powered visuals.[20]
Power BI Dataflow[21]
A Power Query implementation in the cloud that can be used for data transformations to make a common Power BI Semantic Model, which can then be made available for report developers through Microsoft's Common Data Service. For example, it can be used as an alternative to doing transformations in SSAS and may ensure that several report developers use data that has been transformed similarly.
Power BI Semantic Model[22]
A Power BI Semantic Model (formerly Dataset) can work as a collection of data for use in Power BI reports, and can either be connected to or imported into a Power BI Report.[23] A semantic model can be connected to and get its source data through one or more dataflows.
Power BI Datamart
Within Power BI, the datamart is a container that combines Power BI Dataflows, datasets, and a type of data mart or data warehouse (in the form of an Azure SQL Database) into the same interface. The interface then has the possibility of being a single place for the administration of both the ETL layer (Dataflow), an intermediary data mart (with for instance storage of star schemas, dimension tables, fact tables), and finally the modeling layer (dataset).
Power BI Datahub
A data hub for discovering Power BI datasets within an organization's Power BI Service so that datasets may be reused from one central location. It offers details on the things as well as an access point for working with them, such as building reports on top of them, utilizing them with Excel's Analyze feature, accessing settings, controlling permissions, and more.[24]

Power Query

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Further information: Power Query

ETL processes in both the web and desktop versions of Power BI are facilitated in Power Query through built-in connectors to pull data from a wide variety of sources. Power Query provides a GUI which allows users to perform many common data preparation operations without needing to write code, though more advanced operations may be performed through expressions written in the M formula language.[25]

Licenses

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Power BI has many different licenses depending on use.

User licenses

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Some of the most common user licenses are free, pro, and premium. Free users must be part of an organization with a Power BI license. They can consume reports, and can also build, but not publish. In practice, creators need at least a pro license ($14.00/month) in order to publish reports, and premium users ($24.00/month) can publish like a pro but also have more features available for developing.[26]

Workspace licenses

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Premium capacity refers to the license of the workspace, not the licenses of its users or creators. Also, access to several features, functionalities, and kinds of content that are exclusively accessible through premium is made possible with a Power BI Premium per-user license.[27] Premium per user is a special workspace license which was added in November 2020,[28] and can be a more affordable alternative to premium workspace licenses for organizations with few users which have advanced analytical requirements.[28]

Paginated reports

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Further information: SQL Server Reporting Services § Power BI Report Builder

Paginated reports for Power BI, which can be built with Power BI Report Builder, are a special type of SSRS reports with pagination formatting which can give better control of the layout of reports which need to be printed to paper or PDF. This is in contrast to regular Power BI reports which instead are optimized for presentation or interactivity and exploration on a screen. Paginated reports can, as of 2022, not be made with the regular Power BI Desktop report builder software. Instead, the standalone Power BI Report Builder has to be used, which can be viewed as a descendant of the SQL Server Reporting Services (SSRS) Microsoft Report Builder for Microsoft SQL Server introduced in 2004. It is also similar to the Report Designer in SQL Server Data Tools.

Power BI Paginated reports are saved in the Report Definition Language (.rdl file format), as opposed to the .pbix file of regular Power BI reports or the recently introduced .pbir format.[29] The RDL format is based on XML and was proposed by Microsoft as a benchmark for defining reports with SSRS.

Paginated reports may be more suitable than regular Power BI reports, and may include printing of invoices or other repeated printouts of reports with a similar layout but different content, or for printing reports where text would otherwise overflow due to being cut off by scrollbars.

Notes

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References

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Further reading

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Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Microsoft Power BI

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Microsoft Power BI is a platform developed by that delivers interactive visualizations and capabilities, allowing users to connect to various sources, transform , and create reports and dashboards to derive actionable insights. It integrates software services, applications, and connectors to unify disparate into coherent, visually immersive reports. Originating as Project Crescent in 2011—a prototype for advanced data visualization within —Power BI evolved through previews and was rebranded for Office 365 in 2013 before achieving general availability on July 24, 2015, with the launch of the Power BI service, Power BI Desktop, and mobile applications. Since then, it has expanded as a core component of Fabric, a unified analytics platform that encompasses , , warehousing, and real-time intelligence. The platform's key components include Power BI Desktop, a free Windows application for designing reports and data models using tools like for data transformation and (Data Analysis Expressions) for calculations; the Power BI service (SaaS), a cloud-based hub for publishing, sharing, and collaborating on content via workspaces and apps; and mobile apps for , Android, and Windows that enable on-the-go access to dashboards. It supports over 100 data connectors, including on-premises, cloud, and streaming sources, and features AI enhancements such as Copilot for querying and automated insights generation, along with built-in anomaly detection for automatically identifying unexpected spikes or dips in time series data on line chart visuals. Power BI targets business analysts, IT professionals, and developers seeking self-service analytics, offering benefits such as scalable deployment options (Pro and Premium capacities), robust security through and row-level security, and seamless integration with tools like Teams and Excel. Its emphasis on accessibility and collaboration has made it a leader in the BI market, empowering organizations to democratize data-driven without extensive coding.

