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Edward George Gibson (born November 8, 1936) is a former NASA astronaut, pilot, engineer, and physicist.

Key Information

Before becoming an astronaut, Gibson graduated from the University of Rochester and the California Institute of Technology. He became a research assistant in jet propulsion while completing his studies, and eventually became a research scientist for Philco Corporation until joining NASA in 1965. Gibson is the last surviving crew member of Skylab 4.

Gibson was selected as part of NASA Astronaut Group 4, the first group of scientist-astronauts. He served on the support crew of Apollo 12, the second Moon landing mission, before working on the development of the Skylab space station. In 1973–74, Gibson made his only flight into space as science pilot aboard Skylab 4, the third and final crewed flight to Skylab. He, along with Commander Gerald Carr and Pilot William Pogue, spent just over 84 days in space.

Gibson resigned from NASA in December 1974, but returned in 1977 to preside over the selection of scientist-astronaut candidates. Gibson retired from NASA for the last time in October 1982.[1]: 336 

Early life and education

[edit]

Gibson was born in Buffalo, New York, on November 8, 1936.[1]: 62  From ages 2 to 8, Gibson battled osteomyelitis—soft spots in bones—and spent many months in and out of hospitals. Newly-available penicillin cured the disease. To strengthen his leg that was nearly amputated, Gibson took up sports: swimming, football, and track. He primarily used swimming to strengthen his leg.[2][3] He was active in the Boy Scouts of America. He earned the rank of First Class.[4]

Gibson graduated from Kenmore Senior High School in Kenmore, New York, in 1955, and earned a Bachelor of Science degree in engineering from the University of Rochester in June 1959.[3] At the University of Rochester, Gibson became a member of the Theta Chi fraternity. He received a Master of Science degree in engineering (jet propulsion option) from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in June 1960 and a PhD in engineering with a minor in physics from Caltech in June 1964.[3] He was supervised by Maria Wonenburger.

Early career

[edit]

While studying at Caltech, Gibson was a research assistant in the field of jet propulsion and classical physics. His technical publications are in the fields of plasma physics and solar physics. He was senior research scientist with the Applied Research Laboratories of the Philco Corporation at Newport Beach, California, from June 1964 until moving to NASA.[5] While at Philco, he did research in lasers and the optical breakdown of gases.[6]

Gibson has logged more than 4,300 hours flying time—2,270 hours in jet aircraft.[6]

NASA career

[edit]
Gibson's spacewalk during his time on Skylab 4

Gibson was selected as a scientist-astronaut by NASA in June 1965.[7] He completed a 53-week course in flight training at Williams Air Force Base, Arizona, and earned his Air Force wings. Since then, he has flown helicopters and the T-38.[6]

He served as a member of the astronaut support crew and as a CAPCOM for the Apollo 12 lunar landing,[8] becoming the first from the scientist-astronaut group to get a crew assignment of any kind. He also participated in the design and testing of many elements of the Skylab space station.[6] As part of his preparation for the Skylab program, Gibson studied solar physics, ultimately writing an introductory monograph/textbook on solar astrophysics The Quiet Sun,[9][10] apart from 1973 English edition published in the United States there was 1977 Russian edition of this book, published in the Soviet Union by Mir Publishers.[11]

Skylab 4

[edit]
Main article: Skylab 4
Gibson at the Apollo Telescope Mount console in the Skylab Multiple Docking Adapter

Gibson was the science pilot of Skylab 4.[12] The third and final crewed visit to the Skylab space station, it launched November 16, 1973, and concluded February 8, 1974.[13] This was the longest crewed flight (84 days 1 hour 15 minutes) in the history of crewed space exploration at that time. Gibson was accompanied on the record-setting 34.5-million-mile flight by Commander Gerald P. Carr and Pilot William R. Pogue.[13] They successfully completed 56 experiments, 26 science demonstrations, 15 subsystem detailed objectives, and 13 student investigations during their 1,214 revolutions of the Earth.[14] They also acquired a wide variety of Earth resources observations data using Skylab's Earth resources experiment package camera and sensor array.[15] Dr. Gibson was the crewman primarily responsible for the 338 hours of Apollo Telescope Mount operation, which made extensive observations of solar processes.[16]

