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Key Information

Donald Matthew Redman (July 29, 1900 – November 30, 1964)[1] was an American jazz musician, arranger, bandleader, and composer.

Biography

[edit]

Redman was born in Piedmont, Mineral County, West Virginia, United States.[1] His father was a music teacher, his mother was a singer. Beginning by playing the trumpet at the age of three, Redman joined his first band at the age of six and by the age of 12 was proficient on all wind instruments ranging from trumpet to oboe as well as piano.[1] He studied at Storer College in Harper's Ferry and at the Boston Conservatory, then joined Billy Page's Broadway Syncopaters in New York City. He was the uncle of saxophonist Dewey Redman, and thus great-uncle of saxophonist Joshua Redman and trumpeter Carlos Redman.[2]

Career

[edit]

In 1923, Redman joined the Fletcher Henderson orchestra, mostly playing clarinet and saxophones.[3]

He began writing arrangements, and Redman did much to formulate the sound that was to become swing. A trademark of Redman's arrangements was the band playing harmony under written solos. He played brass and reed sections off each other in a call-response pattern, having one section punctuate the figures of another, and moved the melody around different orchestral sections and soloists. His use of this technique was sophisticated, highly innovative, and formed the basis of much big band jazz writing in the following decades.[citation needed]

In 1927, Jean Goldkette persuaded Redman to join McKinney's Cotton Pickers as their musical director and leader.[1] He was responsible for their great success and arranged over half of their music (splitting the arranging duties with John Nesbitt through 1931).

Don Redman and his Orchestra

[edit]

Redman formed his own band in 1931,[3] gaining a residency at the Manhattan jazz club Connie's Inn. Redman signed with Brunswick Records and undertook a series of radio broadcasts. Redman and his Orchestra also provided music for the animated short I Heard, part of the Betty Boop series produced by Fleischer Studios and distributed by Paramount. Redman composed original music for the short, which was released on September 1, 1933. The Brunswick records Redman made between 1931 and 1934 were some of the most complex pre-swing hot jazz arrangements of popular tunes. Redman's band did not rely on just a driving rhythm or great soloists, but it had an overall level of arranging sophistication that was seldom heard by other bands of the period.[citation needed] The popular vocalist, Harlan Lattimore, provided about half of the vocals during this period. Redman himself was occasionally featured as vocalist, displaying a humorous, recitation-like vocal style on numbers such as "Doin' What I Please" and "I Gotcha."

In 1933, his band made a Vitaphone short film for Warner Bros. (which is available as of 2006 on the DVD of the Busby Berkeley feature film Dames). Redman recorded for Brunswick through 1934. He then did a number of sides for ARC in 1936 (issued on their Vocalion, Perfect, Melotone, etc.) and in 1937, he pioneered a series of swing re-arrangements of old classic pop tunes for the Variety label. His use of a swinging vocal group (called "The Swing Choir") was very modern and quite unusual with Redman's sophisticated counterpoint melodies. He signed with Bluebird in 1938 and recorded with them until 1940, when he disbanded.[1]

When Redman disbanded his orchestra, he concentrated on freelance work writing arrangements.[1] Some of his arrangements became hits for Jimmy Dorsey, Count Basie, and Harry James.[1] He traveled to Europe in 1946 leading an all-star band that included Don Byas, Tyree Glenn, and Billy Taylor. He appeared on Uptown Jubilee on the CBS Television network for the 1949 season. In the 1950s, he was music director for singer Pearl Bailey.[1]

In the early 1960s, he played piano for the Georgia Minstrels Concert and soprano sax with Eubie Blake and Noble Sissle's band.[4]

Death and posthumous tribute

[edit]

Don Redman died in New York City on November 30, 1964, aged 64, from undisclosed causes.[1]

He was named a member of the West Virginia Music Hall of Fame on May 6, 2009.[5]

Discography

[edit]

As leader

[edit]
  • 1931–33 The Chronological D R 1931-1933 (Classics 543, 1990)
  • 1933–36 The Chronological D R 1933-1936 (Classics 553, 1991)
  • 1936–39 The Chronological D R 1936-1939 (Classics 574, 1991)
  • How'm I Doin' Hey Hey (Brunswick 6273, 1932)
  • Doin' the New Lowdown (Brunswick 6520, 1932)
  • Doin' the New Lowdown (Hep, 1994)[6]

