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Goiás (English: /ɡɔɪˈɑːs/, UK also /ɡɔɪˈæs/; Brazilian Portuguese: [ɡo(j)ˈjas] ⓘ) is a Brazilian state located in the Central-West region. Goiás borders the Federal District and the states of (from north clockwise) Tocantins, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso. The state capital is Goiânia. With 7.2 million inhabitants, Goiás is the most populous state in the Central-West region and the 11th most populous in the country. It has the ninth largest economy among Brazilian federative units. In Brazil's geoeconomic division, Goiás belongs to the Centro-Sul (Center-South), being the northernmost state of the southern portion of Brazil. The state has 3.3% of the Brazilian population and is responsible for 2.7% of the Brazilian GDP.[4]

Key Information

The history of Goiás dates back to the beginning of the 18th century, with the arrival of pioneers from São Paulo. The Rio Vermelho region was the first to be occupied, where Vila Boa (later renamed Goiás) was founded. The development and settlement of the state took place, in a more intensified way, starting in the 1930s with the founding of the new capital, Goiânia, and especially with the construction of Brasília in the 1950s.[5]

Goiás is characterized by a landscape of chapadões (plateaus). In the height of the drought season, from June to September, the lack of rain makes the level of the Araguaia River go down and exposes almost 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) of beaches. At the Emas National Park in the municipality of Mineiros, it is possible to observe the typical fauna and flora from the region. At the Chapada dos Veadeiros the main attractions are the canyons, valleys, rapids and waterfalls. Other attractions include the historical city of Goiás and the hot springs of Caldas Novas.

Geography

[edit]
Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park
Serra dos Pirineus in Goiás

Goiás occupies a large plateau, the vast almost level surface of which stands between 750 and 900 m above sea level and forms the divide between three of Brazil's largest river systems: to the south, Goiás is drained by the Paranaíba river, a tributary of the Paraná River; to the east it is drained by tributaries of the São Francisco River; and northward the state is drained by the Araguaia River and the Tocantins River and their tributaries. Other major rivers in the state are the Meia Ponte, Aporé, São Marcos, Corumbá River, Claro, Maranhão, Paranã and Preto. None of these rivers is navigable except for short distances by small craft.

The state's highest point is Pouso Alto, at 1,676 metres (5,499 ft) above sea level, in the Chapada dos Veadeiros.

Goiás is covered with a woodland savanna known in Brazil as campo cerrado, although there are still tropical forests along the rivers. The climate of the plateau is tropical. Average monthly temperatures vary from 26 °C (79 °F) in the warmest month to 22 °C (72 °F) in the coldest. The year is divided into a rainy season (October–March) and a dry season (April–September). Average annual rainfall is about 1,700 millimetres (67 in), but this varies due to elevation and microclimate. Some parts of the state, however, have small remnants of tropical Atlantic forest, that mostly appears around rivers and valleys.

The Great Midwest Region, consisting of the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, and the Federal District, is among the fastest-growing regions of Brazil. The population of Goiás state tripled in size in the period from 1950 to 1980 and is still growing very quickly. However, outside the Federal District and the Goiânia metropolitan region (with a population of over a million) most of Goiás is very thinly populated. The chief concentration of settlement is in the southeast, in the area of Goiânia (Goiânia and Aparecida de Goiânia), across the border from Minas Gerais (Catalão, Rio Verde, Jataí, and Caldas Novas), and around the Federal District (Formosa, Planaltina de Goiás, and Luziânia).

History

[edit]
Further information (in Portuguese): History of Goiás (redirect) [pt]
The Province of Goiás in 1830, during the Empire of Brazil
The Church of Pirenópolis, the oldest Baroque Catholic church in Goiás, built in 1728

The first European exploration of this interior part of Brazil was carried out by expeditions from São Paulo in the 17th century. Gold was discovered in the gravel of a tributary of the Araguaia River by the bandeirante Bartolomeu Bueno da Silva (the Anhanguera) in 1682. The settlement he founded there, called Santa Anna, became the colonial town of Goiás Velho, the former state capital. In 1744 the large inland area, much of it still unexplored by Europeans, was made a Captaincy General, and in 1822 it became a province of the empire of Brazil. It became a state in 1889. The Brazilian constitution of 1891 specified that the nation's capital should be moved to the Brazilian Highlands (Planalto Central), and in 1956 Goiás was selected as the site for the federal district and capital national, Brasília. The seat of the federal government was officially moved to Brasília in 1960.

Goiânia, the largest city and capital was planned in 1933 to replace the old, inaccessible former state capital of Goiás, 110 kilometres (68 mi) northwest. In 1937 the state government moved there, and in 1942 the official inauguration was held. Goiânia is now one of the fastest-growing cities in Brazil and one of the most livable cities in the country.[citation needed] It stands out as both an industrial center (along with the neighboring towns of Anápolis and Aparecida de Goiânia) and as a cultural center for country culture and music, known as Sertanejo.

Due to the relatively large territory of the state, which was over 600,000 square kilometres (230,000 mi2), communications were obviously very difficult. The northern part of the state began to feel abandoned by the southern government and began a movement for separation. Local political leaders also encouraged the movement. In 1988 the northern half of Goiás became a separate state called Tocantins.

Demographics

[edit]
See also: List of metropolitan areas in Brazil and List of municipalities in Brazil by population
Basilica of the Eternal Father

According to the 2022 census, there were 7,056,495 people residing in the state. The population density was 20.7 inh./km2.

Urbanization: 88.6% (2006); Population growth: 2.5% (1991–2000); Houses: 1,749,000 (2006).[6]

The 2022 census revealed the following numbers: 3,822,864 Pardo (Multiracial) people (54.2%), 2,557,454 White people (36.2%), 648,560 Black people (9.2%), 16,985 Asian people (0.2%), 10,432 Amerindian people (0.1%).[7]

Ethnic groups found in Goiás include: Italians, Amerindians, Portuguese, Africans, Germans, Arabs, Lebanese and Syrian.

According to an autosomal DNA study from 2008, the ancestral composition of Goiás is 83.70% European, 13.30% African and 3.0% Amerindian.[8]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1872160,395—    
1890227,572+41.9%
1900255,284+12.2%
1920511,919+100.5%
1940661,226+29.2%
19501,010,880+52.9%
19601,626,376+60.9%
19702,460,007+51.3%
19803,229,219+31.3%
19914,012,562+24.3%
20005,004,197+24.7%
20106,003,788+20.0%
20227,056,495+17.5%
Source:[9]

Religion

[edit]
Religion in Goiás (2010)
  1. Catholic Church (58.9%)
  2. Protestantism (28.1%)
  3. Spiritism (2.46%)
  4. Other religions (3.38%)
  5. Irreligious (8.11%)

According to the Census of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), in 2010 58.89% of the state's population was Roman Catholic, 28.07% were Protestants or evangelicals, 8.11% had no religion, 2.46% were Spiritists, 0.67% Jehovah's Witnesses, 1.01% other Christian religions (which include the Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Mormonism and others) and 0.79% from other religions.[10][11]

Education

[edit]
The capital city of Goiânia is the largest city and education center of the state.

Portuguese is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. English and Spanish, however, are also part of the official high school curriculum.

Educational institutions

[edit]

Economy

[edit]
Soybean plantation in Goiás.
Sorghum production in Cristalina, Goiás

The service sector is the largest component of GDP at 43.9%, followed by the industrial sector at 35.4%. Agriculture represents 20.7%, of GDP (2004). Goiás exports: soybean 49.2%, meat of cattle 10.5%, gold 9.1%, other meat 7.5%, iron 7.4%, leather 4% (2002).

Share of the Brazilian economy: 2.4% (2005).[clarification needed]

Goiás is a leader in the country in crop raising. In 2016, Goiás had the 3rd largest cattle herd in Brazil: 22.6 million head of cattle.[12] The number of pigs in Goiás was approximately 2.0 million head in 2015. The State had the 6th largest Brazilian herd, 5% of the national herd. Among the municipalities in Goiás that stood out, Rio Verde had the 3rd largest national population. In 2016, Goiás was the 4th largest milk producer, accounting for 10.1% of the country's milk production. The number of chickens in the State was 64.2 million head in 2015. The production of chicken eggs this year was 188 million dozens. Goiás was the 9th largest producer of eggs, 5% of national production.[13]

Wheat harvest in Goiás

Agriculture as a total represented 21% of the GDP of the state. The state of Goiás stands out in the production of sugarcane, corn, soy, sorghum, beans, sunflower, tomato, garlic, in addition to also producing cotton, rice, coffee and wheat. In 2019, Goiás was the Brazilian state with the 4th highest grain production, 10% of the national production.[14] Goiás is the 2nd largest producer of sugarcane in the country, 11.3% of national production, with 75.7 million tons harvested in the 2019–20 harvest. In the same year, it was the 4th largest producer of soy, with 12.46 million tons. It has the national leadership in the production of sorghum: it produced 44% of the Brazilian crop production in the 2019–2020 cycle, with a harvest of 1.09 million tons.[15] In 2017, it was the 4th largest producer of maize in the country. The state is also the Brazilian leader in tomato production: in 2019 it produced over 1.2 million tons, a third of the country's total production.[16] In 2019, Goiás became the leader of the Brazilian production of garlic.[17][18] Goiás was the 4th largest producer of beans in Brazil in the 2017–18 harvest, with 374 thousand tons, and has about 10% of the country's production.[19] The state is also in 3rd place in the national production of cotton, however, most of the national production is from Mato Grosso and Bahia - Goiás has only 2.3% of participation.[20][21] In sunflower, in 2020 Goiás was the 2nd largest national producer, with 41.8%, losing only from Mato Grosso. In rice, Goiás is the 8th largest producer in Brazil, with 1% of national production.[22]

