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Stephen Ernest Stockman (born November 14, 1956) is an American politician. He served as the U.S. representative for Texas's 9th congressional district from 1995 to 1997 and for Texas's 36th congressional district from 2013 to 2015. Stockman ran in the Republican primary for the United States Senate in the 2014 election but lost to incumbent Senator John Cornyn.

Key Information

In 2018, Stockman was convicted on 23 felony counts related to money laundering and misuse of campaign contributions. He was sentenced to serve ten years in prison, and was ordered to pay $1 million in restitution.[2][3]

On December 22, 2020, President Donald Trump commuted Stockman's prison term.[4][5]

Early life, education, and business career

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Stockman was born in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, outside Detroit. His parents were evangelistic Christian teachers.[6] He graduated from Dondero High School in Royal Oak, Michigan. From 1985 to 1986, he attended San Jacinto College but dropped out because he suffered from what he called "partying syndrome". In 1977 as Stockman was reporting to jail for traffic tickets, the jailers found valium in his possession after his girlfriend allegedly hid some in his underwear. He was charged with felony possession of a controlled substance, but the charge was later dropped.[7][8] He later became a born-again Christian.[9][10] In 1990, he earned a bachelor's degree in accounting from the University of Houston–Clear Lake.[11] He worked as a computer salesman in Friendswood, Texas.[12]

U.S. House of Representatives (1995–1997)

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Elections

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1990

Stockman's first run for Congress was in March 1990 in Texas's 9th congressional district. The district, anchored by Beaumont and Galveston, had been represented by Democratic Representative Jack Brooks since 1953. His primary challenger was Beaumont Mayor Maury Meyers.[13] Oliver North made appearances at two of Stockman's fundraisers.[14]

Meyers got 44.3% of the primary vote; Stockman, 41%.[13] Since no candidate had a majority, there was a runoff election and, with the support of third-place finisher Steve Clifford,[15] Meyers beat Stockman to win the Republican nomination.[16]

1992

Stockman ran again in 1992 for the House in District 9. This time he was unopposed in the primary.[17] The 1992 Republican National Convention was held in Houston in August of that year. Stockman organized a "congressional cruise" on the Houston Ship Channel as a fundraising opportunity, but no members of Congress attended.[18] Democrat Brooks defeated him 56% to 44%.[19]

1994

Stockman ran again for House District 9 in 1994. He had two challengers in the Republican primary: John LeCour and James Milburn. Stockman won the primary with a landslide 74%.[20]

His Democratic opponent in the general election was, as before, incumbent Jack Brooks. Initially the NRA Political Victory Fund (NRA-PVF) endorsed Brooks and even donated $5,000 to his cause, while the Gun Owners of America endorsed Stockman.[21] However, a number of NRA members threatened to resign from the organization over the issue and the NRA withdrew their support for Brooks, remaining neutral in the race.[21] In a major upset, Stockman beat Brooks, who, had he won, would have become Dean of the United States House of Representatives,[22] by 51% to 49%.[23]

1996

Stockman ran unopposed in the 1996 Republican primary.[24] In July a federal court ordered the boundaries of 13 Texas House districts to be redrawn because of racial gerrymandering, although Stockman's district was barely affected.[25] Stockman won a plurality in the November election with 46%, forcing a runoff against Democratic Jefferson County assessor Nick Lampson.[26] Lampson won the runoff election with 53% of the vote.[27]

Tenure

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During his 1995 term, Stockman opposed the U.S. bailout of the Mexican peso.[28][29]

In 1995, Stockman wrote an article for Guns & Ammo claiming that the Waco siege had been orchestrated by the Clinton administration in order "to prove the need for a ban on so-called 'assault weapons.'"[30] He wrote further that "[h]ad Bill Clinton really been unhappy with what Attorney General Janet Reno ordered, he would not only have fired her, he would have had Reno indicted for premeditated murder." After the article was published, Stockman's office denied that he believed in Waco "conspiracy theories."[31][32]

In 1995, Stockman called for a Congressional investigation into Alfred Kinsey's 1948 study Sexual Behavior in the Human Male after learning that Kinsey had used data from the diary of a pedophile.[33] Stockman believed that the allegations discredited current theories of sexual education in the United States, writing to his congressional colleagues that"[o]ur children have been taught that ... any type of sex is a valid outlet for their emotions. They are taught that the problem with sex is not that it is wrong to engage in homosexual, bestial, underage, or premarital sex, but that it is wrong to do so without protection."[7]

In 1995 and 1996, Stockman was proud to have played a role in the federal government's shutdown.[6] A 2010 Congressional Research Service report summarized other details of the 1995–1996 government shutdowns, indicating the shutdown impacted all sectors of the economy. Health and welfare services for military veterans were curtailed; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention stopped disease surveillance; new clinical research patients were not accepted at the National Institutes of Health; and toxic waste cleanup at 609 sites was halted. Other impacts included: the closure of 368 National Park sites resulted in the loss of some seven million visitors; 200,000 applications for passports were not processed; and 20,000-30,000 applications by foreigners for visas went unprocessed each day; U.S. tourism and airline industries incurred millions of dollars in losses; more than 20% of federal contracts, representing $3.7 billion in spending, were affected adversely. The first of the two shutdowns caused the furlough of about 800,000 workers, while the second caused about 284,000 workers to be furloughed. They were said to have cost Stockman his reelection in 1996, and the Republican loss of seven seats in the House.[34]

Committee assignments

Inter-congressional career (1997–2013)

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In 1998, Stockman ran unsuccessfully in the Republican primary for the Texas Railroad Commission.[38]

Between 2005 and 2007, Stockman worked with the conservative Leadership Institute[38] as director of its Campus Leadership Program.[39]

In 2006, he attempted to run as an independent candidate for Texas's 22nd congressional district, Tom DeLay's former seat, and even though he had enough signatures to qualify for ballot access, the Texas Secretary of State invalidated enough signatures to make him ineligible.[40][41] Stockman registered for the special election to fill out the remainder of DeLay's term; he was one of five candidates.[42] He finished third, with 10.75% of the vote.