As sideman

[edit]

With Fletcher Henderson

With McKinney's Cotton Pickers

  • The Chronological McK C P 1928–1929 (Classics, 1991)
  • The Chronological McK C P 1929–1930 (Classics, 1991)
  • McKinney's Cotton Pickers, 1930–1931/Don Redman & His Orchestra, 1939–1940 (Classics, 1992)
  • Put It There, Volume 1 – 1928–29 (Frog, 1999)
  • Cotton Picker's Scat, Volume 2 – 1930 (Frog, 1999)
  • Shag Nasty, Volume 3 The Alternate Masters (Frog, 1999)

References

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Don Redman

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Matthew Redman (July 29, 1900 – November 30, 1964) was an American , arranger, , and composer, widely regarded as one of the first great arrangers in jazz history and a pivotal figure in the development of swing. Born in , , to a musical family, Redman demonstrated prodigious talent from a young age, performing on by age three and mastering all wind instruments, including , , and , by his early teens. Redman's career began in earnest after graduating from Storer College in , in 1920 with a music degree, where he composed the school's and studied under conservatory-trained faculty. He soon moved to , joining Billy Paige's Broadway Syncopators and then Fletcher Henderson's in 1924 as a and chief arranger, where his sophisticated sectional writing—featuring call-and-response patterns between brass and reeds—revolutionized jazz orchestration and influenced the . In 1927, he became musical director for McKinney's Cotton Pickers in , composing standards like "Gee Baby, Ain't I Good to You" and arranging for , before forming his own in 1931, which performed at Connie's Inn and recorded hits such as "Chant of the Weed" and "Sugar Foot Stomp." Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, Redman's orchestra became the first American jazz to tour Europe after in 1946, and he freelanced arrangements for artists including , , Count Basie, and , while also serving as musical director for in the 1950s and appearing in the Broadway production House of Flowers. His innovations, blending classical composition techniques with , earned him recognition as the "Little Giant of Jazz," and he was inducted into the and Hall of Fame in 1990, the Music Hall of Fame in 2009, and the Ertegun Hall of Fame in 2017. Notable works also include "The Stampede," "Cherry," and early scat vocals like the 1924 recording of "My Papa Doesn't Two-Time No Time," cementing his legacy in shaping modern ensemble performance.

Early Life and Education

Childhood and Family

Donald Matthew Redman was born on July 29, 1900, in , , into a family immersed in music. His father was a music teacher and bandmaster, while his mother was a and singer who contributed to the household's vibrant musical atmosphere. This setting exposed him to a wide range of instruments and performances from infancy, shaping his prodigious abilities. Redman's early childhood experiences included playing the at the age of three and joining a local band by age six. By age twelve, he had mastered all wind instruments, demonstrating his rapid development in a supportive family context.

Musical Training

Redman began his formal musical training at in , enrolling around 1916 and graduating in 1920 with a degree in music. During his time at Storer, he composed the school's . At the institution, he focused on developing proficiency in and , guided by bandmaster John Wesley McKinney along with instructors Charlotte May Nason and Carlotta Stevens Slater, both graduates of the . During his studies at Storer, Redman participated in student performances, including annual concerts at local churches where he demonstrated versatility across instruments such as , , , and . In 1919, he received the Metcalf Scholarship, recognizing his emerging talent. Following graduation from Storer, Redman advanced his education at the Boston Conservatory of Music, where he undertook further training in musical theory and performance. He expanded his instrumental skills to encompass a wide range of winds, from to , alongside . Upon completing his conservatory studies, Redman moved to in 1920 to pursue opportunities in the burgeoning scene.

