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Racing Extinction
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| Racing Extinction | |
|---|---|
 Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Louie Psihoyos |
| Written by | Mark Monroe |
| Produced by |
|
| Cinematography |
|
| Edited by |
|
| Music by | J. Ralph |
Production companies | Discovery Channel Abramorama Oceanic Preservation Society Okeanos Vulcan Productions Diamond Docs Insurgent Media |
| Distributed by | Abramorama |
Release date |
|
Running time | 94 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
Racing Extinction is a 2015 documentary about the ongoing anthropogenic mass extinction of species and the efforts from scientists, activists, and journalists to document it by Oscar-winning director Louie Psihoyos, who directed the documentary The Cove (2009). The film received one Oscar nomination, for Best Original Song, and one Emmy nomination for Exceptional Merit in Documentary Filmmaking. Racing Extinction premiered at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival,[1] followed by limited theater release, with worldwide broadcast premiere on Discovery Channel in 220 countries or territories on December 2, 2015.[2]
Racing Extinction′s website details further information about contemporary extinction and campaigns with which to prevent it. The film was created by the Oceanic Preservation Society.
Synopsis
[edit]The film deals with several examples of the overarching theme of the Anthropocene Extinction, in that the spread of Homo sapiens has caused the greatest mass extinction since the KT event 66 million years ago, including climate change and poaching, and the efforts of scientists, photographers, and volunteers to protect endangered species. The film implicates human overpopulation, globalization, and animal agriculture as leading causes of extinction.
The film deals with the illegal wildlife trade, including the filmmakers exposing a whale meat restaurant in the US (on the same day Louie Psihoyos was originally planning to collect his Academy Award for The Cove) and covert undercover investigations of the shark fin and Manta ray gill trade in Hong Kong and mainland China for traditional medicines. The film also documents successful efforts to include manta rays on the CITES Appendix II list of protected species, thus stopping the village of Lamakera on Solor in Indonesia from killing them to supply demand in China.
The film refers to the Baiji and the Hawaiʻi ʻōʻō as recent examples of extinction (although both of these species are still believed by some to be extant), and identifies the Amphibian extinction crisis, the overfishing of sharks for shark fin soup and as bycatch, among others, as current causes for concern. More specific examples include the imminent extinction of the Florida grasshopper sparrow and Rabb's fringe-limbed treefrog (the last individual of which, Toughie, and Joel Sartore photographs).
Anthropogenic climate change from greenhouse gas emissions is identified as a leading cause of extinction, as organisms cannot adapt to unprecedented changes in not only temperature but weather, ocean chemistry, and atmospheric composition. The film focuses on the amount of methane produced by livestock, particularly cattle, and trapped methane escaping from frozen reservoirs in the Arctic, the latter drawing parallels to the runaway greenhouse effect that may have caused the Permian mass extinction that wiped out 95% of species. Carbon dioxide and methane emissions from transportation, animals, and factories are made visible to the human eye for the first time with a specially designed high-definition FLIR (forward-looking infrared) camera, with a special color filter. Ocean acidification and the subsequent degradation of corals and other calcium carbonate-based marine organisms are revealed with lab experiments and comparisons of archived photographs to the state of the same reefs in the 2010s. The degradation of marine ecosystems and the implications of coastal habitation are highlighted.
The filmmakers also work with Obscura Digital to design a custom Tesla Model S fitted with a 15,000-lumen projector system to project images of critically endangered and extinct species onto public buildings including Shell factories, Wall Street, Headquarters of the United Nations, the Empire State Building and the Vatican. They go visit the village of Lamakera, Indonesia to convince the village to stop fishing manta rays. As well as the greenhouse gas camera previously mentioned and the projector, it is also the first car in the world with electro-luminescent paint, inspired by bioluminescent organisms, and projects endangered animal sounds from the Bioacoustics Research Program. This campaign aimed to raise awareness and encourage people to change habits to ensure the survival of species for future generations, further highlighted by the 'Start With One Thing' Campaign.
Cast
[edit]Several notable persons had an appearance in this film, including:
- Elon Musk of Tesla Motors
- National Geographic photographer Joel Sartore, founder of The Photo Ark project
- Primatologist Jane Goodall
- Author and columnist Elizabeth Kolbert
- Professor Stuart Pimm
- Christopher W. Clark (director of the Bioacoustics Research Program (BRP))
- Race car driver and environmentalist Leilani Münter
- Artist Shawn Heinrichs
- Conservationist and Photographer Paul Hilton
Obscura Digital customized the Tesla Model S car used for the projections.
Reception
[edit]Racing Extinction was generally acclaimed by critics. The film has been nominated for an Emmy Award for Exceptional Merit in Documentary Filmmaking.[3] The film holds a Metacritic score of 81/100.[4] It was also praised as a "return to form" for the Discovery Channel, in that it represented a break from the numerous pseudoscience-based mockumentaries that the network was airing at the time. The film received the Cinema for Peace International Green Film Award in 2016.[5]
Soundtrack
[edit]| Racing Extinction: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soundtrack album by | ||||
| Released | November 6, 2015 | |||
| Length | 58:57 | |||
| Label | Rumor Mill Records | |||
| J. Ralph chronology | ||||
| ||||
A soundtrack was released via Rumor Mill Records on November 6, 2015.[6] The main theme of the documentary is a song called "One Candle" featuring the vocals of Australian singer-songwriter, Sia. To promote this track, a music video was created using images of animals projected onto the side of the Empire State Building in New York.