During his time away from Congress, Stockman also cared for his father, who had Alzheimer's disease. The cost of caring for him drove Stockman to declare bankruptcy[43] and, when his father's disease became too severe, Stockman moved him to a veterans' home. When his father died, Stockman decided to run for Congress in the 2012 elections.[38]

U.S. House of Representatives (2013–2015)

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Stockman at the 2013 Liberty Political Action Conference

Election

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In 2011 Stockman formed an exploratory committee, Friends of Steve Stockman, to consider a run for the 14th district seat being vacated by unsuccessful presidential candidate Ron Paul. Stockman instead ran in 2012 in the newly created 36th District. It included the Harris County portion of Friendswood, where Stockman's home was located. The district was drawn to be heavily Republican, and it was understood that whoever won the Republican primary would be the district's first congressman. In the May 29 primary, Stockman finished second in the first round, behind Stephen Vincent Takach, a financial planner. Takach finished with 22 percent of the vote, far short of the 50 percent threshold required to win.[44] Stockman defeated Takach in the July 31 runoff 55%–45%, all but assuring his return to Congress after a 16-year absence.[45]

In the November general election, Stockman defeated Democrat Max Owen Martin, a retired pilot from Clear Lake City, Texas, with 71% of the vote.[46]

Tenure

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In 2013, Stockman was one of ten Republicans who did not vote for John Boehner (R-Ohio) for Speaker of the House; he was the only representative to vote "Present" as his protest vote.[47][48]

Stockman opposes the Affordable Care Act (ACA). In 2013, Stockman supported a government shutdown caused by Republican members of Congress who sought to block a continuing resolution that includes funding for the Affordable Care Act.[49] Stockman's last-minute decision to challenge Cornyn in the Republican primary for Senate was "sparked in part by Cornyn's role in helping end" the federal shutdown.[50]

In January 2013, Stockman introduced the "Safe Schools Act," a bill that would repeal the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990. Stockman introduced the bill following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. He asserted that "By disarming qualified citizens and officials in schools we have created a dangerous situation for our children."[51] The same month, Stockman issued a press release condemning gun control executive orders issued by President Barack Obama post-Sandy Hook, stating, "I will seek to thwart this action by any means necessary, including but not limited to eliminating funding for implementation, defunding the White House, and even filing articles of impeachment."[52]

In February 2013, Stockman voted against the re-authorization of the Violence Against Women Act, objecting to provisions in the bill that expanded protections for transgender victims of domestic violence. Stockman said, "This is helping the liberals, this is horrible. Unbelievable. What really bothers—it's called a women's act, but then they have men dressed up as women, they count that. Change-gender, or whatever. How is that—how is that a woman?"[38] That same month, Stockman also invited Ted Nugent, noted for his violent criticisms of Obama and other Democratic figures, to the 2013 State of the Union Address address.[53]

On April 25, 2014, Stockman stated that the House Ethics Committee was investigating a campaign finance reporting error made by a former campaign worker. Stockman said the mistake was corrected soon after he learned of it, and that the worker had been removed from the campaign organization.[54]

Committee assignments

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Caucus memberships

2014 U.S. Senate election

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Main article: 2014 United States Senate election in Texas § Republican primary

On December 9, 2013, Stockman filed for the Republican nomination for U.S. Senate for Texas against incumbent U.S. Senator John Cornyn.[57][58] On December 31, Stockman visited Bitcoin center NYC to raise money and became the first U.S. Senate candidate to officially accept campaign contributions in cryptocurrency.[59]

Donald "Donny" Ferguson, the former executive director of Western Tradition Partnership/American Tradition Partnership (ATP) and manager of their Washington, D.C. office, resigned on 3 January 2013, as it continued to suffer adverse rulings in Montana courts over alleged campaign finance violations.[60] Ferguson then became the congressional staffer and then U.S. Senate campaign spokesperson for Stockman.[61]

On March 4, 2014, Stockman polled 250,759 votes (19.2 percent) in his bid for the Republican nomination for the Senate.[62] He placed second in a field of eight candidates on the ballot. Cornyn received 778,967 votes (59.44 percent).[63][64] On election night, Stockman quickly conceded and called upon Texas Republicans to vote the straight party ticket on November 4, 2014.[65]

Meanwhile, Brian Babin won the seat for District 36 as Stockman did not contest this seat.

Criminal case

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In March 2017, Stockman was arrested for allegedly conspiring to use contributions designated for a charity to fund his campaign and for personal use, a felony, under 18 U.S.C. § 371.[citation needed]

According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), in January 2013, Stockman requested and received $350,000 in donations from an unidentified businessman. Stockman allegedly solicited the money by using the name of Life Without Limits, a Las Vegas-based nonprofit intended to help people who have experienced traumatic events. The donation was allegedly intended to be used to renovate the Freedom House in Washington D.C.[66]

Stockman was also charged with conspiracy to falsify statements when reporting contributions to try to launder the money.[67][68]

The FBI alleged that at the time of the events in question, Stockman had no formal control of the Life Without Limits organization, but that he had opened multiple bank accounts under the name "Stephen E Stockman dba Life Without Limits." The FBI also alleged that financial records indicate that Stockman "made no significant expenditures toward the purchase, renovation, or operation of the 'Freedom House,' which was never opened."[69]

Stockman conspired with Thomas Dodd, a former campaign worker and congressional special assistant. According to the Houston Chronicle, the alleged conspiracy involved attempts "to bilk conservative foundations out of at least $775,000 in donations meant for charitable purposes or voter education". Dodd was indicted by a Federal grand jury in Houston and, on March 20, 2017, he pleaded guilty.[70][71] Dodd was sentenced to 18 months and ordered to pay a fine of $800,000.[72]

Stockman staffer Jason Posey entered a guilty plea before Chief U.S. District Judge Lee Rosenthal to counts of wire fraud, mail fraud, and money laundering. He faced a prison term of up to 45 years and a fine of more than $4.8 million, plus hundreds of thousands more in restitution. Posey admitted that at Stockman's direction he and Dodd illegally funneled hundreds of thousands of dollars from charitable foundations and individuals in charge of the foundations to pay for Stockman's campaigns and personal expenses. On April 2, 2019, Posey was sentenced to 18 months and ordered to pay a fine of $720,000.[72]

On March 28, 2017, a federal grand jury issued a 28 count indictment that included 24 counts against Stockman. He was accused of obtaining $1.25 million under false pretenses and using the funds for his political campaigns.[73] He was charged with eleven counts of money laundering, eight counts of mail and wire fraud, one count of conspiracy to make "conduit contributions" and false statements (conspiracy to conceal the real source of the contributions by false attribution), two counts of making false statements to the Federal Election Commission, one count of making excessive contributions, and one count of willfully filing a false 2013 Federal income tax return by not reporting some of his income. Posey was charged with money laundering, mail and wire fraud, conspiracy to make conduit contributions and false statements, making false statements to the Federal Election Commission, making excessive contributions, and falsification of records.[74][75] Due to its complexity and the need for time to review 142,378 pages of documents disclosed by the prosecution, a motion for postponement of Stockman's trial by his court-appointed attorney was granted. His trial began on January 29, 2018.[76][77]