Professional Career

Fletcher Henderson Orchestra

In 1924, Don Redman joined 's orchestra as a clarinetist and multi-instrumentalist, initially playing , , and occasionally , which allowed him to contribute both performatively and creatively to the band's evolving sound. During his tenure, which lasted until 1927, Redman quickly rose to become the band's chief arranger, transforming Henderson's ensemble from a standard dance orchestra into a pioneering through his innovative scoring methods. Redman's arranging techniques revolutionized orchestration by dividing the into distinct sections—reeds, , and —and employing call-and-response patterns between them, which created dynamic interplay and laid the groundwork for the swing era's sectional sound. This approach emphasized written parts that supported improvised solos, blending structured harmony with rhythmic vitality to produce a more cohesive and swinging style than the looser Dixieland formats of the time. Among his landmark contributions were the arrangements for "Copenhagen" (recorded October 1924), which showcased early sectional dialogues and melodic interplay, and "Stampede" (recorded May 1926), an original composition that introduced riff-based structures where repeated brass and reed phrases built tension and drive. These recordings, performed by Henderson's orchestra featuring talents like on trumpet and on , exemplified Redman's ability to craft charts that balanced complexity with accessibility, influencing the trajectory of . Redman departed the Henderson orchestra in 1927 to pursue new opportunities, though he continued providing freelance arrangements for the band in subsequent years, maintaining his impact on its repertoire.

McKinney's Cotton Pickers

In 1927, Don Redman was hired as the musical director and arranger for McKinney's Cotton Pickers, a Detroit-based band initially organized by drummer William McKinney and managed by Jean Goldkette. Building on his experience as an arranger with Fletcher Henderson's orchestra, Redman transformed the ensemble into a sophisticated , expanding it to 16 pieces to accommodate a fuller, more dynamic sound. He recruited key talents such as trumpeter John Nesbitt, known for his hot solo work and arranging contributions, and multi-instrumentalist Prince Robinson on and , bolstering the band's improvisational and sectional capabilities. Redman's arrangements emphasized lush , blending tight passages with space for individual solos, which elevated the band's appeal in the competitive scene. Notable examples include "I Want a Little Girl" (recorded July 30, 1930, for Victor as 23000-B), featuring intricate call-and-response patterns and a smooth, velvety texture highlighted by vocal refrain from George Thomas, and "Cherry" (recorded July 12, 1928), which showcased his in creating atmospheric, layered harmonies over a swinging . These works exemplified Redman's innovative approach to scoring, prioritizing balance between brass, reeds, and sections for a polished yet energetic performance style. Under Redman's direction, McKinney's Cotton Pickers undertook extensive tours, performing at venues like Detroit's Graystone Ballroom, Harlem nightspots, the in New York, and engagements in and by , while broadcasting live on radio to build national visibility. The band recorded over 50 sides for Victor Records between 1928 and 1931, including sessions in and New York that captured their evolving repertoire and helped establish them as a top-tier territory band rivaling Henderson's group. Redman's leadership and arrangements garnered widespread acclaim, enhancing his reputation as a pioneering figure in orchestration and paving the way for his departure in late to form his own , taking several Cotton Pickers members with him.

Don Redman and His Orchestra

In 1931, Don Redman formed his own orchestra after leaving McKinney's Cotton Pickers, drawing on a core of former bandmates and additional musicians from Henderson's group to create a tight-knit ensemble capable of showcasing his arranging prowess honed in previous roles. The band debuted with its first recording session on September 24, 1931, for , securing a residency at New York City's Connie's Inn and establishing Redman as a prominent bandleader in the emerging swing scene. Redman himself served as a featured vocalist on several tracks. The orchestra's lineup included standout talents like trombonist Benny Morton, whose contributions helped define the band's rich tonal palette and rhythmic drive during its active years. Early Brunswick sessions yielded notable recordings, including the instrumental "Chant of the Weed" in 1931, which highlighted the ensemble's sophisticated interplay, and a lively rendition of "I Got Rhythm" in 1932 that captured the band's energetic swing style. These efforts solidified the orchestra's reputation through a mix of original material and standards, performed with Redman's signature sectional precision. By the mid-1930s, the band transitioned to recording for ARC in 1936, followed by a move to from 1938 to 1940, adapting to industry shifts while maintaining a busy schedule of live engagements. Performances extended to radio broadcasts, where the reached wider audiences with its vibrant arrangements, and film appearances, including a 1934 short showcasing the full band in a nightclub setting. These outlets amplified the 's visibility amid the competitive big band landscape. The orchestra operated until around 1940, when financial difficulties and the intensifying demands of the prompted its dissolution, marking the end of Redman's primary bandleading venture as he shifted toward freelance arranging.

