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Angra dos Reis
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Angra dos Reis (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈɐ̃ɡɾɐ duʒ ˈʁejʃ]; Portuguese for cove or bay of the Kings) is a municipality located in the southern part of the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro. The city is located by the sea and includes in its territory many offshore islands, the largest being Ilha Grande.
Key Information
The area was first documented by Europeans on January 6, 1502, and has been under continual settlement since 1556. Its population was estimated, on 2021 by IBGE, to be 210,171 inhabitants.[4]
History
[edit]The port municipality fell into decline after 1872, having been bypassed by the advent of railways. It came back into prominence in the 1920s, when a railway extension connected it to the states of Minas Gerais and Goias, as a terminus for the transportation of agriculture production from these same two states. The railway extension, in metre gauge, still exists and is currently operated by the Ferrovia Centro-Atlântica company.
In the mid-twentieth century, the municipality was an essential part of the implementation of Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional – CSN, Volta Redonda, and the endpoint for coking coal supplied from Santa Catarina. Today, the same company also uses the port for some of its steel exports.
Its current importance is due, in part, to having a ferry terminal facility in the Bay of Ilha Grande and its harbour, used by TEBIG Petrobras, which transports large quantities of crude oil, and thus positions the port of Angra dos Reis as one of the busiest in the country.
Today, because of its beaches and nearby points of interest, the place has become a focal point for tourism. Within the municipality are over three hundred islands, many of them owned by celebrities, with the largest island being Ilha Grande (Big Island). The Brazilian plastic surgeon and philanthropist Ivo Pitanguy was a noted resident.
Most of the region consists of hilly terrain, which helped generate the landslides that occurred at the beginning of 2010, when numerous homes and hotels were severely damaged or destroyed, mainly on Ilha Grande.
Economy
[edit]The most important economic activities are commerce, fishing, industry, services, and tourism. The port has an oil terminal as well as shipbuilding (Keppel Fels, former Verolme) facilities. Brazil's nuclear power stations, Angra I and Angra II are located nearby. They employ 3,000 people, and generate another 10,000 indirect jobs in Rio de Janeiro State. Tourism is highly developed, with beaches, islands and clean waters for swimming or scuba diving. The nuclear power stations also warm the area's waters with their thermal discharges, a form of thermal pollution.
There is a small amount of cattle raising, with approximately 4,200 head. The main agricultural products cultivated are:
- bananas: 1,460 hectares / 3,600 tons
- coconut: 10 hectares / 130,000 units
- oranges: 4 hectares / 25 tons
- hearts of palm (palmito): 50 hectares / 75 tons
- sugarcane: 20 hectares / 390 tons
Data are from IBGE
Etymology
[edit] |
Gaspar de Lemos, a navigator and commander of the Portuguese naval fleet landed at Ilha Grande on 6 January 1502, a “Kings’ day” – that is, “Dia de Reis”. Accordingly, the place was named “Angra dos Reis”, which means “Creek of the Kings” or loosely – “Anchorage of the Kings”.
Transportation
[edit]The city is served by Angra dos Reis Airport.
Geography
[edit]Location
[edit]
Angra dos Reis has an area of 816.3 km2. The neighboring municipalities are Paraty, Rio Claro and Mangaratiba in Rio de Janeiro state, and Bananal and São José do Barreiro, which are adjacent in São Paulo state.
The municipality contains the 12,072-hectare (29,830-acre) Ilha Grande State Park, created in 1971 on the Ilha Grande off the southern coast.[5] It contains the 3,502-hectare (8,650-acre) Praia do Sul Biological Reserve, a strictly protected conservation unit created in 1981 on the Ilha Grande.[6] It contains the 1,312-hectare (3,240-acre) Aventureiro Sustainable Development Reserve, formerly the Aventureiro Marine State Park, also on Ilha Grande.[7] The municipality also contains part of the Tamoios Ecological Station.[8] The conservation units are contained within the 12,400-hectare (31,000-acre) Tamoios Environmental Protection Area, created in 1982.[9]
Climate
[edit]According to Köppen climate classification, Angra dos Reis has a tropical monsoon climate (Am).