At the 88th Academy Awards, "Manta Ray" by J. Ralph & Anohni was nominated for Best Original Song. Other nominees competing in this category were "Earned It" from Fifty Shades of Grey, "Til It Happens to You" from The Hunting Ground, "Simple Song #3" from Youth, and "Writing's on the Wall" from Spectre. "Writing's On the Wall", by Sam Smith, was the winner.
All tracks are written by J. Ralph.
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | "One Candle" |
| 4:03 |
| 2. | "Manta Ray" |
| 5:18 |
| 3. | "One Million Miles Away (From the Illusionary Movements of Geraldine & Nazu)" | 3:55 | |
| 4. | "The Whole World Is Singing" | 1:15 | |
| 5. | "The Hump" | 1:56 | |
| 6. | "Our Own Road" | 1:57 | |
| 7. | "The Permian" | 2:31 | |
| 8. | "Underwater Color" | 1:51 | |
| 9. | "The Hand of Man" | 0:55 | |
| 10. | "37 Pictures on a 36 Roll" | 1:56 | |
| 11. | "Move the Needle" | 1:01 | |
| 12. | "Burning Through the Fossil" | 2:37 | |
| 13. | "Endangered Amphibians" | 2:19 | |
| 14. | "Better Stewards" | 2:37 | |
| 15. | "Almost All Life" | 2:09 | |
| 16. | "Racing Extinction" | 5:15 | |
| 17. | "Grasshopper Sparrow" | 1:40 | |
| 18. | "The Movies" | 2:32 | |
| 19. | "Rings of Endangered Species" | 1:29 | |
| 20. | "One Note Grand Piano" | 4:22 | |
| 21. | "The Mesozoic" | 2:38 | |
| 22. | "Possibilities" | 1:01 | |
| 23. | "Racing Extinction (Reprise)" | 3:40 | |
| Total length: | 58:57 | ||
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Sundance Institute". sundance.org. Archived from the original on September 26, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2015.
- ^ Ryan, Patrick. "Discovery project is racing to stop 'Extinction'". USA TODAY. Archived from the original on August 26, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2015.
- ^ "68th EMMY® AWARDS NOMINATIONS For Programs Airing June 1, 2015 – May 31, 2016" (PDF). Emmys.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 19, 2016. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
- ^ "Reviews for Racing Extinction (2015)". Metacritic.com. Archived from the original on October 26, 2015. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
- ^ West, James (November 24, 2015). "Discovery Channel is finally ditching fake science and making people give a damn about the biggest story on Earth". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on June 17, 2018. Retrieved July 9, 2018.
- ^ "Racing Extinction Original Soundtrack". iTunes Australia. November 6, 2015. Archived from the original on December 12, 2015. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
External links
[edit]Racing Extinction
View on Grokipediafrom Grokipedia
is a 2015 American documentary film directed by Louie Psihoyos that employs undercover investigations by activists to expose illegal wildlife trafficking, overfishing, and other human activities purportedly accelerating species loss toward a sixth mass extinction.[1][2]
Produced by the Oceanic Preservation Society, the film combines hidden-camera footage from markets in Asia and elsewhere with interviews from scientists warning of biodiversity collapse, alongside public awareness stunts such as projecting extinction statistics onto iconic buildings like the Empire State Building.[3][4]
It earned nominations for Primetime Emmy Awards in categories including Exceptional Merit in Documentary Filmmaking, recognizing its technical innovation in cinematography and advocacy impact.[5]
While praised for highlighting verifiable threats like poaching of endangered species such as sharks and rhinos, the film has drawn criticism for its alarmist framing, which some analyses argue oversimplifies complex ecological dynamics and promotes a dualistic view of human-nature conflict over empirical assessments of actual extinction rates.[6][7]
These observed rates underscore the importance of distinguishing confirmed data from modeled risks, as institutional sources like IPBES, while influential, incorporate advocacy elements that amplify threats without equivalent empirical validation.[40] Conservation efforts have averted extinctions in at least 20–30% of critically endangered cases since the 1990s, per IUCN assessments, indicating that anthropogenic pressures, while causal, are not inexorable.[41]
Production
Development and Funding
Racing Extinction was developed by the Oceanic Preservation Society (OPS), founded by director Louie Psihoyos following the 2009 Academy Award-winning documentary The Cove, which he also directed.[3] The project expanded OPS's focus on undercover investigations into environmental threats, involving filming across 10 countries with high-risk operations in black markets and wildlife trafficking hubs.[1] By September 2014, production was underway, with announcements highlighting its emphasis on anthropogenic drivers of species loss.[8] Psihoyos assembled a team including producers Fisher Stevens and Olivia Ahnemann, prioritizing advanced cinematography and activist collaborations to expose hidden extinction pressures.[3] Funding came primarily from private philanthropists and foundations aligned with conservation goals. Vulcan Productions, led by Paul G. Allen and Jody Allen, served as a key financier and executive producer, supporting both production and a post-release social action campaign.[1] [3] Additional backers included the Li Ka Shing Foundation, Earth Day Texas, and the JP’s Peace, Love & Happiness Foundation, with partnerships from Okeanos – Foundation for the Sea and Insurgent Docs.[3] Discovery Channel's acquisition of global broadcast rights in February 2015, ahead of the film's Sundance premiere, provided further distribution and promotional support, though specific financial details of the deal remain undisclosed.[9] No public production budget figures have been released, consistent with independent documentary financing models emphasizing targeted philanthropy over commercial returns.[10]Filming and Techniques