Musical Contributions

Compositions

Don Redman composed numerous original works that became staples in the repertoire, blending vocal charm with danceable rhythms and sophisticated harmonies. His early compositions, such as "The Stampede" (1926) and "Cherry" (1928), showcased his innovative scoring, while vocal numbers like "Gee, Baby, Ain't I Good to You" (1929, co-written with lyricist ) exemplify his talent for crafting lighthearted, blues-inflected songs ideal for ensemble performance and later popularized by artists like and the . Similarly, "No One Else But You" (1929), a tender ballad first recorded by and His Five, highlighted Redman's melodic gift for romantic themes, influencing subsequent vocal standards. In the early 1930s, Redman produced instrumental pieces that showcased his innovative approach to scoring, including "Song of the Weeds" (also known as "Chant of the Weed," 1931), a moody, riff-based tune that captured the era's fascination with exotic timbres and became a signature of his orchestra's sound. Other notable works from this period, like "I Heard" (1931) and "Shakin' the Africann" (1931), emphasized rhythmic drive and call-and-response patterns, contributing to the evolution of swing-era jazz. Redman's collaboration with and on "If It Ain't Love" (1932) further demonstrated his versatility in co-writing upbeat, syncopated numbers that bridged stride and . Redman's output extended to vocal and dance-oriented pieces throughout his career, such as "I Wanna Be Loved" (1934), a smooth that underscored his ability to create accessible yet musically rich material for popular audiences. Later compositions like "Takes Two to Tango" (1952, performed with ) reflected his enduring influence on , blending wit and swing in a format suited for duets and revues. In total, Redman is credited with at least 13 original songs, many of which were tailored for his bands' live performances and recordings. Additionally, Redman ventured into film scoring with original music for the 1934 Warner Bros./ short Don Redman & His Orchestra, including the novelty tune "Tall Man" (co-written with Milton Drake), which integrated humorous lyrics with energetic brass and reed sections to suit the 's nightclub storyline. These works, alongside efforts like "Deep Purple" (arranged in 1939 for , later a hit for others), solidified his in shaping standards, though his primary legacy lies in over a dozen documented originals that prioritized ensemble interplay over solo virtuosity.

Arranging Innovations

Don Redman pioneered the use of written arrangements in big bands during the 1920s, introducing precise notation for instrumental sections that shifted the genre from predominantly improvisational performances to structured orchestral frameworks. As chief arranger for Fletcher Henderson's , Redman developed sectional writing that assigned specific roles to , reeds, and sections, creating a cohesive ensemble sound while preserving space for solos. This approach, evident in early works like "" and "Shanghai Shuffle," integrated melody and harmony in ways that elevated beyond collective . Redman's arrangements innovatively employed dynamics, , and build-ups to heighten tension and release, profoundly influencing the . He utilized call-and-response patterns between brass and reed sections for dynamic contrast, as seen in his "cross-section writing" that blended instrument families to achieve varied volume and texture. added layers of harmonic complexity, while gradual build-ups—featuring riff-based backgrounds behind soloists—created dramatic crescendos. In "Wrappin' It Up" (1934), recorded with Henderson, these elements manifest through antiphonal exchanges, busy rhythmic figures, and rhythmic sophistication that built to explosive climaxes, setting a template for later swing arrangers like those with . In his later career, Redman integrated strings and vocals into arrangements, expanding timbral possibilities during his sessions from 1938 to 1940. He scored for string sections to enrich ensemble textures, blending them seamlessly with and reeds, while featuring vocals—often his own in a half-spoken, scat-influenced style—in novelty numbers like "I Got Ya" and "Margie." This fusion added emotional depth and commercial appeal, as in tracks where vocals harmonized with contrapuntal lines from the . Redman's techniques also enhanced band economy, particularly through efficient scoring for smaller ensembles after 1940, when he freelanced as an arranger for leaders like Count Basie and . By employing chordal voicings and compact sectional writing, he enabled modest groups to achieve the fullness of larger orchestras, reducing personnel costs while maintaining impact—as demonstrated in his arrangements that made bands "sound larger" without excess instrumentation. This practicality sustained his influence amid the era's decline.

