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Rain of animals
Rain of animals
Rain of animals
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Animal rain is a rare meteorological phenomenon in which flightless animals fall from the sky. Such occurrences have been reported in many countries throughout history, an example being the lluvia de peces, a phenomenon that has occurred many times in Honduras.[1] One hypothesis is that tornadic waterspouts sometimes pick up creatures such as fish or frogs and carry them for up to several miles.[1][2] However, this aspect of the phenomenon has never been witnessed by scientists.[3]

History

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Rain of flightless animals and things has been reported throughout history.[1] In the Bible, a rain of frogs is described as one of the ten plagues of Egypt. The Bible also mentions other similar events, such as quail falling from the sky to save the Hebrews from hunger in Exodus 16:13. In the fourth century BC, the Greek Athenaeus mentioned a rain of fish that lasted three days in the region of Chaeronea in the Peloponnese.[4] In the Middle Ages, the frequency of the phenomenon in certain regions led locals to imagine that fish were born in the skies before falling into the sea.[4]

Raining snakes, 1680

In 1625, a rain of frogs was reported to have hit Tournai, Belgium.[5] In 1794, French soldiers saw toads fall from the sky during heavy rain at Lalain, near the French city of Lille.[6] Rural inhabitants in Yoro, Honduras claim "fish rain" happens there every summer, a phenomenon they call the lluvia de peces, although the name may be indoctrination from a Spanish missionary as the fish have only been found near tributaries after storms.[7]

Explanations

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Tornadoes and waterspouts may lift up animals into the air and deposit them miles away.

French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836) was among the first scientists to take accounts of raining animals. Addressing the Society of Natural Science, Ampère suggested that at times frogs and toads roam the countryside in large numbers, and that violent winds could pick them up and carry them great distances.[3]

After a reported rain of fish in Singapore in 1861, French naturalist Francis de Laporte de Castelnau speculated that a migration of walking catfish had taken place, dragging themselves over land from one puddle to another, following the rain.[8]

The likeliest explanation for many of the supposed cases is that there is no falling happening at all and the animals are driven along by winds or a deluge of some sort.[9] This explanation accounts for the prevalence of reports that just a single species or type of animal raining from the sky. In several occurrences within two weeks of October, 1987, people in three towns of Gloucestershire, England named Stroud, Cirencester, and Cheltenham reported heavy rain fall that also brought down dozens of tiny pink frogs. Some suggested strong winds, waterspouts, or tornados carried the frogs' eggs flying north across Africa, until falling on England.[10]

A current scientific hypothesis involves tornadic waterspouts: a tornado that forms over the water.[1][11][12][3] Under this hypothesis, a tornadic waterspout transports animals to relatively high altitudes, carrying them over large distances. This hypothesis appears supported by the type of animals in these rains: small and light, usually aquatic,[13] and by the suggestion that the rain of animals is often preceded by a storm. However, the theory does not account for how all the animals involved in each individual incident would be from only one species, and not a group of similarly sized animals from a single area.[14] Further, the theory also does not account for a genuine tornadic waterspout not actually sucking objects up and carrying them rather than flinging objects out to the sides.[15]

Doppler Image from Texas showing the collision of a thunderstorm with a group of bats in flight. The color red indicates the animals flying into the storm.

In the case of birds, storms may overcome a flock in flight, especially in times of migration. The Doppler image to the right shows an example wherein a group of bats is overtaken by a thunderstorm.[16] In the image, the bats are in the red zone, which corresponds to winds moving away from the radar station, and enter into a mesocyclone associated with a tornado (in green). These events may occur easily with birds, which can get killed in flight, or stunned and then fall (unlike flightless creatures, which first have to be lifted into the air by an outside force). Sometimes this happens in large groups, for instance, the blackbirds falling from the sky in Beebe, Arkansas, United States, on December 31, 2010.[17] It is common for birds to become disoriented (for example, because of bad weather or fireworks) and collide with objects such as trees or buildings, killing them or stunning them into falling to their death. The number of blackbirds killed in Beebe is not spectacular considering the size of their congregations, which can be in the millions.[18] The event in Beebe, however, captured the imagination and led to more reports in the media of birds falling from the sky across the globe, such as in Sweden and Italy,[19] though many scientists claim such mass deaths are common occurrences but usually go unnoticed.[20] In contrast, it is harder to find a plausible explanation for rains of terrestrial animals.

