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Randy Schekman
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Randy Schekman
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Randy Wayne Schekman (born December 30, 1948) is an American cell biologist at the University of California, Berkeley,[6] former editor-in-chief of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and former editor of Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology.[4][7][8][9] In 2011, he was announced as the editor of eLife, a new high-profile open-access journal published by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Max Planck Society and the Wellcome Trust, launching in 2012.[10] He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1992.[11] Schekman shared the 2013 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with James Rothman and Thomas C. Südhof for their ground-breaking work on cell membrane vesicle trafficking.[12][13]

Key Information

Early life and education

[edit]

Schekman was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota, to Alfred Schekman, an electrical engineer and computer software designer and Esther (Bader) Schekman.[14] His family were Jewish emigrants from Russia and Bessarabia.[15] In the late 1950s his family moved to the new suburban community of Rossmoor, located in Orange County next to Long Beach.

He graduated from Western High School in Anaheim, California, in 1966.[16] He received a BA in molecular biology from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), in 1971. He spent his third year at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, as an exchange student.[4][17] He received a PhD in 1975 from Stanford University for research on DNA replication, working with Arthur Kornberg.[18] After joining the faculty at University of California Berkeley, he was promoted to associate professor in 1981, and professor in 1984.[citation needed]

Research and career

[edit]

Since 1991, Schekman has been a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator,[19] Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, at the University of California, Berkeley. The Schekman Lab at that university carries out research into molecular descriptions of the process of membrane assembly and vesicular traffic[20] in eukaryotic cells[21][22] including yeast.[23] Before that, he was a faculty member with the now disbanded Department of Biochemistry at the same university.

Awards and honors

[edit]

In 1987 Schekman received the Eli Lilly Award in Microbiology. In 1992, he was elected a Member of the National Academy of Sciences.[24] In 2002, Schekman received the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research[25] and Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize of Columbia University, along with James Rothman, for their discovery of cellular membrane trafficking, a process that cells use to organize their activities and communicate with their environment.[26] In 2008, he was named the first Miller Senior Fellow of the Miller Institute at the University of California Berkeley. That same year, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.[27] He was awarded the Massry Prize by the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, in 2010. Schekman serves as a member of the Selection Committee and then as chair of Life Science and Medicine which chooses winners of the Shaw Prize.

Schekman was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 2013. His nomination reads:

Using a brilliantly conceived genetic screen, Schekman isolated sec mutants that accumulate secretory pathway intermediates, he cloned the corresponding genes and he established biochemical reactions that faithfully reproduced specific secretory pathway events. These studies transformed the secretion field, previously descriptive and morphological, into a molecular and mechanistic one. The cell-free reactions that Schekman established led to his isolation of the Sec61 translocation complex, the (COPII) vesicle coat complex, and the first purified inter-organelle transport vesicles. The Sec proteins are strikingly conserved and the trafficking mechanisms that Schekman discovered are at the heart of neurotransmission, hormone secretion, cholesterol homeostasis and metabolic regulation.[1]

Schekman, Thomas C. Südhof, and James Rothman were awarded the 2013 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells".[12] Schekman donated his share of the prize money, $400,000, to create an endowment for the Esther and Wendy Schekman Chair in Basic Cancer Biology at UC Berkeley. Schekman's mother and sister, for whom the post is named, both died of cancer.[28]

In 2017, Schekman received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.[29]

In 2021, Schekman was elected honorary member of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, with which he has been collaborating since 2019.[30]

In 2023, he was awarded the title of Doctor Honoris Causa at Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy of the Republic of Moldova.[31][32]

Open-access science

[edit]