| Climate data for Angra dos Reis (1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29.8 (85.6) |
30.1 (86.2) |
29.0 (84.2) |
28.2 (82.8) |
25.7 (78.3) |
24.7 (76.5) |
24.0 (75.2) |
24.3 (75.7) |
24.5 (76.1) |
25.4 (77.7) |
26.9 (80.4) |
28.3 (82.9) |
26.7 (80.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23.3 (73.9) |
23.0 (73.4) |
22.5 (72.5) |
21.4 (70.5) |
19.0 (66.2) |
17.7 (63.9) |
16.6 (61.9) |
17.3 (63.1) |
18.3 (64.9) |
19.4 (66.9) |
20.7 (69.3) |
22.0 (71.6) |
20.1 (68.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 235.6 (9.28) |
188.5 (7.42) |
206.0 (8.11) |
166.9 (6.57) |
114.0 (4.49) |
71.5 (2.81) |
90.1 (3.55) |
54.0 (2.13) |
120.9 (4.76) |
141.6 (5.57) |
148.9 (5.86) |
258 (10.2) |
1,796 (70.7) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 14 | 11 | 12 | 10 | 9 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 15 | 130 |
| Source: Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia[10] | |||||||||||||
References
[edit]- ^ IBGE 2020
- ^ "Um olhar estrangeiro sobre o Rio de Janeiro - Diário do Rio de Janeiro" (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2014-08-11. Retrieved 2025-09-09.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 8, 2014. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics" (PDF) (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
2018 Estimates of Population
- ^ "Parque Estadual da Ilha Grande - Angra dos Reis - RJ", Ilhagrande.org (in Portuguese), retrieved 2016-09-23
- ^ Reserva Biológica Estadual da Praia do Sul (in Portuguese), INEA, retrieved 2016-04-16
- ^ PES Marinho do Aventureiro (in Portuguese), ISA: Instituto Socioambiental, retrieved 2016-09-23
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) - ^ Unidade de Conservação: Estação Ecológica de Tamoios (in Portuguese), MMA: Ministério do Meio Ambiente, retrieved 2016-04-20
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) - ^ APA de Tamoios (in Portuguese), INEA: Instituto Estadual do Ambiente, retrieved 2016-09-26
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) - ^ "Normais Climatológicas Do Brasil 1981–2010" (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
External links
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Angra dos Reis.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Angra dos Reis.
Capital: Rio de Janeiro | |||||||||||
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Angra dos Reis
View on Grokipediafrom Grokipedia
Established as one of Brazil's oldest settlements, the city was discovered by Portuguese explorers on January 6, 1502—Epiphany, or Dia dos Reis (Kings' Day)—leading to its name, meaning "Cove of the Kings," and it officially marks its founding in 1502, celebrating its 522nd anniversary in 2024.[3][1]
Geographically, Angra dos Reis spans an area of 813.42 km² with a population estimated at 179,142 inhabitants as of 2025, featuring a demographic density of 220.2 people per km² and a humid subtropical climate conducive to its lush Atlantic Forest ecosystems and biodiversity hotspots like Ilha Grande, a protected UNESCO Biosphere Reserve.[2][1]
The municipality's economy is diverse, driven by tourism, maritime trade through its historic port—which arose from coffee export needs starting in 1923 and commenced operations in 1932, now handling steel, granite, and wheat—and the adjacent Almirante Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant complex, comprising operational units Angra 1 (657 MWe, since 1982) and Angra 2 (1,350 MWe, since 2000), with Angra 3 under construction targeting 2031 completion.[4][5][2]
Geography
Location
Angra dos Reis is a municipality located in the southern part of Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, at coordinates 23°00′24″S 44°19′05″W.[6] It covers a municipal area of 813.420 km² and borders the Atlantic Ocean to the east, with neighboring municipalities including Paraty, Rio Claro, and Mangaratiba in Rio de Janeiro state, as well as Bananal and São José do Barreiro in São Paulo state.[7][8] The topography of Angra dos Reis features a narrow coastal plain along the shoreline, transitioning into a mountainous hinterland dominated by the Serra do Mar mountain range, which creates a rugged and dissected landscape with steep slopes and elevations reaching over 1,000 meters in some areas.[9] This terrain influences the municipality's physical layout, with the coastal zone supporting urban development and the inland areas characterized by dense Atlantic Forest cover and limited accessibility. Administratively, Angra dos Reis is divided into five districts: four continental districts centered around the urban hub known as Continental Angra, and one island district encompassing the offshore territories, including the prominent Ilha Grande. This division reflects the municipality's dual nature, balancing mainland infrastructure with dispersed island communities integrated into the broader administrative framework.Climate
