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World Aquatics,[3] formerly known as FINA (French: Fédération internationale de natation; English: International Swimming Federation),[a] is the international federation recognised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC)[4] for administering international competitions in water sports. It is one of several international federations which administer a given sport or discipline for both the IOC and the international community. It is based in Lausanne, Switzerland.

Key Information

Founded as FINA (Fédération internationale de natation; International Swimming Federation) in 1908, the federation was officially renamed World Aquatics in January 2023.[3]

World Aquatics currently oversees competition in six aquatics sports: swimming, diving, high diving, artistic swimming,[5][6] water polo, and open water swimming.[7] World Aquatics also oversees "Masters" competition (for adults) in its disciplines.[7]

History

[edit]
Former FINA logo

FINA was founded on 19 July 1908 in the Manchester Hotel in London, at the end of the 1908 Summer Olympics. Eight national federations were responsible for the formation of FINA: Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary and Sweden.[8]

In 1973, the first World Aquatics Championships were staged in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, with competitions held in swimming, water polo, diving and synchronized swimming.[9] Dr. Hal Henning, who had formerly served as Chair of the U.S. Olympic Swim Committee, was FINA's first American president from 1972 through 1976 where he was highly instrumental in starting the first World Aquatics Championships in Belgrade, and in retaining the number of swimming events in the Olympics which favored countries with larger, more balanced swim teams.[10]

In 1986, the first permanent FINA office was opened in Lausanne, Switzerland.[11]

In 1991, open water swimming was added to the program of the World Aquatics Championships.[12]

In 1993, the first edition of the World Aquatics Swimming Championships (25m) was staged in Palma de Mallorca, Spain.[13]

In 2010, FINA convened the first edition of the FINA World Aquatics Convention in Punta del Este, Uruguay.[14]

In 2013, high diving was added to the program of the World Aquatics Championships.[15]

In 2015, FINA staged the first dual World Aquatics Championships and FINA World Masters Championships (later known World Aquatics Masters Championships) in Kazan Russia, run consecutively in the one city for the first time.[16]

In 2018, FINA celebrated 110 years by inaugurating a new headquarters in Lausanne, Switzerland.[17]

On 12 December 2022, during the Extraordinary General Congress held in Melbourne, Australia, the Congress approved a new Constitution and voted to adopt a new name for the organisation, World Aquatics.[18]

In July 2023, the World Aquatics General Congress approved the headquarters would be moving to Budapest, Hungary (host city of the 2017, 2022 and 2027 championships) was in the ‘final stage’ of negotiations to move.[19] The center is scheduled to be finished by the end of 2026, but the organization intends to move some of it to the Hungarian capital in the second half of next year.[20] In November 2024, they opened their interim office before a full, complete transfer by 2027.[21]

Number of national federations by year:

  • 1908: 8
  • 1928: 38
  • 1958: 75
  • 1978: 106
  • 1988: 109
  • 2000: 174
  • 2008: 197
  • 2010: 202
  • 2012: 203
  • 2015: 208[22]
  • 2016: 207
  • 2017: 209
  • 2023: 208[23]

Members

[edit]
Further information: List of World Aquatics member federations

In June 2017, Bhutan became the 208th national member federation of FINA (now World Aquatics);[24] and on 30 November 2017, Anguilla became the 209th national member federation.[25] As of 2025, São Tomé and Príncipe had become the 210th member federation.[26] World Aquatics also permits athletes not affiliated with a member federation to compete at events under the 'Athlete Refugee Team' banner.[27] Athletes from Russia and Belarus are currently only allowed to compete as neutrals due to the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine.[28][29]

Members are grouped by continent, and there are 5 continental associations of which they can choose to be a member:[30]

Note: The number following each continental name is the number of World Aquatics members which fall into the given geographical area. It is not necessarily the number of members in the continental association.