Chemical-mineral complex of the Fosfértil company in Catalão

Minerals are also important with the state being a major producer of nickel, copper, gold, niobium and aluminum (bauxite). Goiás had 4.58% of the national mineral participation (3rd place in the country) in 2017. At nickel, Goiás and Pará are the only two producers in the country, Goiás being the 1st in production, having obtained 154 thousand tons at a value of R$1.4 billion. In copper, it was the 2nd largest producer in the country, with 242 thousand tons, at a value of R$1.4 billion. In gold, it was the 4th largest producer in the country, with 10.2 tons, at a value of R$823 million. In niobium (in the form of pyrochlorine), it was the 2nd largest producer in the country, with 27 thousand tons, at a value of R$312 million. In aluminum (bauxite), it was the 3rd largest producer in the country, with 766 thousand tons, at a value of R$51 million.[23][24]

In gemstones, Goiás is one of the emerald producing states in Brazil. Campos Verdes is considered the "Capital of the Emeralds". The state also has known production of tourmaline (Brazil is one of the biggest productors of this gem), and sapphire (in a scarce mode).[25][26][27][28]

The Mitsubishi plant in Catalão

The strongest growing area in the state has been in industry and commerce. Goiás had in 2017 an industrial GDP of R$37.1 billion, equivalent to 3.1% of the national industry. It employs 302,952 workers in the industry. The main industrial sectors are: Construction (25.6%), Food (25.2%), Industrial Public Utility Services, such as Electricity and Water (17.2%), Petroleum Products and Biofuels (7.4%) and Chemicals (3.7%). These 5 sectors concentrate 79.1% of the state's industry.[29]

Goiânia and Aparecida de Goiânia have become centers of food-processing industries, Anápolis of pharmaceutical factories. Rio Verde, in the southwest, is one of the fastest growing small cities with many new industries locating in the area and Catalão is a metal-mechanical and chemical center.

In Brazil, the automotive sector represents close to 22% of industrial GDP. Goiás has Mitsubishi, Suzuki and Hyundai factories.[30][31]

Economic indicators

[edit]
  • Agriculture (in tons): sugarcane (9,251,798), soybeans (3,420,653), corn (3,414,601), tomato (759,009), rice (352,135), cotton (278,363), manioc (255,639), beans (200,977)--(1999).
  • Livestock (in head): fowl (80,000,000 est.), cattle (18,000,000 est.), pigs (1,000,000 est.) --(1999).
  • Minerals: titanium-ilmenite (1,624 t), nickel (52,302 t), manganese (23,242 t), cobalt (484 t), iron (199 brute tons), niobium-pirocloride (54,953 t), gold (4,512,882 grams), silver (211,917)--(1998).
  • Industry: food, metallurgy, extraction of non-metallic minerals.

Statistics

[edit]
  • Vehicles: 1,610,972 (March/2007);
  • Mobile phones: 3.6 million (April/2007); Telephones: 1.3 million (April/2007)
  • Cities: 246 (2007).[32]

Infrastructure

[edit]
BR-060 Highway
Anápolis Air Force Base
The President of the Republic, Jair Bolsonaro, poses for a photo during the signing ceremony of the concession contract for the north–south section, in 2019, in Anápolis.

In 2017, the state had a total road network of 96,642.1 km, including municipal, state and federal roads. As of December 2021, Goiás owned, in addition to municipal roads, 21,212.67 km of Goiás state roads and 2,094.3 km of federal roads. There are more than 13,000 km of paved roads and about 1,200 km are duplicated highways. The BR-060 has more than 520 km duplicated between Brasília, Goiânia and Jataí. The BR-050 is almost entirely duplicated in the state, with more than 200 km of highways between Cristalina and the border with Minas Gerais. The BR-153 between Goiânia and the border with Minas Gerais is also duplicated, in addition to the highways that connect Goiânia with the BR-070. Duplication of highways in the state began in the 2000s and has been constantly evolving ever since.[33][34][35] There is currently a project to duplicate the BR-153 between Anápolis and the border with Tocantins.[36]

Highways in the Brazilian Highway System include BR-020, BR-040, BR-050, BR-060, BR-070, BR-080, Rodovia Transbrasiliana (BR-153), BR-158, BR-251, BR-364, BR-414, BR-452; additionally, over 60 state highways run through the state.

Modernization work will soon get under way[when?] at Santa Genoveva Airport in the northeast side of Goiânia. With nominal yearly capacity of 600,000 passengers, in 2004 it received 950,000. With its new terminal, it will be able to handle up to 2 million users a year. Air traffic in Goiás has several airports.[37] An airbase has been built in Anápolis for the supersonic aircraft of the Brazilian Air Force.[38]

There is only a waterway on the Paranaíba River, and its main port is São Simão, which forms part of the Hidrovia Tietê-Paraná.[39]

One of the most important railways in the state is the Ferrovia Norte-Sul (North-South Railway). On March 4, 2021, the section between São Simão (GO) and Estrela d'Oeste (SP) entered into operation. In São Simão, a terminal with a static capacity of 42,000 tons and the capacity to process 5.5 million tons of soybeans, corn and soybean meal per year was built. On May 29, 2021, the first railway composition loaded with soybeans departed from the multimodal terminal of Rio Verde (GO), bound for the Port of Santos. This trip marked the inauguration of the section between Rio Verde and São Simão (GO) with just over 200 km.[40][41]

Main sights

[edit]
Wave pool, where thermal water is used, located in Rio Quente Resorts, Caldas Novas
Santa Barbara Waterfall in Cavalcante
  • Caldas Novas

It is a city located in the southeast of the state, where hot springs are located, being the largest hydrothermal resort in the world, with several resorts that use the waters of these thermal springs for therapeutic and leisure purposes. Some resorts in the city are inspired by the ancient Roman Baths. The Region attracts tourists from all over Brazil and the world.[42][43]

  • Chapada dos Veadeiros
Main article: Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park

It is an ecological national park famous for the diversity of its landscape and the richness of its fauna and flora.

  • City of Goiás
Main article: Goiás, Goiás

An internationally famous World Heritage Site, the city is notable for its historical importance and colonial architecture.

  • Parque Nacional das Emas
Main article: Emas National Park

The Emas National Park is another World Heritage Site in Goiás.

  • Pirenópolis
Main article: Pirenópolis

Pirenópolis is a city in the interior of the State of Goiás, known for its preserved colonial homes and steep stone streets.

Cities

[edit]

The state is divided into 246 municipalities

View of Catalão in Goiás
Further information: List of municipalities in Goiás

The 15 most populous cities as estimated in 2017 by IGBE:

See City population of Goiás for table showing population from 1991 to 2005 in the 37 largest cities.

Some cities known for their tourist interest
Name Population
Caldas Novas 65,637
Cristalina 51,133
Ipameri 22,600
Pirenópolis 21,241
Goiás 14,173
Paraúna 10,900
Corumbá de Goiás 9,915
Cavalcante 9,725
Alto Paraíso de Goiás 7,688
Aruanã 5,212
Rio Quente 4,612

Sport

[edit]
Serra Dourada Stadium
Pedro Ludovico Teixeira Olympic Stadium

The main sport in the state is football. The main football clubs are Goiás, Atlético Goianiense, Vila Nova, Anápolis, Itumbiara, Anapolina, CRAC and Goiânia. The main stadiums in Goiás are the Serra Dourada Stadium and the Pedro Ludovico Teixeira Olympic Stadium, which was chosen as one of the hosts of the 2019 FIFA U-17 World Cup.[44][45]

Volleyball is also widely practiced by the population of Goiás, occupying the 3rd place in preference, with futsal in second place. Rugby occupies the fourth place in the preference of Goiás. A place where volleyball and futsal are widely practiced is in the city of Anápolis, which has an international gymnasium capable of hosting official matches, the Newton de Faria International Gymnasium.[46]

Olympic medalists Dante in volleyball and Carlos Jayme in swimming were born in the state, as well as medalists in world championships, such as César Sebba in basketball and Diogo Villarinho in aquatic marathon.[47][48][49][50]

Flag

[edit]

The green bars in the flag symbolize the spring and the yellow bars gold. The blue rectangle in the topleft corner symbolizes the sky, with the five stars forming the constellation of the Southern Cross. The flag was adopted on 30 July 1919. It is a toned down version of the original Republican flag of Brazil, in itself not original.

Further information: List of Goiás state symbols

Notable people

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Goiás

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Goiás is a state in the Central-West region of Brazil, encompassing an area of 340,242 km² and a population of 7,056,495 inhabitants as of the 2022 census. Its capital and largest city is Goiânia, which serves as the economic and administrative hub with a population exceeding 1.5 million. The state borders Tocantins to the north, Minas Gerais and Mato Grosso do Sul to the south, Bahia and Minas Gerais to the east, and Mato Grosso to the west, occupying a strategic central position in the country. Geographically dominated by the biome, which covers about 90% of its territory, Goiás features tropical savanna landscapes, plateaus, and notable natural attractions including the Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas National Parks, both UNESCO World Heritage sites for their and geological formations. Historically, the region was pivotal in Brazil's 18th-century , leading to the founding of the colonial of Goiás (now a Historic Centre), though economic focus shifted post-independence to and ranching. Today, Goiás ranks as one of Brazil's leading agricultural producers, with soybeans, , and forming the backbone of its economy, contributing significantly to national exports alongside growing industrial sectors like automotive manufacturing and mining for minerals such as . The state's economy, the ninth largest in Brazil by GDP as of recent assessments, reflects diversification from traditional farming into services and industry, driven by investments and migration, though challenges include environmental pressures from expansive expansion in the . Goiás also hosts cultural landmarks like the Basilica of the Divine Eternal Father in Trindade, underscoring its blend of rural traditions and modern urban development.