Until the Soviet Union's Soyuz 26 broke the record in March 1978, Gibson and his Skylab 4 teammates held the world record for individual time in space: 2,017 hours 15 minutes 32 seconds.[15][17] Gibson logged 15 hours and 22 minutes in three EVAs outside the Skylab Orbital Workshop.[6] Gibson is the last surviving Skylab 4 crew member (Carr died in 2020, and Pogue died in 2014).

Gibson resigned from NASA in December 1974 to do research on Skylab solar physics data as a senior staff scientist with the Aerospace Corporation of Los Angeles, California. Beginning in March 1976, he served for one year as a consultant to ERNO Raumfahrttechnik GmbH, in West Germany, on Spacelab design under the sponsorship of a U.S. Senior Scientist Award form the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. In March 1977, Gibson returned to the Astronaut Office astronaut candidate selection and training as Chief of the Scientist-Astronaut Candidates. During his second tenure at NASA, Gibson had hoped to fly on another space station mission due to his experience on Skylab, but at the same time was not keen on flying a Space Shuttle mission. He served as CAPCOM for STS-1.[1]: 513  Gibson ultimately decided to retire from NASA again on October 31, 1982.[1]: 336 

Post-NASA career

[edit]

From July 1980 to August 1987, Gibson worked for TRW as a project manager at Space Park in support of Space Station Freedom.[18][19]

In October 1990, Gibson began his own consulting firm, Gibson International Corp. The firm provides consulting services on program management, market development and space infrastructure design and operations.[6]

He has performed a significant amount of speaking and writing, and published a text book in solar physics, two novels, Reach (1989)[20] and In the Wrong Hands (1992),[21] and edited The Greatest Adventure, a 1994 compilation of stories and pictures on space missions from many astronauts and cosmonauts around the world.[22]

He is the author of Space: Ever Farther, Ever Faster, a book reflecting on the history of space exploration and his experiences aboard Skylab 4 which was published by Book Publishers LLC in 2025.

Special honors and awards

[edit]

Gibson was awarded a National Science Foundation Fellowship and the R.C. Baker Fellowship at the California Institute of Technology. He received the Johnson Space Center Certificate of Commendation (1970).[6] He received the City of New York Gold Medal (1974).[6] Gibson, along with the rest of the Skylab astronauts, received the City of Chicago Gold Medal in 1974.[23] Gibson received the 1974 FAI Yuri Gagarin Gold Medal.[24] In 1976, he received the U.S. Scientist Prize from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, which provided funds to research in West Germany for a year.[25] He received the JSC Special Achievement Award in 1978.[6] Gibson has also been presented with honorary doctorates of science from the University of Rochester and Wagner College in New York City, both in 1974.[6]

The three Skylab astronaut crews were awarded the 1973 Robert J. Collier Trophy "For proving beyond question the value of man in future explorations of space and the production of data of benefit to all the people on Earth."[26][27] In 1974, President Nixon presented the Skylab 4 crew with the NASA Distinguished Service Medal.[28] The American Astronautical Society's 1975 Flight Achievement Award was awarded to the Skylab 4 crew.[29][30] Federation Aeronautique Internationale awarded the Skylab 4 crew the De La Vaulx Medal and V. M. Komarov Diploma for 1974.[31] Carr accepted the 1975 Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy from President Ford, awarded to the Skylab astronauts.[32] The Skylab 4 crew won the AIAA Haley Astronautics Award in 1975 "For demonstrated outstanding courage and skill during their record-breaking 84-day Skylab mission".[33] He was one of 24 Apollo astronauts who were inducted into the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame in 1997.[34][35]