Angra dos Reis features a tropical monsoon climate (Am) according to the Köppen-Geiger classification, characterized by high humidity levels often exceeding 80% annually and substantial rainfall averaging between 1,500 and 2,000 mm per year.[10] This climate type is typical of the coastal regions in southeastern Brazil, where the warm, moist air from the Atlantic Ocean contributes to persistently humid conditions throughout the year.[11] Temperatures in Angra dos Reis exhibit minimal seasonal variation, with average daily highs ranging from 28°C to 30°C year-round and lows typically around 20°C, though winter months (June to August) can occasionally dip to 16.5°C.[11][12] The overall annual average temperature hovers near 23°C, reflecting the stable warmth of the tropical environment with little fluctuation between seasons.[10] Precipitation patterns are marked by a pronounced wet season from December to March, when heavy rains influenced by Atlantic tropical systems can exceed 200 mm per month, contrasting with drier winter periods that see around 76 mm in July.[11][12] This seasonality results in over 160 rainy days annually, supporting the region's lush vegetation but also leading to occasional extreme weather events such as intense storms and flooding.[11] The consistent warmth and high rainfall foster rich biodiversity in the surrounding Atlantic Forest, promoting diverse ecosystems including ombrophilous forests and mangroves that thrive in the humid conditions.[13] However, the climate's intensity contributes to environmental challenges, including landslides and coastal erosion during peak rainy periods, which can disrupt local habitats and human settlements.[14][15]Islands and Protected Areas
Angra dos Reis encompasses an extensive offshore archipelago comprising approximately 365 islands scattered across Ilha Grande Bay, forming a vital component of the region's coastal ecosystem.[16] The largest island, Ilha Grande, spans approximately 19,300 hectares and serves as a centerpiece of natural preservation, hosting dense Atlantic Forest cover and diverse marine habitats.[17] Other notable islands include Ilha de Jaguanum, known for its pristine beaches and forested interior, contributing to the mosaic of ecological zones that support high levels of endemism.[18] Key protected areas safeguard this biodiversity, with the Ilha Grande State Park covering 12,052 hectares on the island's interior and coastal fringes, established to conserve endemic flora and fauna within the Atlantic Forest biome.[19] Designated as part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Paraty and Ilha Grande – Culture and Biodiversity" since 2019, the park integrates with surrounding conservation units to protect over 149,000 hectares of interconnected ecosystems, including mangrove forests and coastal lagoons essential for migratory bird species and water quality maintenance.[20] The adjacent Praia do Sul Biological Reserve, spanning 3,600 hectares, focuses on integral protection of southern beaches and adjacent forests, preserving habitats for rare reptiles and bird populations while restricting human development to minimal research and monitoring activities.[19] Further offshore, the Tamoios Environmental Protection Area encompasses 12,400 hectares across multiple islands and marine zones, promoting sustainable use while curbing urbanization to maintain ecological integrity. These areas collectively harbor exceptional biodiversity, including endemic species such as certain orchids and amphibians unique to Rio de Janeiro state, alongside vibrant coral reefs that support diverse fish assemblages and mangrove systems filtering nutrients into the bay.[21] The crystal-clear waters surrounding these islands feature prime scuba diving sites, where underwater ecosystems reveal seagrass beds and reef structures critical for marine productivity, though invasive species like sun corals pose ongoing threats to native biodiversity.[22] Conservation efforts emphasize restricted development, with zoning laws prohibiting large-scale construction to preserve the ecological balance between terrestrial forests and marine environments, ensuring the longevity of these habitats amid regional climate influences on species distribution.[23]History
Early History and Discovery
Prior to European contact, the region of Angra dos Reis was inhabited by Tupi-Guarani indigenous peoples, who formed small, mobile communities along the coastal areas of what is now the state of Rio de Janeiro. These groups, including tribes such as the Tamoio, practiced slash-and-burn agriculture, hunting, and inter-tribal warfare, adapting to the tropical environment through semi-nomadic lifestyles that sustained their populations in villages scattered across the bays and islands.[24][25] The European discovery of the bay occurred on January 6, 1502, during a Portuguese expedition led by Gonçalo Coelho, with Amerigo Vespucci aboard as an observer and chronicler. This sighting marked the first documented European encounter with the area, as the fleet navigated southward along the Brazilian coast from Bahia, anchoring in the sheltered bay now known as Angra dos Reis—named for the Epiphany, or "Day of Kings," coinciding with the date of arrival. The expedition's accounts described the lush landscape and indigenous inhabitants, contributing to early maps and reports that highlighted the region's navigational advantages for future voyages.