The production of Racing Extinction employed undercover investigative techniques to capture footage of illegal wildlife trade, with filmmakers and activists posing as buyers to infiltrate black markets, restaurants, and factories in locations such as Hong Kong. Hidden cameras, including tiny pinhole devices disguised as shirt buttons—sourced from specialists providing covert surveillance gear for human rights and law enforcement—were used to record activities like shark fin processing and the sale of endangered species products without detection.[11][12] Additional concealment methods involved cameras hidden in women's purses at sushi establishments serving protected whale meat and a small videocam inside a plastic water bottle during confrontations at industrial sites, enabling guerrilla-style shooting amid high risks, including potential imprisonment.[13][12] To visualize environmental threats, the team utilized a high-definition forward-looking infrared (FLIR) camera equipped with a special color filter, which rendered carbon dioxide and methane emissions from sources like vehicle tailpipes, smokestacks, lawn blowers, and aircraft in stark, colorful relief against normal footage.[11][12] This technique cut between standard and infrared views to highlight anthropogenic pollution's invisibility in everyday perception, as emphasized by director Louie Psihoyos in interviews.[14] Complementing these were conventional and specialized cinematographic tools handled by operators including John Behrens, Shawn Heinrichs, Sean Kirby, and Petr Stepanek, who filmed across global sites. Underwater sequences featured an 80-megapixel "doomsday camera" with a custom glass dome for high-resolution reef documentation, while aerial shots employed Cineflex systems and Steadicam for dynamic species and habitat captures.[11][12] These methods prioritized high production values to blend documentary evidence with narrative engagement, revealing previously undocumented extinction drivers.[3]Key Contributors
Louie Psihoyos served as director of Racing Extinction, leveraging his experience from the Academy Award-winning documentary The Cove (2009) to lead undercover investigations into illegal wildlife trade and coordinate high-risk filming operations across multiple continents.[3] Psihoyos, founder of the Oceanic Preservation Society, also appeared on-screen as an investigator and provided key voice-over narration to frame the film's exposés on species endangerment.[2] Producers Olivia Ahnemann and Fisher Stevens oversaw the project's development, securing funding and managing logistics for expeditions that included hidden-camera operations in wildlife markets from Indonesia to China.[1] Ahnemann, affiliated with the Oceanic Preservation Society, focused on operational aspects tied to conservation advocacy, while Stevens, known for producing environmental films, contributed to narrative structuring and distribution partnerships.[15] Executive producer Dieter Paulmann supported financing and international outreach, enabling the film's premiere at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival.[1] Mark Monroe wrote the screenplay, adapting raw footage from global investigations into a cohesive narrative that emphasized anthropogenic drivers of extinction, drawing on input from scientists and activists featured in the film.[1] Cinematographers such as John Behrens, Shawn Heinrichs, and Sean Kirby executed specialized techniques, including custom-built infrared cameras for clandestine market surveillance and time-lapse sequences of industrial impacts on habitats.[11] Composer J. Ralph created the original score, incorporating thematic motifs that underscored urgency in sections highlighting poaching and overfishing.[1] Undercover investigators like Heather Dawn Rally contributed field footage from high-risk sites, such as shark fin auctions, which formed core evidentiary segments.[16]Synopsis
Narrative Structure
Racing Extinction opens with an undercover sting operation at the Hump restaurant in Los Angeles, where filmmakers use hidden cameras to document the illegal serving of endangered blue whale meat to high-profile clientele, establishing the film's investigative tone and highlighting immediate threats from wildlife trade.[17] This sequence transitions into broader explorations of global black markets, including infiltrations of trafficking networks for species like sharks, pangolins, and vaquitas, presented through footage captured by the production team.[3] The narrative then interweaves these on-the-ground operations with scientific analysis, featuring interviews with experts such as bioacoustics researcher Dr. Christopher W. Clark, who discusses ocean acidification and its cascading effects on marine ecosystems.[3] Parallel segments address anthropogenic drivers like commercial overfishing, carbon emissions from fossil fuels, and habitat destruction, using high-speed photography and animations to visualize extinction risks without adhering to a linear plot.[17] Activist interventions, including mobile projections of endangered species imagery onto iconic buildings like the Empire State Building, punctuate the investigations, demonstrating real-time public awareness efforts that contributed to the Hump's closure.[3] Culminating in a call to action, the film concludes with on-screen text urging viewers to "Find your thing" and adopt the "#Startwith1thing" campaign, framing individual behavioral changes as a response to the portrayed crisis.[17] This structure prioritizes thematic progression over chronological storytelling, linking specific cases to overarching claims of a sixth mass extinction driven by human activity, while emphasizing the role of visual media in advocacy.[15]Major Investigations
The major investigations in Racing Extinction involve undercover operations by filmmakers and activists to expose illegal wildlife trafficking networks. These efforts utilize hidden cameras and disguised team members posing as buyers or importers to document sales of endangered species products in black markets and processing sites.[3][12] A central probe targets the shark fin trade, with cinematographer Paul Hilton infiltrating markets and dealers in Hong Kong, mainland China, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Indonesia.[3] The resulting footage reveals enormous stockpiles of fins from threatened shark species, processed for export primarily to supply soup in Chinese cuisine, illustrating the industrial scale of finning that discards shark carcasses at sea.[12][1] Parallel efforts examine the trade in manta and mobula ray gill rakers for traditional Chinese medicine, conducted in Hong Kong, Macau, and southern China via the Manta Ray of Hope project led by Hilton and activist Shawn Heinrichs.[3] Hidden recordings capture the harvesting and sale of these filter-feeding structures, linking consumer demand to population crashes in these planktivorous species.[18] Additional segments infiltrate broader wildlife markets, including those openly vending rhino horn shavings for purported medicinal tonics, bear bile extracts, and other contraband animal parts derived from poached specimens.[3] Team members, such as those posing as fish oil supplement importers in China, procure and film these items to demonstrate the accessibility and profitability of the enterprise despite international bans.[12] These operations collectively portray trafficking as a structured, multibillion-dollar industry accelerating biodiversity loss through habitat-independent exploitation.[1]Visual and Stylistic Elements