On April 12, 2018, Stockman was convicted by a jury on 23 of the 24 felony counts against him, for which he faced up to 20 years in prison for each count. He was acquitted on one count of wire fraud. Because he was judged to be a flight risk, he was remanded into custody pending sentencing,[2][3] which was re-set for November 7, 2018.[citation needed]

On November 7, 2018, he was sentenced to serve ten years in prison and ordered to pay $1,014,718.51 in restitution, to be followed by three years of supervised release.[78] Stockman served his sentence at the low-security federal prison in Beaumont, Texas.[79]

On December 22, 2020, Stockman's sentence was commuted by President Donald Trump and he was released from the Beaumont facility, serving only two years of his ten-year sentence. According to the White House, he will remain subject to a period of supervised release and an order requiring that he pay more than $1,000,000 in restitution.[citation needed]

References

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Steve Stockman

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Steve Stockman (born November 14, 1956) is an American politician and convicted felon who served nonconsecutive terms as a Republican U.S. Representative from , representing the 9th congressional district from 1995 to 1997 and the 36th congressional district from 2013 to 2015./) Born in , Stockman graduated from Dondero High School in 1975, attended from 1976 to 1982, and earned a B.S. from the in 1989, later working as an insurance agent and congressional aide before entering politics. Stockman's first term aligned with the Republican "" wave, where he defeated a Democratic incumbent amid broader GOP gains, focusing on and . After an unsuccessful 1996 reelection bid, he returned to Congress in 2013 by winning a special election for the 36th district, emphasizing Second Amendment rights and opposition to federal overreach. His legislative efforts included bills challenging executive actions on and supporting term limits, though few advanced significantly. In , a federal jury convicted Stockman on 23 counts of , , , and violations for diverting over $775,000 from conservative donors through sham nonprofits purportedly aiding at-risk youth and anti-trafficking efforts, instead using funds for personal expenses and political activities. He was sentenced to 10 years in in November , highlighting prosecutorial evidence of deliberate deception in solicitations from donors like Illinois millionaire Uihlein. Stockman maintained innocence, portraying the case as political targeting, but appeals were denied, underscoring accountability for public officials misusing donor trust.

Early Life and Pre-Political Career

Childhood and Education

Stockman was born on November 14, 1956, in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, to evangelical Christian parents who worked as schoolteachers. As the fourth of six children, he grew up in the Detroit suburbs and later described himself as the family "black sheep," having struggled in his youth with a partying lifestyle after initially dropping out of college. He graduated from Dondero High School in Royal Oak, Michigan, in 1975. Stockman relocated to during the 1980s amid economic opportunities there. He briefly attended in , from 1985 to 1986. In 1990, at the age of 34, he earned a degree in from the .

Business Ventures and Early Advocacy

Prior to entering politics, Stockman worked in various professional roles in after relocating there in the 1980s. He was employed at as a computer sales representative and laboratory researcher, and later pursued , earning a degree in from the in 1990. He also served as vice president of Texas National Bank and as president of a fiber optics company. Stockman's early advocacy centered on conservative causes through organizational leadership. He held positions including precinct chair for local Republican activities, chair of the Young Conservatives of , and multiple roles at the , a conservative training organization, such as director of the Campus Leadership Program, vice president of executive development, and instructor in political technology. These involvements reflected his commitment to conservatism and political , culminating in his decision to run for in 1994 as a political outsider opposing federal measures following events like the .

First Congressional Term (1995–1997)

1994 Election Campaign

Stockman, a Republican accountant and political outsider from , challenged incumbent Democratic Representative Jack Brooks in the 1994 election for , encompassing parts of southeast including Beaumont and Port Arthur. This marked Stockman's second bid for the seat; he had previously lost to Brooks by approximately 10 percentage points in , despite Brooks's long tenure since and his role as chairman of the House Judiciary Committee. Stockman's campaign emphasized anti-incumbent sentiment amid the national Republican surge, aligning with Newt Gingrich's "" pledges for fiscal restraint, , and congressional term limits, though specific district-focused issues like in the oil-dependent region were secondary to broader dissatisfaction with Democratic control following the administration's early scandals. Brooks, known for securing federal projects for the district, outspent Stockman significantly but could not overcome the GOP wave that flipped numerous Democratic seats nationwide. On November 8, 1994, Stockman defeated Brooks in an upset victory, securing 81,353 votes (52%) to Brooks's 71,643 (46%), with minor independent candidates receiving about 2% combined. Official tallies from the Clerk of the House recorded Stockman with 73,865 votes to Brooks's 62,124, reflecting the Republican's narrow but decisive margin in a district that had been Democratic stronghold for decades. The win contributed to the GOP's net gain of 54 House seats that year, propelling Stockman into the 104th Congress as part of the freshman class aligned with the conservative revolution. Post-election scrutiny later revealed campaign finance irregularities, including complaints to the Federal Election Commission over unreported expenditures, though these did not alter the certified outcome.

Legislative Activities and Key Positions

During his first term in the 104th Congress (1995–1997), Steve Stockman focused legislative efforts on conservative priorities aligned with the Republican "Contract with America," including fiscal restraint, gun rights, pro-life measures, and opposition to federal overreach. As a freshman representative, he sponsored or cosponsored bills aimed at repealing gun control provisions, such as H.R. 464, the Bartlett/Stockman Assault Weapon Ban Repeal Act, introduced on January 11, 1995, which sought to eliminate prohibitions on semiautomatic assault weapons and large-capacity ammunition feeding devices enacted in the 1994 Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act. He also cosponsored H.R. 698, another assault weapons ban repeal bill, and in late September 1995, introduced legislation to repeal the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act's waiting period requirements. Stockman advocated strongly for Second Amendment rights, opposing expanded firearm restrictions and supporting concealed carry for law-abiding citizens, as reflected in his 1996 responses to Project Vote Smart's Political Courage Test. On pro-life issues, he sponsored a bill declaring that human life begins at conception under federal law and supported the Overseas Military Abortion Amendment in the 104th Congress to restrict funding for abortions. He backed constitutional term limits for members of Congress, favoring amendments to impose service restrictions. In fiscal and regulatory matters, Stockman introduced H.R. 807, the Taxpayer Protection Act of 1995, on February 2, 1995, which aimed to enforce balanced budgets and limit federal spending growth. He endorsed reducing government spending on arts, environmental programs, and housing while maintaining levels for education and Medicare, and supported market-based environmental approaches like pollution credits and cost-benefit analyses for regulations rather than strict emission controls. Stockman generally voted with the GOP majority on (Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996) and balanced budget resolutions, contributing to the era's push for deficit reduction. His activities emphasized to spur economic investment, including tax credits for job creation in high-unemployment areas.