Geography

Location and Borders

Goiás is located in the Central-West region of , occupying a central position in the country with a territorial extension of 340,086.698 km², making it the seventh largest state by area. The state's geographical coordinates place its approximate center at 15°50' S and 49°50' W , spanning latitudes from about 12° S to 18° S and longitudes from 46° W to 55° W. The state shares borders with to the north, to the northeast, to the east and southeast, to the south, and to the west, encompassing a total of five neighboring states. Goiás completely surrounds the , which contains the national capital and is entirely enclaved within its territory. As a landlocked state, Goiás has no direct access to the sea, with its borders defined entirely by domestic administrative divisions rather than international frontiers. This central positioning facilitates connectivity via major highways and planned rail links to other .

Topography and Hydrography

Goiás features a predominantly plateau-dominated topography as part of the Brazilian Central Plateau, with tabular landforms, chapadas, and serras shaped by ancient crystalline rocks and sedimentary basins. Elevations generally range from 600 to 900 meters above sea level across much of the state, transitioning to higher undulating terrains in the northern and eastern regions. The relief includes extensive flat to gently rolling surfaces dissected by valleys, with key elevated features such as the Chapada dos Veadeiros in the north, reaching a maximum altitude of 1,784 meters at Pouso do Côvo, and the Serra dos Pireneus in the center-east, peaking at 1,395 meters. Other notable formations encompass the Serra Dourada and Chapada dos Veadeiros, which contribute to a diverse array of escarpments and depressions amid the cerrado savanna landscape. The hydrographic network of Goiás is extensive, reflecting its position as a watershed divide, with rivers flowing into three primary basins: the Araguaia-Tocantins, covering approximately 58% of the state's 340,086.8 km² area; the Paraná, encompassing 41%; and the São Francisco, accounting for the remainder. The Araguaia-Tocantins basin dominates the north and east, featuring major rivers like the Araguaia and tributaries of the , including the and Almas, which support perennial flows due to the region's aquifers and seasonal rainfall. In the Paraná basin, prevalent in the south and west, principal waterways include the Paranaíba on the southern border, the Meia Ponte flowing toward the central region, and the Vermelho, with confluences forming complex drainage patterns for agriculture and . The São Francisco basin covers limited headwater areas in the east, contributing minor tributaries that originate from elevated serras and flow eastward. Overall, the state's rivers exhibit seasonal variability, with higher discharges during the (October to ), supporting reservoirs like those on the Meia Ponte for and , though subject to droughts influenced by evapotranspiration. and flow are monitored through state agencies, revealing pressures from agricultural expansion in basins like the Vermelho.

Climate

The climate of Goiás is predominantly classified as Aw (tropical savanna) under the Köppen system, characterized by high temperatures year-round, a pronounced , and significant seasonal rainfall variation driven by the and South Atlantic Convergence Zone influences. This classification covers the majority of the state, with minor transitions to Cwa (humid subtropical with dry winters) in higher elevations of the northern and eastern plateaus, where cooler temperatures occur due to altitude exceeding 1,000 meters. Average annual temperatures range from 23°C to 25°C across the state, with daily highs typically between 30°C and 35°C during the hottest months of and , when maxima can exceed 38°C in lowland areas like . Minimum temperatures rarely drop below 15°C, except in elevated regions such as the Chapada dos Veadeiros, where frost events have been recorded on 5-10 nights per year at sites above 1,200 meters. The hot season spans to , with relative humidity averaging 50-60% during the day, contributing to discomfort despite low precipitation. Precipitation totals average 1,400-1,600 mm annually, concentrated in the from to , when monthly rainfall often surpasses 200 mm, peaking in December-January due to convective thunderstorms. The from May to September sees less than 50 mm per month, with June-July driest at under 20 mm, leading to widespread fires and agricultural reliance on or dry-season crops. Long-term data from 1960-2021 indicate stable but variable trends, with some western areas showing slight increases in annual rainfall (up to 10 mm/decade) attributed to enhanced moisture convergence, though eastern gauges report minor declines amid El Niño influences.
MonthAvg. High (°C)Avg. Low (°C) (mm)
Jan3020250
Feb3020220
Mar3020200
Apr3019120
May291740
Jun281620
Jul281610
Aug301710
Sep322040
Oct3221150
Nov3121200
Dec3021240
Data averaged for central Goiás (e.g., Goiânia region) from historical normals; variations of ±2°C and ±50 mm occur in peripheral zones.

Biodiversity and Environmental Features

Goiás lies entirely within the biome, an ancient tropical characterized by a of grasslands, shrublands, and dry forests adapted to seasonal fires and poor soils, supporting one of the world's richest biodiversities. The biome hosts over 11,000 plant , with nearly half endemic to the region, alongside diverse including approximately 200 , 860 , 180 reptiles, and 150 amphibians. In Goiás, diversity reaches 350–400 per in intact areas, many of which are fire-resistant with thick bark and underground buds enabling regeneration after burns. Faunal highlights include emblematic Cerrado species such as the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), and Brazilian three-banded armadillo (Tolypeutes tricinctus), the latter critically endangered and restricted to eastern Brazil including parts of Goiás. Endemic flora in the state encompasses plants like Hypenia kalunga (Lamiaceae), a shrub from the Chapada dos Veadeiros region, and Butia soffiae (Arecaceae), a purple-flowered palm found only in highland areas of the biome. Avian diversity features over 600 species recorded in Goiás, with endemics like certain hummingbirds and ovenbirds adapted to the open woodlands. Conservation efforts center on federal protected areas covering significant portions of native vegetation, including (65,038 hectares) and Emas National Park (133,069 hectares), both World Heritage sites safeguarding refugia with high and serving as corridors for species migration. These parks have preserved gallery forests along rivers, which harbor greater tree density and humidity-dependent species amid the surrounding drier . However, agricultural expansion—particularly soy and cattle ranching—poses severe threats, with licensed in Goiás trending upward in frontier municipalities between 2011 and 2021, converting native habitats despite regulatory oversight. Nationally, the lost over 20% of its original cover by 2020, with Goiás contributing through intensified that fragments habitats and reduces connectivity for wide-ranging species like pumas.

History

Pre-Colonial and Indigenous Periods

The territory comprising modern Goiás, situated on the central Brazilian plateau, exhibits evidence of human occupation dating to the early , approximately 10,000 years , as indicated by lithic artifacts from sites in regions like Serranópolis associated with the Itaparica cultural tradition, characterized by flaked stone tools adapted to local chert sources. These findings reflect small-scale societies exploiting the savanna's resources, with limited permanent structures due to the environment's seasonal aridity and mobility demands, contrasting with denser Amazonian or coastal settlements. Indigenous populations belonged predominantly to the Macro-Jê linguistic phylum, encompassing diverse groups adapted to the plateau's mosaic of grasslands, gallery forests, and river valleys, where they practiced semi-nomadic , with bows and arrows, and gathering wild plants. Subsistence emphasized resilient crops like , beans, and manioc in cleared plots, supplemented by game such as armadillos and deer, with evidence of early ceramic production in some riverine contexts by the late pre-colonial era. Archaeological surveys reveal occasional ring-shaped village layouts in central , including Goiás margins, suggesting communal organization around central plazas for up to several hundred inhabitants, though such formations were rarer inland than in more fertile zones. Prominent groups included the Avá-Canoeiro, small bands numbering likely under 300 individuals who ranged across northern Goiás and adjacent basins, maintaining isolation through seasonal migrations between highlands and floodplains for resource exploitation. The Karajá, particularly subgroups like the Xambioá or Karajá do Norte, occupied eastern riverine areas bordering Goiás, relying on weirs, for storage, and networks for stone and feathers, with villages featuring thatched malocas extended kin groups. These societies exhibited patrilineal clans, ritual specialists for curing and , and conflicts over territory with neighboring Macro-Jê bands, fostering a decentralized without hierarchical chiefdoms. Overall densities remained low, estimated at under one person per square kilometer, constrained by the plateau's nutrient-poor soils and erratic rainfall, which prioritized adaptive flexibility over sedentary intensification.

Colonial Exploration and Gold Rushes

Portuguese colonial exploration of the Goiás region began in the late 17th century through expeditions known as bandeiras, organized primarily by settlers from São Paulo seeking gold, silver, and indigenous captives for enslavement. These bandeirantes ventured into the uncharted sertão (hinterlands), often clashing with indigenous groups and expanding Portuguese territorial claims beyond the initial coastal Treaty of Tordesillas limits. After the initial gold boom in Minas Gerais subsided around 1720, prospectors directed efforts westward. In July 1722, Bartolomeu Bueno da Silva, known as Anhanguera II, departed on a bandeira that reached the streams of central , returning in 1725 with confirmation of alluvial gold deposits in the Rio Vermelho area of present-day Goiás. This discovery, attributed to Anhanguera's group, ignited a secondary , drawing thousands of miners, merchants, and enslaved Africans and indigenous people to the region despite harsh terrain and resistance from local tribes such as the Goyá and Kayapó. Alluvial mining techniques dominated, involving panning and sluicing of river sands, with production peaking in the 1730s to 1750s before declining due to shallower deposits and administrative impositions like the quinto royal tax. The influx spurred permanent settlement, culminating in the founding of Vila Boa (later Goiás Velho) around 1727 as the administrative center near key mining sites like Santa Ana. By 1748, the Crown elevated the area to the Captaincy of Goiás, separate from São Paulo, to better control taxation and order amid rapid population growth from under 1,000 in the 1720s to several thousand by mid-century. Gold output from Goiás contributed to Brazil's estimated 1,200 tonnes extracted across interior provinces in the 18th century, though exact figures for Goiás remain imprecise due to smuggling and informal mining. The rush facilitated infrastructural developments like rudimentary roads and churches but also intensified indigenous displacement and environmental degradation from mercury use in amalgamation, though less extensively than in Minas Gerais. By the 1770s, viable surface deposits waned, leading to and outmigration, yet the colonial framework established enduring patterns of extractive settlement in Central Plateau.