Racing Extinction employs advanced cinematographic techniques to capture undercover investigations and environmental phenomena, including pinhole cameras disguised as shirt buttons for covert surveillance in wildlife markets.[12][11] Cinematographers John Behrens, Shawn Heinrichs, Sean Kirby, and Petr Stepanek utilized digital SLR cameras worn discreetly around necks and concealed videocams, such as one hidden in a plastic water bottle, to document illegal trade without detection.[1][12] These methods yield raw, unfiltered footage of activities like shark fin drying on rooftops and endangered species in bags, emphasizing the immediacy and illegality of wildlife exploitation.[12] A distinctive stylistic feature is the use of a high-definition forward-looking infrared (FLIR) camera equipped with a special color filter, which renders carbon dioxide and methane emissions visible as vibrant, surreal colors against urban landscapes.[11][12] This technique, applied to scenes of city driving and industrial sites, transforms invisible pollution into dramatic, tangible visuals, such as glowing tailpipes and smokestacks, to underscore human impact on the atmosphere.[12] Underwater sequences feature custom high-resolution cameras with 80-megapixel sensors and glass domes for filming reefs and rare encounters, like humans swimming with migratory blue whales in Mexico, providing unprecedented clarity and intimacy.[12] Aerial shots via Cineflex systems and stabilization tools like Steadicam and Movi enhance dynamic perspectives of ecosystems and human encroachment.[11] The film integrates activist projections as both narrative device and visual motif, employing a retrofitted Tesla vehicle with a 15,000-lumen projector to display images of endangered animals and chemical symbols on buildings and refineries.[12][3] These guerrilla-style interventions, captured in real-time, blend documentary realism with performative art, aiming to provoke public awareness through bold, ephemeral visuals.[3] Overall, director Louie Psihoyos adopts narrative filmmaking conventions alongside investigative rawness to create an engaging, high-impact style that prioritizes revelatory imagery over traditional detachment.[3]Themes
Anthropogenic Extinction Claims
The documentary Racing Extinction asserts that human actions are precipitating a sixth mass extinction event, positioning the current era—termed the Anthropocene—as characterized by unprecedented biodiversity decline driven by anthropogenic pressures. It compares this crisis to historical mass die-offs, such as the asteroid impact 66 million years ago that eradicated non-avian dinosaurs, contending that humanity's environmental footprint rivals such natural catastrophes in scope and speed.[3][12] Key human-induced drivers highlighted include habitat fragmentation from deforestation and urban expansion, overexploitation through illegal wildlife trafficking and commercial fishing, industrial pollution, and climate alteration via carbon emissions leading to ocean acidification. The film documents practices like the global trade in shark fins and exotic animal derivatives, primarily fueled by demand in regions such as China, which it links directly to population collapses in affected species. These activities are portrayed as compounding factors that disrupt ecosystems, with marine environments particularly vulnerable due to acidification's corrosive effects on shellfish and coral reefs essential for food webs.[1][19] Featured scientists, including paleontologists, project that unchecked trends could result in the loss of up to 50% of Earth's species by 2100, a figure attributed to the cumulative toll of these pressures rather than isolated events. The narrative emphasizes consumer behaviors, such as reliance on animal-based agriculture, as amplifying greenhouse gas emissions and resource depletion, thereby accelerating the extinction cascade. While these claims draw on biological consensus for elevated disappearance rates, the film frames them as empirically grounded warnings necessitating immediate behavioral shifts to avert irreversible thresholds.[1][3]Wildlife Trade and Exploitation
The documentary Racing Extinction identifies illegal wildlife trade as a central mechanism accelerating species extinction, depicting it as a multibillion-dollar industry second in scale only to narcotics trafficking, fueled by demand for animal parts in traditional medicines, status symbols, and cuisine.[3] The film presents undercover investigations revealing overt sales of prohibited goods in public markets, such as elephant tusk carvings and hawksbill sea turtle products, underscoring how lax enforcement enables poachers and traffickers to decimate populations of species that have persisted for millions of years.[20] This trade, the film argues, exemplifies human exploitation overriding ecological limits, with traffickers marketing unproven remedies like ground rhino horn or bear bile despite lacking empirical efficacy in modern medical trials.[3] Marine species feature prominently in the film's critique, particularly the shark fin trade, where fishermen harvest fins—comprising mere 5% of a shark's body mass—and discard live bodies overboard, leading to estimates of 26 to 73 million sharks killed annually in the early 2000s for this purpose alone.[21] Racing Extinction documents processing facilities and markets in Hong Kong and mainland China, linking demand for shark fin soup and traditional tonics to population crashes in over 14 threatened shark species.[22] Similarly, the film exposes manta ray gill plate trade, where fishermen in Indonesia and elsewhere target these filter-feeders for their gill rakers used in purported health supplements, with global harvests exceeding sustainable levels and prompting successful advocacy for CITES Appendix II listing in 2013 to regulate international commerce.[23] These examples illustrate the film's causal chain: consumer demand drives poaching, which depletes apex predators and disrupts ocean food webs, though empirical assessments confirm trade impacts specific taxa without universally causing imminent global extinction.