Organisation & Structure

[edit]

Under the new World Aquatics Constitution, ratified in December 2022, under clause 12, the following bodies are established to govern and administer World Aquatics:[31]

  • The Congress
  • The Bureau
  • The Executive
  • The Aquatics Integrity Unit
  • The Athletes Committee
  • The Technical Committees
  • The Specialised Committees

The World Aquatics Congress is the highest authority of World Aquatics and shall have the power to decide upon any matters arising within World Aquatics. A Congress is held either as an Ordinary Congress or as an Extraordinary Congress. A Congress may be held in person, by teleconference, by video conference or by another means of communication. Voting by correspondence (including email) and/or online is permitted. An Ordinary Congress shall be held every two (2) years, in principle at the site and on the occasion of the World Championships or of another major World Aquatics event.[32] An Extraordinary Congress shall be convened either by a decision of the Bureau or following a request in writing submitted to the Bureau by email by at least one fifth (1/5) of the Members.[33] Each Member shall be represented by up to two (2) duly appointed delegates with voting rights. Each of the twenty (20) elected members of the Athletes Committee shall have one (1) vote at a Congress. The Honorary President is chair with no voting power. Continental Organisations can appoint up to two (2) representatives who may attend the Congress as observers, without any voting power.[33]

The World Aquatics Bureau consists of the President and thirty-nine (39) Bureau Members:

  • President: The President is elected by the Congress.   
  • Continental Representatives: Twenty-two (22) Bureau Members are elected by the Congress as continental representatives distributed geographically and per gender as follows: Africa: five (5), with no more than three (3) representatives of a single gender; America: five (5), with no more than three (3) representatives of a single gender; Asia: five (5), with no more than three (3) representatives of a single gender; Europe: five (5), with no more than three (3) representatives of a single gender; and Oceania: two (2), with one (1) of each gender. From these roles elected are five (5) Vice Presidents, one from each of the five Continents, including the First Vice President and the Second Vice President; and the Treasurer.
  • World-at-Large Bureau Members: Sixteen (16) additional Bureau Members are elected by the Congress as World-at-Large Bureau Members, distributed geographically and per gender as follows: Africa: three (3), with no more than two (2) representatives of a single gender; America: four (4), with no more than three (3) representatives of a single gender; Asia: four (4), with no more than three (3) representatives of a single gender; Europe: four (4), with no more than three (3) representatives of a single gender; and Oceania: one (1), female or male.
  • Athletes Committee: The Chair of the Athletes Committee is ex officio a Bureau Member.[33]

Various committees and commissions also help with the oversight of individual disciplines (e.g. the Technical Open Water Swimming Committee helps with open water), or topic-related issues (e.g. the World Aquatics Doping Panel).[34] The organization signed an agreement with the Hungarian government in May 2023, planning to relocate its headquarters from Switzerland to Budapest, Hungary. However, the World Aquatics Congress needs to approve unanimously in order for the relocation to be finalized.[35]

Current bureau members

[edit]
Office[36] Officeholder Country
President Husain Al-Musallam Kuwait
First Vice President Sam Ramsamy South Africa
Second Vice President Matthew Dunn Australia
Treasurer Dale Neuburger United States
Vice President Juan Carlos Orihuela Paraguay
António Silva Portugal
Zhou Jihong China
Executive Director Brent Nowicki United States

Presidents

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Each presidential term is four years, beginning and concluding with the year following the Summer Olympics.

FINA/World Aquatics presidents
Name Country Term
George Hearn  Great Britain 1908–1924
Erik Bergvall  Sweden 1924–1928
Émile-Georges Drigny  France 1928–1932
Walther Binner  Germany 1932–1936
Harold Fern  Great Britain 1936–1948
René de Raeve  Belgium 1948–1952
M.L. Negri  Argentina 1952–1956
Jan de Vries  Netherlands 1956–1960
Max Ritter  West Germany 1960–1964
William Berge Phillips  Australia 1964–1968
Javier Ostos Mora[37]  Mexico 1968–1972
Harold Henning  United States 1972–1976
Javier Ostos Mora (2nd term)[37]  Mexico 1976–1980
Ante Lambaša  Yugoslavia 1980–1984
Robert Helmick  United States 1984–1988
Mustapha Larfaoui  Algeria 1988–2009
Julio Maglione  Uruguay 2009–2021
Husain Al-Musallam  Kuwait 2021–present

Tournaments

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The main competition venue at the most recent edition of the World Aquatics Championships in Fukuoka, Japan (2023)

World Aquatics Championships

[edit]
Main article: World Aquatics Championships

World Aquatics' largest event is the biennial World Aquatics Championships, traditionally held every odd year, where all of the six aquatic disciplines are contested. A 50m length pool is used for swimming races.

The World Open Water Swimming Championships (also known as 'Open Water Worlds') is part of the World Aquatics Championships. Additional standalone editions of the Open Water Championships were also held in the even years from 2000 to 2010.