In December 2013, Schekman called for academic journal publishing reform and open access science publication by announcing that his lab at the University of California, Berkeley would no longer submit to the prestigious closed-access journals Nature, Cell, and Science, citing their self-serving and deleterious effects on science.[33] He has criticized these journals for artificially restricting the number of publications accepted to drive up demand.[33] In addition, Schekman says the journals accept papers that will be cited often, increasing the prestige of the journal, rather than those which demonstrate important results.[33] He has said the prestige and difficulty of publishing in these journals sometimes cause scientists to cut corners or pursue trends, rather than conduct research on important questions. Schekman is the former editor of eLife, an open access journal and competitor to Nature, Cell, and Science.[33] Papers are accepted into eLife based on review by working scientists.[33] Access to accepted papers is free.[33]

Parkinson's disease

[edit]

In the fall of 2017, Schekman's wife, Nancy Walls, died after a 20-year struggle with Parkinson's disease. Near the end of this period, Schekman was enlisted to serve as the scientific director of a new effort called ASAP,[34] aimed at organizing an international program of collaborative research on the origins and mechanisms of progression of Parkinson's disease. In cooperation with The Michael J. Fox Foundation and major philanthropic support, ASAP had grown by 2022 to involve 35 teams across 165 laboratories around the world. The goal of ASAP is bridge the talents of hundreds of scientists to develop novel insights leading to more effective treatments of this disease.

See also

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References

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[edit]
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Randy Schekman

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Randy Wayne Schekman (born December 30, 1948) is an American and cell renowned for his pioneering discoveries of the genetic basis of vesicle trafficking, the cellular machinery that regulates the transport and fusion of membrane-enclosed compartments within eukaryotic cells. For this work, which elucidated how cells manage the secretory pathway using mutants to identify over 100 genes involved in vesicle formation, , and fusion, Schekman shared the 2013 in Physiology or Medicine with James E. Rothman and Thomas C. Südhof. Born in St. Paul, Minnesota, Schekman grew up in after his family relocated there during his early childhood; he attended Western High School in Anaheim and developed an interest in influenced by popular science books on and . He earned a B.A. in from the (UCLA) in 1971, where he initially pursued studies before shifting to research-oriented , and completed a Ph.D. in biochemistry at in 1975 under the supervision of , focusing on replication. Schekman joined the faculty at the University of California, Berkeley in 1976 as an assistant professor in the Department of Biochemistry, advancing to associate professor in 1982 and full professor in 1984, where he continues to serve in the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology. In 1991, he became an investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, supporting his long-term research on protein secretion and organelle biogenesis in yeast models, which has foundational implications for understanding diseases involving disrupted cellular transport, such as cystic fibrosis and certain neurodegenerative disorders. Since 2019, he has served as the scientific director of Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP), an initiative to accelerate collaborative research on Parkinson's disease. Beyond his laboratory contributions, Schekman has significantly influenced scientific publishing and policy; he served as president of the American Society for in 1999, editor-in-chief of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences from 2006 to 2011, and founding editor-in-chief of the open-access journal from 2012 until stepping down in 2019. A prominent advocate for open-access publishing, Schekman has criticized the "" system and high-profile journals like , Cell, and for distorting research priorities, pledging in 2013 to them in favor of equitable dissemination of scientific work.

Early life and education

Early life

Randy Schekman was born on December 30, 1948, in St. Paul, Minnesota, to a Jewish family. His father, Alfred Schekman, was a mechanical engineer who worked at after attending the on the , while his mother, Esther Bader Schekman, was a homemaker who had worked part-time in a and lacked a college education. Schekman's paternal grandparents, Norman and Rose Schekman, were immigrants; his grandfather was a traveling salesman. His maternal grandparents, Raymond and Ida Bader, had immigrated from (now part of and ) in 1927, with his grandfather working as a tailor. The family initially lived in a small apartment in St. Paul before moving to another on the north side of , where Schekman grew up alongside his younger sister Wendy (born 1950, died 1968 of ) and later siblings including brothers Murry and Cary, and sister Tracey (born 1966). In the mid-1950s, they relocated to a three-bedroom home on Upton Avenue in . In 1959, the family moved to due to his father's engineering job, initially settling in Pacoima before relocating to the suburban community of Rossmoor in Orange County, part of the area. Schekman's early fascination with began in when he received a toy and began observing pond scum, sparking a casual interest in alongside astronomy. This curiosity deepened during his time at Western High School in Anaheim, where teacher Jack Hoskins mentored him starting from an eighth-grade . Through classes and s, Schekman developed a keen interest in , conducting experiments such as studying the effects of on guinea pig red blood cells, which earned him placements in statewide competitions.