Committee Assignments and Notable Actions

During his first term in the 104th Congress (1995–1997), Steve Stockman served on the House Committee on Banking and Financial Services. He was also assigned to the committee's Subcommittee on Domestic and International Monetary Policy. Stockman introduced H.R. 464, the Bartlett/Stockman Assault Weapon Ban Repeal Act, on January 11, 1995, which sought to repeal the semiautomatic assault weapons ban enacted under the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994. The bill was referred to the House Committee on the Judiciary but did not advance. He cosponsored a similar measure, H.R. 698, introduced later in the session, also aiming to eliminate the assault weapons restrictions. Stockman supported H. Amdt. 436 to H.R. 1868, an in the 104th that prohibited the use of federal funds for abortions at overseas military facilities, reflecting his opposition to taxpayer-funded abortions. He sponsored additional legislation, including measures related to and public events on Capitol grounds, such as a bill permitting a nonprofit to host a free event in April 1996.

Political Hiatus and Activism (1997–2012)

Failed Electoral Bids

In 1998, Stockman entered the Republican primary for the Texas Railroad Commission, seeking to regulate the state's oil, , and industries. The primary was held on March 10, and Stockman faced , a former state representative and . Garza prevailed statewide, securing the nomination with strong support in key urban counties such as , where he received 64.82% of the vote to Stockman's 35.18%. Stockman's campaign emphasized conservative principles and , but he failed to advance to the general election, marking his only major electoral attempt during the hiatus from . No further bids for partisan office occurred until his successful 2012 congressional comeback.

Conservative Advocacy and Public Engagements

During his political hiatus from 1997 to 2012, Steve Stockman worked as an while serving as an occasional Republican political , focusing on conservative campaigns and causes. In 2000, he acted as a highly paid for Mark Brewer's Republican primary campaign in , earning $50,000 and guiding strategies that emphasized core conservative issues, including the abolition of the and protection of unborn rights. From 2005 to 2006, Stockman directed the Campus Leadership Program at the , a that trains young conservatives for activism, leadership roles, and political engagement through workshops and seminars on grassroots organizing and policy advocacy. Stockman also participated in public conservative events, such as delivering a speech at the Liberty Political Action Conference (LPAC) in , in 2011, where he addressed an audience of libertarian and conservative activists on topics aligned with and individual liberties..jpg) His consulting and speaking engagements sustained his profile among conservative networks, drawing on his established reputation for supporting Second Amendment rights and militia-related advocacy from his congressional years.

Second Congressional Term (2013–2015)

2012 Election Victory

In the Republican primary election for the newly created on May 29, 2012, Stockman competed against eleven other in a field that included Mike Jackson and Stephen Takach. He received 11,858 votes, or 21.8 percent, finishing second behind Takach's 12,208 votes (22.4 percent), necessitating a runoff election as no achieved a . The district, redrawn after the 2010 census to include conservative-leaning areas east of such as Liberty, Hardin, and Jefferson counties, favored Stockman's emphasis on Second Amendment rights, , and opposition to federal overreach, appealing to tea party activists and evangelical voters in his comeback bid after a 16-year political absence. Stockman defeated Takach in the , 2012, runoff by a margin of 55.3 percent to 44.7 percent, garnering 21,472 votes to Takach's 17,399. This victory positioned him as the Republican nominee in a with a strong GOP tilt, where early returns showed him leading in six of nine counties. In the general on November 6, , Stockman faced Democrat Max , a local attorney, and Libertarian Michael Cole. He won decisively with 165,405 votes (70.7 percent), compared to Martin's 62,143 votes (26.6 percent) and Cole's 6,284 votes (2.7 percent), reflecting the 's Republican dominance and minimal Democratic opposition in a low-turnout race. This triumph marked Stockman's return to for the 113th session, starting , 2013.

Legislative Focus and Committee Roles

Stockman served on the House Committee on and the House Committee on , Space, and Technology during the 113th Congress. In the Committee, he participated in oversight of U.S. and diplomatic policies, including efforts to address threats from and funding. On the , Space, and Technology Committee, Stockman focused on regulatory scrutiny of federal scientific initiatives, particularly challenging executive branch assertions on climate policy during hearings. His legislative priorities centered on Second Amendment protections, fiscal restraint, and countering perceived foreign threats. Stockman sponsored H.R. 4380, the Gun Confiscation and Registration Prevention Act, introduced on April 2, 2014, which sought to bar federal agencies from implementing gun registration or confiscation schemes. He also introduced H.R. 35, the Safe Schools Act, to enhance by authorizing armed resource officers in public schools. On fiscal issues, he co-sponsored H.R. 25, the Fair Tax Act of 2013, advocating replacement of the system with a national to simplify taxation and promote economic growth. In , Stockman targeted restrictions on funding for terrorism-linked entities, sponsoring H.R. 5433, the Stop Funding Terrorism Act, on September 10, 2014, to prohibit U.S. financial support to countries harboring terrorists. He introduced H.R. 4650, the Religious Freedom Act, on May 9, 2014, to pressure the EU on protecting religious minorities. Additionally, reflecting interest in emerging technologies, Stockman sponsored H.R. 4602, the Tax Reform Act, on May 7, 2014, to clarify tax treatment of digital currencies like . Stockman consistently opposed the , voting for measures requiring congressional approval for its implementation rules and supporting the 2013 to defund it.