19th-Century Developments

Following Brazil's on September 7, 1822, Goiás transitioned from a to a within the , yet this political shift brought minimal economic revitalization. The exhaustion of easily accessible alluvial gold deposits, which had begun declining around 1770, persisted into the , leading to prolonged stagnation across the region. The provincial , once buoyed by , saw population dispersal into the sertões as many residents migrated elsewhere, leaving behind a landscape of abandoned prospects and underutilized lands. Economic adaptation centered on rudimentary cattle ranching and , with production primarily serving local needs rather than markets. Interprovincial in emerged as a key activity, supplemented by widespread and to circumvent poor and fiscal burdens. The of 1850 aimed to regulate sesmarias and encourage settlement, but confirmations remained low—fewer than 200 out of over 1,000 applications in Goiás—due to the risks of and abundant available land, limiting structured expansion. Labor shortages plagued ranching operations, reliant on enslaved workers until national abolition in 1888, while food crops like manioc and corn sustained sparse settlements without significant surplus. Politically, Goiás maintained stability through alliances between local powerbrokers, known as coronéis, and the imperial center, fostering a pro-government stance with little partisan conflict until the . The provided subsidies to the provincial treasury, offsetting low tax revenues from small urban hubs like the capital at Vila Boa (later Goiás). prevailed, resisting innovation amid environmental constraints and isolation, though late-century advancements included telegraph lines by 1890 and encroaching railroads, signaling tentative integration into broader networks. This era solidified Goiás's image as an "unsuccessful frontier," with in towns like Goiás preserving 18th- and 19th-century mining-era layouts due to .

20th-Century Modernization and Urbanization

In the early decades of the , Goiás was characterized by economic stagnation, with its economy dominated by extensive cattle ranching on large latifundia and limited , resulting in low population densities and minimal urban development outside the declining colonial town of Goiás Velho. The state's isolation from major markets persisted until the extension of railroads from in the and began integrating it into national trade networks, laying groundwork for modernization. The founding of on October 24, 1933, under Governor Pedro Ludovico Teixeira, marked a pivotal shift toward deliberate and state-led development, as the planned capital was intended to centralize administration, stimulate interior colonization, and symbolize progress amid Brazil's broader modernization efforts under President . Designed by urban planner Attílio Corrêa Lima with influences from garden city ideals and modernist , including wide boulevards and for residential, commercial, and green areas, 's expanded from approximately 52,000 in 1950 to 148,000 by 1960 and 375,000 by 1970, driven by and public investments in like electricity and water systems. The construction of , initiated in 1956 by President , profoundly influenced Goiás' trajectory by generating spillover effects, including the construction of connecting highways such as BR-060 and the influx of construction workers and settlers, which enhanced accessibility and boosted demand for Goiano agricultural products. This integration accelerated rural exodus as mechanized farming reduced labor needs, funneling population toward urban poles like , where nascent industries in textiles, , and agro-processing emerged, supported by federal incentives during the military regime (1964–1985). By the late , these dynamics had transformed Goiás from a predominantly rural society, with urbanization rates below 40% in mid-century, to one where over 80% of the population resided in urban areas by 2000, underscoring the causal link between infrastructure-led connectivity and demographic shifts.

Post-1980s Economic Expansion and Recent Events

Following Brazil's economic stabilization via the Plano Real in 1994, which curbed hyperinflation that had plagued the 1980s, Goiás shifted toward robust growth anchored in agribusiness innovation. The state's Cerrado biome, once deemed unsuitable for intensive farming, was revolutionized through Embrapa-led advancements including soil liming, no-till techniques, and hybrid seeds, enabling massive expansion of soybean, maize, and sugarcane cultivation from the late 1980s onward. By the 1990s, agricultural output surged, with Goiás establishing itself as a national leader in grain production and contributing approximately 2.4% to Brazil's overall economy by 2005. Industrial diversification complemented this agrarian boom, particularly through the development of the Distrito Agroindustrial de Anápolis (DAIA) in the , which drew investments in pharmaceuticals, automotive parts, and due to favorable tax incentives and central location. The state's GDP rose steadily, outpacing national averages in key periods, driven by these sectors amid Brazil's commodity-fueled expansion in the . ranching also proliferated, positioning Goiás with the third-largest herd in by 2016 at 22.6 million head. Into the 2010s and 2020s, infrastructure enhancements bolstered competitiveness; notably, the North-South Railway extension to Anápolis operationalized in 2023 facilitated efficient export of agricultural goods and industrial inputs. Despite national economic headwinds like the 2014-2016 recession, Goiás maintained resilience through agribusiness, recording milestones such as a 6.3% soybean planted area increase in 2024, yielding 16.8 million tons and securing fourth place nationally. This growth, however, has intensified pressures on Cerrado ecosystems, with cropland expansion correlating to elevated deforestation and erosion risks.

Government and Administration

State Structure and Governance

Goiás operates as a federative state within Brazil's republican system, with divided among executive, legislative, and judicial branches under the State Constitution promulgated in 1989, which mirrors the federal Constitution of 1988 in granting states autonomy over local matters such as taxation, policing, and education while subordinating them to national sovereignty. The executive power is vested in the , elected by absolute vote in statewide elections held every four years, with eligibility for one consecutive re-election; the appoints a vice-governor (running on the same ticket) and secretarial cabinet to manage policy implementation across 27 secretariats as of the latest organizational structure. Ronaldo Caiado, affiliated with União Brasil, has held the governorship since January 1, 2019, following victories in the 2018 and 2022 elections. The legislative branch is unicameral, comprising the Assembleia Legislativa do Estado de Goiás (ALEGO), which convenes in Goiânia and holds 41 deputies (deputados estaduais) elected proportionally by population-based districts every four years; these deputies deliberate and vote on bills concerning state revenues, infrastructure, and regulations, requiring a quorum of at least one-fifth (approximately 9 members) to initiate sessions. ALEGO's powers include approving the annual state budget, overseeing executive actions through commissions, and proposing amendments to the state constitution, with the most recent composition resulting from the October 2022 elections yielding a diverse partisan distribution led by parties such as União Brasil and Progressistas. The judicial branch maintains independence, headed by the Tribunal de Justiça de Goiás (TJGO), the state's superior court with jurisdiction over appeals, constitutional matters, and administrative oversight of lower courts; as per Lei Estadual nº 21.237 of January 12, 2022, TJGO consists of 52 desembargadores (appellate judges) organized into seven civil chambers, criminal divisions, and an special organ for high-level decisions, supported by corregedoria for disciplinary functions and varas (trial courts) distributed across 246 municipalities. Lower instances include 246 comarcas (judicial districts) handling first-degree cases in civil, criminal, family, and labor law, with the Ministério Público Estadual (state prosecutor's office) acting as an autonomous fiscal entity to defend public interests and initiate actions. This tripartite structure ensures checks and balances, though fiscal dependencies on state revenues—totaling R$ 45.2 billion in budgeted expenditures for 2023—can influence operational capacities across branches.

Administrative Divisions

Goiás is administratively subdivided into 246 municipalities, each functioning as the basic unit of with elected mayors and councils responsible for , , and taxation. These municipalities vary widely in size and population, with as the capital and largest, encompassing over 1.4 million residents, while smaller ones like Britânia number fewer than 5,000. Municipal boundaries are defined by state law and can be adjusted through legislative processes, though the total has remained stable at 246 since the early . For statistical and planning purposes, the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) groups these municipalities into five mesoregions: Norte Goiano, Noroeste Goiano, Centro Goiano, Leste Goiano, and Sul Goiano, established under IBGE Resolution PR Nº 11 of June 5, 1990. These mesoregions facilitate data aggregation on economic, demographic, and infrastructural indicators but hold no formal administrative authority. In 2017, IBGE introduced a revised framework of 18 intermediate geographic regions and 52 immediate geographic regions within Goiás, superseding older microregional divisions to better reflect contemporary commuting patterns and urban hierarchies, though the five mesoregions continue in some official state usages. The state features two designated metropolitan regions with coordinated governance for , transportation, and environmental management. The Região Metropolitana de Goiânia, established by State Complementary Law Nº 27 of 1999 and comprising 21 municipalities including , Aparecida de Goiânia, and Anápolis, covers approximately 7,397 km² and houses over 2.5 million people, focusing on integrated amid rapid suburban expansion. The Região Metropolitana do Entorno do Distrito Federal, created by State Complementary Law Nº 181 of January 2023 and recognized by IBGE in August 2024, includes 11 border municipalities such as Águas Lindas de Goiás, Luziânia, and Valparaíso de Goiás, spanning areas with high commuter flows to and addressing issues like informal settlements and cross-jurisdictional services.