Education

Schekman began his undergraduate studies at the (UCLA) in 1966, initially pursuing pre-med before shifting focus to . During his junior year, he studied abroad at the from 1967 to 1968, continuing his research on M13 phage. He earned a B.A. in , cum laude, from UCLA's College of Letters and Science in 1971, with an independent concentration in the field. In 1970, Schekman entered the graduate program in the Department of Biochemistry at , where he worked under the mentorship of , a Nobel laureate for his discovery of . Kornberg's expertise in profoundly influenced Schekman's early research, directing his Ph.D. thesis toward the replication of the , a DNA virus that infects . Schekman completed his Ph.D. in biochemistry in 1975. Following his doctoral work, Schekman undertook a postdoctoral fellowship in at the (UCSD) from 1974 to 1976, under S.J. Singer. This period marked a pivotal shift in his research interests from prokaryotic systems to eukaryotic , particularly the study of cellular membranes.

Scientific career and research

Academic positions and career milestones

Schekman joined the faculty of the , as an assistant professor in the Department of Biochemistry in 1976. He progressed through the ranks, becoming an in 1981 and a full in 1984. By 1989, he transitioned to the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, where he has remained as a , focusing on cellular biology. In 1991, Schekman was appointed as an investigator at the , a position he continues to hold alongside his academic role at Berkeley. This affiliation supported his long-term and elevated his institutional influence in . Schekman took on prominent editorial responsibilities, serving as of Proceedings of the (PNAS) from 2006 to 2011. He then became the founding of , an open-access journal, from 2012 to 2019. These roles underscored his commitment to advancing scientific publishing and processes. A pinnacle of his career came in 2013 with the in or , shared for discoveries in vesicle trafficking. Recent honors include election as an honorary member of the Academy of Sciences of in 2021. In 2023, he received the Doctor Honoris Causa title from Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy in . Schekman participated in the 2025 Oregon Nobel Laureate Symposium at , delivering a on his scientific journey.

Vesicle trafficking research

In the late 1970s, Randy Schekman pioneered the use of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism to dissect the mechanisms of eukaryotic protein secretion, leveraging its genetic tractability and conserved cellular processes akin to those in higher eukaryotes. This approach allowed for the identification of key components of the secretory pathway, where proteins are packaged into vesicles at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), transported through the Golgi apparatus, and delivered to the plasma membrane or extracellular space. A landmark advance came in 1979 when Schekman, collaborating with graduate student Peter Novick, isolated the first temperature-sensitive secretory (sec) mutant, sec1-1, by screening for defects in the secretion of cell wall enzymes like and at restrictive temperatures. Building on this, they employed density-based enrichment to isolate over 200 additional mutants, defining 23 complementation groups corresponding to genes essential for vesicle budding from the ER, transport between organelles, and fusion with target membranes.90128-2) These sec mutants revealed distinct blocks in the pathway: early-acting genes like SEC13 and SEC16 govern vesicle formation, while later ones such as SEC4 regulate post-Golgi transport, demonstrating that secretion relies on a series of discrete, genetically controlled steps involving vesicular carriers. Electron microscopy of the mutants showed characteristic accumulations of vesicles or swollen organelles, confirming the vesicular nature of transport in . Schekman's work elucidated critical machinery for vesicle trafficking, including the discovery of coat protein complex II (COPII) for anterograde transport from the ER, encoded by genes like SEC13 and SEC23, which form cage-like coats to select cargo and drive budding. In collaboration with , he identified that SEC17 and SEC18 encode proteins functionally equivalent to soluble NSF attachment protein (SNAP) and N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF), respectively, which are ATPases required for vesicle fusion; this contributed to the SNARE hypothesis, where v-SNAREs on vesicles pair with t-SNAREs on target membranes to ensure specific docking and fusion. Schekman's research also intersected with Thomas Südhof's studies on fusion, highlighting conserved SNARE mechanisms in release. These discoveries earned Schekman, Rothman, and Südhof the 2013 in or for elucidating the machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a fundamental cellular transport system. The findings have broad implications in , revealing how defects in vesicle trafficking contribute to protein secretion disorders, including neurological conditions like (from toxin-disrupted SNAREs), certain forms of due to impaired insulin granule , and immunological diseases involving faulty immune cell secretion.