Some cases are thought to be caused by birds dropping fish. With regard to a documented rain of fish that occurred on December 29, 2021 in Texarkana, Texas. Several residents of a landlocked city, in east Texas have reported a rare sight seeing fish all over the ground after they apparently fell from the sky during a rainstorm. Independent researchers, Sharon A. Hill and Paul Cropper, proposed that the fish had been dropped or possibly regurgitated by passing birds.[21] The theory found some favor with airport workers who had cleaned up the fish; they noted that there were birds in the area around the same time, and the fish "were kind of chewed up". In June 2022 around the San Francisco coast, a boom of anchovies is likely to be the cause of fair weather falling of fish from birds' mouths, such as pelicans.[22]

Occurrences

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The following list is a selection of examples.

Fish

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1555 engraving of rain of fish

Spiders

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Frogs and toads

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Others

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See also

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References

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Further reading

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[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Rain of animals

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from Grokipedia
The rain of animals, also known as animal rain or raining animals, is a rare meteorological phenomenon in which flightless creatures such as , frogs, toads, worms, and occasionally spiders fall from the sky alongside , often over land areas far from their origin. This event is not a form of true but results from atmospheric disturbances that transport the animals aloft before depositing them during storms. Reports typically involve small, lightweight species that can survive brief aerial journeys, with falls covering areas from a few square meters to several square miles. The primary scientific explanation involves waterspouts or tornadoes forming over bodies of water or damp terrain, where rotating columns of air with speeds up to 100 miles per hour create updrafts capable of lifting schools of , amphibians, or into storm clouds. These vortexes, often tornadic in nature, suck up water and entrained animals, carrying them for distances of several miles before the winds weaken and the creatures are released in a downpour, sometimes encased in ice or . While most events align with this mechanism, some cases may involve alternative causes, such as birds regurgitating prey during storms. For spiders, a distinct process called ballooning occurs, in which spiderlings release threads to catch rising air currents, allowing them to drift en masse and appear to "rain" when winds subside. While direct observations of the lifting phase are rare, the consensus among meteorologists attributes these events to such wind phenomena rather than causes, though some historical accounts remain unverified due to limited documentation. Documented instances of animal rain span centuries, with the earliest reliable record appearing in Pliny the Elder's from 77 AD, describing falls of frogs and in ancient civilizations. A notable 16th-century from 1557 illustrates a rain in , while in 1873, a dense shower of s darkened the skies over , as reported in . More recent examples include thousands of s falling in Odzaci, , on June 7, 2005, during a , and hundreds of spangled raining down in Lajamanu, , in February 2010 and again in 2023, both linked to local waterspouts. Fish rains have been particularly frequent in regions like Honduras' Yoro Department, where annual events since the 19th century have cultural significance, and small fell over a wide area in , in December 2021. These occurrences, estimated at about 40 per year globally, underscore the phenomenon's persistence despite its rarity.

Phenomenon Overview

Definition and Characteristics

The rain of animals, also known as animal rain, is a rare meteorological phenomenon characterized by the anomalous precipitation of animals from the sky, typically involving small creatures such as fish, frogs, or insects that are carried by atmospheric forces and deposited over land areas. These events feature biological material falling alongside or within rainfall, distinguishing them from typical precipitation. Observable traits include a sudden onset, often during stormy conditions, with the animals descending over localized regions spanning just a few square kilometers. The affected animals are frequently found alive upon landing, with little to no injury, suggesting brief periods of aerial suspension rather than prolonged exposure. This contrasts sharply with non-biological events like or falls, which involve or inanimate objects and lack the organic, living component central to animal rain. Such occurrences are infrequent yet documented worldwide, with an estimated 40 reports per year globally, showing no consistent seasonal pattern and commonly associated with proximity to aquatic environments or habitats of the involved .