Major Initiatives and Votes

During his second term, Stockman sponsored several bills emphasizing Second Amendment rights, including H.R. 35, the Safe Schools Act of 2013, introduced on January 23, 2013, which sought to permit teachers and school officials to carry concealed firearms on school grounds to enhance security. He also introduced H.R. 577, the Veterans Second Amendment Protection Act, on February 12, 2013, aiming to prevent the from reporting beneficiaries to the National Instant Criminal Background Check System solely based on determinations of mental incompetency without , thereby safeguarding veterans' firearm ownership rights. Another initiative was H.R. 4380, the Gun Confiscation and Registration Prevention Act, introduced on April 8, 2014, which proposed to block federal funding for any program registering or confiscating firearms, ammunition, or accessories from law-abiding citizens. Stockman pursued accountability measures against the Obama administration, sponsoring H.Res. 411 on June 28, 2013, articles of against Attorney General for alleged related to the Fast and Furious operation and refusal to comply with congressional subpoenas. In July 2013, he circulated a to force a House vote on establishing a select committee to investigate the , gathering signatures from conservative colleagues to bypass leadership resistance. Later, in December , he introduced resolutions such as H.Res. 646 directing the Attorney General to transmit Fast and Furious documents, H.Res. 647 compelling the Secretary of State to provide Benghazi-related records, and H.Res. 649 ordering the Secretary of Defense to disclose military response details to the attack, though none advanced beyond referral. On fiscal matters, Stockman co-sponsored H.R. 807, the Full Faith and Credit Act, which passed the on May 9, 2013, by a vote of 285-144; the measure prioritized payments on existing obligations during debt ceiling impasses to avoid default while urging spending cuts. He voted in favor of H.R. 273 on February 15, 2013, eliminating the statutory pay adjustment for federal employees in 2013 to reduce . Stockman's voting record aligned with hardline conservative positions, including support for the 2013 strategy to defund the ; he opposed continuing resolutions funding the law, such as voting against H.J.Res. 59 on September 30, 2013. He backed H.R. 2642, the Federal Agriculture Reform and Risk Management Act of 2013, passing the House on July 11, 2013, by 216-208, which reformed farm subsidies and food assistance programs. However, his attendance was low, missing over 10% of votes in the 113th , drawing criticism for limited participation in routine proceedings.

2014 U.S. Senate Campaign

Primary Challenge to John Cornyn

U.S. Representative Steve Stockman announced his candidacy for the U.S. from on December 9, 2013, filing paperwork minutes before the deadline to challenge incumbent Republican Senator in the March 2014 primary. Stockman, who had entered in 2013 after winning a special , withdrew from his House re-election bid to focus on the Senate race, positioning himself as a more principled conservative alternative to Cornyn. He criticized Cornyn for insufficient loyalty to Senator Ted Cruz's 2013 efforts to defund the , accusing the incumbent of undermining fellow Republicans and violating conservative unity against Obamacare. Stockman's platform emphasized fiscal restraint, Second Amendment rights, and opposition to establishment influence in Washington, portraying Cornyn as too accommodating to Democratic priorities and . However, the campaign faced significant hurdles, including limited fundraising—Stockman raised under $500,000 compared to Cornyn's multimillion-dollar war chest bolstered by national Republican committees—and reports of organizational disarray, with Stockman often absent from public events and relying on surrogates. Pro-Cornyn super PACs responded with ads highlighting Stockman's congressional absenteeism and unconventional tactics, such as accepting donations. On March 4, , Cornyn defeated Stockman decisively in the primary, capturing 59.4 percent of the vote to Stockman's 18.9 percent, with the remaining votes split among seven other candidates, allowing Cornyn to avoid a May runoff. Stockman conceded the race, reiterating his criticisms of Cornyn's leadership but acknowledging the outcome as a reflection of voter preference for the incumbent's experience and resources. The lopsided result underscored the challenges for intra-party challengers in Republican primaries, where establishment-backed incumbents typically prevail despite conservative discontent.

Campaign Platform and Outcome

Stockman entered the Republican primary for the U.S. on December 9, 2013, positioning his campaign as a rebuke to Senate Minority Whip John Cornyn's leadership within the Republican establishment. He criticized Cornyn for failing to fully back Sen. Ted Cruz's and strategy to defund the during the 2013 , portraying the incumbent as willing to compromise with Democrats on core conservative issues. Stockman's platform emphasized uncompromising , including demands to eliminate federal funding for Obamacare, reduce government spending, and block any bipartisan deals perceived as concessions to Obama administration policies. The candidate also highlighted staunch defense of Second Amendment rights, opposing post-Sandy Hook proposals and vowing to resist any federal encroachments on firearms ownership, aligning with his prior legislative record. Additional positions included advocacy for and criticism of measures, as well as acceptance of donations to underscore technological innovation in political funding. However, Stockman's effort was marked by minimal traditional campaigning; he conducted few events, relied on surrogates for appearances, and faced reports of campaign disorganization, including outdated website content and questions over his whereabouts during key periods. Tea Party groups initially supported him but later withdrew endorsement amid concerns over his visibility and irregularities. In the March 4, 2014, Republican primary, Cornyn secured 59.4% of the vote, exceeding the 50% threshold to win outright and avoid a runoff, while Stockman received 18.9%. The remaining votes were split among seven other candidates, with no challenger surpassing 7%. Stockman's defeat reflected limited —his campaign raised under $1 million compared to Cornyn's over $10 million—and failure to mobilize broad conservative support against the incumbent's resources and party backing. Cornyn advanced to the general election, defeating Democrat David Alameel in November.

Political Ideology and Positions

Second Amendment Advocacy

Stockman has consistently advocated for expansive interpretations of the Second Amendment, emphasizing its role in protecting individual rights against government overreach and tyranny. In January 2013, shortly after his reelection to , he publicly threatened to pursue proceedings against President for executive actions perceived as infringing on gun ownership rights, stating that "the very purpose of the Second Amendment is to stop the government from disallowing people the means to defend themselves against tyranny." He further articulated this view by asserting that "the right to keep and bear arms is granted by God and protected from government aggression by the ." During his 113th Congress term (2013–2015), Stockman introduced multiple pieces of legislation aimed at bolstering gun rights. On January 3, 2013, he filed a bill to repeal the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990, which prohibits firearms within 1,000 feet of school grounds except for law enforcement, arguing it undermined self-defense in vulnerable areas. Later that month, on January 23, 2013, he proposed H.R. 354, a measure to nullify executive orders related to gun control issued by Obama following the Sandy Hook shooting, framing them as unconstitutional encroachments. In April 2014, Stockman sponsored H.R. 4380, the Stop State Gun Registries and Confiscations Act, which sought to withhold federal grants from states maintaining gun owner registries or implementing firearm confiscation programs targeting law-abiding citizens. He also introduced the Firearms Range Act of 2014, intended to facilitate the development and protection of shooting ranges on federal lands. Stockman's advocacy extended to public engagements and coalitions with gun rights organizations. He co-authored a April 2013 letter with Rep. Paul Broun (R-GA) to House Speaker , urging opposition to any federal measures and affirming the Second Amendment as "the stronghold of our Constitutionally-protected freedoms." (GOA), a group advocating stricter interpretations of gun rights than the (NRA), praised Stockman as a "hard-charger" on Second Amendment issues and highlighted his registry-defunding bill as a direct counter to post-Sandy Hook registration efforts in states like . His 2012 campaign received backing from gun rights advocates, who mobilized alongside Tea Party and social conservative groups to support his return to . However, in the 2014 Texas Senate primary, the NRA endorsed incumbent Sen. over Stockman, citing electability concerns despite Stockman's vocal pro-gun record.

