Calinog, officially known as the Municipality of Calinog (Kinaray-a: Banwa kang Calinog, Hiligaynon: Banwa sang Calinog, Tagalog: Bayan ng Calinog [pronounced Bayan nuh Kah-lee-nog]), is a municipality in the province of Iloilo, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 63,896 people.

Calinog is located in the central part of Panay Island in the Philippines. According to a local legend, it was one of the areas where Datu Marikudo, the Ati chieftain, chose to settle after ceding the lowland regions of Panay to the Malay settlers in exchange for gold and other goods. This event, often dated to around the 13th century, is rooted in oral tradition and is referenced in the Maragtas, a semi-legendary account of the early history of Panay.

The early inhabitants of Calinog are believed to have been members of the indigenous Ati community, led by Datu Marikudo. Following a barter with the Malays, Marikudo and his people gradually retreated inland and eventually settled between the Jalaur and Ulian rivers. According to oral tradition, Marikudo later established his final settlement atop a series of hills that now overlook the present-day poblacion (town center) and are locally referred to as the Marikudo Hills.

Following the retreat of the Ati, Malay groups under the direction of Datu Sumakwel, one of the ten Bornean datus, moved into the area. To manage settlement among his people, Sumakwel reportedly delegated territories to his men; Lumakad was given land along the Jalaur River, and Dumara-ug was given the area along the Ulian River. Over time, conflicts arose between their descendants but were later resolved through intermarriage, reuniting the groups before Spanish arrival.

Spanish colonization of Panay began during the latter half of the 16th century. In 1569, Miguel López de Legazpi was encouraged by his men to move the Spanish stronghold at Cebu to Panay due to the island’s rich resources and strategic location. Legazpi arrived in 1570 and redistributed land as grants to Spanish settlers and cooperative natives, thereby altering the existing barangay-based governance structure.

Calinog was among the settlements that came under Spanish control. Local tradition claims that the Spaniards, upon arriving, were impressed by the area’s tranquility and asked locals for the native term for "peaceful." The locals responded with Calinong. Unable to pronounce the word precisely, the Spaniards adopted a simplified version, Calinog, which became the town’s official name.

In the early 18th century, Calinog was developed into a permanent town using the urban planning model prescribed by the Spanish colonial Laws of the Indies. This model mandated a central plaza surrounded by key structures such as a church, municipal hall (tribunal), school, and public market—a layout that continues to define Calinog's town center today. In 1763, Calinog was officially declared a pueblo (town) by the Spanish colonial government.

In July 2024, the Jalaur Dam was completed on the Jalaur River in Calinog. The dam is part of the Jalaur River Multi-Purpose Project Stage II (JRMP II) supported by Philippine President Bongbong Marcos and former Philippine Senator Franklin Drilon. The dam, once completed, is anticipated to boost the annual rice production in the area to about 320,000 metric tons.