Awards and honors

Randy Schekman's pioneering work on the mechanisms of vesicle trafficking in cells earned him numerous prestigious awards throughout his career, recognizing his contributions to understanding cellular and processes fundamental to and disease. In 1996, Schekman received the Gairdner International Award from the Gairdner Foundation for his identification of key proteins involved in intracellular traffic and vesicle fusion, highlighting the impact of his genetic screens in on elucidating secretory pathways. Schekman shared the 2002 Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research with James E. Rothman, awarded by the Lasker Foundation, for their discoveries concerning the machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a foundation for insights into protein sorting and membrane fusion essential for cellular function. That same year, he was co-recipient of the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from , shared with Rothman, for advancing knowledge of the molecular basis of vesicular transport, which has implications for neurodegenerative disorders and other pathologies. In 2010, Schekman was awarded the Massry Prize by the Meira and Shaul G. Massry Foundation at the Keck School of Medicine of USC for his research on the molecular mechanisms of secretion defects linked to developmental diseases, underscoring the translational relevance of his vesicle trafficking studies. Also in 2010, he received the E. B. Wilson Medal from the American Society for , shared with Stuart Kornfeld and Rothman, as a lifetime achievement honor for his far-reaching contributions to cell biology, particularly the dissection of the secretory apparatus. The pinnacle of Schekman's recognitions came in 2013 with the in or Medicine, shared with Rothman and Thomas C. Südhof, from the , for their discoveries of the principles governing vesicle trafficking in cells, which revealed the elegant machinery enabling protein delivery and has profoundly influenced biomedical research. In the same year, he was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society, acknowledging his transformative genetic and biochemical approaches to cellular membrane dynamics.

Advocacy for open-access science

Key initiatives and roles

In 2012, Randy Schekman co-founded , an open-access journal designed to prioritize author-led publishing and scientific quality over traditional metrics like impact factors, with support from the (HHMI), the , and the . As the founding from 2012 to 2019, Schekman shaped eLife's mission to accelerate the dissemination of life sciences while eliminating barriers to access. Building on his prior experience as editor-in-chief of the Proceedings of the (PNAS) from 2006 to 2011, Schekman used his platform at to advocate for innovative publishing practices, including an initial no-fee model for authors funded entirely by the sponsoring organizations to remove financial burdens on researchers. This approach allowed to publish high-quality work without article processing charges until 2017, emphasizing equity in scientific communication. Additionally, under Schekman's leadership, implemented a transparent process that published reviewer comments alongside accepted manuscripts, fostering greater accountability and constructive feedback in the evaluation of submissions. In 2023, adopted a new model, providing peer reviews and assessments for reviewed preprints without traditional accept/reject decisions, aiming to further reduce barriers and enhance transparency. However, this change led to suspending 's Journal in November 2024, with discontinuation effective June 2025, due to the model's incompatibility with standard metrics. Schekman, who had remained on the after stepping down as , resigned in opposition to the new model around 2023. In response to the loss, he expressed concerns that it could threaten the journal's financial viability by reducing submissions, stating, "Not that I give a damn about , but … its sudden withdrawal will precipitate a drop in submissions." Despite these challenges, supporters like HHMI continue to back , viewing the model as a bold step in open-access innovation. In a pivotal 2013 op-ed in The Guardian, Schekman announced that his laboratory would boycott subscription-based journals such as Nature, Cell, and Science, citing their high subscription costs, profit-driven models, and distortion of scientific priorities through selective publishing. This public stance encouraged broader adoption of open-access alternatives like eLife and highlighted the need for systemic change in academic publishing. Through his role as an HHMI investigator, Schekman further advocated for funding open-access transitions, exemplified by HHMI's substantial investment in eLife's launch and operations as a model for nonprofit-supported publishing. Schekman also played a prominent role in promoting , a 2018 European Union-backed initiative requiring immediate for research funded by public grants starting in 2021, by publicly endorsing it as a transformative step toward equitable sharing. In interviews and statements, he praised for aligning funder policies with open-access principles, drawing on eLife's successes to illustrate feasible paths forward for the global research community.