Political Dynamics and Elections

Ronaldo Caiado of the União Brasil party has served as since January 1, 2019, following his initial in 2018, and was reelected on October 2, 2022, in the first round with 51.81% of valid votes (1,806,892 votes), avoiding a runoff against challengers including Gustavo Mendanha of the Patriotas party, who received 25.20%. in the 2022 gubernatorial stood at approximately 79%, aligning with national averages for state-level contests. Caiado's platform emphasized development, , and security reforms, resonating with the state's rural electorate amid economic reliance on soy, , and corn production. Goiás's political dynamics feature a pronounced center-right orientation, with parties like União Brasil (formerly DEM) and allies holding sway through alliances tied to the sector, which exerts significant influence via and campaign funding in a state recognized as a national hub for agricultural output. This sector's political leverage is evident in legislative priorities favoring export-oriented farming and infrastructure, often prioritizing market liberalization over environmental regulations, despite critiques from urban-based opposition groups. Left-leaning parties, such as the (PT), maintain limited footholds, primarily in the capital , where municipal elections reflect more fragmented support compared to rural strongholds. Electoral patterns underscore a rural-urban divide, with conservative candidates consistently outperforming in interior municipalities dependent on , as seen in the presidential vote where former President garnered strong backing in Goiás's agro-dominated regions, mirroring national trends in the Centro-Oeste. Urban centers like exhibit higher abstention risks and occasional shifts toward centrists, but overall, the state's 6.4 million electorate favors incumbents promising economic stability over redistributive policies. Next gubernatorial elections are scheduled for October 2026, with Caiado ineligible for a consecutive third term, potentially opening contests to figures from the same center-right bloc.

Demographics

Population Size and Growth

The population of Goiás was estimated at 7,350,483 residents as of July 1, 2024, according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). This estimate marks a 1.0% increase from 2023, surpassing the national growth rate of 0.39%. By July 1, 2025, the population reached 7.42 million, reflecting a continued annual geometric growth rate of 1.0%. The 2022 census enumerated 7,056,495 inhabitants, up 17.6% from 6,003,788 in the 2010 census. This growth has been fueled by net positive migration, particularly to the Goiânia metropolitan area, and sustained natural increase, though at rates below mid-20th-century peaks. Historically, Goiás saw explosive expansion post-1930s, with the population roughly tripling from 1,011,000 in 1950 to 3,121,000 by 1980, driven by the founding of Goiânia as the new state capital and agricultural frontier development. Growth moderated thereafter but remained robust through the late 20th century, supported by economic diversification into agribusiness and industry, contrasting with Brazil's decelerating national trends.

Ethnic Composition and Cultural Groups

The ethnic composition of Goiás reflects a history of Portuguese colonization, indigenous assimilation, and African slavery during the 18th-century , resulting in a predominantly mixed population. According to the conducted by the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), 54.18% of residents self-identify as (mixed-race, encompassing European, African, and indigenous ancestry), 36.24% as , and 9.19% as , with the remainder including small proportions of Asian () and indigenous individuals. These self-reported categories, derived from a total state population of approximately 7.06 million, highlight the prevalence of pardos as the largest group, consistent with broader Central-West Brazilian patterns of miscegenation. Indigenous peoples constitute a minor but distinct cultural group, numbering 19,522 individuals in 2022, or about 0.28% of the state's population, nearly all (95.52%) residing in urban areas. Historical groups such as the Gê-speaking Avá-Canoeiro and Xacriabá have been largely assimilated or displaced by colonial expansion and modern agriculture, with remaining communities facing land pressures in the biome. Quilombola communities, descendants of escaped African slaves who formed maroon settlements (quilombos), represent another key cultural minority; notable examples include the Kalunga group in northern Goiás, whose spans over 260,000 hectares and embodies resistance to slavery-era oppression, though exact statewide quilombola numbers remain subsets of the pardo and black categories without separate census tallies. European immigrants, including , , and , contributed to white-identifying populations from the late onward, particularly in agricultural settlements, while from northeastern since the mid-20th century reinforced pardo and black demographics through intermarriage and rural-to-urban flows. This composition underscores causal factors like bandeirante expeditions blending Portuguese frontiersmen with indigenous groups, followed by African labor importation for , yielding high rates of observed in regional DNA analyses. Cultural expressions, such as congados (Afro-indigenous festivals) and catira (folk dances of mixed rural heritage), persist among these groups, preserving pre-industrial traditions amid .

Religious Affiliations

The 2022 census by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) recorded that 51.9% of Goiás's population identified as Roman Catholic, down from 68.5% in the 2000 census. Evangelicals, encompassing Pentecostal and other Protestant denominations, comprised 32.6%, a rise from 19.5% two decades earlier. This shift mirrors national trends but is more pronounced in the Centro-Oeste region, where urban expansion and socioeconomic factors have facilitated Evangelical expansion among working-class communities. Catholicism retains strong devotional expressions, notably through the annual Festa do Divino Pai Eterno in Trindade, which attracted 4.3 million pilgrims in 2025, establishing it as one of Brazil's largest religious gatherings. The event, centered on the Basílica do Divino Pai Eterno, underscores folk Catholic traditions blending Portuguese colonial influences with local piety. Spiritism holds a niche but notable presence, with Palmelo being the sole Brazilian municipality where adherents form the majority, exceeding 50% of residents per the 2022 data. Religions of African matrix, including and , account for 0.5% statewide, reflecting limited syncretic adoption compared to coastal states. Smaller shares adhere to other faiths or report no religion, with the latter increasing among , though exact figures for Goiás align with the national rate of about 9%. These self-reported affiliations highlight a diversifying religious landscape amid pressures and denominational competition.

Urbanization and Migration Patterns

In the 2022 Brazilian Census, 93.2% of Goiás's population resided in urban areas, totaling 6,576,104 individuals, compared to 6.8% or 480,391 in rural areas. This marked an increase from 90.3% urban in 2010, reflecting accelerated with Goiás recording the fifth-highest national growth in urban population, adding 1,155,390 urban residents over the period. The trend aligns with national patterns where urban areas absorbed population growth while rural numbers declined, driven by in and service sector expansion in cities. Migration has significantly fueled this urban expansion, with 28.8% of Goiás's residents in 2022 born in other Brazilian states, placing the state second nationally in the absolute number of internal migrants. Between 2017 and 2022, Goiás achieved a net migration gain of 186,827 people, the third highest in Brazil, contributing 2.65% to its population growth. Inflows originated predominantly from the Federal District (28.2%), followed by northeastern states like Maranhão and Pará, as well as traditional sources such as Bahia and Minas Gerais. These patterns indicate Goiás as a key destination for internal migration, attracted by economic opportunities in agribusiness logistics, manufacturing hubs like Anápolis, and the capital Goiânia's metropolitan region, which grew 19.35% from 2010 to 2022. Rural-to-urban migration within the state has complemented interstate inflows, as agricultural modernization reduced rural employment needs, prompting movement to urban peripheries for non-farm jobs. The Metropolitan Region, encompassing over 40% of the state's population, exemplifies this concentration, with rapid infrastructure development supporting migrant integration. Despite high , rural pockets persist in northern and western Goiás, tied to , though overall rural depopulation continues.

Economy

Macroeconomic Indicators

Goiás recorded a (GDP) of R$342 billion in 2023, the highest nominal value in state history, reflecting a revised annual growth rate of 5.2%. This outperformed Brazil's national GDP expansion of 2.9% for the same year. The state's accounted for 3.1% of national GDP, positioning Goiás among Brazil's top 10 state economies by output. Prior to revision, initial estimates pegged 2023 GDP at R$336.7 billion with 4.4% growth from 2022's R$321.8 billion.
YearGDP (R$ billions)Growth Rate (%)
2021~300 (est. pre-growth)11.8 (revised cumulative with 2022)
2022321.86.0
2023342.05.2 (revised)
GDP per capita in Goiás stood at R$34,522 in 2021, per official IBGE figures, above the national average but trailing wealthier states like São Paulo. Updated per capita estimates for 2023, derived from revised GDP and population data approximating 7.1 million residents, suggest values exceeding R$48,000, though official IBGE confirmation awaits release. The state's unemployment rate fell to 5.2% in the second quarter of 2024, down from 6.1% in the prior quarter, indicating robust labor market conditions amid agricultural and industrial expansion. This rate remains below the national average of 7.0% for the period, supported by formal job creation records in 2023.

Agriculture and Agribusiness

Agriculture and agribusiness form a cornerstone of Goiás's economy, contributing approximately 15% to the state's GDP and for 96.7% of its total exports. In , the sector achieved record outputs across key areas, driven by expanded planting and favorable yields, with total state exports reaching $12.3 billion, led by soybeans at $4.58 billion. Soybeans dominate crop production, with the 2024 yielding 16.822 million tons, securing Goiás the fourth position nationally following a 6.3% increase in planted area. The state ranks third in corn production, with the second- output rising 4.8% over 2023 and productivity improving by 3.8%. Cotton output reached 136,000 tons in the 2023/24 cycle, a 4.7% gain, placing third in national bale production at 1.3 million bales. Sugarcane production hit record levels in 2024/25, solidifying third-place status with approximately 50 million tons and productivity averaging 81 tons per . Livestock, particularly cattle, complements field crops, with Goiás maintaining a herd of about 24.3 million head. The state ranked third nationally in cattle slaughter, processing 3.1 million head from January to September 2024, an 18.8% increase from 2023, yielding around 1.2 million tons of . Poultry production supports exports, including 23.2 thousand tons of chicken meat shipped in April 2024 alone. These activities underscore Goiás's role in Brazil's exports, which totaled $164.4 billion nationally in 2024, with the state contributing significantly through soy and shipments primarily to .