The World Masters Championships (also known as 'Masters Worlds) is open to athletes 25 years and above (30+ years in water polo) in each aquatics discipline excluding high diving and has been held as part of the World Aquatics Championships since 2015.[38] Prior to this, the Masters Championship was held separately, biennially in even years.

Prior to the 9th World Aquatics Championships in Fukuoka in 2001, the championships had been staged at various intervals of two to four years. From 2001 to 2019 the championships were held biennially in odd years. Due to interruptions from the COVID-19 pandemic, travel restrictions, and host venues withdrawing from hosting championships and World Aquatics withdrawing the rights to host championships, from 2022 to 2025 the championships will be staged in every year until resuming to biennial from 2025 onwards.

Stand-alone discipline competitions

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World Aquatics also organizes separate tournaments and series for individual disciplines, including competitions for juniors.[39]

Discipline world tournaments

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Discipline world series

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Junior championships

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World-level championships restricted to a younger age, with the age limit varying by discipline and gender:

Sport name changes

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In 2017, FINA officially renamed the sport of synchronised swimming as Artistic Swimming for its competitions to reflect the expansion in evaluation criteria in the sport to include not only synchronization but other elements such as choreography and artistic expression.[5][44]

Bans

[edit]

Retired athletes

[edit]

In relation to anti-doping rule violations, World Aquatics does enact suspensions on athletes who are retired from their respective sport at the time of ban implementation, with examples including Lithuanian Rūta Meilutytė (2019–2021) and Russians Artem Lobuzov (2021–2025), Alexandra Sokolova (2021–2025), and Artem Podyakov (2021–2025).[45][46]

Russia and Belarus bans

[edit]

Russian and Belarusian athletes and officials were banned from every FINA (World Aquatics) event through the end of 2022.[47] FINA also cancelled FINA events in Russia, and banned Russian and Belarusian teams through to the 19th FINA World Championships Budapest 2022.[47] In March 2022, after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, FINA banned all Russians and Belarusians from competing at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships and withdrew the 2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) from being held in Russia.[48] This came after indefinitely banning athletes and officials of both countries from wearing the colours of their country, swimming representing their country with their country's name, and the playing of their country's national anthem in case an athlete from either country won an event.[49] Additionally, times swum by Russians at non-FINA competitions for the April to December 2022 time frame did not count for world rankings nor world records.[50] On the 4 September 2023, World Aquatics announced the capacity and criteria for Russian and Belarusian athletes to compete at competitions as 'Neutral Independent Athletes'.[51]

Controversies

[edit]

Transgender athlete restrictions

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On 19 June 2022, FINA (World Aquatics) "committed to the separation of Aquatics sports into men's and women's categories according to sex" by a 71% vote, adopting a new policy on eligibility for the men's and women's competition categories.[52][53][54] This policy effectively bars all transgender women from competing in professional women's swimming, with the exception of athletes who "can establish to FINA's comfortable satisfaction that they have not experienced any part of male puberty beyond Tanner Stage 2 (of puberty) or before age 12, whichever is later". Athletes who previously took masculinizing hormone therapy (namely testosterone) may also compete in the women's category as long any testosterone use was post-puberty and less than a year in total, and the person's testosterone levels are back to pre-treatment levels. Transgender men remained fully eligible to compete in the men's category. FINA also announced the development of a separate "open" category for some events, to be determined by a working group over the next six months, so that "everybody has the opportunity to compete at an elite level".[55][56][57] The decision was criticized as "discriminatory, harmful, unscientific and not in line with the 2021 IOC principles" by LGBT advocacy group Athlete Ally.[58]

Though swimmer Lia Thomas formally challenged the new rule that disqualified her from competition, in June 2024, the Court of Arbitration for Sport ruled that she lacked standing to do so and would remain ineligible to compete.[59]

Vice President Zhou Jihong

[edit]

In May 2022, New Zealand diving judge Lisa Wright revealed that during the 2020 Summer Olympics, FINA Vice President, Zhou Jihong, allegedly launched a verbal tirade at Wright at the conclusion of the men's 10m platform final. Wright alleged that Zhou verbally abused her for underscoring Chinese divers.[60] Diving New Zealand subsequently complained about the incident to FINA's Ethics Panel. As a result, Zhou was ordered by in a FINA Ethics Panel decision[61] to write a letter of apology to Wright.[61] A recommendation was also made by the Ethics Panel to disestablish Zhou's position as Diving Bureau Liaison for FINA. The FINA Ethics Panel stated that the incident during the men's platform final was "unfortunate" and led to a "misunderstanding mixed with misjudgement" between Wright and Zhou.[62]

In May 2022, former international diver, Olympic judge and previous member of FINA's Technical Diving Committee from New Zealand Simon Latimer revealed he had sent a whistleblower complaint[63] to FINA's Executive Director Brent Nowicki in December 2021 detailing Zhou's alleged "unethical behavior" which also contained allegations that Zhou has routinely coached Chinese divers during major events such as the Olympics and World Championships and she had manipulated judging panels in order to benefit Chinese athletes. Latimer claimed that Zhou's behavior was tarnishing the reputation of international diving and that she was acting in the interests of China rather than international diving as a whole.