Types of Animals Reported

Rains of animals primarily involve small, lightweight species that can be lifted by strong atmospheric currents, with reports categorizing them into aquatic organisms, amphibians, terrestrial , and occasionally other vertebrates. Aquatic animals, particularly such as sardines and , are among the most frequently documented, often originating from shallow waters where they aggregate in schools, facilitating their collective uplift. Frogs and toads, as amphibians, represent another common category, their small size (typically under 10 cm) and moist skin enabling brief tolerance to aerial transport without immediate , though survival depends on rapid return to moist environments. Terrestrial invertebrates, including spiders and insects, form a significant secondary group due to specific behavioral adaptations. Spiders, especially juveniles, employ ballooning, releasing threads to catch winds and disperse over distances, which can lead to mass descents resembling ; insects and worms are also reported, their low body mass (often under 1 gram) allowing easy suspension in updrafts. These traits—lightweight exoskeletons and swarming tendencies—make arthropods susceptible during windy conditions near their habitats. Rare reports of other vertebrates include snakes, but these are exceptional and often unverified, limited by larger body sizes that reduce lift probability. Fish and amphibians dominate prevalence, comprising the majority of verified accounts due to their proximity to water bodies where aggregation occurs seasonally. Arthropods follow, with spider ballooning events noted in arid or open terrains. Globally, such reports cluster in coastal or riverine regions, where waterspouts and storms are more likely to interact with animal populations, though occurrences span continents from to .

Historical Accounts

Ancient and Pre-Modern Records

During the medieval and periods in , chronicles frequently recorded animal rains as portents or omens, often linked to religious or political turmoil. For instance, a rain in 1355 was chronicled by Conrad Lycosthenes in his 1557 Prodigiorum ac ostentorum chronicon, which compiled historical prodigies with illustrations depicting falling from the amid stormy weather; this was interpreted in contemporary texts as a sign of divine displeasure. Such European records, spanning from the 14th to 17th centuries, typically appeared in Latin chronicles and almanacs, emphasizing moral or apocalyptic interpretations over empirical detail. Pre-modern accounts were predominantly anecdotal, relying on oral traditions transmitted through monastic scribes or court historians, with evidence limited to textual descriptions and simple illustrations in manuscripts. The absence of systematic verification often resulted in exaggerated reports, such as claims of animals surviving unharmed or appearing in impossible quantities, blending observation with . These challenges highlight how cultural lenses shaped early understandings, contrasting sharply with later scientific scrutiny.

19th to 21st Century Observations

The advent of widespread newspapers in the led to a surge in reported animal rain events, as local publications documented unusual occurrences that might have previously gone unrecorded. For instance, in 1873, a heavy storm in , resulted in a fall of frogs, which attributed to a or land-based lifting the amphibians from nearby ponds. Similarly, fish rains were noted in several locations; in 1829, sunfish measuring 4 to 7 inches fell in , after a downpour, with specimens found in a ditch about a mile from the nearest river. By the late 1800s, such reports became more frequent across and , reflecting improved communication networks that amplified awareness of these meteorological anomalies. In the 20th century, documentation evolved with the introduction of photography and scientific investigations, capturing events in greater detail across the United States, Europe, and beyond. A notable case occurred on October 23, 1947, in Marksville, Louisiana, where hundreds of fish—including largemouth bass, sunfish, and minnows up to 9 inches long—fell over an area spanning 1,000 by 80 feet during calm, foggy conditions, as verified by a biologist from the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. In Europe, a 1928 thunderstorm near Comber, Ireland, deposited tiny red stickleback fish on Drumhirk farm, about two miles from the nearest water body. These incidents, often linked to violent storms, were increasingly scrutinized by meteorologists, with photographs providing visual evidence that bolstered credibility. Reports also emerged from other regions, such as a 1924 fish fall in Longreach, Queensland, Australia, where small fish appeared after a storm despite the nearest habitat being hundreds of miles away. The has seen enhanced verification through digital tools, including video footage, smartphone apps, and , enabling rapid global sharing and contributions to catalog these events. In 2005, thousands of small frogs rained down on Odzaci, a town in northwestern , blanketing streets after a storm; local climatologists described it as a rare but explainable driven by a localized . A similar fish rain struck Lajamanu, a remote community in Australia's , in 2010, with live falling during thunderstorms, as reported by residents and confirmed by weather experts attributing it to waterspouts. More recent cases, such as the 2023 recurrence in Lajamanu where again fell amid heavy , have been documented with photos and videos shared online, highlighting the role of in real-time reporting. Overall, verified animal rain incidents have risen notably since 1800, with dozens cataloged worldwide, particularly from developing regions like Australia and parts of and , due to expanded media access and scientific monitoring.