[26] Formal settlement began in 1556 with the establishment of a Jesuit outpost, initiated by members of the Society of Jesus who arrived in Brazil in 1549 to evangelize and organize indigenous labor. The outpost served primarily as a provisioning stop for ships traveling between Bahia and the newly founded captaincy of Rio de Janeiro, facilitating resupply with fresh water, timber, and food from the surrounding forests and fisheries. This early role underscored Angra dos Reis's strategic position along the coastal trade routes, drawing initial Portuguese colonists focused on religious conversion and basic sustenance rather than large-scale exploitation.[27] During the 16th and 17th centuries, the area grew as a center for sugarcane plantations, with engenhos (sugar mills) emerging to capitalize on the fertile coastal soils and demand for sugar in European markets. This expansion introduced slave labor, primarily from Africa, to supplement indigenous workers who had been increasingly incorporated into aldeias (Jesuit villages) or subjected to bandeirante raids; by the mid-17th century, numerous engenhos dotted the landscape, producing sugar and aguardente (cane brandy) that bolstered the local economy within the captaincy of Rio de Janeiro.[28]Colonial Period
During the colonial period, Angra dos Reis played a significant role in Portuguese administration along Brazil's southeastern coast. Initially settled in the early 17th century, the area was elevated to village status in 1608 as Vila dos Reis Magos da Ilha Grande, serving as a key outpost in the captaincy of São Vicente before being transferred to the captaincy of Rio de Janeiro in 1726.[29] By the late 18th century, it had grown into an important administrative center, with its port facilitating governance over surrounding parishes, including Ilha Grande, which was established as a parish in 1803.[30] In 1835, following the transfer of the village seat in 1829, Angra dos Reis was elevated to city status, reflecting its strategic position for trade and defense in the region.[31] The economy of Angra dos Reis during the 18th and 19th centuries was driven by agriculture, maritime activities, and its integration into broader colonial trade networks. In the late 18th century, sugar cane production flourished with 16 engenhos (sugar mills) operating in the area, yielding around 270 boxes of sugar and supporting food crop cultivation for export via Ilha Grande Bay to Rio de Janeiro.[30] Shipbuilding emerged as a vital industry, leveraging the region's abundant timber and sheltered bays to construct vessels for colonial exploration and commerce.[32] By the mid-19th century, the economy shifted toward coffee cultivation, with Angra dos Reis exporting approximately 250,000 arrobas (about 3,750 tons) by 1854, bolstered by tropeirismo (mule train trade) that connected inland plantations to the port.[30] The city's location along supply routes from the Minas Gerais gold rush further enhanced its role, as the port handled provisions and exports, capitalizing on its natural harbors for transatlantic shipping.[32] Socially, the colonial era in Angra dos Reis was marked by the influx of Portuguese settlers and a growing enslaved African population that underpinned economic expansion. The arrival of the Portuguese court in 1808, including Dom João VI, influenced local administration and infrastructure, with royal decrees establishing judicial positions to manage the region's growing population and trade.[33] Enslaved Africans formed a substantial demographic, comprising up to 58.4% of the population in 1850 (14,736 individuals out of 25,216 total), though this declined to 20.8% by 1872 (4,544 out of 21,833) due to the end of the transatlantic slave trade in 1850 and increasing manumissions.[34] Social structures were dominated by small slaveholders, with 19% owning five or more slaves in 1793, controlling 80.36% of the enslaved labor force, while family units among the enslaved often remained matrifocal, with high rates of intra-property marriages (98.7% from 1830 to 1886).[30] The late 19th century brought economic stagnation to Angra dos Reis as its port lost prominence. The construction of inland railways, beginning in the 1870s, bypassed the coastal routes, redirecting coffee exports from the Vale do Paraíba directly to Rio de Janeiro and Santos, which diminished the mule trains and maritime traffic that had sustained the city.[35] This shift led to a decline in port activity and local commerce, transforming Angra dos Reis from a bustling colonial hub into a quieter settlement by the end of the century.[30]Modern Developments