Overview

Definition and Purpose

Microsoft Power BI is a unified, scalable platform for self-service and enterprise (BI), serving as Microsoft's interactive visualization software product that enables users to connect to, visualize, and share from various sources. As a core component of the , it focuses on transforming raw —such as from databases, Excel files, PDFs, and web services—into interactive reports, dashboards, and actionable insights to support informed decision-making across organizations. The primary purpose of Power BI is to democratize data access and analysis, allowing non-technical users to explore and interpret complex datasets without requiring advanced coding skills, thereby fostering a data-driven culture in businesses. It delivers real-time analytics capabilities, enabling timely insights through seamless integration with tools like Microsoft Fabric, and offers scalability to handle enterprise-level data volumes while maintaining security and governance. These features make it particularly effective for creating visually compelling representations of data trends and patterns. High-level use cases for Power BI include tracking sales performance to identify top-performing products and regions, financial forecasting to predict revenue and budget variances, and operational monitoring to optimize efficiency and . By embedding analytics into the broader Microsoft ecosystem, such as , it enhances productivity for teams relying on collaborative decision-making.

Architecture and Deployment Options

Microsoft Power BI employs a client-server that separates content authoring from consumption and collaboration. At the client layer, Power BI Desktop serves as the primary tool for designing reports and semantic models, allowing users to connect to data sources, transform data, and create interactive visualizations locally before publishing. The server layer, hosted in the cloud via the Power BI Service, handles sharing, collaboration, and advanced analytics, while mobile apps enable on-the-go consumption across and Android devices. This model ensures scalability and accessibility, with data processed through Azure backend services for storage and computation. The data flow in Power BI begins with ingestion from diverse sources, including databases, files, and web services, often facilitated by tools like Azure Data Factory for enterprise-scale pipelines. Ingested data is then modeled into semantic models—optimized datasets that define relationships, measures, and hierarchies—to support efficient querying. These models power visualization creation, where reports and dashboards render interactive elements like charts and maps. Refresh mechanisms maintain data currency: scheduled imports update datasets periodically, while DirectQuery mode queries live sources in real-time, and incremental refresh optimizes large datasets by updating only changed partitions. Deployment options for Power BI cater to varying organizational needs, balancing cloud convenience with on-premises control. The cloud-based SaaS model via the Power BI Service offers fully managed hosting on Azure, with automatic scaling, monthly feature updates, and seamless integration for collaboration. For on-premises scenarios, Power BI Report Server provides a self-hosted alternative, deployable on local servers or virtual machines, supporting paginated reports and import modes but lacking real-time streaming and requiring manual updates three times annually. Embedded deployment leverages Power BI Embedded in Azure, allowing developers to integrate into custom applications using APIs for and rendering, with capacities billed hourly and support for service principal identities. Security is embedded in Power BI's architecture through row-level security (RLS), which filters data visibility based on user roles defined in semantic models, applicable in both import and DirectQuery modes across deployment options. Data governance is enforced via workspace permissions, sensitivity labels, and audit logs in the Power BI Service, while on-premises setups rely on SQL Server integration for similar controls. Hybrid environments use on-premises data gateways to securely bridge local sources to cloud resources without exposing credentials.

History

Origins and Early Development

The origins of Microsoft Power BI trace back to 2011, when it was conceived as Project Crescent by a team within Microsoft's SQL Server Reporting Services group, led by Thierry D'Hers and Amir Netz. This initiative aimed to create an immersive, ad-hoc visualization tool integrated with (later SQL Server 2012), emphasizing self-service accessible to non-technical users. Project Crescent built directly on foundational technologies, including —a columnar data compression engine (VertiPaq) introduced as an Excel add-in in 2010 for in-memory —and , an ETL tool for data transformation also originating from Excel extensions. These components extended the capabilities of earlier enterprise tools, allowing users to model and analyze large datasets without heavy IT involvement. Power BI's conceptual roots extended further to Microsoft's longstanding business intelligence ecosystem, particularly SQL Server Analysis Services (SSAS), which debuted in 1998 as part of SQL Server 7.0's OLAP Services and evolved into a core engine for multidimensional and tabular data modeling. By the early 2010s, SSAS had matured into a robust platform for semantic data layers, providing the analytical foundation that Project Crescent leveraged to enable interactive reporting and exploration. This heritage ensured Power BI inherited proven scalability for handling complex queries and aggregations, while shifting focus toward cloud-native, user-friendly interfaces to democratize BI beyond traditional on-premises deployments. Early development progressed through previews that highlighted Power BI's cloud-based ambitions. In July 2013, Microsoft launched a public preview of Power BI for Office 365, rebranding Project Crescent and introducing browser-based data discovery, natural language querying, and integration with Excel for seamless self-service analytics. This phase emphasized lightweight, web-accessible tools for visualizing data from diverse sources, setting the stage for broader adoption. A pivotal enhancement occurred in April 2015, when Microsoft acquired Datazen Software, a mobile BI specialist, to integrate its high-performance dashboards and cross-platform visualization capabilities into Power BI. The acquisition addressed gaps in mobile responsiveness and real-time rendering, accelerating Power BI's evolution into a comprehensive, device-agnostic platform.