Fiscal and Social Conservatism

Stockman consistently opposed increases to the federal unless accompanied by substantial spending reductions, arguing that such measures enabled unchecked government expansion. In 2013, he voted against legislation suspending the debt ceiling until May of that year, joining a minority of Republicans in rejecting the measure without attached fiscal restraints. In December 2013, he announced his vote against a bipartisan and spending proposal, describing it as "reckless" and likely to exacerbate the national debt, which he criticized as having skyrocketed under President Obama. He advocated for government shutdowns as a tool for fiscal , citing the 1995-1996 shutdown as having politically benefited Republicans by highlighting spending excesses. In 2013, Stockman introduced House Resolution 360, expressing that should retain sole authority over borrowing on the U.S. credit rather than delegating it to the executive branch, underscoring his view of debt ceiling hikes as congressional abdication of responsibility. Stockman's fiscal positions aligned with tea party priorities, earning him an 87% lifetime score from the , a group focused on and tax reductions, though this placed him below some establishment Republicans in specific sessions. He received a 97% lifetime rating on the Freedom Index, which evaluates adherence to constitutional limits on federal power, including fiscal restraint. On social issues, Stockman held staunchly pro-life views, introducing the Sanctity of Life Act in July 1995 during his first congressional term, which aimed to declare that human life begins at fertilization and prohibit by classifying them as under . In 2003, he urged the House to defeat H.R. 3471, which he labeled the " on Demand Act," contending it would expand access to late-term procedures without adequate restrictions. His advocacy blended Second Amendment defense with anti- rhetoric, as evidenced by a 2013 campaign bumper sticker stating, "If babies had guns they wouldn't be aborted," intended to underscore protections for the unborn. Stockman earned a 100% rating from the Action in one assessment, reflecting alignment with traditional positions on , and a 75% in another, covering opposition to and promotion of religious liberty.

Foreign Policy and Government Reform Views

Stockman has expressed strong support for , sponsoring H.R. 4640, the Prohibiting Against Act of 2014, which aimed to bar U.S. funding for foreign entities discriminating against Israeli organizations or settlements. He described the measure as preventing American tax dollars from funding hatred and . In a 2014 congressional hearing on foreign assistance, Stockman questioned the efficacy of U.S. aid to , noting its use against American interests despite substantial military support. Observers have characterized his broader outlook as isolationist, emphasizing restraint on interventions and aid beyond key allies like . On government reform, Stockman endorsed the 1994 , advocating term limits for , a , a 3/5 for increases, reduction of congressional committee staff by one-third, and limits on in lawsuits. He supported measures to shrink federal government size, intrusion, and spending, including votes for debt ceiling reforms and cuts to energy subsidies in the 113th . Stockman backed voter ID requirements to curb fraud, criticizing executive actions blocking state laws as abuses of power, and urged federal courts to enforce constitutional limits on such overreach. In 2013, he commended House leadership for efforts to reduce government's scope amid internal GOP resistance. He also favored defunding public support for offensive or anti-religious art.

Controversies and Criticisms

Accusations of Extremism and Associations

Stockman faced accusations of extremism primarily from political opponents and media outlets during his congressional campaigns and tenure, often centered on his staunch defense of Second Amendment rights and skepticism toward federal law enforcement actions. In a May 1995 article published in Guns & Ammo magazine, Stockman contended that the 1993 federal raid on the Branch Davidian compound in , was politically motivated by the Clinton administration to manufacture public support for an assault weapons ban, alleging the government exaggerated the threat posed by the sect to justify overreach. Critics, including Democratic opponents, portrayed this stance as sympathetic to armed cults and indicative of fringe views, though Stockman framed it as opposition to government . Further allegations linked Stockman to movements, with reports of militia leaders campaigning for him in his Republican primary runoff against rivals, including efforts by figures associated with anti-government groups to mobilize voters on his behalf. In April 1995, shortly before the , Stockman received a from militia broadcaster Mark Koernke warning of an impending attack on a federal building, which he forwarded to the FBI; opponents later cited this connection to question his associations with extremist networks, despite Stockman's cooperation with authorities. Former Democratic Congressman , who faced Stockman in , publicly claimed Stockman recruited militia members to intimidate him during the campaign. Stockman denied direct involvement in militias, emphasizing his support for armed as a constitutional rather than endorsement of . Stockman's ties to (GOA) and its executive director Larry Pratt drew additional scrutiny, as GOA provided financial and political support for his campaigns, including backing in his 1994 race against incumbent Jack Brooks and advocacy for his legislative efforts like the 1995 Brady Law repeal bill. Pratt, who had spoken at events in the and faced his own controversies for such associations, coordinated donor outreach for Stockman, including emails to conservative benefactors prior to his 2013 return to . Critics from outlets like and labeled these relationships as evidence of alignment with far-right gun advocacy bordering on extremism, particularly given GOA's more uncompromising stance compared to the NRA. Stockman maintained that such partnerships reflected principled conservatism, not radicalism, and were common among pro-Second Amendment lawmakers. These claims largely emanated from establishment Republicans wary of his primary challenges and left-leaning media, which often amplified them amid broader post-Oklahoma City concerns over domestic militancy.

Attendance and Effectiveness Critiques

During his second term in the U.S. (113th , 2013–2015), Stockman faced criticism for irregular attendance, particularly in early 2014 amid his U.S. campaign. He was reported absent from for much of January 2014, prompting media inquiries and questions from colleagues about his whereabouts. Stockman later stated he had been on an official congressional delegation to the and , though confirmation of his participation was limited and he missed key votes during this period, including the December 2013 he had publicly vowed to oppose. Official records indicate Stockman missed 5.9% of votes in (71 out of 1,204), placing him 78th among representatives for absences that year. This attendance rate drew scrutiny from opponents, including Senate incumbent , who declined direct comment but suggested voters draw their own conclusions about Stockman's reliability. Local editorials described his as "shaky," arguing it failed to deliver effective representation for his district. Critiques of Stockman's effectiveness centered on his legislative productivity, which emphasized volume over success. He introduced 58 bills and resolutions in the 113th Congress, more than any other Republican, but only one became law (H.R. 4651, a minor technical correction to veterans' benefits). Five bills advanced past , yet his measures garnered bipartisan cosponsors on just 5% of introductions, ranking him last among House Republicans in cross-aisle collaboration. Observers, including , portrayed him as prioritizing provocative stances and media attention over substantive lawmaking, contributing to perceptions of ineffectiveness. Similar assessments from his first term (104th Congress, 1995–1997) highlighted a pattern of ideological focus with limited tangible outcomes.