In the 1920s, Angra dos Reis experienced a revival driven by infrastructure development, particularly the expansion of its port facilities to support coffee exports from the Paraíba Valley region starting in 1923.[4] The construction of a railway stretch connecting Angra to Barra Mansa, initiated in 1929, further enhanced the port's role as a key export hub, facilitating the transport of goods and later contributing to the steel industry's growth through links to facilities like the Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional in Volta Redonda.[36] Mid-20th-century advancements solidified Angra dos Reis as an industrial center. Petrobras inaugurated the Terminal Aquaviário de Baía de Ilha Grande (TEBIG) on September 15, 1977, establishing it as Latin America's largest marine oil terminal at the time and enabling significant crude oil transportation via cabotage and imports to support regional refineries.[37] Concurrently, nuclear power development began in the 1970s with construction of the Angra Nuclear Power Plant; Angra 1 achieved commercial operation in 1985 with a net capacity of 609 MWe (gross 640 MWe), while Angra 2 followed in 2001 with a net capacity of 1,275 MWe (gross 1,350 MWe), marking Brazil's expansion into nuclear energy.[5][38][39] The late 20th and early 21st centuries saw a surge in tourism, fueled by national policies promoting the sector from the 1990s onward, which positioned Angra dos Reis as a premier ecotourism destination known for its 365 islands and pristine bays.[40] Environmental protections bolstered this growth; the Ilha Grande State Park was established in 1971 to preserve the island's ecosystems, and in 1986, the Tamoios Environmental Protection Area was created to safeguard the Baía de Ilha Grande and its islands. In 2019, the region including Ilha Grande was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its cultural and biodiversity value.[41][20] Contemporary challenges have tested local resilience. In 2011, an oil spill from Chevron's Frade field off the Rio de Janeiro coast released approximately 3,000 barrels, contaminating beaches in Angra dos Reis and prompting environmental remediation efforts that highlighted vulnerabilities in the region's coastal ecosystems.[42] The COVID-19 pandemic further disrupted tourism, with a March 2020 decree prohibiting access to beaches and islands like Ilha Grande for three months, severely impacting local economies dependent on visitors.[43] Recovery has been gradual, supported by national tourism initiatives, with the sector rebounding to near pre-pandemic levels by 2024 through enhanced health protocols and marketing of sustainable experiences.[44] Political developments have guided urban growth. In the 2024 municipal elections, Cláudio Ferreti was elected mayor with 42.41% of the vote, succeeding Fernando Jordão and prioritizing infrastructure upgrades aligned with sustainable urban expansion plans to accommodate population growth while protecting natural assets through 2025.[45]Demographics
Population
According to the 2022 Brazilian Census conducted by the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), Angra dos Reis had a population of 167,434 residents.[7] This figure represents a slight decline of 1.23% from the 169,511 inhabitants recorded in the 2010 Census.[7] IBGE projections estimate the population will reach 179,142 by mid-2025, reflecting a recent annual growth rate of approximately 2.3% driven by economic opportunities in tourism and energy sectors.[7][46] The municipality's population density stands at 205.84 inhabitants per square kilometer, calculated over its territorial area of 813.4 km².[7] According to the 2010 census, over 96% of residents lived in urban areas on the continental portion, while island populations remain sparse due to limited infrastructure and protected natural reserves.[47] This urban focus aligns with broader patterns of internal migration in Brazil.[48]Socioeconomic Indicators
Angra dos Reis exhibits a Human Development Index (IDHM) of 0.724 as of 2010, classifying it within the medium human development category according to the United Nations Development Programme's criteria.[7] This score reflects balanced but moderate progress across longevity, education, and income dimensions, with the education component at 0.605, income at 0.740, and longevity at 0.846.[49] While municipal-level updates beyond 2010 remain unavailable, broader Brazilian trends from 2021 to 2023 show incremental gains in national HDI through enhanced income distribution and educational access, suggesting potential parallel improvements locally.[50] The ethnic composition of the population is markedly diverse, shaped by historical Portuguese colonization, African enslavement during the colonial era, and indigenous heritage from groups like the Guaianá. According to the 2010 Brazilian Census, 51% of residents self-identified as pardo (mixed-race), 39% as white, 8% as black, 1% as yellow (Asian descent), and 0.3% as indigenous.[51] This distribution underscores the municipality's multicultural fabric, with pardo and black populations concentrated in coastal and rural communities. Updated 2022 census data on ethnic composition at the municipal level follows national trends of increasing pardo identification. Inequality remains a notable challenge, with the Gini coefficient measured at 0.529 in 2010 based on household per capita income data from the IBGE census.[52] According to 2010 census data, the poverty rate (extreme + moderate) was 8.4%, with vulnerability to poverty affecting about 22% of the population, exceeding national averages and particularly elevated in rural and island areas due to limited infrastructure and reliance on informal employment.[53] Social services demonstrate strengths in education and health access, though disparities persist amid the seasonal influx of tourism workers. Literacy rates for individuals aged 15 and older reached 94.9% in 2022 per IBGE census data, supported by an enrollment rate of 98.2% for children aged 6-14.[54] Health facilities include public hospitals and clinics, with infant mortality at 13.01 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2023, below the national average but strained by geographic isolation in island communities and fluctuating workforce demands.[7]Economy