Criticisms of traditional publishing

Randy Schekman has been a prominent critic of traditional scientific , particularly targeting what he terms "glamour journals" such as Nature, Cell, and Science. He argues that these journals inflate their impact factors by selectively publishing eye-catching or provocative papers, often at the expense of solid, incremental research, which distorts the scientific process and hinders broader dissemination of knowledge. Schekman contends that the pressure to publish in these outlets encourages researchers to cut corners, pursue trendy topics over important but less sensational work, and prioritize novelty over merit, as non-scientist editors favor "splashy" studies to boost citations. This system, he asserts, creates artificial scarcity by limiting publications like "limited-edition handbags," restricting access and perpetuating a toxic reliance on impact factors as a proxy for quality. In December 2013, shortly after receiving the Nobel Prize, Schekman announced a boycott of these glamour journals by his lab, vowing not to submit papers to them and urging the scientific community to follow suit in favor of open-access alternatives. The move raised significant awareness about the flaws in traditional publishing, sparking widespread debate on the cult of impact factors and their role in incentivizing poor practices like publication bias and retractions. However, adoption was limited, with critics accusing Schekman of hypocrisy given his past successes in those journals and arguing that the boycott disproportionately burdens junior researchers reliant on high-impact publications for career advancement. Some experts viewed it as an easy stance from an established Nobel laureate, though it nonetheless prompted reflections on prioritizing scientific quality over journal prestige. In response to such critiques, traditional journals like and highlighted their existing open-access options, such as article processing charges for immediate free access, though these were already in place before the boycott and did little to address Schekman's concerns about selective filtering. The controversy amplified calls for but saw modest shifts, with publishers defending their models while acknowledging the need for better incentives. Schekman's also fueled broader debates on predatory journals, which exploit the open-access transition by charging fees for low-quality or non-peer-reviewed publications; he has warned that researchers submitting to such outlets bear responsibility, as they lack standards and undermine credible science. He emphasizes the importance of sustainable open-access models, like those avoiding profit-driven exploitation, to prevent the proliferation of predatory practices while ensuring equitable dissemination. In a 2019 Nature interview, Schekman reiterated his criticisms, endorsing —a funder-led initiative for immediate —and calling for the disruption of paywalls that restrict knowledge to paying institutions. He described as "the future of scientific publishing," arguing it democratizes research and counters the profit motives tainting decisions at commercial journals. Over the long term, Schekman's efforts have influenced funder policies, including those of the , a key supporter of open-access initiatives like , which he helped establish as a non-profit counter-model to traditional systems. His advocacy has contributed to stronger mandates requiring grantees to publish openly, promoting wider accessibility and reducing reliance on subscription-based barriers.