Subsequent to Latimer's complaint, video evidence emerged online showing Zhou coaching Chinese divers during competition sessions at the 2020 Summer Olympics, a behavior considered unethical given her supposedly neutral role as a FINA Vice President and Diving Bureau Liaison.[64]

In July 2022, Latimer was not re-elected to FINA's Technical Diving Committee, and Zhou was one of the FINA Bureau Member's who had input in the selection process.[65] In 2022 FINA's By Laws[66] were updated to state that the Bureau Liaison position that Zhou holds should not interfere on the field of play during competitions and that individuals holding that position shall not act as a Team Leader or coach at international events including the Olympic Games.

Soul Cap

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In 2021, FINA (World Aquatics) came under criticism for not approving the use at the Olympics of the Soul Cap, a brand of swimming caps designed for natural Black hair.[67] FINA said the caps did not fit "the natural form of the head" and to their "best knowledge the athletes competing at the international events never used, neither require … caps of such size and configuration."[67] After receiving criticism about racism, FINA announced that they would review their decision. Later in 2022, FINA decided to approve the Soul Caps for future FINA events (effective immediately).

Doping

[edit]
Further information: Doping in China and Concerns and controversies at the 2024 Summer Olympics § Chinese doping allegations

In 2024, a member of the World Aquatics' anti-doping advisory body said that it was "inexplicably and forcibly shut out of the review" concerning positive tests from 23 Chinese swimmers in the lead-up to the Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics.[68] As a result of the doping scandal, in June 2024, a former deputy director of the World Anti-Doping Agency said that athletes had "zero confidence" in World Aquatics.[69][70] In July 2024, World Aquatics confirmed that its executive director was subpoenaed to testify to U.S. authorities as part of a criminal investigation into the Chinese swimmers' doping tests.[71]

See also

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Notes

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References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

World Aquatics

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World Aquatics, formerly known as the Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA), is the international governing body for aquatic sports, overseeing competitions in six disciplines: swimming, diving, , artistic swimming, , and . Founded on 19 July 1908 in by representatives from eight national federations—Belgium, , , , , , , and —it serves as the sole authority for these sports globally, with headquarters in , . The rebranded to World Aquatics in 2022 following a vote by member federations, aiming to better unite athletes across all disciplines under a vision of "a world united by water, for health, life and sport," while implementing governance reforms including enhanced athlete representation and an independent integrity unit. World Aquatics organizes flagship events such as the biennial , first held in 1973, which feature elite competitions across its disciplines and attract participants from over 200 member federations worldwide. A defining in 2022 involved adopting a gender inclusion policy that bars athletes who have experienced male puberty from competing in elite women's categories, citing of retained physiological advantages, and instead offers an open classification for broader participation; this measure, intended to safeguard fairness in sex-segregated events, has faced legal challenges from athletes but was upheld by the . Through these efforts, World Aquatics promotes clean sport, sustainability, and accessibility while prioritizing competitive equity based on biological realities.

History

Founding and Initial Governance (1908–1940s)

The Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA), predecessor to World Aquatics, was founded on 19 1908 in London's Manchester Hotel, immediately following the . George W. Hearn, president of 's Amateur Swimming Association, orchestrated the inaugural meeting, uniting delegates from eight national federations—, , , , , , , and —to create a centralized for aquatic sports. This establishment addressed the need for uniform rules in , diving, and , disciplines prominent at the Olympics, while enforcing strict status to preserve competitive integrity against emerging professionalism. Early governance operated through a basic executive bureau, comprising an honorary secretary-treasurer and representatives from member nations, without an immediate formal presidency. Hearn filled the secretary-treasurer role from to , managing statutes, rule codification, and affiliation processes during the federation's formative congresses, which prioritized technical standards like stroke techniques and pool dimensions. Membership expanded modestly to around 15 federations by the , concentrated in , as FINA focused on Olympic alignment and dispute resolution among national bodies. This structure emphasized consensus-driven decisions via periodic general congresses, laying groundwork for international event sanctioning. The presidency was formalized in 1928 with the election of Émile-Georges Drigny from , who served until 1932 and advanced rule refinements amid growing participation. Harold Fern of succeeded him in 1934, presiding until 1948 and overseeing governance continuity despite II's onset in 1939, which halted cross-border competitions and limited activities to domestic levels in neutral or less-affected regions. Under Fern, FINA preserved administrative operations, including correspondence and rule maintenance, enabling a swift post-1945 recovery with reinstated Olympic integrations. By the late , the bureau had evolved to include vice-presidents and technical committees, reflecting stabilized operations across 20-plus members.