Responses to Media and Opponents

Stockman denied involvement in anonymous mailers distributed during the Republican Senate primary that criticized opponents, with his campaign asserting no connection to the materials despite similarities in tactics to prior efforts. In response to advertisements by pro-Cornyn groups highlighting a 1995 admission of jail time stemming from a weapons charge, Stockman rejected the characterization on February 1, , accusing Cornyn's allies of lying and fabrication. He pursued legal action by suing a Cornyn-supporting super PAC on an unspecified date in early for disseminating false statements about his record. Facing scrutiny over his sparse campaign schedule and missed events, Stockman released a statement on January 27, 2014, claiming he had been working overseas on constituent matters and was not avoiding public engagement or media. His campaign further contested media portrayals of these absences as misrepresentation, soliciting donations specifically to combat such coverage on February 20, 2014. In addressing a February 2014 referral from the Office of Congressional Ethics regarding non-commensurate staff pay and potential improper campaign contributions from aides Jason Posey and Tom Dodd, Stockman's counsel submitted a detailed rebuttal on June 5, 2014, arguing compliance with House rules on telecommuting and remote duties under 2 U.S.C. §92. The response emphasized that the aides resigned on February 12, 2013—prior to their $7,500 donations—supported by resignation letters and affidavits, while accusing the OCE of procedural violations including untimely referral after the March 5, 2014, primary deadline, failure to provide hearing notice, and reliance on hearsay without consulting involved parties. It further defended Federal Election Commission reporting errors as swiftly corrected within four days and unrelated to Stockman personally.

Indictment and Charges

On March 28, 2017, a federal in the Southern District of returned a 28-count superseding against former U.S. Representative Steve Stockman and his associate Posey, charging them with orchestrating a multi-year scheme to defraud charitable donors of approximately $1.25 million between May 2010 and October 2014. The funds were solicited under , purportedly for anti-abortion , programs, scholarships, and other charitable causes, but were instead diverted to Stockman's personal expenses, political campaigns, illegal campaign contributions, and unauthorized projects including covert of a political opponent. The indictment specified charges of conspiracy to commit mail and wire fraud, multiple counts of mail fraud and wire fraud, making false statements to the Federal Election Commission, exceeding federal limits on campaign contributions, money laundering, and—for Stockman—filing a false tax return; Posey faced an additional charge of falsifying an affidavit. Key elements of the alleged schemes included: in 2010, diverting $285,000 in donor funds for Stockman's personal benefit; between 2011 and 2012, using $165,000 intended for charity to finance his congressional campaign; in 2013, misappropriating $350,000 from a purported nonprofit for campaign activities, excessive contributions, and surveillance operations; and Posey's handling of $450,571 from Stockman's U.S. Senate campaign for unauthorized mailings and personal expenses. Donors such as Houston businessman Richard May were targeted, with Stockman allegedly misrepresenting the purposes to secure tax-deductible contributions while concealing the true uses. This indictment followed an earlier March 17, , information charging Stockman with federal election law violations for conspiring with former to redirect charitable donations to his 2013-2014 campaign activities, including attempts to conceal the transfers. Dodd, a former special assistant in Stockman's office, pleaded guilty on March 20, , to his role in the , providing that contributed to the broader case. The U.S. Department of described the scheme as involving the illegal financing of campaigns through sham charities and nonprofits, emphasizing that donors believed their contributions would support legitimate causes rather than political or personal gain.

Trial, Conviction, and Sentencing

Stockman's federal trial took place in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas in before U.S. District Judge . The prosecution presented evidence that Stockman and associates had solicited over $1.2 million from two conservative businessmen under the pretense of charitable educational events, but diverted the funds to his 2013 Senate campaign, personal expenses including luxury trips and investments, and unreported political activities, violating laws and committing . Defense arguments centered on claims that the transactions were legitimate political contributions or charitable uses, but the rejected these after deliberating for several hours. On April 12, 2018, the jury convicted Stockman on 23 of 24 felony counts following a multi-week trial: specifically, seven counts of mail fraud under 18 U.S.C. § 1341, seven counts of wire fraud under 18 U.S.C. § 1343 (acquitted on one), one count of to make conduit campaign contributions under 52 U.S.C. § 30122, five counts of under 18 U.S.C. § 1957, five counts of false statements on FEC reports under 52 U.S.C. § 30104 and 18 U.S.C. § 1001, four counts of failure to disclose required information under 52 U.S.C. § 30104, and one count of under 26 U.S.C. § 7201. The convictions stemmed from schemes involving fictitious nonprofits like "Life Without" and "Shadow Alliance," which funneled anonymous donations exceeding federal limits while concealing sources from the . Judge Hittner denied Stockman's post-trial motions for judgment of acquittal, finding sufficient evidence of intent to defraud. Sentencing occurred on November 7, 2018. Stockman received 120 months (10 years) in , the maximum statutory term for several counts, plus three years of supervised release. He was ordered to pay $1,014,718.51 in restitution to victims, reflecting the calculated loss from misused funds, and faced additional forfeitures. The judge cited the scheme's sophistication, Stockman's abuse of as a former congressman, and lack of remorse as aggravating factors, outweighing defense pleas for leniency based on his political service and health claims. Stockman was remanded into custody immediately after sentencing.