Key Milestones and Evolution

Microsoft Power BI reached general availability on July 24, 2015, marking its transition to a standalone platform after being renamed from the earlier Project Crescent initiative. This launch enabled broader access to interactive data visualization and reporting tools, initially attracting 500,000 early adopters across 45,000 companies. Subsequent releases expanded Power BI's capabilities and distribution. In September 2017, Power BI Desktop became available through the Microsoft Store, simplifying installation and updates for users on Windows devices. Power BI Premium entered general availability in June 2017, introducing dedicated capacity options to support larger-scale deployments and advanced governance features without per-user licensing constraints. In 2019, the platform integrated AI-powered visuals, such as Key Influencers for identifying factors affecting demand, Decomposition Tree for hierarchical analysis, and Anomaly Detection for spotting irregularities in sales data, to automate insight discovery in datasets. Power BI Premium Per User licensing preview began in November 2020, with general availability following in April 2021, offering individual access to premium features like AI visuals and larger dataset handling. From 2023 onward, Power BI evolved through deeper integration with 's ecosystem, particularly with the launch of Microsoft Fabric in May 2023 and its general availability in November 2023, unifying , science, and analytics workflows while embedding Power BI for seamless reporting. Monthly feature updates continued to drive innovation, including native ARM support for Power BI Desktop in the September 2025 release to optimize performance on Windows on ARM devices. The October 2025 update enhanced Copilot capabilities, enabling general availability of query generation and editing through natural language prompts in both Desktop and web environments. The November 2025 update introduced general availability for semantic model version history (retaining up to 5 previous versions) and enhancements to the card visual, alongside preview features like standalone Copilot in mobile apps. By July 2025, Power BI marked its 10-year anniversary, having grown from its initial adopter base to serve over 375,000 organizations worldwide, including 95% of the Fortune 500, and processing vast datasets that underscore its role in enterprise-scale . This evolution reflects Power BI's shift from a visualization tool to a comprehensive platform, consistently ranked as a leader in the industry.

Core Components

Power BI Desktop

Power BI Desktop is a free Windows application designed for report authoring and , enabling users to connect to various data sources, transform data, create semantic models, and design interactive visualizations within .pbix files. It serves as the primary tool for developers and analysts to build comprehensive reports offline, supporting end-to-end creation from data import to visual layout without requiring an connection during authoring. A core functionality of Power BI Desktop is the creation of semantic models, which organize data into relationships, hierarchies, and calculations to provide a unified view for . Users leverage (DAX), a formula language comprising over 250 functions, to define measures and calculated columns that enable advanced computations such as time intelligence and aggregations. For visualization, the application offers a drag-and-drop with hundreds of built-in and partner-provided visuals, alongside an open-source framework for developing custom visuals to meet specific needs. Power BI Desktop supports adding images to reports that can be configured with interactive actions, such as page navigation to other report pages, enhancing user navigation in multi-page reports. Detailed steps for this feature are covered in the Reporting and Analytics Features section. Offline authoring allows full report development without connectivity, while scheduled data refreshes can be configured to update datasets automatically upon publishing. System requirements for Power BI Desktop include or later (or or later), .NET Framework 4.7.2 or later, at least 2 GB of RAM (4 GB recommended), a 1 GHz 64-bit processor, and a of 1440x900 or higher. As of the October 2025 update, it provides native support for Windows on ARM PCs with the 2025-09 cumulative update (KB5065789), enhancing performance and battery efficiency on compatible devices. Reports created in Power BI Desktop can be exported to PDF for static sharing or to Excel/CSV for data extraction from visuals, and published directly to the Power BI Service for broader distribution.