[24] Terrestrial exploitation receives attention through footage of pangolins, abalone, and freshwater turtles trafficked for meat, scales, and shells, with the film tracing supply chains from poaching hotspots in Africa and Asia to urban outlets.[22] Rhino horn trade is framed as emblematic, with poaching syndicates in South Africa killing over 1,000 rhinos yearly by 2014 amid Vietnamese and Chinese demand for unverified medicinal uses, exacerbating declines in black and white rhino populations already pressured by habitat fragmentation.[25] While Racing Extinction attributes these dynamics to unchecked globalization and cultural persistence, data from sources like the UNODC affirm illegal trade's role in threatening roughly 4,000 species, including functional extinctions in subsets like orchids and succulents, though broader biodiversity loss correlates more strongly with habitat conversion than trade volume alone.[26] The film's narrative urges enforcement and demand reduction, citing precedents like declining shark fin imports post-awareness campaigns as evidence of feasible intervention.[22]Proposed Solutions
The documentary Racing Extinction advocates for heightened public awareness as a foundational step to mitigate biodiversity loss, featuring large-scale projections of endangered species imagery on urban landmarks such as the Empire State Building and Vancouver's Science World to stimulate global discourse on extinction drivers like wildlife trafficking and ocean acidification.[3] Filmmakers from the Oceanic Preservation Society (OPS) emphasize media-driven education, including partnerships with Discovery Education for curricula and virtual field trips that have engaged millions of students in discussions of anthropogenic threats.[1] Individual behavioral modifications are presented as immediate, actionable responses, exemplified by the film's #StartWith1Thing campaign, which urges participants to undertake a five-day challenge to lower personal carbon footprints through measures like reducing energy use and adopting sustainable practices.[3] OPS further promotes dietary shifts toward plant-based options to diminish greenhouse gas emissions and ecological strain from animal agriculture, alongside carbon offsetting via verified programs.[1] These recommendations target consumer-driven demand, such as curbing seafood consumption in favor of certified sustainable sources. Policy-oriented solutions focus on curtailing commercial wildlife trade, with calls for legislative bans on products like shark fins and rhino horns to disrupt illegal markets fueling poaching.[1] The film highlights collaborative efforts, including OPS partnerships with organizations like the Humane Society to advance state-level prohibitions on shark fin trade in locations such as Texas and Hawaii.[27] Broader advocacy extends to emission reductions through corporate and governmental accountability, positioning collective action against habitat destruction and acidification as essential to averting projected species declines.[3]Scientific Evaluation
Evidence on Extinction Rates
The IUCN Red List documents approximately 905 known species extinctions across all taxa since the 16th century, with the majority occurring in the 20th century due to improved documentation and human impacts such as habitat destruction and overhunting.[28] For vertebrates specifically, 543 species have been verified as extinct since 1900, representing a small fraction of the estimated 66,000 assessed vertebrate species.[29] These figures contrast sharply with projections from organizations like IPBES, which estimate around 1 million species threatened with extinction based on models incorporating habitat loss and population declines, though such forecasts often extrapolate from threatened status rather than confirmed losses.[30] Background extinction rates, derived from fossil records, are estimated at 0.1 to 1 species per million species per year, varying by taxon.[31] Observed modern rates for well-monitored groups like birds and mammals exceed this baseline by factors of 10 to 100, but comprehensive peer-reviewed analyses indicate these elevations are not uniform and have slowed in recent decades; for instance, extinction rates rose over the last five centuries but generally declined in the past 100 years across many plant and animal groups.[32] In marine systems, verified extinctions number only 20 to 24 species over the past 500 years, far below terrestrial rates, highlighting variability by ecosystem.[33] Critiques of alarmist claims emphasize that high extinction multipliers (e.g., 1,000–10,000 times background) rely on speculative assumptions about undescribed species, data-deficient taxa, and linear projections from threat assessments, which overestimate actual losses when compared to empirical records.[34] For example, while IUCN criteria classify species as threatened based on modeled extinction probabilities (e.g., >50% risk within 10 years or three generations for Critically Endangered), many such projections fail to account for conservation successes or rediscoveries, leading to inflated crisis narratives in non-peer-reviewed reports.[35] Verified data thus suggest elevated but manageable rates, with no evidence of a "sixth mass extinction" on the scale of geological events, where >75% of species were lost over millennia.[36]| Taxonomic Group | Verified Extinctions Since 1900 | Total Assessed Species (Approx.) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mammals | ~80 | 6,400 | Includes subspecies; many island endemics.[37] |
| Birds | ~150 | 11,000 | Higher documentation leads to more records.[38] |
| Amphibians | ~40 | 8,000 | Chytrid fungus a key driver in recent cases.[39] |
| Marine Species | ~20 | >230,000 | Low rates despite fishing pressures.[33] |
Critiques of Alarmist Projections