Mining and Industrial Sectors

The mining sector in Goiás is a cornerstone of the state's economy, contributing significantly to 's national output of key minerals. Goiás leads in , , and production, ranks second in and , and third in . In 2019, the state accounted for 30.3% of 's total output. mining, centered in Catalão, features major operations such as the Boa Vista and Catalão mines, which produce rock for s; these sites form one of 's largest complexes, with open-pit extraction supporting national supply chains. Copper and gold production is dominated by the Chapada open-pit mine in northern Goiás, operated by Lundin Mining since 2007, which yielded an estimated 45.72 thousand tonnes of copper in 2023 through conventional truck-and-shovel methods, alongside gold and silver byproducts. Niobium extraction, often co-produced with phosphate in carbonatite complexes like Catalão II, bolsters Goiás's position in high-tech mineral supply, though environmental concerns from open-pit operations have prompted regulatory scrutiny. The industrial sector accounts for approximately 24.5% of Goiás's GDP, driven by in automotive, , and . Automotive assembly is prominent, with factories for Hyundai, , and located in the state, supporting vehicle production and parts manufacturing that leverage proximity to agribusiness demand. production, including tractors and implements from firms like , aligns with the state's agrarian economy, while food and beverage industries process local grains and meats into value-added products. These sectors benefit from industrial parks in and Anápolis, fostering employment and exports, though reliance on commodity cycles exposes them to global price volatility.

Services, Trade, and Emerging Industries

The services sector dominates Goiás's economy, accounting for approximately 67.4% of the state's production flow, encompassing commerce, healthcare, administrative activities, and . In 2015, services contributed 65.1% to the state's GDP, valued at R$100.66 billion, underscoring its role as the primary economic driver amid diversification from . Key subsectors include retail and wholesale concentrated in urban centers like , where business events and medical services support employment and revenue generation. Trade remains robust, with Goiás achieving a surplus in 2024, driven by exports of soybeans, , and minerals to markets such as and the . Exports totaled around implicitly for the year based on the surplus and import figures, while imports reached , primarily pharmaceuticals, , and fertilizers from the and . In November 2024 alone, exports hit against in imports, reflecting sustained competitiveness in agribusiness-linked commodities. Emerging industries highlight growth in tourism and digital innovation. Tourism attracted 850,000 trips in 2023, injecting R$1.2 billion into the economy through ecotourism in Chapada dos Veadeiros, religious sites like Trindade's Basilica of the Divine Eternal Father, and hydrothermal resorts in Caldas Novas. The sector's service volume rose 5.5% in October 2024 and 17.4% in November 2024 year-over-year, supported by over 25,000 new tourism-related businesses opened in 2024. In technology, Goiás is positioning as a digital innovation hub, with initiatives fostering AI integration in industry, startup acceleration, and investments exceeding R$3.4 billion in tech protocols signed in recent years. These developments leverage state policies for digital transformation, enhancing competitiveness beyond traditional exports.

Infrastructure

Transportation Systems

Goiás's transportation infrastructure is dominated by roadways, which facilitate the movement of agricultural goods and passengers across the state's vast interior. The road network comprises approximately 28,000 km of highways, with 53% paved and 1,278.7 km of duplicated sections, of which 60% are federal. Major federal highways include BR-060, linking to and Rio Verde, and BR-153 (Transbrasiliana), connecting the state to northern and southern ; these routes are critical for logistics, handling significant and grain transport. Recent concessions, such as the 426 km Rota Verde Goiás (BR-452/GO-210/GO-310), awarded in 2024, include duplications and third lanes to enhance capacity near . , primarily freight-oriented, has expanded with the Ferrovia Norte-Sul (EF-151), a 1,600 mm gauge line traversing Goiás from to São Paulo. Concessioned to Rumo in 2019 for 30 years, the railway's Goiás sections, including the Palmeiras de Goiás to Goianira link completed in May 2023, enable efficient grain by reducing road dependency. The full 2,257 km network, finalized in 2023, integrates with ports, though bottlenecks persist in connections to Santos. Air transport centers on Goiânia's Santa Genoveva International Airport (GYN/SBGO), the state's primary hub handling domestic and some international flights, located 6 km from the city center. Smaller airports, such as Caldas Novas (CLV), serve regional needs but lack the scale of GYN. Urban mobility in Goiânia relies on a bus-based system, including the Eixo Anhanguera corridor; in 2025, the city ordered 21 electric buses from to modernize the fleet. River navigation is negligible due to the state's landlocked, savanna-dominated terrain.

Energy Production and Distribution

Goiás generates predominantly from hydroelectric sources, with significant contributions from solar photovoltaic installations, particularly in . In 2024, the state's total production amounted to 33,100 GWh, reflecting a 36.9% increase over 2023 levels, driven by expansions in renewable capacity. Hydroelectric plants account for approximately 58% of the state's clean energy output, leveraging rivers such as the Corumbá and for power generation. Key facilities include the Corumbá, Corumbá III, and Corumbá IV hydroelectric plants in the Corumbá River basin, as well as the Cana Brava plant on the and the São Simão plant straddling the Goiás-Minas Gerais border. Solar energy has expanded rapidly, positioning Goiás as the sixth-largest state in for installed solar capacity by early 2025. Distributed solar generation, encompassing rooftop and small-scale systems, exceeded 2 GW of installed capacity in 2025, supported by over 151,000 operational connections and investments surpassing R$8.7 billion. The state's overall capacity reached 2,125 MW by 2024, with solar comprising the majority and enabling 158,267 connected units. This growth aligns with national trends but is amplified locally by favorable irradiation and regulatory incentives from ANEEL, though wind and other sources remain marginal in the state's matrix. Electricity distribution in Goiás is primarily managed by Equatorial Energia Goiás, formerly known as CELG Distribuição, which serves the bulk of urban and rural consumers across the state. Complementing this, CHESP (Companhia Hidroelétrica São Patrício) handles distribution in select areas, often integrated with its generation assets, while smaller operators like NN Energia cover niche markets. The network connects to Brazil's National Interconnected System (), ensuring supply stability, though challenges such as reservoir levels in hydroelectric plants periodically affect output, as seen in 2025 with reduced storage in major like Itumbiara and São Simão. ANEEL oversight has noted improvements in continuity, with CHESP advancing six positions in national reliability rankings for 2024.

Public Services and Utilities

Saneamento de Goiás S.A. (Saneago), the state-owned utility, manages and sanitary services across 223 of the state's 246 municipalities, achieving 98.21% coverage for treated distribution and 74.51% for collection and treatment among served populations as of recent reports. Since 2019, Saneago has expanded coverage from 60% to 72%, surpassing the national average, with the capital reaching 99.62% for . These services rely on an extensive network of 35,683 kilometers of pipelines, though rural and smaller municipalities face gaps in full implementation due to costs. Electricity distribution in Goiás is handled by Equatorial Energia Goiás under a concession covering 337,000 square kilometers and serving 3.3 million customers, following its acquisition of the operations from Enel Distribuição Goiás in December 2022 for nearly R$1.6 billion. Prior management under Enel faced criticism for poor performance, including frequent outages, leading to regulatory pressures that prompted the sale. Access to grid electricity in the state mirrors national levels, exceeding 99% of households in urban areas and approximately 99.2% in rural ones, supported by ongoing investments in grid reliability. Solid waste management is primarily a municipal responsibility under the state’s Política Estadual de Resíduos Sólidos (established by Law 14.248/2002), with over 100 open dumps (lixões) still operational, hindering compliance with national standards for sanitary landfills. Regionalized approaches are under development, including a BNDES-supported proposal initiated in 2025 to consolidate operations and reduce environmental risks. Collection rates vary by municipality, but state oversight emphasizes waste reduction and recycling to address public health and land use pressures from agribusiness expansion.

Education and Human Capital

Educational System and Literacy Rates

The educational system in Goiás adheres to Brazil's national framework under the Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação, with the state Secretaria de Estado da Educação (SEDUC) managing public provision of basic education, encompassing early childhood (from age 0 to 5), fundamental education (grades 1-9), and secondary education (ensino médio, grades 10-12). SEDUC operates over 900 state schools serving approximately 700,000 students as of 2023, supported by digital platforms like Portal NetEscola for remote learning and resources. The state emphasizes performance metrics through the national Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica (IDEB), calculated from approval rates and standardized test scores via the Prova Brasil and SAEB exams. Goiás ranks among Brazil's top performers, securing the highest national IDEB for secondary education and meeting or exceeding targets in fundamental stages in 2023 assessments. The IDEB scored 6.3 points for early fundamental years (grades 1-5), fulfilling the 2024 goal of 6.0; 5.5 points for final fundamental years (grades 6-9), aligning with projections; and 4.8 points for secondary education, reflecting sustained high approval rates above 90% alongside proficiency gains. Enrollment in secondary education covers about 75.8% of 15- to 17-year-olds, with 73% completing basic education by age 19, though early childhood attendance lags at 26.8% for ages 0-3 and 86.6% for ages 4-5 based on pre-2020 baselines. Recent infrastructure advances include 100% internet connectivity across state schools by October 2025, enhancing access to online curricula. Literacy rates for individuals aged 15 and older reached 96% in 2023, corresponding to a 4% illiteracy rate affecting 234,000 people, positioning Goiás seventh nationally per IBGE data. The state recorded Brazil's largest illiteracy reduction among seniors (aged 60+), from 24.4% in 2016 to 14.2% in 2023, driven by targeted programs amid persistent age-based disparities where elderly rates triple those of youth. Overall, Censo 2022 figures indicate 94.5% , with gains attributed to expanded access, though rural and demographic inequalities in older, non-white populations remain evident in IBGE surveys.

Higher Education Institutions

The higher education sector in Goiás features a mix of federal, state, and private institutions, with the federal Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG) as the largest and most prominent public entity, enrolling over 35,000 students across undergraduate and graduate programs. UFG, established in 1960, operates four campuses primarily in and surrounding areas, emphasizing research in fields like , , and engineering, and maintains a global ranking among top universities for academic performance. Its structure supports coeducational access with facilities for international students, though acceptance rates hover around 12% due to competitive admissions. Complementing UFG is the state-run Universidade Estadual de Goiás (UEG), created in 1999 to broaden regional access through a multicampus model headquartered in Anápolis. UEG focuses on public higher education expansion, offering programs in education, health sciences, and social sciences, and operates as a non-profit entity serving medium-sized urban and rural populations across the state. Private institutions include the Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás (PUC Goiás), accredited by Brazil's Ministry of Education in 1959 as the state's inaugural university, which enrolls approximately 25,000 students in 51 undergraduate courses, alongside extensive postgraduate offerings in areas such as , , and . PUC Goiás maintains a non-profit Catholic orientation with campuses in and Ipameri, prioritizing diversified curricula and research initiatives numbering over 250 active projects. Other notable providers, like the Universidade de Rio Verde, contribute to specialized agricultural and veterinary education, though they represent smaller-scale operations compared to the dominant trio.