Power BI Service and Mobile Apps

The Power BI Service is a cloud-based (SaaS) platform that enables users to publish reports and dashboards created in Power BI Desktop, facilitating collaboration and consumption of data insights across organizations. It supports the creation of workspaces, which act as shared environments for teams to manage and collaborate on content, from which apps can be published to package and distribute curated reports and dashboards to end-users. Key functionalities include alerts that notify users of important changes in metrics via or the service interface, and content endorsement features such as promotion and certification for datasets, reports, dashboards, and dataflows to increase visibility and trust. Promotion adds a "Promoted" badge, improves search ranking, and is available to workspace Admins, Members, and Contributors (those with Contribute permission) who have edit or build access to the content. Certification adds a "Certified" badge for official content, is restricted to specific users or security groups designated by the Power BI tenant admin, and is disabled by default at the tenant level. These elements ensure secure sharing while enforcing , with the service integrating seamlessly with Fabric for broader analytics workflows. Complementing the service, Power BI offers native mobile applications for , Android, and Windows devices, providing on-the-go access to reports and dashboards without requiring full authoring capabilities. Users can view interactive content, add annotations to highlight insights during reviews, and receive push notifications for data alerts or updates directly on their devices, enhancing responsiveness to business needs. The apps support offline access to cached reports for scenarios with limited connectivity, allowing users to explore visuals and refresh data upon reconnection, while maintaining security through integration with the service's authentication. Collaboration within the Power BI Service is bolstered by features like row-level security (RLS), which dynamically filters data based on user roles to ensure individuals see only relevant information, enforced across shared reports and in mobile views as well. Additionally, the built-in Q&A natural language querying tool allows users to ask questions in plain English about their data, generating instant visualizations or answers from underlying semantic models, promoting self-service analytics without technical expertise. These capabilities extend to workspace roles, which control permissions for viewing, editing, and administration to foster secure team interactions. Workspace roles include: Admin, providing full control (add/remove members, manage settings, promote/certify content if allowed); Member, allowing collaboration, editing, and promotion of content; Contributor, enabling creation and editing of content along with promotion; and Viewer, restricted to read-only access with no ability to promote or certify. These endorsement and workspace management features are covered in the PL-300: Microsoft Power BI Data Analyst exam under managing workspaces and endorsing content. In 2025, the Power BI Service introduced enhanced Copilot features, including a generally available standalone full-screen experience for analyzing reports and via prompts directly in the environment, improving accessibility for non-technical users.

Power Query for Data Preparation

serves as the primary preparation tool within Power BI, functioning as an ETL () engine that enables users to ingest, clean, and reshape from diverse sources before loading it into semantic models for analysis. It features a for intuitive operations alongside the M formula language for scripting complex transformations, allowing for repeatable and automated workflows. Integrated across Power BI Desktop, Power BI Service (via dataflows), Excel, and other Microsoft tools like Azure Data Factory, ensures consistent handling regardless of the platform. The tool supports connectivity to over 140 data sources through built-in connectors, spanning categories such as databases (e.g., SQL Server, Oracle), cloud services (e.g., Azure Blob Storage, ), file formats (e.g., Excel, CSV, ), and business applications (e.g., , Dynamics 365). Key processes include extracting data via these connectors, transforming it through cleaning operations like removing duplicates or handling null values, and combining datasets by merging (joining tables on common keys) or appending (stacking rows from similar tables). Users can also incorporate parameters for dynamic queries—such as filtering by date ranges—and define custom functions in to encapsulate reusable logic, facilitating scalable data preparation for large-scale BI projects. Advanced capabilities enhance performance and extensibility, including query folding, which pushes transformation steps back to the source database for execution, minimizing data transfer and improving refresh times—particularly beneficial for large datasets where supported operations like filtering or grouping are translated into native SQL statements. Additionally, the Power Query SDK allows developers to create custom connectors for proprietary or niche data sources, using to build, test, and deploy extensions in formats like .mez files, thereby expanding integration beyond standard options. The output of Power Query transformations results in structured datasets that are loaded directly into Power BI's semantic models, serving as the foundation for subsequent modeling, visualization, and reporting without requiring external ETL tools.