Industrial and Commercial Sectors
The industrial and commercial sectors of Angra dos Reis form a vital part of the local economy, driven by resource extraction, heavy manufacturing, and logistics tied to the region's strategic coastal position. Key industries include a robust fishing sector, shipbuilding activities, and port-based commerce, which collectively support employment and trade beyond leisure-oriented activities. Fishing remains a cornerstone, with Angra dos Reis featuring a sizable fleet that ranks third among production ports in Rio de Janeiro state, contributing 21.3% of the state's marine capture output.[55] This sector sustains local livelihoods through purse-seine and artisanal operations targeting species like sardines and other coastal fish, bolstered by the area's rich marine biodiversity. Shipbuilding complements these efforts at the Brasfels Shipyard, a key facility that integrates topside modules for floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) units in the offshore oil sector, securing contracts worth billions and creating thousands of specialized jobs.[56] The Port of Angra dos Reis underpins commercial activities, handling bulk cargo and facilitating trade through its multipurpose operations. Commerce here is closely linked to energy logistics, including steel exports by Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN), which has historical ties to the port dating back to 1945 when it imported coal for national steel production.[4] Local markets and retail outlets further drive economic activity, forming commercial hubs that employ a significant portion of the workforce in non-extractive services, with total formal employment across sectors reaching 46,120 in 2022.[57] The energy sector dominates industrial output, centered on the Angra Nuclear Power Plant complex. Angra 1, with a capacity of 640 MWe (gross), entered commercial operation in 1985, while Angra 2, at 1,350 MWe (gross), began in 2001; together, they supplied about 2% of Brazil's electricity as of 2022.[5] In November 2024, Angra 1 received approval for a 20-year life extension to 2044. Angra 3 remains under construction, with a targeted completion in 2031.[58][59] An adjacent oil terminal operated by Petrobras supports exports of fuel oil and domestic production via coastal navigation and international shipments.[60] These facilities, including historical steel and mining linkages through port infrastructure, contribute substantially to the municipal GDP of R$ 11.2 billion (2021).[61]Tourism Industry
Tourism serves as a primary economic driver in Angra dos Reis, significantly contributing to local revenue through visitor spending and employment generation. The sector attracts approximately 2 million tourists annually, bolstering commerce in lodging, gastronomy, and services.[62] In high season periods, such as the 2023-2024 New Year's festivities, tourists spent at least R$64 million, marking a 33% increase from the previous year.[63] Overall, tourism supports around 20,000 direct and indirect jobs, including over 2,500 in hospitality and more than 1,600 in bars and restaurants during peak times.[64][63] Key tourism activities revolve around the region's 365 islands and pristine coastline, emphasizing leisure and adventure. Popular pursuits include stays at beach resorts, schooner and yacht tours for island hopping, and scuba diving in clear waters teeming with marine life. Luxury developments, particularly on Ilha Grande, cater to high-end visitors seeking eco-resorts and private getaways amid Atlantic Forest surroundings.[65][66][67] Supporting infrastructure includes a robust network of over 250 hospitality establishments offering more than 12,000 beds, alongside numerous tour operators facilitating boat excursions and diving outings.[63] High-season occupancy rates often exceed 95%, reflecting strong demand and seasonal employment surges in related services.[63][64] Despite its growth, the tourism industry faces challenges from overtourism, particularly the rise in day-use visitors, which has doubled vehicle flows in recent years and strained resources like piers and waste management.[68] This has raised sustainability concerns, including environmental degradation at sites like Ilha de Cataguás and increased water consumption, prompting proposals for access fees to manage carrying capacity. Following the COVID-19 downturn, the sector has recovered robustly, with national tourism figures surpassing pre-pandemic levels by 2025 and local occupancy rebounding to near-full capacity during holidays.[68][69][63]Transportation
Land Transportation