Post-War Expansion and Discipline Integration (1950s–1990s)

Following , FINA resumed full operations amid global recovery, with membership expanding as in Asia, Africa, and enabled the formation of new national federations. By the mid-1950s, the organization had integrated as a competitive discipline, establishing technical rules and a dedicated to govern routines combining , , and music. This addition marked the first major post-war discipline expansion, building on FINA's core sports of , diving, and , and reflected growing interest in artistic elements of aquatics. Under presidents such as Max Ritter (, 1952–1960) and Bill Phillips (, 1960–1968), FINA hosted congresses to standardize rules and foster international participation, culminating in the 1973 inaugural in , which unified competitions across , diving, , and for the first time. The 1970s and 1980s saw further integration of gender-specific events, including the introduction of women's through FINA's first Women's Water Polo in 1979, which provided a platform for international competition ahead of its inclusion in World Championships in 1986. Leadership transitioned to presidents Javier Ostos (, 1968–1972) and Harold Henning (, 1972–1984), who emphasized technical commissions to refine discipline rules and promote development programs for emerging federations. In 1986, FINA launched its Masters program for athletes over 25, holding the first Masters Championships in , which encompassed , diving, and to accommodate age-group participation. This era also saw infrastructure advancements, including FINA's first permanent headquarters in , , in 1986, supporting administrative growth amid rising global events. By the 1990s, under Mustapha Larfaoui (Algeria, 1984–2000), FINA incorporated open water swimming into the World Championships program in 1991, standardizing long-distance events like 25 km races to address endurance aspects distinct from pool swimming. The organization also debuted World Swimming Championships in 25-meter pools in 1993 in Palma de Mallorca, Spain, expanding short-course formats to boost year-round competition and accessibility for national federations. These integrations solidified FINA's oversight of five primary disciplines, with events like the World Championships rotating hosts across continents—such as Perth (1998)—to reflect broadened geographic reach and participation from over 150 member federations by decade's end. This period's developments prioritized empirical standardization of techniques and anti-doping measures, ensuring competitive integrity amid rapid internationalization.

Challenges and Reforms in the 2000s

The 2000s presented FINA with persistent governance challenges, including criticisms of its anti-doping enforcement under president Mustapha Larfaoui, who served from 1986 to 2009. High-profile athletes, such as , condemned FINA's testing regime as inadequate and overly reliant on in-competition checks, arguing it failed to deter systematic doping. Larfaoui faced allegations of leaking Thorpe's confidential medical data in , which exacerbated perceptions of opacity and conflicts of interest within the federation's leadership. These issues coincided with FINA's alignment to the World Anti-Doping Agency's inaugural Code in 2003, which mandated standardized rules and out-of-competition testing, yet implementation gaps fueled ongoing skepticism about the organization's commitment to clean sport. The most acute crisis arose from advanced swimsuit technologies, dubbed "technological doping" by detractors for providing buoyancy and drag reduction beyond traditional textile limits. Polyurethane-based full-body suits, exemplified by Speedo's introduced in 2008, enabled 108 long-course world records that year and over 140 by the close of the in , where nearly every event saw records fall. FINA's initial hesitation drew sharp rebuke for allowing equipment to overshadow swimmer skill, prompting emergency reforms at its July 2009 Congress: suits were restricted to materials only, with men's coverage limited to , hips, and upper thighs (above knees), and women's to shoulders, , and upper legs (below knees and above shoulders). The ban, effective January 1, 2010, passed by a near-unanimous vote of member federations and sought to recalibrate toward rather than . Leadership renewal marked a reformative shift, with Julio Maglione of elected president in 2009 at the Congress, ending Larfaoui's tenure amid calls for fresh oversight. Maglione's administration promised enhanced transparency and adaptation to global pressures, though entrenched bureaucratic resistance lingered as a . These developments underscored FINA's navigation of ethical, technological, and administrative hurdles to preserve ' competitive integrity.