Reporting and Analytics Features

Interactive Visualizations and Dashboards

Microsoft Power BI enables the creation of interactive visualizations that transform prepared data into dynamic, user-engaging displays, allowing users to explore insights through intuitive interactions. These visuals are built using Power BI Desktop or the service, drawing from semantic models connected via tools like Power Query for data preparation. Core visual types include a variety of charts such as bar, column, line, pie, donut, area, scatter, ribbon, waterfall, funnel, and combo charts, which support filtering and highlighting to reveal patterns in datasets. Maps, including basic, filled (choropleth), ArcGIS, Azure, and shape maps, facilitate geographic analysis by plotting data on interactive globes or regions. Key performance indicators (KPIs) provide at-a-glance metrics with conditional formatting for targets and trends, while slicers act as interactive filters, enabling users to segment data by categories like date, region, or product without altering the underlying dataset. Power BI provides built-in time series forecasting for line chart visuals through the Analytics pane, allowing users to predict future values based on historical data using exponential smoothing (ETS/Holt-Winters algorithms). Users can adjust parameters such as forecast length and confidence intervals, with seasonality handled automatically or through algorithmic detection. Advanced forecasting can be achieved by integrating R or Python scripts for custom models like SARIMA. This supports applications such as demand forecasting in retail and consumer packaged goods, where dashboards can incorporate factors like promotions, multi-channel data, and hierarchical forecasts. Power BI's AppSource marketplace extends these options with certified custom visuals developed by partners, allowing tailored representations for specific needs. Examples include timeline slicers, which offer compact, scrollable date-range selections for efficient time-based filtering, and advanced trees that enable hierarchical data exploration beyond the built-in version. The built-in tree visual supports multi-dimensional , automatically aggregating data and permitting users to break down metrics across fields like by region, product, and time. As of November 2025, the tree visual was enhanced to support all-expanding nodes with legend field integration for improved customization in hierarchical analysis. Dashboards in Power BI aggregate these visuals into cohesive, single-page overviews for monitoring key metrics and trends. Users build by pinning individual visuals or entire report pages from published reports in the Power BI service; to pin, one selects a visual in edit mode, clicks the pin icon, and chooses an existing or new , creating a static or live tile that updates with refreshes. Interactions enhance : cross-filtering automatically adjusts other visuals on the page when a data point is selected, such as clicking a bar in a to filter a linked ; drill-through provides deeper navigation by right-clicking a visual to access a dedicated report page filtered to that context, supporting buttons for explicit drill-through paths. Power BI also enables page navigation using images as interactive elements, allowing users to create custom links between report pages, such as placing an image on a report's home page that links to another page. In Power BI Desktop, users insert an image via Insert > Image, select the image on the canvas, and in the Format pane, enable the Action toggle, set the Type to Page navigation, and choose the target page from the dropdown list. This configuration makes the image clickable for navigation. To test in Power BI Desktop, hold Ctrl and click the image; after publishing the report to the Power BI service, end users can navigate by directly clicking the image. Best practices for interactive visualizations and dashboards emphasize accessibility, consistent theming, and performance, particularly with large datasets. For accessibility, adhere to (WCAG) by adding descriptive alt text (up to 250 characters) to visuals for screen readers, ensuring 4.5:1 color contrast ratios, using shapes or patterns alongside colors for data distinction, and setting logical tab orders via the Selection pane to aid keyboard navigation. Theming maintains visual consistency through -based report themes applied in Power BI Desktop, which propagate corporate colors, fonts, and effects across all visuals; best practices include importing custom files for branding alignment and testing in the service to verify rendering. For performance optimization with large datasets, limit visuals per page to six or fewer, apply restrictive filters like "Top N" to reduce query loads, use import mode where possible for faster rendering, and monitor via Performance Analyzer in Desktop to identify bottlenecks in custom visuals or complex interactions. The key influencers visual uses (via ) to automatically analyze and rank factors impacting a selected metric, such as identifying drivers of customer churn through logistic or on up to 10,000 sampled data points. It improves interpretability with dynamic segment analysis and filtering (threshold 0.05), enabling faster insight discovery in interactive reports and dashboards without manual modeling.

Paginated Reports

Paginated reports in Microsoft Power BI are specialized reports designed for precise, print-ready outputs that display all data across multiple pages without requiring scrolling, making them ideal for scenarios demanding fixed layouts and high-fidelity rendering. These reports are authored using Power BI Report Builder, a standalone tool that enables the creation of .rdl files, which are report definition files compatible with the Power BI service and (SSRS). Power BI Report Builder supports advanced features such as parameters for user-driven filtering, subreports for embedding nested reports, and expressions for dynamic calculations and formatting, allowing designers to build complex, pixel-perfect layouts including tables, matrices, charts, and free-form elements. Common use cases for paginated reports include generating invoices, financial statements, and compliance reports, where the need for structured, printable documents with exact page control is paramount, such as rendering hundreds of rows across multiple pages without truncation. Unlike interactive Power BI reports, which emphasize dynamic exploration through scrolling and modern visuals, paginated reports prioritize pagination optimized for printing, ensuring all data is presented in a fixed, non-interactive format suitable for PDF exports or physical distribution. Key features of paginated reports extend to robust export capabilities, supporting formats like PDF, Excel, Word, CSV, XML, and , which facilitate seamless sharing and archiving of detailed operational data. functionality allows for automated distribution, such as scheduling subscriptions with PDF attachments on a daily, weekly, or hourly basis, enhancing efficiency in report dissemination. Additionally, paginated reports integrate closely with SSRS, enabling migration of existing .rdl files from SQL Server 2016, 2017, or 2022 using tools like the RDL Migration Tool, while maintaining backward compatibility for on-premises deployments via Power BI Report Server. Once created, these reports can be published directly to the Power BI service for viewing and management.