Angra dos Reis is connected to major urban centers primarily via the BR-101 highway, also known as the Rio-Santos Highway, which runs along the coast and links the city to Rio de Janeiro approximately 150 km to the north and to São Paulo about 370 km to the southwest. This federal highway is essential for transporting freight, including goods related to the local steel and oil industries, as well as for facilitating tourist access to the region's beaches and islands. The route experiences heavy use, with ongoing duplications and widening projects in the 2020s aimed at improving safety and capacity along sections near Angra dos Reis.[70] Rail infrastructure in Angra dos Reis dates back to the construction of a line connecting the city to Barra Mansa, initiated in 1929 to support coffee exports through the port, but the line was largely abandoned by the 1970s due to shifting transportation priorities. No active passenger rail services operate today, though remnants of the old track are occasionally referenced in discussions of industrial logistics for sectors like steel production at nearby facilities and oil transport related to the Angra Nuclear Complex. Efforts to revitalize portions of the line for freight or tourism have been proposed but remain unrealized as of 2025.[36][36] Public bus services provide reliable land access, with frequent departures from Rio de Janeiro's main terminals operated by companies such as Costa Verde, covering the roughly 150 km journey in 2 to 3 hours depending on traffic. Within Angra dos Reis, local urban bus networks managed by operators like Colitur serve the continental mainland, connecting neighborhoods, commercial areas, and key points such as the bus terminal and port access roads. These services are integral to daily commuting and support the movement of workers in tourism and industry.[71][72] The urban road network in continental Angra dos Reis features moderate density, with paved streets concentrated in central and tourist-adjacent districts, but narrower secondary roads in outlying areas can lead to congestion during high-tourism periods like summer and holidays. Recent municipal initiatives in the 2020s, including the "Mais Água em Angra" program, have delivered extensive paving and drainage improvements, such as over 45,000 m² of new pavement and recapping in neighborhoods like Parque Mambucaba and Itinga since 2023, enhancing overall mobility and resilience to seasonal rains. These upgrades integrate with broader BR-101 enhancements to better handle the economic reliance on road-based access for tourism and logistics.[73][74][75]Water and Air Transportation
Angra dos Reis features a prominent maritime port that serves as a key hub for oil exports and fishing activities. The Terminal Portuário de Angra dos Reis (TPAR) specializes in port logistics and supports offshore projects, handling operations for fuel oil exports and coastal navigation.[76] In November 2024, a scaffolding collapse at the adjacent Transpetro Terminal resulted in the deaths of two workers, highlighting ongoing safety concerns at the facility.[77] The Transpetro Terminal at Angra dos Reis manages significant volumes of petroleum products, with 506 ship operations recorded in 2023.[78] The port also includes a dedicated fishing marina, facilitating local artisanal fishing and supporting the region's seafood industry. Several yacht marinas dot the coastline, providing berths for recreational vessels and enhancing the area's appeal to boating enthusiasts. Notable facilities include Marina Verolme and Marina Bracuhy, which offer modern amenities such as fuel services, maintenance, and protected moorings near pristine beaches and islands.[80][81] These marinas, along with private docks, accommodate a substantial number of yachts, contributing to the vibrant nautical scene in the bay. Ferry services operate from the main port to the archipelago's 365 islands, with regular routes to popular destinations like Ilha Grande taking approximately 30 minutes via speedboats or larger ferries.[82][83] Water transport extends beyond ferries to include tourist-oriented boat tours and catamaran excursions, allowing visitors to explore secluded coves and beaches across the Ilha Grande Bay. These services, often departing from central piers like Santa Luzia, emphasize scenic island-hopping and snorkeling opportunities.[84] Safety for all maritime activities is regulated by the Brazilian Navy, which enforces licensing, capacity limits, and equipment standards to ensure compliance and prevent overcrowding on vessels.[85][86] Air access to Angra dos Reis is provided by the Carmelo Jordão Airport (SDAG), a private facility primarily serving general aviation and charter flights. The airport features a single paved runway measuring approximately 950 meters in length, suitable for smaller turboprop and piston aircraft but not yet equipped for scheduled commercial jets.[87][88] There are ongoing plans for runway extension to 1,075 meters and infrastructure upgrades, authorized in 2022, with the goal of enabling commercial operations as part of Brazil's broader airport expansion initiative.[89][90] For international or larger domestic arrivals, travelers typically connect via Rio de Janeiro-Galeão International Airport, located about 150 kilometers away.[91]Culture and Heritage