Legacy and Later Years

Influence on Jazz

Don Redman's arrangements during the and played a pivotal role in transitioning from the collective polyphony of New Orleans ensembles to the structured, riff-based sound that defined the . Working primarily with Fletcher Henderson's orchestra, Redman introduced sectional interplay between brass and reed sections, call-and-response patterns, and spaces for improvised solos, which provided a blueprint for larger ensembles to achieve rhythmic drive and clarity over chaotic improvisation. This evolution was evident in pieces like "," where Redman's scoring emphasized independent lines for instruments, influencing the genre's shift toward organized while retaining 's improvisational essence. Redman's innovations were widely emulated by leading bandleaders, establishing him as a mentor figure in arranging. Benny Goodman's orchestra adopted Redman's sectional styles, incorporating his arrangements such as "King Porter Stomp" to propel Goodman's rise as the "King of Swing" in the mid-1930s. Similarly, Chick Webb's utilized Redman's charts early on, blending them with other influences to create the tight, energetic sound that made Webb a Savoy Ballroom powerhouse. These adaptations helped disseminate Redman's techniques across both Black and white ensembles, solidifying his impact on the swing era's aesthetic. In the , Redman continued exerting influence as a freelance arranger for , contributing sophisticated scores that bridged swing and more symphonic forms over several decades. His postwar activities extended to , where he led an all-star on the first American tour after in 1946, introducing swing arranging to international audiences and inspiring local musicians. Into the 1950s, Redman served as music director for , accompanying her on tours that further spread his harmonic and contrapuntal approaches. Jazz historians recognize Redman as the pioneering architect of swing arranging, crediting him with formulating the genre's foundational sound through his integration of composition and improvisation.

Death and Honors

In the final years of his career, Don Redman focused on freelance arranging for notable artists such as , , and Count Basie, while occasionally leading studio ensembles for recordings. Redman died on November 30, 1964, in at the age of 64 while a patient at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center. Following his death, Redman's contributions to were recognized through several posthumous honors, including induction into the and Hall of Fame in 1990 and the Music Hall of Fame in 2009. His legacy was further celebrated through reissues of his recordings, such as the 2005 compilation Wrappin' It Up on Membran Music and the 2007 collection on Le Chant du Monde, which brought renewed attention to his innovative arrangements from . Scholarly examinations of his work appeared in academic publications, including a dedicated chapter on his arranging techniques in The Uncrowned King of Swing: and (2005) by Jeffrey Magee, highlighting his pivotal role in shaping big band .