Personal life

[edit]
Edward and Julianne Gibson

Gibson is married to Julianne Volk of Tonawanda, New York. He has four children: Jannet Lynn (born November 9, 1960), John Edward (born May 2, 1964), Julie Ann (born October 12, 1968), and Joseph Michael (born July 11, 1971).[36][37]

Media appearances

[edit]

In the 1998 HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon, Gibson was played by actor Geoffrey Nauffts.[38] As his character serves as Capcom for Apollo 12 regardless of actual shift changes, it can be argued that he is a composite character of Gibson, Gerald Carr, and Don Lind.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Edward Gibson

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Edward George Gibson (born November 8, 1936) is an American engineer, physicist, and retired astronaut best known for serving as the science pilot on , the final crewed mission to the ' first in 1973–1974. During this record-setting 84-day flight, Gibson contributed to extensive scientific experiments, including solar observations and Earth resources studies, while logging over 2,017 hours in space, 1,214 Earth orbits, and 34.5 million miles traveled. He also participated in three extravehicular activities (EVAs) totaling 15 hours and 17 minutes, supporting telescope operations and capturing images of Comet Kohoutek. Gibson is the last surviving member of the crew. Gibson was born in Buffalo, New York, and graduated from Kenmore Senior High School before earning a B.S. in engineering from the in 1959. He continued his studies at the (Caltech), obtaining an M.S. in engineering in 1960 and a Ph.D. in engineering with a physics minor in 1964. Early in his career, he worked as a at Caltech on and projects, followed by a role as a senior research scientist at the Corporation's Applied Research Laboratories, where he focused on lasers and gas optics from 1964 to 1965. Selected as part of 's first group of scientist-astronauts in June 1965, Gibson completed a 53-week flight training course at in and qualified as a pilot, accumulating over 4,300 flight hours, including 2,270 in . Prior to , he supported the lunar mission as a member of its support crew and as capsule communicator () and contributed to Skylab's development, including work on the for solar observations. After resigning from in December 1974, Gibson held positions as a senior staff scientist at , a consultant on design in , and chief of scientist-astronaut candidates in 1977; he later founded Gibson International Corp. in 1990 for space program consulting and was inducted into the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame in 1997.

Early Life and Education

Early Life

Edward Gibson was born on November 8, 1936, in , to Calder A. Gibson and his wife. During his early childhood, from approximately ages 2 to 8, Gibson suffered from , a bone infection that caused soft spots in his bones and required repeated hospitalizations, leading him to miss significant time in school. His family relocated from Buffalo to the suburb of Kenmore, New York, around this period, after which his condition improved. Gibson grew up in Kenmore and attended Kenmore Senior High School, where he graduated in 1955. This marked the conclusion of his pre-college years as he began pursuing higher education.

Education

Edward Gibson earned a degree in engineering from the in June 1959. Gibson continued his education at the (Caltech). He received a degree in with a jet propulsion option in June 1960. In 1964, Gibson completed a Ph.D. in with a minor in physics at Caltech. His dissertation was titled Ionization Phenomena in a Gas-Particle Plasma.

Pre-NASA Career

Scientific Research

During his graduate studies at the California Institute of Technology from 1960 to 1964, Edward Gibson served as a research assistant, focusing on jet propulsion and classical physics while completing his Ph.D. in engineering with a minor in physics. He produced technical publications in the fields of plasma physics and solar physics. In June 1964, immediately after earning his doctorate, Gibson joined the Applied Research Laboratories of the Corporation in , as a senior research scientist until his selection in 1965. At , he conducted research on lasers and the optical breakdown of gases. Gibson's pre- expertise proved instrumental in his selection as a scientist-astronaut, aligning with 's needs for Skylab's experiments.