Scientific Explanations

Meteorological Mechanisms

The primary meteorological mechanism behind the rain of animals involves or tornadoes forming over bodies of water, where strong updrafts within a rotating small creatures from the surface. Most animal rain events are associated with weaker fair-weather , which form without severe thunderstorms, unlike stronger tornadic variants. A mature features a low-pressure central surrounded by a funnel-shaped column of rotating air, with typical diameters ranging from 10 to 50 meters and wind speeds reaching up to 100 km/h in weaker variants capable of entrainment. These structures develop under , where converging surface winds and rising warm air create the necessary rotation. The process begins with the formation of , which extends from the down to the water surface, generating intense suction that draws in nearby objects, including small aquatic or semi-aquatic animals, into the column at altitudes typically between 100 and 1,000 meters. Once entrained, the animals are transported horizontally and vertically within the vortex for durations ranging from minutes to hours, depending on the system's stability and movement speed of 10 to 15 km/h. Release occurs as the dissipates, often upon encountering land or losing rotational energy, causing the carried material to fall over a localized area. Such events are facilitated by supporting atmospheric conditions, including severe thunderstorms with high that promote strong , and proximity to water bodies where animals congregate near the surface. Rare land-based occurrences can involve dust devils, smaller convective vortices driven by intense surface heating, which may lift terrestrial or small vertebrates under similar low-pressure dynamics. The uplift is driven by strong convective updrafts within the low-pressure vortex, which draws in and lifts nearby objects through suction and vertical air motion. Entrainment typically requires velocities exceeding 50 km/h for small, lightweight animals, as weaker winds suffice to overcome gravitational settling for objects under a few kilograms. This mechanism primarily affects small, flightless species susceptible to such aerodynamic forces.

Biological and Ecological Factors

Certain animals exhibit behavioral patterns that lead to high-density aggregations in habitats vulnerable to atmospheric entrainment, thereby elevating the likelihood of collective uplift during storms. For instance, amphibians such as frogs often congregate in dense breeding assemblages around temporary ponds or wetlands immediately following rainfall, where males call and females deposit eggs in shallow waters. Similarly, form tight schools in shallow coastal or inland waters, particularly during spawning periods, creating concentrations that can be readily swept up from the surface. These aggregations, driven by reproductive imperatives, position the animals near the air-water interface, facilitating their incorporation into upward air currents from proximate bodies of water. Physiological adaptations in susceptible species further enable tolerance to the stresses of aerial displacement. Amphibians possess notably low metabolic rates and , allowing them to endure periods of and hypoxia during short-term air exposure; anurans, for example, can withstand evaporative water loss up to 45% of body mass without immediate lethality, aided by protective mucus layers that reduce . In arthropods, physiological adaptations enhance resilience to brief environmental stressors, including fluctuations and oxygen deprivation encountered aloft. Spiders, in particular, employ ballooning, releasing threads to exploit electrostatic fields and winds for dispersal, a that inherently equips them for sustained aerial suspension without significant physiological harm. Ecological cycles synchronize animal activity with peak periods, amplifying exposure risks. Many species initiate breeding choruses and migrations in response to seasonal rainfall cues, aligning reproductive peaks with or convective seasons that favor uplift events. Arthropod dispersal, such as ballooning or swarms, often occurs during warm, humid conditions preceding thunderstorms, when wind gradients are conducive to . schooling behaviors intensify during migratory or feeding phases in storm-prone shallow zones, further tying ecological rhythms to meteorological opportunities for entrainment. Post-event survival among rained animals is generally high for short-duration transports, with many individuals remaining viable due to rapid deposition and inherent protections like shells in mollusks or mucus in amphibians, though exact rates vary by species and distance traveled. Events typically last under an hour, minimizing cumulative stress and allowing recovery upon landing in moist environments.