Rebranding and Policy Shifts (2020s)

On 12 December 2022, FINA member federations voted to rebrand the organization as World Aquatics during an Extraordinary Congress in , , coinciding with the 2022 World Swimming Championships. The change aimed to more comprehensively represent the federation's oversight of , diving, , artistic swimming, , and , under a vision of "a world united by water, for health, life and sport." Over 70% of consultations supported the , which included a new visual identity and logo rolled out at events in 2023, along with updated digital platforms and a website launch at the in Fukuoka. Earlier, on 19 June 2022, FINA approved a new policy on eligibility for men's and women's competition categories with 71.5% support from member federations at an Extraordinary General Congress. Transgender women (male-to-female) are ineligible for the women's category if they experienced male puberty beyond Tanner Stage 2 or after age 12; eligibility requires evidence of either complete androgen insensitivity or puberty suppression at or before that stage, with testosterone levels maintained below 2.5 nmol/L continuously, verified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The policy, developed by a working group including scientific, medical, and legal experts, cites physiological advantages from male puberty as persistent despite hormone therapy, drawing on analyses from endocrinologists and a 2022 joint position statement by sports medicine federations. To enhance inclusivity while preserving fairness in sex-based categories, the policy framework directed the creation of an "open" category allowing competition regardless of biological sex or gender identity. World Aquatics implemented this for 50m and 100m individual medley events open to all sex and gender identities at the . Female-to-male athletes remain eligible for men's categories without restriction. Subsequent updates in the 2020s addressed Olympic qualification pathways, competition regulations across disciplines, and nationality transfer rules, with revisions approved in December 2024 for events including the 2028 Los Angeles Olympics. These shifts emphasized evidence-based criteria for equity and global participation, amid ongoing debates on biological fairness in elite sports.

Organizational Structure

Governance Framework

The governance of World Aquatics is defined by its Constitution and By-laws, which establish a hierarchical structure centered on democratic representation from national member federations, executive management, and specialized oversight bodies to ensure compliance with international sports standards. The framework emphasizes biennial decision-making by member delegates, balanced continental representation, and integrity mechanisms, reflecting reforms post-2022 rebranding from FINA to enhance transparency and athlete involvement. In 2023, World Aquatics achieved an A2 rating in the ASOIF governance review, indicating strong practices in areas like ethical standards and risk management, though ongoing improvements address independence in auditing. The General constitutes the supreme , comprising delegates from all 209 member federations, with voting rights proportional to membership size and participation. It convenes every two years, typically alongside World Championships, to elect the Bureau, approve budgets, amend rules, and ratify strategic policies; decisions require a two-thirds for constitutional changes. Between sessions, delegates to the Bureau, ensuring continuity in operations across six aquatic disciplines. The Bureau functions as the primary executive organ, comprising the President and 39 elected members with fixed continental quotas to promote global equity: five each from , , , and (no more than three per gender per continent), two from (one male, one female), plus 16 at-large positions distributed similarly (three , four and , four , one ). The Athletes Committee Chair serves ex officio, integrating competitor perspectives; terms last four years, renewable up to two additional times, with elections by at . Bureau responsibilities include rule enforcement, event sanctioning, and policy implementation, meeting at least biannually under the President's chair. Supporting structures include technical and specialized committees for discipline-specific rulemaking, an Athletes Committee elected quadrennially by competitors to advocate on welfare and selection, and the independent Aquatics Integrity Unit (AQIU), operational since January 2023, handling doping, harassment, and ethical violations via arbitration ties to the . Day-to-day administration falls to the Executive Director-led office in , , executing directives while adhering to financial transparency mandates, such as audited annual reports submitted to Congress. This framework prioritizes federation autonomy within unified standards, with by-laws updated as recently as June 2025 to refine election protocols and integrity codes.