Critics of the projections featured in Racing Extinction, which include estimates of up to 50% of species loss by the end of the 21st century due to human impacts, argue that such figures rely on indirect modeling techniques that systematically inflate extinction risks.[42] One commonly critiqued method involves reversing species-area accumulation curves to predict habitat loss-driven extinctions, which a 2011 study in Nature found overestimates rates by as much as 160% because it assumes uniform species distributions and ignores ecological resilience and migration.[43] Similarly, Smithsonian researchers have highlighted flaws in these indirect approaches, noting they fail to account for documented survivals in fragmented habitats and thus produce unrealistically high forecasts.[44] Empirical data on actual extinctions contrasts sharply with these models. Since 1600, only around 800 species extinctions have been reliably documented across all taxa, despite an estimated 1.9 million described species and likely millions more undescribed, indicating realized rates far below projected catastrophe levels.[45] Analyses of IUCN Red List data show that documented extinctions peaked in the mid-20th century and have since slowed for many groups, particularly outside isolated islands, challenging claims of accelerating anthropogenic mass die-offs.[46] A 2025 review in Science News argues this pattern undermines assertions of an ongoing sixth mass extinction, as recent losses remain confined and do not approach the 75% genus-level thresholds of past events.[47] Statistician Bjørn Lomborg has specifically contested high-end biodiversity forecasts, estimating actual species loss at about 0.7% over the next 50 years based on historical trends and adjusted for undiscovered species, far short of the film's dire timelines.[48] He attributes overestimation to selective emphasis on worst-case scenarios from models like species-area extrapolations, which ignore evidence of habitat adaptation and conservation successes, such as population recoveries in protected areas.[49] These critiques emphasize that while habitat degradation poses risks, alarmist projections in works like Racing Extinction often prioritize unverified extrapolations over verifiable data, potentially diverting resources from targeted interventions.[50]Alternative Causal Factors
Ecological interactions, such as interspecies competition, predation, and disease outbreaks, represent longstanding natural drivers of species decline and extinction, predating human influence. For example, keystone predators can suppress populations of prey species, while emergent diseases—often arising from pathogen evolution or host shifts—can decimate isolated groups without external pressures. These dynamics contribute to the baseline "background" extinction rate, estimated at 0.1 to 1 extinction per million species-years based on fossil records and phylogenetic analyses. [51] Stochastic demographic and genetic factors further amplify vulnerability in small or fragmented populations, independent of habitat alteration by humans. Inbreeding depression and genetic drift can erode adaptability, leading to local extirpations that mimic broader extinction signals. Documented global extinctions since 1500 number approximately 900 species per IUCN assessments, aligning closely with expectations under natural background rates for Earth's ~2 million described species over five centuries, rather than indicating an anomalous surge.[41] [52] Critiques of alarmist projections highlight that many projected "extinctions" rely on extrapolative models from threatened vertebrates, undercounting resilient taxa like marine species or invertebrates, where empirical losses remain minimal.[34] Catastrophic natural hazards, including earthquakes, hurricanes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions, pose direct threats to species with restricted ranges, particularly on islands and in tropical regions. Analysis of 34,035 terrestrial vertebrates identifies 3,722 at elevated risk from such events, with hurricanes affecting 983 species and earthquakes 868; for instance, Hurricane Maria in 2017 extirpated an estimated 96% of the imperial amazon parrot population in Puerto Rico.[53] These geological and meteorological forces have driven past biodiversity shifts, such as during Quaternary climate oscillations, underscoring their role as recurrent, non-anthropogenic selectors in evolutionary history. Historical natural climate variability, including glacial-interglacial cycles and regional droughts, has periodically elevated extinction pressures through habitat reconfiguration and physiological stress, as evidenced in fossil records of megafaunal turnovers unrelated to human arrival. While contemporary models attribute rising risks to anthropogenic warming, paleontological data reveal that species assemblages have endured comparable fluctuations—such as temperature swings of 4–7°C over millennia—without triggering mass events comparable to the "Big Five."[34] This variability highlights inherent ecosystem dynamism, where adaptive radiations often follow selective bottlenecks, contrasting narratives of unidirectional human-driven collapse.[54]Reception and Controversies
Critical Reviews
Racing Extinction garnered generally positive critical reception, with an 82% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 17 reviews.[55] On Metacritic, it received a score of 81 out of 100 from five critics, indicating universal acclaim with three positive and two mixed assessments.[56] Critics frequently praised the film's striking visuals and undercover footage exposing illegal wildlife trade, such as shark finning and poaching operations in Asia.[57] [6] The New York Times commended the documentary's core aesthetic of juxtaposing destruction's ugliness against the victims' beauty, deeming the shocking scenes necessary to underscore species slaughter.[57] Similarly, the Village Voice highlighted the film's wrenching audio elements, like futile animal calls, as emotionally potent in conveying extinction's toll.[58] FlickFilosopher portrayed it as a horror narrative on humanity's environmental blundering, where threats like mass extinction surpass even global warming in scale but remain conquerable through action.[59] Some reviewers critiqued the film's activist slant and limited on-screen solutions. The Village Voice faulted it for dwelling on humanity's horrors with scant time for remedies, potentially leaving audiences despondent and directing them instead to an external website.[58] Seventh Row acknowledged the awe-inspiring high-tech visualizations but argued they were overpowered by overt activism, diluting the natural world's wonder.[6] Common Sense Media, however, appreciated the equilibrium between dire statistics on extinction rates and actionable steps like consumer boycotts.[60]Public and Activist Response