Discography

As Leader

Don Redman formed his own orchestra in 1931, leading to an extensive series of recordings primarily with from 1931 to 1934, during which the ensemble produced over 50 sides showcasing his innovative arrangements and multi-instrumental talents. Notable examples include "Hot and Anxious" (Brunswick 6368, recorded June 30, 1932), featuring vibrant brass sections led by trumpeters like Langston Curl and Sidney de Paris alongside trombonist Benny Morton. Other highlights from this period encompass "" (Brunswick 6211, September 24, 1931) and "Doin' the New Lowdown" (Brunswick 6520, 1932), capturing the band's energetic swing style with Redman's and vocal contributions. Key personnel during these sessions often included violinist Eddie South and pianist Donald Lambert, contributing to the orchestra's polished, section-driven sound. In 1936, Redman recorded additional sessions for ARC, with reissues appearing on Brunswick labels, yielding tracks such as "" (ARC, April 3, 1936) and "Lazy Weather" (Vocalion 4791, May 7, 1936), which highlighted the band's evolving rhythmic precision. These efforts bridged his earlier work and later endeavors, maintaining his reputation for sophisticated . Transitioning to from 1938 to 1940, Redman's orchestra cut around 20 sides, including "I Got Ya" ( B-10061, December 6, 1938) and "Chant of the Weed" ( B-10765, January 17, 1940), emphasizing call-and-response patterns and vocal harmonies by singers like Harlan Lattimore. The period concluded with energetic numbers like "Chew Chew Chew" (Victor 26258, May 18, 1939), reflecting the band's adaptability to swing-era demands before disbanding in 1940. Beyond large ensembles, Redman led smaller groups and solo vocal efforts in the , notably recording four sides for Decca during his 1946 European tour, such as selections from live broadcasts in for Danish , often featuring intimate combos with added musicians like trombonist Nat Peck. Additional small-group work appeared on V-Discs, including a November 12, 1943 session with tracks like "Pistol Packin' Mama" and "Redman Blues," aimed at military audiences and highlighting Redman's vocal phrasing. These recordings demonstrated his versatility in scaled-down settings, prioritizing melodic over orchestral complexity. Redman's leadership extended to film soundtracks and radio transcriptions, where his orchestra provided scores for the 1933 Betty Boop animated short "I Heard" and the 1934 Vitaphone short "Yeah Man," featuring performances of "Yeah Man," "Ill Wind," "Nagasaki," and his composition "Tall Man" (aka "Why Should I Be Tall?"). Radio efforts included a December 22, 1933 CBS aircheck and 1934 transcription discs preserved in archives, capturing live renditions of standards like "Deep Purple," as well as later 1957 Sesac transcriptions with an all-star band performing swing classics. Modern reissues have preserved Redman's leadership recordings through the Classics Chronological series, a comprehensive French compilation project from the 1990s to 2000s, including volumes such as "Don Redman and His Orchestra 1931-1933" (Classics 543, 1990), "1933-1936" (Classics 553, 1990), "1936-1939" (Classics 574, 1991), and "1939-1940" (Classics 649, 1992), which chronologically assemble original 78 rpm sides with detailed session notes. These editions, drawing from primary masters, have made his orchestral output accessible, emphasizing tracks like "How'm I Doin'? Hey Hey" and "Shuffle Your Feet."

As Sideman

Redman's early contributions as a sideman began with the Fletcher Henderson Orchestra, where he joined in late 1923 as a multi-instrumentalist and arranger, remaining until 1927. He performed on clarinet and alto saxophone during numerous recording sessions in New York, contributing to the band's emerging big band jazz sound. For instance, on the August 9, 1923, session for Vocalion, Redman played clarinet on "Dicty Blues," a track that showcased the orchestra's hot jazz style under Henderson's direction. Other notable Henderson recordings featuring Redman include "Do Doodle Oom" (October 1923), where he soloed on clarinet, and "Rocky Mountain Blues" (1926), highlighting his alto saxophone work amid the band's evolving sectional arrangements. These sessions, totaling over 100 sides for labels like Columbia and Vocalion, established Redman as a key reed player and innovator in ensemble voicing. In 1927, Redman transitioned to McKinney's Cotton Pickers as musical director, arranger, and saxophonist, shaping the Detroit-based band's repertoire through 1931. He assembled the ensemble's personnel and crafted arrangements that blended tight brass and reed sections with rhythmic drive, recording extensively for Victor and . A prime example is "Four or Five Times" (July 11, 1928), where Redman arranged the chart, played and , and provided backing vocals, transforming the pop tune into a swinging . Additional tracks like "Put It There (Shag Nasty)" (1928) and "Milenberg Joys" (1929) featured his arrangements emphasizing call-and-response patterns and solo spots for bandmates such as Joe Smith on . Under Redman's guidance, the Cotton Pickers cut around 50 sides, rivaling contemporary bands like Henderson's in sophistication. Redman made select guest appearances beyond his primary affiliations, including a 1929 session with Louis Armstrong's Five. On March 5, 1929, for , he contributed , , and vocals to "Knockin' a Jug," a novelty track featuring Armstrong's and Jack Teagarden's in a rare integrated ensemble. In the 1940s, after disbanding his own orchestra, Redman freelanced as an arranger and occasional performer for , providing charts for recordings like "Whiteman Stomp" (1940s reissues) and appearing in radio broadcasts as a vocal and reed guest. Later, in the , Redman toured with small groups, serving as for Pearl Bailey's combo from 1951 onward; he performed on and vocals during European legs, including stops in and , on tracks like informal renditions of his own compositions. These outings, often ad hoc quartets or quintets, marked his shift to intimate settings post-big band era.