NASA Career

Selection and Training

In June 1965, Edward Gibson was selected as one of six scientist- in 's fourth astronaut group, chosen from approximately 1,500 applicants who held advanced degrees in scientific fields. This group, the first dedicated to non-pilot , emphasized candidates with strong academic backgrounds to support upcoming missions requiring specialized expertise in physics, , and related disciplines; Gibson's Ph.D. in with a minor in physics from the positioned him well for this role. Following his selection, Gibson completed a rigorous 53-week flight training program at Williams Air Force Base in Arizona, culminating in the awarding of his jet pilot wings. This intensive course, designed to qualify non-pilot astronauts for spaceflight operations, included instruction on T-38 Talon aircraft handling, instrument flying, and emergency procedures, enabling Gibson to transition from theoretical research to practical aviation skills. Upon returning to NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center in , Gibson underwent the agency's comprehensive regimen, which encompassed training in diverse environments, high-G sessions to simulate launch and reentry forces, and detailed systems familiarization with the Apollo command and service modules as well as the orbital workshop. These elements prepared him for the technical demands of space missions, focusing on operations, scientific experimentation, and response protocols tailored to both lunar and extended orbital objectives. In 1966, Gibson was assigned to the support crew for , where he contributed to mission simulations, served as a capsule communicator () during the flight, and acted as a technical liaison between flight crews and engineering teams to refine procedures for the second lunar landing. This role honed his operational expertise through hands-on involvement in pre-mission rehearsals and real-time mission support, bridging his scientific background with practical duties. Prior to his flight assignment, Gibson contributed to the development and testing of , including the for solar observations.

Skylab 4 Mission

Edward G. Gibson served as the science pilot for (SL-4), the third and final crewed mission to the ' first , alongside commander Gerald P. Carr and pilot William R. Pogue. The crew launched on November 16, 1973, at 9:01 a.m. EST from Kennedy Space Center's Launch Complex 39B aboard a rocket, docking with approximately eight hours later to begin their residency. All three astronauts were on their first spaceflight, with Gibson's expertise in positioning him to oversee much of the mission's astronomical research. The mission lasted 84 days, 1 hour, and 15 minutes, from launch to in the on February 8, 1974, aboard the USS New Orleans, during which the orbited 1,214 times and traveled 34.5 million miles. Originally planned for 56 days with potential extensions, the duration was maximized to 84 days to gather extensive data, establishing a U.S. record for the longest single by an American crewed that stood until the Crew-1 mission in 2021. Primary objectives included continuing Skylab's scientific program, with a focus on solar astronomy, observations, and human factors in long-duration , achieving over 150% of planned goals despite initial adjustments. A of the mission was solar research using the (), a solar observatory protruding from , through which the crew captured approximately 75,000 telescopic images of the Sun across eight experiments involving , , and visible-light instruments. Gibson, operating the ATM console for extended periods, led observations of , including coronal mass ejections, bright points, and the early phases of flares, providing unprecedented data on the Sun's dynamic corona. These efforts included recording a medium-sized on January 21, 1974, which contributed to subsequent publications on flare mechanisms and transfer. Biomedical experiments complemented this work, monitoring crew physiology in microgravity, such as changes in height (over one inch increase) and cardiovascular responses, to assess long-term health effects with no lasting adverse outcomes observed. The crew conducted four extravehicular activities (EVAs) totaling 22 hours and 13 minutes, with Gibson participating in three for a personal total of 15 hours and 17 minutes. These spacewalks, the first performed by non-pilots in some cases, focused on maintenance tasks like replacing film canisters and repairing experiment hardware, as well as scientific photography; for instance, on November 22, Gibson and spent 6 hours and 33 minutes deploying packages and collecting samples, while on December 29, Gibson and Carr logged 3 hours and 29 minutes retrieving a collector and imaging Comet Kohoutek. Such activities ensured the station's operability and expanded data collection beyond the orbital workshop. Mid-mission challenges arose from crew fatigue due to an overloaded , initially packed with up to 16 hours of daily tasks including added protocols and exercise, leading to tensions with mission control over . On December 30, 1973, after a planning conference, the crew voiced concerns, resulting in schedule adjustments like mandatory off-duty periods every 10 days, which alleviated fatigue and enhanced productivity for the remainder of the flight. Gibson's dedication to solar tasks persisted through these issues, as he conducted additional sessions and sketched Comet Kohoutek during an EVA, yielding data that advanced understanding of solar flares and coronal dynamics.