Parkinson's disease research

Personal motivations

Randy Schekman's personal motivations for focusing on research stem from the profound impact the illness had on his family, particularly his wife, Nancy Walls Schekman, who was diagnosed with in the late 1990s at age 48. Over the subsequent two decades, Schekman witnessed the inexorable progression of the disease, which began with relatively slow advancement managed by medications but eventually led to complications including from diffuse disease, for which no effective treatments existed. This firsthand experience highlighted the limitations of existing therapies, which primarily alleviate symptoms but fail to alter the disease's fatal course, motivating him to seek fundamental biological insights that could lead to transformative interventions. Following Nancy's death in September 2017 after a 20-year struggle, Schekman decided to redirect his scientific efforts toward neurodegeneration, pivoting from his longstanding on vesicle trafficking in eukaryotic cells to investigating the cellular mechanisms underlying Parkinson's. This shift was catalyzed by his grief and a desire to channel it into productive action, leading him to step down as of eLife and assume a role in coordinating international basic science initiatives aimed at unraveling the disease's origins and progression. His initial engagement in Parkinson's came through his position as a investigator, where resources supported early explorations into protein-related pathways implicated in genetic forms of the disease. In a personal letter to the published around 2020, Schekman expressed his deep commitment to advancing research as a means to develop effective treatments and ultimately cures, drawing directly from his intimate connection to and promising to harness basic for meaningful progress. This dedication continues through his ongoing leadership in the Aligning Science Across Parkinson's initiative.

Leadership in Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP)

In 2017, Randy Schekman was appointed as the scientific director of Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP), a philanthropic initiative funded by the with an initial commitment exceeding $300 million over eight years to accelerate basic on mechanisms. Under his leadership, ASAP was formally launched in 2019 as a global effort to overcome silos in Parkinson's by promoting pre-competitive among scientists. Schekman's role involved overseeing the initiative's strategic direction, including the establishment of funding mechanisms and governance structures to ensure alignment with principles. By 2022, ASAP had coordinated over 160 investigators across more than 14 countries, organized into 35 research teams, concentrating on fundamental biological processes in Parkinson's, such as the role of in and neuronal dysfunction. This network emphasized basic into disease onset and progression, integrating Schekman's expertise in cellular trafficking to explore how misfolding disrupts synaptic function and immune responses in the . Key programs under his guidance included the Collaborative Research Network (CRN), which funded multi-team projects on and neuro-immune interactions, fostering shared resources to address gaps in understanding sporadic Parkinson's cases. ASAP's open science model, championed by Schekman, prioritized through platforms like the AMP-PD knowledge portal and pre-competitive agreements that mandated early release of findings via preprints and licensing. This approach avoided proprietary barriers, enabling rapid dissemination of datasets from over 1,500 shared resources by 2022 and promoting cross-lab validation to reduce redundancy in Parkinson's studies. In a 2021 perspective co-authored by Schekman, he outlined how this framework integrates resource programs like the Global Parkinson's Genetics Program (GP2) with the CRN to generate interoperable data, accelerating insights into genetic and environmental contributors to the disease. Notable milestones under Schekman's leadership include the 2020 launch of the CRN, which initiated large-scale projects such as multi-omics analyses combining , transcriptomics, and to map Parkinson's biomarkers. That same year, ASAP advanced efforts toward a atlas through partnerships like the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI), incorporating seeding assays from over 1,000 postmortem samples to stage disease progression biologically. These initiatives have yielded standardized tools, including preformed fibril cores for experimental consistency, contributing to over 164 publications by 2023 that highlight collaborative advancements in disease modeling. As of 2024, under Schekman's continued leadership as scientific director and chair of the Scientific Advisory Board, ASAP expanded its efforts with the launch of the CRN Cloud platform, providing access to sequencing data from over 276 donated brains (expanding to 629 donors), and the Global Parkinson's Genetics Program (GP2) collaborating with over 180 institutions across 65+ global locations with more than 190,000 samples committed. The initiative supported over 60 meetings for knowledge sharing, uploaded over 100 preprints, and awarded supplemental funding to 18 of 35 CRN teams for two-year extensions. New programs included the LRRK2 Investigative Therapeutics Exchange (LITE) and expansions to the Care & Career Program integrated with PPMI, which saw over 1 million clinical downloads and 29 million image downloads. Funding continued with awards such as $18 million to Yale School of Medicine-led teams in November 2024 and a new opportunity launched in March 2025 for novel tool development to advance Parkinson's research.

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