Etymology
The name "Angra dos Reis" translates from Portuguese as "Cove of the Kings" or "Bay of the Kings," originating from the sighting of the bay's natural inlet by Portuguese explorers on January 6, 1502, coinciding with the Catholic feast of Epiphany, known as Dia dos Reis Magos or Three Kings' Day.[92][93] This expedition, led by navigator Gonçalo Coelho, marked the first European documentation of the area during the early coastal explorations of Brazil following Pedro Álvares Cabral's arrival in 1500.[94] Historical records from 1502 initially referred to the location as "Angra dos Reis," with alternative designations such as "Baía dos Reis Magos" appearing in early colonial accounts to emphasize the religious connotation of the Three Wise Men.[95] By 1608, when the settlement was elevated to vila status, it was documented as "Vila dos Reis Magos da Ilha Grande," reflecting its position within the broader Ilha Grande bay system.[31] The name evolved consistently in Portuguese colonial cartography, first appearing in Luiz Teixeira's 1574 codex—an early atlas of Brazilian coastlines—and persisting through subsequent maps, including those from 1732, 1777, 1823, and 1830, without significant alteration from indigenous Tupi influences.[96] Linguistically, "angra" derives from archaic Portuguese nautical terminology, denoting a sheltered inlet, cove, or small bay suitable for anchoring ships, often characterized by high, close coastlines providing natural protection.[97] This term, rooted in medieval Iberian maritime vocabulary, was commonly applied by Portuguese navigators to similar coastal features during the Age of Discovery. The full name thus combines this geographical descriptor with the religious epithet "dos Reis," highlighting the interplay of practical exploration and Catholic devotion in colonial naming practices.[96] The etymology underscores the cultural significance of Portuguese Catholic traditions, as explorers invoked Epiphany to commemorate the biblical Magi, integrating European religious symbolism into the New World's topography. This naming convention tied the site's identity to the feast's themes of kingship and revelation, influencing its enduring role as a key port in Brazil's colonial history. The modern demonym for residents, "angrense," preserves this linguistic heritage.[93][92]Festivals and Traditions
Angra dos Reis hosts the Festa de São Pedro in June, honoring the patron saint of fishermen through a festive mass, maritime procession of boats adorned with flags, and communal celebrations in coastal communities like Praia da Longa on Ilha Grande.[98][99] The event underscores the city's deep ties to its fishing heritage, with participants gathering for blessings of vessels and shared meals of fresh seafood. Carnival in Angra dos Reis features adapted beach parades and over 80 street blocos, blending traditional samba rhythms with coastal festivities at locations like Praia do Anil, drawing locals and visitors for five days of music and dance.[100][101] Religious traditions in Angra dos Reis are rooted in Catholic practices from the colonial era, including the annual Folia de Reis, a 12-day celebration from December 24 to January 6 that reenacts the journey of the Three Kings to visit the infant Jesus through processions, music, and visits to homes.[102] This event coincides with the city's founding anniversary on January 6, known as Dia dos Reis, featuring a solemn mass at the Mirante dos Três Reis Magos and the Corrida dos Santos Reis footrace.[103] Colonial Catholic influences persist through preserved sites like the Convento do Carmo, established in the 16th century, which reflect the Jesuit and Carmelite orders' roles in early evangelization and community organization in the region.[104] Cultural expressions in Angra dos Reis encompass local cuisine centered on seafood moquecas—stews simmered in coconut milk with dendê oil, fish, and prawns—prepared using caiçara techniques passed down through generations and served at waterfront eateries.[105] Music traditions draw from Rio de Janeiro's proximity, featuring samba and pagode performances at community events and beach gatherings, where acoustic instruments and call-and-response singing evoke the rhythmic vitality of coastal life.[106] Crafts include island weaving of straw mats and baskets by caiçara artisans, often showcased at the Feira de Artesanato, highlighting sustainable use of local palms and fibers in daily and decorative items.[107] Contemporary heritage efforts in Angra dos Reis focus on preserving caiçara traditions—the coastal fisherfolk culture blending indigenous, Portuguese, and African elements—through community-led initiatives that promote artisanal fishing, oral histories, and ecological knowledge amid tourism pressures.[108] Organizations support resilience strategies, such as sustainable resource management, to maintain these practices in areas like Paraty Bay.[109]References
- https://www.[expedia](/page/Expedia).com/Angra-Dos-Reis-Port-Angra-dos-Reis-Centro.d6220932.Vacation-Attraction