Post-Mission Roles

Following the conclusion of the Skylab 4 mission in February 1974, Gibson participated in extensive debriefings with personnel, sharing operational insights and scientific findings from the 84-day flight. He contributed to technical reports on solar observations captured by the , which helped compile and archive the mission's data for broader scientific use later that year. In December 1974, Gibson resigned from NASA to join the Aerospace Corporation in Los Angeles as a senior staff scientist, where he continued analyzing Skylab solar data and authoring reports that advanced understanding of solar phenomena observed during the program. From March 1976 to March 1977, he served as a consultant to ERNO Raumfahrttechnik GmbH in West Germany under a U.S. Senior Scientist Award from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, contributing to the design of the Spacelab module intended for integration with Space Shuttle missions. Gibson rejoined in March 1977 as Chief of the Scientist-Astronaut Candidates within the Astronaut Office at , where he managed the selection process and training curriculum for new scientist-astronaut recruits, emphasizing preparation for scientific payloads and long-duration missions. During this period, he was assigned to the , focusing on payload integration strategies to ensure compatibility of scientific experiments with the orbiter's capabilities. He retired from NASA in October 1990, concluding 17 years of government service that spanned multiple facets of human spaceflight development.

Post-NASA Career

Industry Positions

Edward G. Gibson resigned from NASA in December 1974 and joined in , , as a senior staff scientist, where he researched solar physics data. From March 1976 to March 1977, he served as a at ERNO Raumfahrttechnik in on design, under a U.S. Senior Scientist Award from the . He returned to NASA in March 1977 as Chief of Scientist-Astronaut Candidates, a position he held until October 1990. During this period, he worked part-time at TRW Defense and Space Systems Group, serving as a manager in space systems and providing for initiatives, including studies for . After his full retirement from in October 1990, he continued in industry roles, including positions at , Inc., and . Later, Gibson served as Senior Vice President and Operations Manager at (SAIC), where he managed a 500-person team under a $180 million U.S. Geological Survey contract at the EROS Data Center in , focusing on . He also oversaw SAIC's General Sciences Operation with a 265-person science and team. Additionally, he was President of the Museum of Science and Industry.

Business Ventures

Following his departure from NASA in October 1990, Edward Gibson founded Gibson International Corp., a consulting firm based in , specializing in and program management. The company focused on providing expert services in for systems, , and operational strategies, drawing on Gibson's extensive experience in and to bridge technical advancements with commercial applications. The firm emphasized practical technology transfer, helping clients integrate NASA-derived innovations into projects. Gibson also co-founded Aerospace Partners, LLC, where he serves as one of two managers. The business operated under Gibson's leadership until his retirement in the .

Honors and Awards

Spaceflight Achievements

Edward Gibson's participation in the mission from November 16, 1973, to February 8, 1974, established several key records in American history. The 84-day, 1-hour, 16-minute duration marked the longest U.S. crewed at the time, a record held until June 1995 when Norman surpassed it during his mission aboard the space station. During this extended stay, Gibson, as science pilot, contributed significantly to solar observations using the , capturing approximately 75,000 telescopic images of the Sun across X-, ultraviolet, and visible spectra, which advanced understanding of including flares and coronal activity. In recognition of his exceptional performance, Gibson received the in 1974, the agency's highest honor for non-military service, specifically for his scientific contributions during . He also received, along with his crewmates, the City of New York Gold Medal and the City of Gold Medal in 1974, the for 1973 in 1974, and the Dr. Memorial Trophy for 1975 in 1975. In 1975, the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale awarded the crew the De La Vaulx Medal and V. M. Komarov Diploma for 1974 achievements in setting the space endurance record and advancing . Gibson's impact on solar research via was further honored in 1997 with his induction into the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame on October 4, alongside other Apollo-era astronauts, celebrating the mission's pioneering contributions to and long-duration .