Appeals and Defense Arguments

Stockman's defense team, led by attorney Sean Buckley, argued during the 2018 trial that the prosecution misconstrued legitimate political and charitable activities as , emphasizing a lack of intent to deceive donors. They contended that contributions from philanthropists like Richard Uihlein were donated to Stockman's nonprofits—Life Without Parole and the Dylan Glenn Foundation—with broad purposes including voter education and conservative advocacy, which aligned with the donors' known interests in Republican causes, and that any diversions to campaign expenses did not constitute criminal since donors received reports on fund usage. The defense rested without calling Stockman to testify, instead presenting two character witnesses and asserting that prosecutorial charges improperly criminalized rather than proving wire fraud, , or elements under 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341, 1343, 1957, and 371. On appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit (No. 18-20780), Stockman challenged the district court's denial of his motion for acquittal under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 29, arguing insufficient evidence of fraudulent or materiality in misrepresentations to donors, and contested the on Count 12 for an excessive campaign contribution under 52 U.S.C. § 30116(a)(1), claiming it chilled protected political speech. He further alleged errors in , evidentiary admissions, and sentencing calculations under the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines, including loss amount enhancements totaling over $1 million, while maintaining that funds supported permissible issue advocacy rather than direct campaign contributions. The Fifth Circuit affirmed all on January 10, 2020, in a published , finding ample evidence of a scheme to conceal political uses from donors expecting charitable restrictions and rejecting First Amendment defenses as inapplicable to fraudulent schemes. Stockman petitioned the U.S. for (No. 20-103) in July 2020, reiterating claims of de novo review needed for First Amendment issues in Count 12 and plain error in affirming without addressing political speech protections, but the Court denied review on October 5, 2020, leaving the Fifth Circuit's ruling intact. Defense filings emphasized systemic prosecutorial overreach in targeting conservative , though courts found no evidentiary basis for or vindictiveness claims.

Post-Conviction Developments

Imprisonment and Commutation

Following his conviction on 23 counts including to commit , , , , and false statements on returns, Steve Stockman was sentenced on November 7, 2018, by U.S. District Judge in to 120 months in federal prison, three years of supervised release, and $1,014,718.51 in restitution to his victims. The sentence reflected the court's determination that Stockman had orchestrated a scheme diverting over $1.2 million in charitable donations intended for anti-hunger and educational nonprofits into personal and campaign uses, including luxury European trips and political advertisements. Stockman, registered as inmate number 23502-479 with the Federal Bureau of Prisons, commenced his incarceration shortly after sentencing and served approximately 26 months before release. Specific details on his prison assignments, such as facilities or conditions of confinement, were not publicly detailed in official records beyond standard federal custody protocols. On December 22, 2020, President issued a commutation reducing Stockman's 120-month term to , as part of a broader set of clemency actions that included 20 and three commutations. The executive warrant explicitly directed the Bureau of Prisons to effect immediate release while preserving the three-year supervised release and full restitution obligation. This action followed Stockman's appeals, which had been denied by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals in 2020, upholding the conviction and sentence. Critics, including ethics watchdogs, noted the commutation's alignment with Trump's pattern of granting clemency to allies, though Stockman had publicly supported Trump during his .

Release and Recent Activities

On December 22, 2020, President commuted the remainder of Stockman's 10-year prison sentence to , following approximately two years of incarceration at the Federal Correctional Institution in . The commutation left intact the three-year term of supervised release and the restitution order exceeding $1 million related to his convictions. This action advanced Stockman's release by over six years from his projected good-time release date of December 28, 2026. Following his release, Stockman has maintained a relatively low public profile, with limited documented involvement in political or public affairs. Supervised release conditions required compliance with federal terms, including financial restitution payments, though specific post-release compliance details remain unreported in . In August 2025, Texas political newsletter Quorum Report noted rumors that Stockman was considering a candidacy for the newly configured 9th congressional district, potentially competing against incumbent and others, though no formal announcement or filing has been confirmed as of October 2025. No further verified activities, such as advocacy, writing, or organizational roles, have been prominently reported in major outlets since his release.

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  98. https://rollcall.com/2014/01/28/cornyn-responds-to-stockmans-absence-hmm/
  99. https://www.beaumontenterprise.com/opinions/editorials/article/editorial-voters-need-info-about-stockman-s-5129234.php
  100. https://www.c-span.org/person/steve-stockman/3626/
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  102. https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2014/02/01/in-1995-stockman-admitted-jail-time-felony-charge-today-he-denies-that-accusing-cornyn-allies-of-lying/
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  104. https://www.texastribune.org/2014/01/27/stockman-resurfaces-claims-he-was-never-hiding/
  105. https://www.statesman.com/story/news/2014/01/28/stockman-says-he-was-working-overseas-not-missing/9840005007/
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  107. https://ethics.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Rep.-Stockman-OCE-Response_0.pdf
  108. https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/former-texas-congressman-and-associate-indicted-multi-year-fraud-scheme
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  110. https://www.texastribune.org/2017/03/17/stockman-charged-violating-federal-election-law/
  111. https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/pr/former-us-congressman-sentenced-10-years-prison-extensive-fraud-tax-and-election-crimes
  112. https://www.texastribune.org/2018/04/12/texas-congressman-steve-stockman-found-guilty-felony-charges/
  113. https://caselaw.findlaw.com/court/us-5th-circuit/2041538.html
  114. https://www.texastribune.org/2018/11/07/steve-stockman-former-congressman-sentenced-10-years-houston/
  115. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/07/us/steve-stockman-texas.html
  116. https://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/articles/news/2018/04/12/278890/ex-texas-congressman-steve-stockman-convicted-of-fraud-conspiracy/
  117. https://www.chron.com/news/article/Ex-GOP-lawmaker-Steve-Stockmans-ends-defense-with-12809603.php
  118. https://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/18/18-20780-CR0.pdf
  119. https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/20/20-103/149057/20200730204125190_Stockman%2520petition%2520app.pdf
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  121. https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca5/18-20780/18-20780-2020-01-10.html
  122. https://www.justice.gov/pardon/page/file/1349121/dl?inline
  123. https://www.cbsnews.com/texas/news/president-trump-commutes-prison-term-texas-congressman-steve-stockman-misused-charitable-donations/
  124. https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/statement-press-secretary-regarding-executive-grants-clemency-122220/
  125. https://www.texastribune.org/2020/12/22/donald-trump-commute-prison-steve-stockman-texas-congressman/
  126. https://www.citizensforethics.org/reports-investigations/crew-investigations/trump-has-granted-clemency-to-16-corrupt-politicians-so-far/
  127. https://www.justice.gov/pardon/commutations-granted-president-donald-j-trump-2017-2021
  128. https://www.npr.org/2020/12/22/947972044/trump-grants-slew-of-pardons-including-george-papadopoulos-and-duncan-hunter
  129. https://www.quorumreport.com/Quorum_Report_Daily_Buzz_2025/former_congressman_steve_stockman_is_rumored_to_be_buzziid32845.html
  130. https://thehill.com/people/steve-stockman/
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