AI and Copilot Capabilities

Microsoft Power BI incorporates through specialized visuals that automate the discovery of patterns and insights in data. The visual provides built-in anomaly detection for line chart visuals with time series data. It automatically identifies unexpected spikes or dips (anomalies), highlights them, displays the expected value range, and offers natural language explanations analyzing contributing factors from the data model. The feature is enabled via the Analytics pane in the visual's settings. It uses the SR-CNN algorithm, requires at least four data points, and needs a Pro or Premium license. It is supported in Power BI Desktop and the Power BI service. Key limitations include no support for legends, multiple values, secondary values, compatibility with forecast, average, min, max, median, or percentile lines, or certain data sources such as Direct Query over SAP. For advanced batch processing, integration with the Azure Anomaly Detector API is possible. The Key Influencers visual identifies the key factors that most impact a selected metric, such as factors affecting demand in sales data, by analyzing relationships and ranking drivers of the metric. Power BI provides built-in time series forecasting in line chart visuals through the Analytics pane, using exponential smoothing algorithms to predict future trends based on historical data. This feature automatically handles seasonality, generates confidence intervals, and allows users to adjust parameters such as forecast length. It is particularly applicable to demand forecasting scenarios, such as predicting sales or inventory needs in retail and consumer packaged goods contexts. For advanced forecasting needs, Power BI supports integration with automated machine learning (AutoML) and Azure Machine Learning, as well as custom models using R or Python scripts for techniques like regression or SARIMA. The decomposition tree visual facilitates hierarchical data exploration, allowing drill-down across multiple dimensions to uncover relationships and drivers of metrics through an interactive, tree-like interface. Copilot, Microsoft's generative AI assistant, integrates deeply with Power BI to enhance interactions and automate report creation. It supports report generation by converting user prompts into visuals, narratives, and full reports, streamlining the process for non-technical users. Q&A capabilities are improved through Copilot's semantic understanding, enabling more accurate responses to conversational queries by incorporating synonyms, context, and model metadata. Additionally, Copilot provides summarization features that generate concise overviews of reports, extracting key trends and insights from visuals in seconds. This integration is primarily enabled within Microsoft Fabric, with 2025 updates introducing a standalone Copilot experience for broader accessibility outside the Fabric environment. As of November 2025, standalone Copilot became available in Power BI mobile apps (in preview), allowing chat-based insights and visual generation on the go, while Report Copilot was enhanced for smarter visual creation and an expanded library of supported visuals. In 2025, key advancements include Copilot's capabilities for semantic model tuning, which evaluate and optimize data models by suggesting improvements in relationships, measures, and naming conventions to enhance AI performance and query accuracy. It also delivers real-time insights through integration with Fabric's Real-Time Intelligence, allowing dynamic analysis of for immediate . Ethical considerations in Power BI's AI features emphasize responsible use, particularly in detecting and mitigating in outputs to ensure fairness and reliability. Microsoft applies its Responsible AI principles, including tools for transparency and assessment in models, to address potential disparities in or results arising from skewed training data. Users are encouraged to review AI-generated explanations and validate insights against diverse datasets to minimize ethical risks.