The documentary elicited enthusiastic support from environmental activists and organizations focused on wildlife conservation. In 2015, media mogul Ted Turner, through his Turner Endangered Species Fund, promoted the film by hosting an exclusive screening in Atlanta, Georgia, presented by the George Public Policy Forum, underscoring its role in highlighting biodiversity threats.[61] The Sierra Club's Snohomish Group featured it in their May 2017 newsletter, praising how filmmaker Louie Psihoyos, alongside activists and scientists, illuminated humanity's contribution to species loss.[62] Conservation awards bodies also recognized its efforts; the Orang Utan Republik Foundation granted Psihoyos a Pongo Award for the film's compelling visuals and exposure of extinction drivers.[63] Activist-led events amplified its message through panels and discussions. Environmental advocate and race car driver Leilani Münter, featured in the film, spoke at a 2015 screening hosted by Oceanic Global, leading post-film conversations on actionable steps against wildlife exploitation.[64] Musician Brian May participated in a 2015 London Zoo panel following a screening, aligning with the film's call to address illegal trade and habitat destruction.[65] Student activist groups, such as Speak Out for Species at the University of Georgia, organized movie nights in early 2017, characterizing the documentary as a thrilling exposé on human-animal intersections.[66] Public viewings and online discourse reflected a mix of alarm and inspiration, though some critiques emerged regarding depth. User reviews on IMDb, aggregating hundreds of responses since 2015, frequently lauded its informativeness on human-induced species declines, with many viewers reporting heightened awareness of trade practices.[67] However, conservation biologist Paul Jepson critiqued in a May 2016 blog post that while visually striking, the film risked leaving audiences with superficial urgency rather than guided paths to nuanced comprehension of ecological complexities.[68] Film analysts similarly observed that its activist fervor occasionally overshadowed evidentiary balance, as noted in a October 2015 Seventh Row review arguing the messaging prioritized advocacy over unadulterated natural wonder.[6] An academic analysis of public discourse via Twitter and media in a 2016 University of Illinois impact study found prevalent themes of shock at extinction rates but limited follow-through on proposed behavioral shifts.[69]Debates on Messaging and Bias
Critics of Racing Extinction have argued that its messaging relies heavily on graphic undercover footage and emotive narratives of animal suffering to drive home the anthropogenic extinction thesis, potentially prioritizing shock value over balanced analysis of conservation challenges.[7] This approach, while effective for audience engagement, has been described as creating a "visually engaging and emotive smorgasbord of environmental issues" that bundles disparate threats like wildlife trafficking and ocean acidification under a singular extinction alarm without exploring underlying causal interconnections in depth.[68] Conservation researcher Paul Jepson, in a 2016 review, contended that such tactics grab attention but fail to guide viewers toward "journeys of deeper understanding," risking superficial public perceptions that overlook socioeconomic drivers of exploitation, such as poverty in source countries.[68] A noted bias in the film's framing involves selective emphasis on supply-side practices like poaching in Asia and Africa, which visually and narratively divorces Western consumer demand—fueling markets for luxury goods and traditional medicines—from responsibility for species declines.[7] Scholar David Rooney's analysis in Humanities (2022) highlights how this portrayal fosters a "selective ignorance" to global trade dynamics, reproducing cultural stereotypes that scapegoat non-Western actors while muting critique of affluent nations' roles in habitat conversion and overconsumption.[7] The documentary acknowledges universal hypocrisy in a brief interview segment but does not substantively integrate demand-side reforms into its proposed solutions, leading some observers to question its causal realism in attributing extinction primarily to illicit trade rather than broader economic incentives.[7] Proponents of the film's strategy, including director Louie Psihoyos, defend the use of intermedial spectacle—such as high-definition projections of endangered species—as essential for piercing public indifference, arguing that empirical data alone underperforms in mobilizing action against verifiable threats like the illegal wildlife trade, estimated at $20 billion annually by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in 2013. However, this tension underscores broader debates in environmental communication: whether alarmist messaging, even if rooted in observed poaching incidents, amplifies unverified projections of mass extinction rates—such as claims of 200 species lost daily—potentially eroding trust when scrutinized against IUCN Red List data showing documented extinctions averaging fewer than 10 vertebrate species per year from 1993 to 2022.[41] The film's alignment with advocacy groups like the Oceanic Preservation Society has also invited scrutiny for institutional biases, as mainstream media outlets, which predominantly covered its 2015 release positively, often share environmentalist leanings that downplay counter-evidence on extinction trajectories, per analyses of coverage patterns in outlets like The New York Times and The Guardian.[70] In response, skeptics advocate for messaging grounded in verifiable metrics, such as habitat loss quantified via satellite monitoring (e.g., 78 million hectares of primary forest cleared globally from 2001–2022 per Global Forest Watch), to avoid conflating localized crises with unsubstantiated global catastrophe narratives.Impact and Legacy
Awareness and Activism Outcomes
The U.S. television premiere of Racing Extinction on Discovery Channel on December 2, 2015, attracted 11.5 million total viewers in Live+3 measurements, contributing to initial widespread exposure of the film's messages on species extinction and human-driven threats.[71] Accompanying promotional efforts, including high-profile projections of endangered species imagery onto landmarks such as the Empire State Building, the United Nations headquarters, and the Vatican, were livestreamed and aimed to amplify visibility, though claims of reaching "billions" originate from the producing organization and lack independent verification of actual audience scale.[72] Post-release analysis of media coverage and social media activity indicated a temporary uptick in public discourse on biodiversity conservation and related topics. An academic impact assessment found that news articles shifted from pre-release emphases on wildlife habitats to post-release focuses on climate factors and actionable conservation steps, with Twitter data showing 123 mentions of #racingextinction and 70 of #startwith1thing in November 2015, alongside clusters of posts linking emotional responses to calls for preventing extinction.