References

  1. https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/105509
  2. https://www.wvmusichalloffame.com/hof_redman.html
  3. https://www.nps.gov/hafe/learn/historyculture/don-redman-the-little-giant-of-jazz.htm
  4. https://syncopatedtimes.com/don-redman-1900-1964/
  5. https://www.jazzstandards.com/biographies/biography_243.htm
  6. https://www.latintimes.com/2017-ertegun-jazz-hall-fame-tito-puente-don-redman-mccoy-tyner-honored-contribution-421048
  7. https://theclio.com/entry/85473
  8. https://www.whilbr.org/AlleganyAfricanAmericans/Don-Redman
  9. https://www.nytimes.com/1964/12/02/don-redman-dead.html
  10. https://www.swingstreetradio.org/performer/don-redman/
  11. https://syncopatedtimes.com/profiles-in-jazz-fletcher-henderson/
  12. https://www.allaboutjazz.com/don-redman-setting-the-template-don-redman-by-jim-gerard
  13. https://riverwalkjazz.stanford.edu/program/fletcher-henderson-and-don-redman-birth-big-band-reed-section
  14. https://www.ejazzlines.com/copenhagen-don-redman-fletcher-henderson-big-band-arrangement
  15. https://www.ejazzlines.com/the-stampede-fletcher-henderson-don-redman-chart-pdf
  16. https://syncopatedtimes.com/william-mckinneys-cotton-pickers/
  17. https://www.harlem-fuss.com/pdf/bands/harlem_fuss_bands_mckinneys_cotton_pickers.pdf
  18. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJCWz-cMb18
  19. http://oldtimeblues.net/2016/07/29/brunswick-6211-don-redman-and-his-orchestra-1931/
  20. http://www.jazzarcheology.com/artists/don_redman.pdf
  21. https://www.swingcityradio.com/p/don-redman.html
  22. https://syncopatedtimes.com/don-redman-and-his-orchestra/
  23. https://nationaljazzarchive.org.uk/explore/interviews/1635313-benny-morton-interview-3
  24. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RRhAP5ZafXY
  25. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bfFer8sy1tk
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  27. https://www.harlem-fuss.com/pdf/bands/harlem_fuss_bands_don_redman_and_his_orchestra.pdf
  28. https://www.classicjazzstandards.com/songs/gee-baby-ain-t-i-good-to-you/
  29. https://secondhandsongs.com/artist/7147/originals
  30. https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/redman-donald-matthew
  31. https://jazzprofiles.blogspot.com/2018/02/remembering-don-redman-1900-1964-first.html
  32. https://www.stantons.com/media/507543/wrappin-it-up.pdf
  33. https://asmac.org/2025/05/26/don-redman-the-later-years-part-1/
  34. https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/swing-music-overview/
  35. https://academic.oup.com/book/1923/chapter/141699561
  36. https://www.jazz88.org/articles/Don_Redman/
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  38. https://academic.oup.com/book/36390/chapter/320005633
  39. https://www.discogs.com/artist/446654-Don-Redman-And-His-Orchestra
  40. https://donredman1946tour.wordpress.com/
  41. https://archive.org/details/1934-USA-Archives-1934-12-00-Don-Redman-Bandleader
  42. https://www.jazzwax.com/p/don-redman-all-stars-1957html
  43. https://musicbrainz.org/artist/2bf1f61a-6dc8-43bd-aaf4-8852a0c4a345
  44. https://www.discogs.com/release/8101743-Don-Redman-And-His-Orchestra-1931-1933
  45. https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/mastertalent/detail/107465/Fletcher_Hendersons_Orchestra
  46. https://www.discogs.com/release/4845562-Fletcher-Henderson-Orchestra-1923-1927
  47. https://syncopatedtimes.com/fletcher-henderson-orchestra/
  48. https://www.discogs.com/release/8537773-McKinneys-Cotton-Pickers-McKinneys-Cotton-Pickers-1928-1930-The-Band-Don-Redman-Built
  49. https://jazzprofiles.blogspot.com/2021/04/mckinneys-cotton-pickers-and-early.html
  50. https://www.discogs.com/master/1073274-Louis-Armstrong-And-Savoy-Ballroom-Five-His-Orchestra-St-James-Infirmary-1928-1929
  51. http://www.vjm.biz/vjm-196-whiteman-stomp-web.pdf
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