Challenges in Access and Quality

Despite notable advancements in enrollment rates, significant disparities persist in educational access across Goiás, particularly between urban centers like and rural municipalities. Rural areas, which comprise a substantial portion of the state's territory and population reliant on , face barriers such as limited transportation infrastructure and fewer school facilities, resulting in lower net enrollment rates for compared to urban zones. For instance, socioeconomic inequalities exacerbate these gaps, with students from low-income rural families experiencing higher dropout risks due to familial labor demands in . Dropout rates, or evasão escolar, remain a critical challenge, especially in high school, where national data from the 2024 Censo Escolar indicate a 5.9% abandonment rate in Brazil, with Goiás showing progress through targeted programs but still confronting elevated figures among low-income, Black, and Brown youth aged 14-29. In 2023, Goiás reduced overall evasion by over 50% from prior years via initiatives like monitoring systems, yet high school persists as the most vulnerable stage, influenced by economic pressures and inadequate support services. Access to higher education is similarly uneven; while institutions like the Universidade Estadual de Goiás have expanded, students from public secondary schools—predominantly rural or low-SES—face admission barriers, with only a fraction transitioning successfully due to preparatory gaps. Quality challenges compound access issues, manifesting in uneven learning outcomes despite Goiás achieving the highest national IDEB score of 4.8 for public high schools in 2023. Disparities in infrastructure and teacher qualifications are pronounced: rural schools often lack updated facilities and trained educators, leading to lower proficiency in core subjects as measured by SAEB assessments, which reflect broader socioeconomic divides rather than uniform progress. Paradoxically, while statewide averages excel, intra-state variations—such as between high-performing urban partial-time schools and under-resourced rural ones—highlight persistent quality inequities, with rural students scoring lower on standardized tests due to factors like limited digital resources and overcrowded classrooms. Efforts to address these include the Plano Estadual de Educação (PEE), which targets equity through expanded full-time schooling, but implementation lags in remote areas, underscoring the need for sustained in development and regional resource allocation to mitigate causal factors like and geographic isolation.

Culture and Society

Traditional Practices and

![Basílica do Divino Pai Eterno in Trindade, central to the Festa do Divino Pai Eterno][float-right] The of Goiás encompasses a blend of indigenous, colonial, and African influences, manifested in , religious processions, and festivals that preserve rural and sertanejo traditions. Key practices include the Catira, a traditional Brazilian performed in pairs with rhythmic clapping and foot-stomping, originating from rural gatherings in the state's interior. The Recortado, another dynamic featuring quick movements and agile footwork, reflects the agility of local cowboys and is commonly showcased during community celebrations. Religious folklore is prominent, particularly the Congada, an Afro-Brazilian syncretic rite combining Catholic devotion with African rhythms and dances honoring Our Lady of the Rosary. In Goiás, such as in Catalão, the Congada involves annual processions on the second Sunday of October, where participants in elaborate costumes enact historical battles between African kingdoms and Portuguese forces, accompanied by drumming and chants. This tradition, traced to 19th-century slave communities, underscores resistance and cultural fusion, with local legends attributing its origins to enslaved Africans performing rituals in the 1800s. Cavalhadas represent medieval-inspired equestrian performances simulating battles between and Moors, a staple in towns like since the 19th century. Riders adorn horses with ribbons and fabrics, engaging in choreographed combats and parades during events tied to Corpus Christi or Festa do Divino . The Festa do Divino , observed in multiple municipalities including and Formosa, features the selection of an "emperor" who leads processions with flags, music, and communal feasts from through June. In Trindade, the Festa do Divino Pai Eterno draws millions annually to the , involving pilgrimages, masses, and vows since its formalization in the 1930s, rooted in 19th-century apparitions and emphasizing devotion to the . These events integrate profane elements like auctions and dances with sacred rituals, sustaining communal identity amid modernization challenges such as expansion.

Cuisine and Local Traditions

The cuisine of Goiás emphasizes hearty, rustic preparations influenced by the state's Cerrado savanna agriculture and cattle ranching, with corn, rice, and beef as foundational elements. Arroz com pequi, a rice dish incorporating the spiny, aromatic pequi fruit native to the region, exemplifies this, where the fruit's tangy, nutty pulp is simmered with garlic, onions, and sometimes chicken or pork, yielding a dish central to local identity since at least the 19th century mining era. Empadão goiano, a oversized savory pie with a cornmeal or cassava crust enclosing layers of shredded chicken, sausage, hearts of palm, olives, and cheese, originated as a communal food for rural gatherings and remains a staple in urban eateries. Galinhada, a one-pot stew of rice, chicken, sausage, and vegetables like chayote, reflects the state's poultry and grain production, often seasoned simply with salt and consumed year-round but peaking during harvest seasons. Pamonha, a steamed corn pudding filled with cheese, meat, or sweet coconut, draws from indigenous and Portuguese techniques adapted to Goiás's corn harvests, with variants sold street-side or at markets since colonial times. Barbecue traditions, including espetinhos (skewers) of beef and pork, tie into the sertanejo cowboy culture, with churrasco events featuring slow-grilled cuts from local herds that number over 20 million heads as of 2023. Desserts like arroz doce (rice pudding) and queijo coalho (grilled cheese curds) complement meals, underscoring dairy from the state's 1.2 million dairy cows. Local traditions blend Catholic rituals, folk performances, and agrarian cycles, preserving colonial-era customs in rural enclaves. The Festa do Divino, held annually in Pirenópolis around Pentecost (May-June), involves processions with the Folia de Reis troubadours singing and dancing to collect alms for the Holy Spirit, a practice dating to the 18th century and drawing from Portuguese imperial festivals. Cavalhadas, theatrical horse-mounted reenactments of Moor-Christian battles, occur in towns like Santa Bárbara de Goiás during Corpus Christi (June), featuring medieval costumes and equestrian displays that commemorate 16th-century Iberian conquests adapted to local mining history. Congada festivals, such as those in Goiás Velho, integrate African-derived rhythms, chants, and kingly coronations honoring Our Lady of the Rosary, originating from enslaved workers' devotions in the 18th-century gold rush and persisting as UNESCO-recognized intangible heritage. The Festa do Divino Pai Eterno in Trindade, established in 1897, attracts over 8 million pilgrims yearly in July for masses, candlelit processions, and vows at the , intertwining personal faith with communal feasting on regional foods like galinhada. Festas (June festivals) across the state feature bonfires, quadrilha dances mimicking rural courtship, and corn-based dishes, rooted in European midsummer rites fused with indigenous solstice observances. These events sustain sertaneja and sertanejo , including tales of explorers, though participation has declined in urban areas like amid modernization pressures.

Arts, Literature, and Festivals

Goiás has nurtured a distinctive literary tradition rooted in its colonial heritage and rural landscapes, with Cora Coralina (1889–1985) as its most celebrated figure. Born Ana Lins dos Guimarães Peixoto in the historic city of Goiás, she began writing poetry in her youth but delayed publication until age 76, releasing Poemas dos Becos de Goiás e Estórias Mais in 1965, which evoked the alleyways, rivers, and daily life of her hometown. Her introspective verse, blending personal resilience with regional folklore, earned her recognition as one of Brazil's foremost 20th-century poets, and her former home now serves as the Cora Coralina House Museum, preserving manuscripts and artifacts tied to local identity. Visual arts in Goiás reflect both colonial preservation and modern innovation. The Historic Centre of the Town of Goiás, a since 2002, safeguards architectural techniques and cultural artifacts that document the state's mining-era past, including religious iconography and vernacular crafts. In , founded in 1933 as Brazil's last planned capital, influences dominate public buildings and monuments, forming one of the nation's largest such collections and symbolizing mid-20th-century urban optimism. Contemporary efforts, supported by the Federal University of Goiás's Faculty, foster galleries and collectives that explore themes from the biome to social narratives, as seen in events like SP-Arte showcases. Festivals in Goiás emphasize Catholic devotion and folk reenactments, drawing from Portuguese colonial imports adapted to local contexts. The Festa do Divino Espírito Santo, observed around Pentecost, features processions, hymns, and communal feasts in towns like Pirenópolis, where it integrates Cavalhadas—horseback spectacles simulating 8th-century Iberian battles between Christians and Moors, a tradition formalized in 1819 and recognized as intangible cultural heritage. In Trindade, the annual Festa do Divino Pai Eterno, centered on the Basilica of the Eternal Father, attracts over 8 million pilgrims from June to July, combining masses, vows, and artisan fairs that sustain economic and spiritual continuity since the 19th century. These events preserve syncretic elements, including indigenous and African influences in music and dance, underscoring Goiás's role in Brazil's folkloric tapestry.