[69] Facebook comments following the telecast similarly emphasized terms like "save" and "endangered species," reflecting heightened sentiment toward wildlife protection, though the study noted no direct metrics for sustained behavioral shifts.[69] Activism tied to the film centered on the Oceanic Preservation Society's multiplatform campaign, which garnered a Cynopsis Social Good Award in 2016 for its integration of the documentary with outreach on endangered species trafficking.[73] The #startwith1thing initiative encouraged individual actions against consumption-driven extinction, building a reported activist community of around 400,000 by 2019, per self-assessments from campaign organizers.[74] However, verifiable long-term outcomes, such as petition successes or measurable reductions in targeted illegal trades, remain undocumented in independent sources, with organizational reports emphasizing ongoing educational screenings (100 requests in 2022) and social media engagement (e.g., 4.2 million Instagram video views) rather than quantifiable policy or behavioral impacts.[72]Policy Influences and Economic Considerations
The documentary Racing Extinction was accompanied by a social action campaign financed by Paul Allen's Vulcan Productions, designed to mobilize public and policymaker support for measures addressing wildlife trafficking and carbon emissions reduction. This initiative sought to catalyze collective action toward stricter enforcement of existing international frameworks, such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), by exposing covert trade networks and consumer-driven demand. However, direct attribution of specific legislative outcomes, such as bans or regulatory tightenings, to the film remains undocumented in available records, with broader conservation policy advancements predating or independent of its 2015 release.[75][3] Director Louie Psihoyos described laws as the "last line of defense" for threatened species, underscoring the film's advocacy for enhanced legal protections amid escalating poaching and habitat loss. The production aligned with ongoing global efforts, including post-CITES listings like that of manta rays in 2013, which the film documented in communities transitioning from exploitation to ecotourism, though such shifts were already underway due to prior regulations. Critics note that while the film amplified calls for policy interventions, empirical evidence of causal influence on adoption or enforcement is limited, potentially overshadowed by entrenched economic interests in trade-dependent regions.[76][77] Economically, Racing Extinction portrayed extinction drivers as rooted in lucrative illicit markets, including the wildlife trade linked to organized crime syndicates profiting from demand for luxury items, traditional medicines, and seafood like shark fins. It highlighted short-term gains from activities such as overfishing and habitat conversion for agriculture, which generate immediate revenue but impose unaccounted externalities like lost ecosystem services—estimated by some analyses at trillions in global value annually from pollination, water purification, and fisheries support. The film advocated for policy tools like trade restrictions and incentives for sustainable alternatives to internalize these costs, though it has been critiqued for underemphasizing adaptive economic transitions in developing economies reliant on resource extraction. No quantified return on the campaign's investments in policy or market shifts has been publicly verified.[1][78]Long-Term Assessments
Since its 2015 release, Racing Extinction warned of an accelerating human-induced extinction crisis potentially leading to the loss of up to 50% of species by the century's end absent intervention. Empirical data from the IUCN Red List through 2025, however, show documented extinctions remaining sparse, with only a few dozen species newly declared extinct globally since 2015, such as the Christmas Island pipistrelle bat (2017) and the Yangtze giant softshell turtle's functional extinction in the wild (ongoing assessments).[41][79] This contrasts with the film's emphasis on imminent mass die-offs, as observed extinction rates—primarily among well-monitored birds and mammals—have not reached the thresholds defining past mass events, such as 75% loss of species or genera over geological timescales.[80][81] Recent peer-reviewed analyses (2024–2025) further challenge claims of an ongoing "sixth mass extinction," noting that while extinction risks are elevated for assessed species (over 47,000 threatened in 2025, representing under 5% of described species), quantitative evidence for unprecedented rates is lacking, with many projections relying on habitat loss models rather than verified losses.[82][47] These assessments highlight methodological issues, including overreliance on potentially biased threat extrapolations from academic sources prone to alarmism, and underscore that actual biodiversity declines are uneven, with hotspots like islands and freshwater systems hit hardest but global trends moderated by conservation.[83] For instance, IUCN criteria often classify species as threatened based on projected 50% decline probabilities over decades, yet real-world recoveries—such as in European butterflies despite a 76% rise in threatened statuses over the past decade—demonstrate variability not captured in the film's narrative.[84] Conservation efforts post-2015 have yielded measurable successes, countering the film's portrayal of inexorable decline. Examples include population rebounds in baleen whales through international quotas, the delisting of the American bald eagle from endangered status due to habitat protections, and rewilding initiatives restoring European bison and beavers to viable numbers after centuries of absence.[85][86] These outcomes, often tied to targeted policies like CITES enforcement against wildlife trade highlighted in the film, indicate that economic incentives, technological advances (e.g., sustainable aquaculture easing overfishing pressures), and protected area expansions have stabilized or reversed declines in select taxa.[87] Overall, while habitat pressures from agriculture and urbanization persist, the absence of predicted systemic collapse after a decade suggests the film's urgent messaging, though raising awareness, overstated causal inevitability in favor of empirical adaptability through human action.[88][89]References
- https://www.coastalwiki.org/wiki/Species_extinction