Licensing and Pricing

User Licenses

Microsoft Power BI offers three primary per-user licensing tiers designed for individual and team-based usage: Free, Pro, and Premium Per User (PPU). These licenses determine the scope of creation, , , and advanced capabilities available to users within the Power BI service. As of November 2025, and features reflect updates implemented in April 2025, with Free providing basic access at no cost, Pro enabling collaborative workflows for $14 per user per month, and PPU unlocking enterprise-grade features for $24 per user per month (billed annually). The Free license, also known as Fabric Free, allows users to create and view reports and dashboards for personal use without any subscription cost. It supports up to 8 data refreshes per day and 10 GB of storage per license, with 1 GB of model memory per dataset. However, sharing and collaboration are strictly limited to personal consumption only; users cannot publish or share content with others unless the workspace is backed by Premium capacity. This tier is ideal for beginners or individual exploration but requires upgrading for team interactions. Power BI Pro extends functionality for collaborative environments at $14 per user per month. It enables users to publish reports to the Power BI service, share dashboards and with other Pro license holders, and collaborate in workspaces. Key limits include 1 GB of model memory per , 8 data refreshes per day, and 10 GB of storage per license. Pro users can also consume content shared from Premium workspaces, making it suitable for small to medium teams focused on interactive reporting and basic analytics. An add-on option is available for users with existing E5 or Office 365 E5 licenses. For advanced needs, Power BI Premium Per User (PPU) provides comprehensive features at $24 per user per month, building on Pro capabilities with Premium-level performance. This includes support for datasets up to 100 GB in model memory, 48 data refreshes per day, and 100 TB of storage, along with AI-powered visuals, paginated reports, and enhanced dataflows. is restricted to other PPU users, though Pro or Free users can access PPU content if hosted in a Premium workspace. However, Pro users cannot access PPU workspaces directly or utilize PPU-exclusive features such as 100 GB models or advanced AI like AutoML; basic sharing is possible in standard (non-PPU) workspaces, though access to Premium features may be restricted for them. Note that Copilot requires Premium capacity and is not available with PPU licenses. PPU is particularly valuable for power users requiring larger-scale data handling and AI integrations without organizational capacity commitments. A $14 per user per month add-on is offered for Pro or E5 holders to to PPU features.
License TierPricing (per user/month, annual)Key FeaturesSharing/CollaborationDataset Limits
Free (Fabric Free)$0Personal report creation and viewing; 1 GB model memoryPersonal use only; no sharing unless in Premium workspace10 GB storage8/day
Pro$14Publish, share, and collaborate; workspace accessWith other Pro users; Free/PPU if in Premium workspace1 GB model memory; 10 GB storage8/day
Premium Per User (PPU)$24All Pro + AI visuals, paginated reports, dataflows; 100 GB model memoryWith PPU users; Pro/Free if in Premium workspace100 GB model memory; 100 TB storage48/day
Licenses are assigned through the admin center, where administrators can purchase and allocate them to users, or via self-service signup with a . Trial periods are available for Pro and PPU, allowing 30 days of full access to evaluate features before committing. This per-user model supports flexible scaling for teams, distinct from capacity-based options for larger enterprises.

Capacity and Embedded Options

Microsoft Power BI offers capacity-based licensing options designed for organizations requiring scalable compute resources beyond individual user licenses. These options provide dedicated processing power measured in virtual cores (v-cores) or capacity units (CUs), enabling features such as large-scale data refresh, advanced AI capabilities, and broad content sharing without per-user licensing for viewers. Premium capacity, now integrated into Microsoft Fabric capacities, is a subscription model that allocates dedicated compute resources for Power BI workloads. It supports up to 100 TB of storage, 48 dataset refreshes per day, and 100 GB per model in memory, facilitating paginated reports at scale and seamless integration with Microsoft Fabric for unified across , , and AI tasks. Fabric capacities use F SKUs, with F64 and larger allowing content consumption by free users in an "app owns data" scenario, eliminating the need for Pro licenses for viewers. is pay-as-you-go or reservation-based, starting at approximately $8,410 per month for the F64 SKU, which provides 64 CUs equivalent to 8 v-cores for Power BI operations.
SKUCapacity Units (CUs)v-cores (Power BI)Pay-as-you-go Monthly Price (USD)Reservation Monthly Price (USD, ~41% savings)
F64648$8,409.60$5,005.00
F12812816$16,819.20$10,010.00
F25625632$33,638.40$20,020.00
This table illustrates entry-level Fabric SKUs suitable for Power BI, with costs scaling based on compute needs; higher SKUs support more concurrent operations and larger datasets. Power BI Embedded is an Azure-based service tailored for independent software vendors (ISVs) and developers to integrate interactive visualizations and dashboards into custom applications. It uses A SKUs with node-hour billing, allowing white-labeling of reports so they appear as native app features without exposing Power BI branding. Each node provides dedicated v-cores and RAM for rendering and querying, billed per second of usage even when idle, with options to pause capacities for cost savings. This model supports embedding scenarios like customer-facing portals, with no requirement for end-users to have Power BI licenses.
Node Typev-coresRAMHourly Rate (USD)Estimated Monthly (730 hours, USD)
A113 GB$1.00$735.91
A225 GB$2.00$1,465.91
A3410 GB$4.00$2,937.67
A4825 GB$8.00$5,881.25
A51650 GB$16.00$11,768.33
A632100 GB$32.00$23,542.94
Pricing assumes full utilization; actual costs vary with deployment duration and node count. In 2025, Microsoft Fabric capacity bundles have unified Power BI Premium features under F SKUs, following the retirement of standalone P SKUs by early 2025, with automated migration tools available for existing Premium users. Auto-scaling, an optional add-on for Fabric capacities, dynamically provisions additional v-cores during peak loads—such as high report rendering demands— for up to 24-hour bursts, billed at pay-as-you-go rates through an associated Azure subscription (e.g., $85 per v-core per 24 hours or approximately $3.54 per v-core hour for standard scaling). This ensures performance without over-provisioning base capacity, requiring an active Fabric trial or paid SKU as a prerequisite. Capacity options for internal organizational use, like Fabric F SKUs, focus on collaboration and self-service BI within enterprises, whereas Embedded (A/EM SKUs) targets external, customer-facing integrations for SaaS providers, with the former emphasizing broad sharing and the latter prioritizing seamless app embedding.