Professional Recognitions

In recognition of his contributions to NASA's as a member of the support crew, Edward G. Gibson received the Certificate of Commendation in 1970. Gibson was elected a of the American Astronautical Society, honoring his engineering and scientific advancements in space exploration and research. He also received the society's 1975 Flight Achievement Award in 1976. For his consultancy role in the design of the module, he was awarded the Senior U.S. Scientist Award by the in 1976. He further received the AIAA Haley Astronautics Award for 1975 in 1976 and the JSC Special Achievement Award in 1978. During his doctoral studies at the , Gibson held prestigious fellowships, including the Fellowship and the R.C. Baker Fellowship, supporting his research in . In 1974, the conferred upon him an honorary degree, acknowledging his achievements as an alumnus in and space science. He also received an honorary from in 1974. In 1997, he was awarded the Distinguished Alumnus Award from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences.

Personal Life

Family and Relationships

Edward Gibson married Julie Volk in 1959, and the couple maintained a lasting partnership throughout his professional transitions, including his time as a astronaut. Their marriage, which reached 60 years by 2019, provided a stable foundation amid the demands of his career. The Gibsons have four children—two sons and two daughters. Their daughters include Jannet, an interior designer living in , and Julie, who runs several businesses in ; their sons are John, a captain with , and Joe, who was an emergency room doctor until his death in 2009. Gibson's family played a key role in supporting his NASA selection and missions, with his wife discovering a recruitment article in the that prompted his 1965 application. The family relocated to Houston, Texas, to accommodate his astronaut training and duties at the . No divorces or separations are recorded in their relationship.

Later Years and Interests

After founding his consulting firm in 1990, Edward Gibson has resided outside , with his wife Julie, where he has enjoyed a quieter life focused on personal pursuits. Gibson has continued writing personal reflections on , sharing insights from his 84-day orbital experience to inspire broader appreciation for . Additionally, Gibson volunteers for STEM education initiatives, speaking at events and mentoring students through organizations like the Astronaut Scholarship Foundation, where he has presented awards to promising engineering undergraduates. At age 89 in 2025, Gibson remains active with no major health issues publicized, regularly participating in astronaut reunions and public appearances, such as his attendance at a high class reunion in 2025 and a community event in 2025. In terms of , Gibson supports space history museums by donating personal artifacts, such as mission patches and photographs from his tenure to the Buffalo Museum of Science in 1979, and contributes to scholarships for engineering students via the Astronaut Scholarship Foundation. His wife Julie occasionally joins him in these educational outreach efforts.

Media and Publications

Media Appearances

Edward Gibson has been featured in several media appearances, including dramatic portrayals, interviews, and public speaking engagements related to his career and mission. In the 1998 miniseries From the Earth to the Moon, Gibson was portrayed by Geoffrey Nauffts in the "That's All There Is?", which depicts the mission during which Gibson served as capsule communicator from Mission Control. Gibson contributed to the Oral History Project through a series of interviews beginning in , where he discussed his selection as a scientist-astronaut, training experiences, and the scientific observations conducted during , including solar physics experiments and crew dynamics in long-duration spaceflight. Gibson has been an active public speaker at international space conferences related to human space exploration and lessons from Skylab. In the 2020s, Gibson has guested on podcasts focused on space history, including the 2021 episode of A Trip to Space where he recounted mission challenges like equipment malfunctions, crew fatigue, and the record-setting 84-day duration aboard .