Bureau Composition and Elections

The World Aquatics Bureau serves as the primary executive body, consisting of one President and 39 elected Bureau Members, totaling 40 members including the ex officio of the Athletes' . The Bureau Members are divided into 22 continental representatives—five each from , the , , and , plus two from —and 16 world-at-large representatives allocated as three from , four each from the , , and , and one from . quotas apply to ensure balance: no more than three members of the same among the five representatives from each major , one of each from for continental roles, and similar limits for world-at-large positions (e.g., no more than two of the same from 's three). Bureau Members, excluding the President, serve four-year terms renewable up to twice, for a maximum of 12 years. The President is elected separately by the General and may pursue an initial eight-year term, renewable once in line with guidelines. Elections for all positions occur every four years during the Ordinary General , convened biennially but aligned with quadrennial cycles for Bureau renewal; delegates from the over 200 national member federations vote by on slates or individual candidates, with continental representatives nominated by their respective continental associations. The process emphasizes global representation and gender equity, as evidenced by the 2025 election in , where the Bureau achieved 42% female membership with 16 women elected. Among the continental representatives are five continental Vice Presidents—one per major continent—along with a Treasurer typically drawn from the Americas delegation. The Athletes' Committee Chair joins ex officio to incorporate athlete input, elected separately by active competitors across disciplines. This structure, outlined in the World Aquatics Constitution, prioritizes proportional continental input while limiting dominance by any single region or gender.

Historical Presidents and Leadership Transitions

The Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA), established on July 19, 1908, in by representatives from seven European nations, initially elected of as its first president, a position he held until 1924. Early leadership remained predominantly European, reflecting the organization's origins in Olympic swimming governance, with presidents elected at periodic congresses to guide rule standardization and event expansion. A notable transition occurred in 1972 when Harold "Hal" Henning of the became the first American president, serving until 1976 and playing a pivotal role in launching the inaugural in in 1973 to elevate the sport's global profile beyond Olympic cycles. The presidency shifted to Mustapha Larfaoui of in 1988, elected during the Seoul Olympics Congress; as the first African and non-European to hold the office long-term, he served 21 years until 2009, the longest tenure in FINA's history, during which the organization integrated additional disciplines like and more formally and expanded membership. In 2009, Julio Maglione of succeeded Larfaoui, marking the first South American presidency and emphasizing development in emerging regions; his 12-year term ended with his decision not to seek re-election at age 84 amid calls for modernization. On June 5, 2021, at the Congress, Husain Al-Musallam of , previously first vice-president since 2015, was elected unopposed as president, securing 302 votes from delegates of 183 national federations. Al-Musallam was unanimously re-elected in July 2023 to an eight-year term, overseeing reforms including the organization's rebranding to World Aquatics in December 2022 to encompass all six disciplines more inclusively and relocate headquarters to , .
PresidentNationalityTerm Years
George Hearn1908–1924
Hal Henning1972–1976
Mustapha Larfaoui1988–2009
Julio Maglione2009–2021
Husain Al-Musallam2021–present

Membership and Global Reach

National Federations and Continental Bodies

World Aquatics consists of 210 national member federations, spanning five continents, each tasked with overseeing aquatic sports domestically, including athlete training, national competitions, and qualification for international events. These federations must comply with World Aquatics' , technical rules, and standards, with membership requiring annual dues and adherence to anti-doping protocols enforced by the Aquatics Integrity Unit. National federations nominate athletes for world championships and elect delegates to the World Aquatics Congress, where decisions on rulemaking and governance occur every two years. Continental organizations act as regional coordinators, bridging World Aquatics with national federations to drive development initiatives, host continental championships, and address local challenges such as and coaching education. They collaborate on World Aquatics' support programs, distributing funding for equipment, events, and athlete welfare, while appointing observers to without voting rights. The five recognized bodies are:
ContinentOrganization
Africa Aquatics
PanAm Aquatics
AsiaAsia Aquatics
EuropeEuropean Aquatics
Oceania Aquatics
These entities, headquartered in locations such as for and for , tailor programs to regional needs, including youth development in and facility upgrades in . For instance, European Aquatics, with its base in , oversees 52 affiliated federations and emphasizes high-performance training aligned with Olympic cycles.