Integration and Extensibility

Data Connectivity and Gateways

Power BI supports connectivity to a wide array of data sources through over 150 native connectors provided by , enabling seamless integration with databases such as SQL Server and , file formats like Excel and CSV, and web APIs including OData feeds, , and objects. These connectors facilitate direct access to both cloud-based and on-premises data, allowing users to import or query information without extensive custom coding. For scenarios requiring specialized access, Power BI accommodates custom connectors developed via generic protocols like ODBC for database connections, OData for standardized web services, for legacy systems, and formats such as Web, , or XML, which developers can extend to meet unique needs. To handle hybrid environments where data resides on-premises, Power BI employs the on-premises data gateway, a software application installed on a server that acts as a secure bridge between internal networks and cloud services. This gateway supports two primary modes: personal mode, designed for individual users and restricted to Power BI datasets with no sharing capabilities, and standard mode, which allows multiple users to access various data sources across Power BI, Power Apps, and other services. For enhanced reliability in enterprise settings, standard mode enables clustering, where multiple gateway instances are configured to distribute load, provide , and ensure high availability during data transfers. Data refresh in Power BI is managed through mechanisms tailored to the chosen storage mode, ensuring datasets remain current while optimizing performance and resource use. In Import mode, where data is loaded into Power BI for analysis, scheduled refreshes can be configured up to 48 times daily in Premium capacities, with incremental refresh policies allowing only modified data partitions to update, which is ideal for large datasets exceeding memory limits. Conversely, DirectQuery mode bypasses imports by executing live queries against the source during report interactions, supporting access without scheduled refreshes, though it requires a gateway for on-premises sources to maintain connectivity. Real-time capabilities extend to push datasets, where external tools stream updates directly, and automatic page refresh for DirectQuery visuals, configurable at intervals as low as 30 seconds in Premium workspaces. Security for data connectivity in Power BI emphasizes robust and to protect sensitive information. Connectors support multiple authentication protocols, including OAuth 2.0 for token-based authorization with services like , API keys for straightforward API access, Windows authentication for on-premises resources, and basic credentials where appropriate. The on-premises data gateway further secures hybrid data flows by enforcing TLS 1.2 or 1.3 for all communications and optional enforcement with Azure Service Bus, ensuring data remains encrypted in transit without exposing credentials to the cloud. These features collectively enable secure, credential-managed connections that comply with enterprise standards while minimizing latency in data retrieval.

Microsoft Fabric and Ecosystem Integration

Microsoft Fabric, launched in May 2023 as a SaaS analytics platform, unifies Power BI with other Microsoft services including Data Factory for data movement, Synapse Analytics for and , and OneLake as a central to enable end-to-end analytics without data silos. This integration allows Power BI users to leverage Fabric's capabilities for seamless data ingestion, processing, and visualization within a single environment, supporting workloads from real-time analytics to . A key feature of this unification is Direct Lake mode, a storage option for Power BI semantic models that enables direct querying of large datasets stored in OneLake's Delta tables without importing or duplicating data, optimizing performance for petabyte-scale analysis. Power BI integrates deeply with Azure services like Synapse Analytics for scalable data warehousing and advanced querying, Microsoft 365 tools such as Teams for collaborative report sharing and Excel for data export and analysis, and Dynamics 365 for near-real-time business data enrichment. In 2025, advancements include Fabric Copilot, an AI-driven assistant providing cross-workload insights across Power BI, , and real-time analytics to automate report generation and query optimization. Enhanced features, powered by Microsoft Purview, introduce automated protection policies and a unified for compliance and security management within Fabric workspaces. The Microsoft Fabric Community Conference (FabCon) is a major community-led event focused on Microsoft Fabric and Power BI, aimed at developers and users of data platform solutions in analytics, business intelligence, and AI. Organized with Microsoft support and featuring sessions from Microsoft experts, FabCon includes multi-regional events such as the 2025 conference in Las Vegas (March 31–April 2), FabCon Europe 2025 in Vienna (September), and the 2026 event in Atlanta (March 16–20). These integrations foster a unified lakehouse architecture via OneLake, minimizing data duplication and silos while enabling organizations to scale analytics across cloud and on-premises environments, often with data gateways for hybrid connectivity.

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