Writings and Books

Gibson co-authored several technical papers on Skylab solar data during the 1970s, focusing on observations of such as coronal structures and flares. These works drew directly from his role as science pilot on Skylab 4, providing detailed analyses of extreme-ultraviolet and visual data to advance understanding of solar heating mechanisms and transient events. One of his seminal contributions to space literature is the book The Quiet Sun (1973), published by as Special Publication SP-303. This comprehensive volume details the physics of the Sun's atmosphere, including the , , and corona, with emphasis on non-flaring solar activity and preparatory insights for orbital observations. It features diagrams of telescope operations and instrumentation relevant to Skylab's , serving as a key reference for solar physicists and inspiring Gibson's later in-flight experiments. In 2025, Gibson released Space: Ever Farther, Ever Faster - Now!, a co-authored with Jack Schmitt that chronicles his journey from scientist-astronaut to industry leader. The book reflects on pivotal moments in his career, including Skylab experiences and broader space policy developments, while advocating for accelerated human exploration beyond . It combines personal anecdotes with technical insights, emphasizing the evolution of and the need for sustained investment in missions to Mars and exoplanets. Beyond these, Gibson contributed forewords to several space history books, offering firsthand perspectives on astronaut experiences and mission legacies. For instance, he wrote the foreword to The Science of Spaceflight (1995), highlighting the integration of science and engineering in human spaceflight.

References

  1. https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/gibson_edward.pdf
  2. https://www.astronautscholarship.org/astronauts-edward-g-gibson/
  3. https://www.astronautix.com/g/gibsonedward.html
  4. https://www.nytimes.com/1973/11/17/archives/missions-civilian-scientist-in-residence-edward-george-gibson-two.html
  5. https://www.buffalotales.net/post/from-kenmore-to-outer-space
  6. https://feeds.library.caltech.edu/groups/NASA-Astronauts/combined_thesis.html
  7. https://www.spaceline.org/united-states-manned-space-flight/us-astronaut-selection-drafts-and-qualifications/nasa-group-4-scientist-astronauts/
  8. https://www.nasa.gov/mission/skylab-4/
  9. https://www.nasa.gov/history/50-years-ago-launch-of-skylab-4-the-final-mission-to-skylab/
  10. https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/gibson_edward.pdf?emrc=ffe4d1
  11. https://www.spaceline.org/united-states-manned-space-flight/skylab-mission-program-fact-sheets/skylab-4-fact-sheet/
  12. https://www.nasa.gov/history/50-years-ago-skylab-4-astronauts-return-from-record-breaking-spaceflight/
  13. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19750003947/downloads/19750003947.pdf
  14. https://www.spacefacts.de/mission/english/skylab-4.htm
  15. https://www.rocketstem.org/2013/04/13/conversation-with-skylab-astronaut-ed-gibson/
  16. https://www.nasa.gov/history/skylab-4-final-mission-launches-to-skylab/
  17. https://www.nasa.gov/history/the-real-story-of-the-skylab-4-strike-in-space/
  18. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edward-Gibson
  19. https://speaking.com/speakers/ed-gibson/
  20. https://www.allamericanspeakers.com/celebritytalentbios/Edward+Gibson/420722
  21. https://www.espeakers.com/marketplace/profile/11295/edward-gibson
  22. https://www.collectspace.com/news/news-020821a-spacecraft-record-resilience-skylab4.html
  23. https://astronautical.org/fellows/
  24. https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/azcentral/name/joseph-gibson-obituary?id=22872587
  25. https://news.engineering.arizona.edu/news/former-astronaut-present-ua-student-scholarship
  26. https://www.beenews.com/ken_ton_bee/news/kenmore-high-school-class-of-1955-highlights-local-astronaut-in-70-year-reunion/article_0223ea78-4fe2-44b4-9d77-b24933d5e506.html
  27. https://www.facebook.com/HolyTrinityBuffalo/photos/we-are-honored-to-welcome-astronaut-edward-gibson-on-sunday-september-21-we-will/1078546097772902/
  28. https://www.astronautscholarship.org/assets/2017-asf-annual-report-final-web-press.pdf
  29. https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Quiet_Sun.html?id=1-Y_AQAAMAAJ
  30. https://edward-gibson.com/
  31. https://www.amazon.com/Space-Ever-Farther-Faster-Now/dp/1916954952
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