Notable Occurrences

Fish Falls

Fish falls, a subset of animal rain phenomena, involve the precipitation of small fish onto land, typically originating from nearby bodies of water such as lakes or rivers. Common species reported include small freshwater varieties like sunfish ( spp.), minnows, , and sticklebacks, generally measuring 5-20 cm in length, though marine species such as young have also been documented in some cases. These fish lack any specialized physiological features for flight or prolonged aerial exposure, underscoring their passive transport via atmospheric disturbances. Such events exhibit notable patterns, occurring predominantly during intense thunderstorms or activity in subtropical and temperate regions, where are deposited across streets, fields, and rooftops over areas spanning several kilometers. In the , for instance, dozens of small fell during a heavy downpour in province on September 14, 2018, bewildering residents who collected them from the ground. Similarly, the annual "Lluvia de Peces" in , , sees small silvery freshwater raining down between May and July, a phenomenon reported consistently since at least the and linked to regional storm patterns. These occurrences are more frequent in areas with inland water sources vulnerable to turbulent updrafts, such as parts of and . The ecological impacts of fish falls are generally minimal, with little long-term disruption to local environments as the fish often survive initial deposition in moist areas and reintegrate into nearby water systems. Human impacts include rare instances of minor injuries, such as fish striking during descent, as reported in a 1947 event in , where merchants were hit by falling specimens. Economically, these events can provide benefits in resource-scarce communities; in , , collected fish serve as a free protein source, and recent initiatives have branded them as "Heaven Fish" to generate income through sustainable sales, supporting local livelihoods without . Verification of fish falls relies on post-event examinations by ichthyologists and local authorities, who identify the species as originating from proximate aquatic habitats and confirm the absence of any aerial adaptations through physical inspections. For example, in the 1947 Marksville incident, biologist A. D. Bajkov dissected and cataloged the fish—including largemouth bass, warmouth, and hickory shad—as typical regional freshwater varieties, ruling out alternative explanations like deliberate release. Such analyses, combined with eyewitness accounts and meteorological data on preceding storms, affirm the passive meteorological transport mechanism.

Arthropod Descents

descents primarily involve spiders and that engage in aerial dispersal behaviors, leading to mass arrivals on the ground that resemble rainfall. Spider ballooning, where individuals release threads to catch wind currents and lift off, is a key mechanism for spiders, enabling long-distance travel without wings. This behavior is common among juvenile spiders seeking new habitats. In contrast, insect hatches, such as those of locusts or flying ants during nuptial flights, involve synchronized emergences where swarms are carried by winds, sometimes depositing large numbers over wide areas. For example, swarms form after periods of favorable conditions, with billions of individuals migrating and potentially falling en masse during storms. Notable incidents highlight the scale of these events. In 2013, in Santo Antônio da Platina, Brazil, thousands of social spiders (Parawixia bistriata) were observed descending from the sky, covering trees and structures in a phenomenon linked to collective ballooning for dispersal. Similarly, on April 6, 2007, in Salta Province, Argentina, a rain of spiders fell from the sky, captured in photographs showing webs and spiders blanketing fields over several hectares. These events, while startling, are natural outcomes of swarm dynamics rather than anomalous weather alone. Such descents often occur in arid or grassy regions following droughts, when populations boom after rare rains and seek to redistribute. Arthropods' exoskeletons provide resilience, allowing many to survive the fall and impacts from wind or . These patterns are frequently associated with passing storms that aid in carrying swarms. Ecologically, arthropod descents facilitate temporary population shifts, helping control local pest populations through predation (as with spiders) or, conversely, causing crop damage via herbivorous insects like locusts.

Amphibian Showers

Amphibian showers, commonly involving frogs and toads, occur when strong winds or waterspouts lift these animals from bodies of water and deposit them elsewhere during events. Typical include common frogs of the Rana (such as Rana temporaria in or Rana pipiens in ) and various toads like those in the Bufo, often juveniles recently emerged from breeding sites. These young amphibians congregate in large numbers around temporary ponds formed after seasonal rains, making them vulnerable to atmospheric uplift during storms. One well-documented case is the 1873 frog rain in Kansas City, Missouri, where a severe thunderstorm on July 12 resulted in a dense fall of small s that covered the ground over a wide area, as reported by eyewitnesses. Similarly, in June 2005, thousands of tiny s fell on the town of Odzaci in northwestern during a , with the amphibians, unlike local species, surviving the descent and actively hopping about afterward in search of moisture. These events highlight how breeding aggregations near wetlands can lead to such occurrences when meteorological forces intervene. Such showers are predominantly associated with spring and summer storms in temperate regions, when amphibian breeding peaks due to increased rainfall filling ephemeral ponds and prompting mass egg-laying and . The unexpected deposition often affects urban or developed areas far from the origin, surprising residents with sudden influxes of live animals. Following these events, the amphibians typically exhibit high survival rates thanks to their moist, resilient skin and small size, which cushion impacts from low altitudes. Many integrate into nearby ecosystems, dispersing to suitable habitats, while the incidents frequently garner media attention, inspiring cultural references in and film.