Tourism and Attractions

Natural and Ecotourism Sites

Goiás hosts significant natural attractions within the Cerrado biome, characterized by savannas, plateaus, and high biodiversity, drawing ecotourists for hiking, wildlife observation, and waterfall visits. The state's protected areas emphasize conservation of one of the world's oldest tropical ecosystems, with over 5,000 plant species and endemic fauna including giant anteaters and maned wolves. Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, established in 1961 and spanning 65,068 hectares in northern Goiás, is a premier destination featuring quartz-rich plateaus, canyons, and more than 100 waterfalls, such as the 120-meter Saltos do Rio Preto. Designated a in 2001 alongside Emas National Park, it protects diverse habitats at elevations of 1,300 to 1,700 meters, supporting activities like trail trekking to sites including Vale da Lua's eroded rock formations and Poço Encantado's crystalline waters. Visitor access is regulated through entry points in Alto Paraíso de Goiás and São Jorge, with trails requiring guides during certain seasons to mitigate environmental impact. Emas National Park, covering 132,868 hectares in southwestern Goiás near the border, focuses on open landscapes ideal for wildlife safaris, where species like jaguars, hyacinth macaws, and over 350 bird types inhabit floodplains and termite mounds. Also UNESCO-listed in 2001, the park's 17 rivers and wetlands support via vehicle tours and observation towers, with peak viewing for giant otters and during the dry season from May to September. Cachoeira da Santa Bárbara, a 40-meter cascade within the Chapada dos Veadeiros region, exemplifies accessible , reachable by a short hike and popular for swimming amid formations. Salto do Itiquira, located near Formosa with a 168-meter drop, ranks among Brazil's tallest free-falling waterfalls, attracting visitors for its dramatic plunge into a natural pool surrounded by remnants, though access involves a 1.5-kilometer . These sites underscore Goiás's emphasis on , with infrastructure limits to preserve ecological integrity amid growing annual visitation exceeding 100,000 in Chapada dos Veadeiros.

Historical and Cultural Heritage

The Historic Centre of the Town of Goiás, also known as Cidade de Goiás, serves as a primary emblem of the state's colonial past, designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2001 for exemplifying European urban adaptation to Brazil's central highlands during the 18th and 19th centuries. Founded amid the bandeirante expeditions seeking gold and precious stones, the town emerged around 1727 as a key settlement in the captaincy of Goiás, featuring narrow cobblestone streets, Baroque churches such as the Igreja Matriz de Nossa Senhora do Rosário da Meia-Noite constructed in 1690, and public buildings that reflect Portuguese colonial influences blended with local topography along the Rio Vermelho. Preservation efforts have maintained over 200 historic structures, including museums like the Museu das Bandeiras detailing the exploratory expeditions and the Casa de Cora Coralina, former home of the poet now housing artifacts from her life and works, drawing visitors to explore the site's role in Brazil's interior colonization. Pirenópolis represents another cornerstone of Goiás's historical heritage, established in 1723 during the gold boom as Meia Ponte, with its urban core protected as a National Historic and Artistic Heritage site by IPHAN since 1989 for retaining 18th-century . The town's irregular streets and hillside layout accommodate over 30 preserved buildings, including the Igreja Matriz de Nossa Senhora do Rosário erected in 1728 and the Museu Rodas de Pirenópolis showcasing traditional wagon wheels integral to regional transport and economy. These elements highlight 's evolution from a outpost to a cultural hub, where annual festivals revive artisanal crafts and religious processions tied to its founding era. Religious sites underscore the cultural devotion shaping Goiás's identity, exemplified by the Santuário Basílica do Divino Pai Eterno in Trindade, the world's only dedicated to the Divine Eternal Father, with origins in a devotion sparked by a slave's vision and formalized through pilgrimages that peaked at 8 million visitors by 2019. Elevated to basilica status by in 2017, the structure features neoclassical design completed in phases from 1936 onward, housing the revered image and attracting annual romarias that integrate faith with local traditions like the Festa do Divino. This sanctuary, alongside colonial churches in historic towns, illustrates the interplay of Catholicism and frontier settlement, fostering centered on spiritual and architectural legacies.

Urban and Adventure Tourism

Goiânia, the capital and largest city of with a population exceeding 1.5 million as of 2022, serves as the primary hub for in the state, featuring a planned urban layout established in 1933 that emphasizes green spaces and modern infrastructure. The city's central sectors showcase architecture alongside contemporary developments, including high-rise buildings and expansive parks that integrate leisure with daily life. Key attractions include Flamboyant Park, spanning 42 hectares with a central lake, tracks, areas, and botanical gardens, drawing visitors for recreational activities amid urban surroundings. Vaca Brava Park offers similar amenities, such as fitness trails and event spaces, contributing to Goiânia's reputation as Brazil's greenest capital by park area. Shopping centers like Flamboyant Mall and Passeio das Águas provide retail experiences with over 400 stores each, alongside dining and entertainment options reflective of the region's economic vibrancy. Cultural venues enhance the urban appeal, with the Oscar Niemeyer Cultural Center hosting exhibitions and performances in a striking modernist . The Memorial of the educates on the local through interactive displays and native flora exhibits, attracting those interested in regional within a city context. Serra Dourada Stadium, with a capacity of approximately 50,000, hosts football matches and concerts, serving as a focal point for and large-scale events that energize the urban . These sites underscore Goiânia's blend of modernity and accessibility, supported by efficient public transport and proximity to , facilitating day trips for regional visitors. Adventure tourism in Goiás complements urban bases with thrill-oriented activities often accessible via short drives from cities like or Caldas Novas. Caldas Novas, a thermal resort city with over 100,000 residents, features Hot Park, a major water adventure complex utilizing natural hot springs reaching 37.5°C, including high-speed slides like the Xpirado half-pipe and multi-lane racing descents. The park also offers ziplining through treetops and ecological trails, combining adrenaline with mild thermal soaks for family-oriented excursions. Serra de Caldas Novas State Park provides trekking routes with panoramic views, suitable for moderate hikes amid landscapes, often paired with urban thermal hotel stays. From , urban-adjacent adventures include and in Areião Park or Flamboyant Park's paths, with over 20 mapped routes for varying skill levels. These activities leverage the state's infrastructure, such as BR-060 highway access, to merge city convenience with outdoor pursuits without venturing into remote wilderness.

Sports and Recreation

Football and Professional Teams

Football is the dominant sport in Goiás, with professional clubs centered in competing in the , the state's organized annually by the Federação Goiana de Futebol. The three primary teams—, Atlético Goianiense, and —regularly participate in national competitions, including the as of the 2025 season. Goiás Esporte Clube, founded on April 6, 1943, has secured the most titles, with 28 victories, alongside national successes including the Série B championship in 1999 and 2012. The club plays home matches primarily at Estádio da Serrinha but shares the Estádio Olímpico do Governo do Estado de Goiás (Serra Dourada), which has a capacity of approximately 50,000 spectators. In 2025, Goiás finished fourth in Série B with a record reflecting competitive mid-table performance. Atlético Clube Goianiense, established in 1937, marked a milestone by winning the Série B title in 2016, the first such national triumph for a Goiás-based club in that division. The team has dominated recent state championships, claiming victories in 2022, 2023, and 2024. Atlético's home ground is Estádio Antônio Accioly, though it also utilizes Serra Dourada for larger crowds; in the 2025 Série B season, it ended tenth with 48 points from 33 matches. Vila Nova Futebol Clube, formed on July 29, 1943, has earned five titles and maintains a presence in Série B, where it recorded 43 points for a 12th-place finish in 2025. Known as the Tigre, the club shares Serra Dourada as its primary venue and engages in fierce rivalries, notably the Clássico Rubro-Anil against Atlético Goianiense and derbies with Goiás EC. These matches draw significant attendance, underscoring the passionate fanbase in the region.

Other Sports and Events

Saneago Goiás Vôlei, based in , represents the state in professional , competing in the Superliga Brasileira de Voleibol since its founding in 2018 and securing multiple titles, including a tetracampeonato in recent years. The team has participated in 18 national tournaments, emphasizing disciplined training and competitive performance in Brazil's top division. Rodeo events, rooted in the state's heritage, feature , competitions, and equestrian modalities like cutiano, drawing crowds to annual gatherings such as the Rio Verde and events in . These competitions highlight traditional skills amid rural festivities, with semi-finals and highlights broadcast to showcase top riders. Goiânia Arena has hosted international bouts, including UFC Fight Night: Belfort vs. Henderson 2 on November 9, 2013, attended by 10,565 spectators, and UFC Fight Night: Condit vs. Alves on May 30, 2015. Additionally, the Autódromo Internacional in Goiânia is scheduled to host MotoGP races annually from 2026 through 2030 under a new agreement.

Notable Individuals

Goiás has produced several prominent figures in literature, music, and sports. In poetry, Cora Coralina (born Ana Lins dos Guimarães Peixoto Bretas on August 20, 1889, in Cidade de Goiás) gained recognition for her works depicting regional life and women's experiences, publishing her first poetry collection Poemas dos Becos de Goiás e Estórias Mais in 1965 at age 76 after decades of writing under pseudonyms. Her contributions earned her the Jabuti Prize in 1980, highlighting her late-blooming career rooted in Goianese heritage. In music, Leonardo (born Emival Eterno da Costa on July 25, 1963, in Goianápolis) rose to fame as a sertanejo singer, forming the duo in the 1980s and later pursuing a solo career with hits emphasizing rural Brazilian themes. His discography includes over 30 albums, solidifying sertanejo's national popularity. Electronic music producer Alok (born Alok Achkar Peres Petrillo on August 26, 1991, in ) has achieved international success, with tracks like "Hear Me Now" (2016) amassing billions of streams and topping charts in multiple countries. Athletes from the state include footballer (born Túlio Humberto Pereira Costa on June 2, 1969, in ), who scored over 1,000 career goals across Brazilian leagues, earning the nickname for his prolific output. Swimmer Carlos Jayme (born Carlos Alberto Borges Jayme on June 13, 1980, in ) won a in the 4×100 m freestyle relay at the 2000 Olympics, representing Brazil's freestyle relay team.

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