Unusual Cases

In 1961, thousands of sooty shearwaters (Ardenna grisea) plummeted from the sky onto homes and streets in , during a mass disorientation event linked to poisoning from toxic algal blooms, which impaired the birds' navigation and caused them to crash into structures. This incident, documented through eyewitness accounts and local news reports, marked a rare avian fallout unrelated to typical meteorological uplift, instead involving neurotoxic effects that led to erratic flight and high mortality rates among the affected seabirds. A notable mammalian example occurred during a 2014 heatwave in southeastern , , where up to 100,000 grey-headed flying foxes (Pteropus poliocephalus) died from and fell from roost trees, creating scenes of carcasses littering the ground in towns like Dayboro and . Temperatures exceeding 42°C (108°F) overwhelmed the bats' , with lower survival observed due to their larger body size compared to smaller species commonly involved in aerial displacements; wildlife rescuers reported recovering only a fraction alive for rehabilitation. Worms have also featured in atypical descents, such as the 2007 event in , where clumps of earthworms fell from a clear sky onto streets and sidewalks over several blocks, witnessed by local residents and police. Attributed to a nearby that likely vacuumed soil from a riverbed and redeposited them at high altitude without accompanying rain, this case highlighted hybrid mechanisms beyond standard low-level transport, with many worms surviving the fall and observed crawling on the ground. These outliers, often captured in viral footage or regional scientific observations, underscore deviations from conventional animal rains, such as involvement of flying or burrowing species under extreme thermal or toxic stressors, and suggest integrated processes like combined uplift and physiological failure that reduce viability for larger or more fragile organisms.

References

  1. https://www.loc.gov/everyday-mysteries/meteorology-climatology/item/can-it-rain-frogs-fish-and-other-objects/
  2. https://wtamu.edu/~cbaird/sq/2013/04/30/can-it-rain-fish/
  3. https://www.livescience.com/44760-raining-frogs.html
  4. https://www.almanac.com/can-it-rain-frogs-and-spiders
  5. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/12/31/fish-falling-from-sky-texarkana/9062273002/
  6. https://www.reconnectwithnature.org/news-events/the-buzz/nature-curiosity-can-it-really-rain-cats-and-dogs/
  7. https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/raining_animals.htm
  8. https://gizmodo.com/when-it-rains-animals-the-science-of-true-weather-weir-5895116
  9. https://archive.org/details/BIUSante_01429
  10. https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/Fishery%20Leaflets/leaflet513.pdf
  11. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/strange-rain-why-fish-frogs-and-golf-balls-fall-skies-180956527/
  12. https://www.upi.com/Odd_News/2010/03/01/Fish-rain-on-Australian-town/83001267492501/
  13. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-21/outback-community-fish-rain-sky-weather-event/102002588
  14. https://www.weather.gov/key/waterspouts
  15. https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/waterspout/
  16. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/waterspout.html
  17. https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/atsc/58/8/1520-0469_2001_058_0927_astfw_2.0.co_2.xml
  18. https://www.weather.gov/apx/waterspout
  19. https://www.weather.gov/mfl/waterspouts
  20. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8956532/
  21. https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/marine-life/aquatic-food-webs
  22. https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpregu.00160.2018
  23. https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/213/6/980/10180/Insect-overwintering-in-a-changing-climate
  24. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982218306936
  25. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10682-013-9637-z
  26. https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/221/19/jeb170209/33777/Ballooning-spiders-hitch-a-ride-on-electric-fields
  27. https://elifesciences.org/articles/90352
  28. https://science.howstuffworks.com/nature/climate-weather/storms/rain-frog.htm
  29. https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/philippines/fish-rain-bewilders-residents-in-philippines-1.965683
  30. https://www.livescience.com/37820-lluvia-de-peces-fish-rain.html
  31. https://www.fastcompany.com/90895929/honduras-town-rains-fish-heaven-fish-brand-income-locals
  32. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6001951/
  33. https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/when-why-winged-ants-swarm-nuptial-flight.html
  34. https://www.fao.org/locust-watch/activities/climate-change/climate-change-and-desert-locust/en
  35. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/its-raining-spiders-in-brazil-19885877/
  36. https://www.oddee.com/item_97047.aspx
  37. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/facts/locusts
  38. https://www.news24.com/scitech/news/its-raining-frogs-in-serbia-20050607
  39. https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/story-behind-hitchcocks-crazed-birds
  40. https://www.kplctv.com/story/6797945/raining-worms-in-jennings/
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