Membership Standards and Development Funding

World Aquatics maintains a single category of membership consisting of national federations, limited to one per country, tasked with governing aquatic sports within their . Admission requires an application to the Bureau accompanied by an undertaking to comply with the organization's and rules; the Bureau decides on acceptance, with appeals possible to the General Congress or the (CAS). As of 2024, World Aquatics recognizes 210 such national member federations across five continents. Member federations bear ongoing obligations to support World Aquatics' objectives, adhere to its constitution, by-laws, technical rules, and the , and submit their statutes along with any amendments for approval. They must convene general assemblies at least biennially, hold elections every four years, notify World Aquatics of outcomes, ensure operational independence from governmental or external interference, remit annual membership fees, and refrain from conduct that could discredit the organization. Affiliated clubs within federations are required to maintain at least 10 registered athletes, participate in national championships, and meet financial duties. Non-compliance, including autonomy breaches or significant rule violations, may result in Bureau-imposed suspension or expulsion, subject to CAS appeal. To promote global growth, World Aquatics channels substantial resources into development funding, allocating $28.71 million USD in —41.57% of its total expenses—for programs aiding national federations, athletes, and infrastructure. The core World Aquatics Support Programme, with an annual budget of approximately $4 million USD, disbursed nearly $4.5 million in to support 621 projects across member federations, including enhancements in competition organization, , equipment acquisition, and . Funding eligibility ties to assessments, providing a base of $25,000 USD per qualifying federation, plus up to $5,000 bonuses for score improvements, with a maximum of $30,000 USD; in , 184 of 210 federations qualified, expanding to nearly all in 2025. Complementary initiatives include the Scholarships Programme, offering financial and technical aid to one potential athlete per annually, benefiting 117 athletes from 70 nations in 2024, and the Olympic Aquatic Support Programme, which provides targeted funding to all members for promotion and efforts. Continental organizations receive up to $100,000 USD under a parallel support framework to bolster . These efforts prioritize empirical progress in participation and , with 2024 reporting involvement of 22,912 coaches, 18,806 officials, and 1,674 events across 169 members.

Competitions and Tournaments

World Aquatics Championships

The serve as the flagship multi-disciplinary event organized by World Aquatics, contested biennially since its inception, though recent editions from 2022 to 2025 were held annually to accommodate expanded programming and recovery from pandemic disruptions. The competition draws over 2,500 athletes from more than 190 national federations, competing for medals across six core aquatic disciplines: , artistic swimming, diving, , , and . Events typically span 2-3 weeks, with as the central attraction, featuring individual and relay races in freestyle, , , , and medley formats over distances from 50 meters to 1,500 meters, alongside mixed relays introduced in later editions. The championships originated in 1973 in , (now ), where 686 competitors from 47 nations participated in the inaugural edition focused on swimming, diving, and , marking the first global titles outside the for these sports. Initially known as the FINA World Championships, the event expanded progressively: artistic swimming (previously ) was integrated early, added in 1998 for long-distance races up to 25 kilometers, and debuted in 2013 with platform heights of 27 meters for men and 20 meters for women. By the , the championships had evolved into a comprehensive showcase, with tournaments for men and women featuring 16-team formats and diving events covering springboard and platform categories from 1-meter to 10-meter heights. Hosted in diverse global locations to promote the sport's reach, editions have included Perth (1991, 1998), (1994, 2009), and (2003, 2013), with venues selected via bidding processes emphasizing infrastructure and broadcasting potential. The 2023 event in Fukuoka, , featured 77 medal events, while the 2024 edition in emphasized sustainability and regional development; the 2025 championships, concluding on August 3, saw three world records set in alone across 77 events. Future bids for 2029 and 2031 underscore a return to biennial scheduling, with emphasis on inclusivity for emerging nations through development funding. The championships not only crown world champions but also serve as qualifiers for continental events and testing grounds for rule innovations, such as non-simultaneous touch rules in relays.

Discipline-Specific World Events

World Aquatics sanctions and organizes numerous discipline-specific world events, distinct from the multi-discipline , to provide focused international competition, skill development, and qualification pathways for athletes in individual aquatic disciplines. These events include annual or quadrennial world cups, series, and junior championships, often featuring elite senior competitors or age-group participants in formats tailored to the sport's unique demands, such as short-course pools for or variable-height platforms for . In swimming, the Swimming World Cup serves as the premier annual discipline-specific circuit, contested in 25-meter short-course pools across multiple legs worldwide, with athletes accumulating points toward overall rankings and a super final prize purse exceeding $1 million USD as of 2025. The series emphasizes sprint and middle-distance events, attracting over 300 swimmers per stop and fostering tactical racing in non-Olympic pool lengths. Junior counterparts, such as the World Aquatics Junior Swimming Championships, occur biennially for athletes under 18, featuring long-course events and held separately to nurture emerging talent. Diving features the Diving World Series, an annual sequence of grand prix-style meets at international venues, where competitors earn points across platform and events from 1-meter to 10-meter heights, culminating in a final with medal allocations based on cumulative performance. , a niche variant, has its own World Cup series with drops from 27 meters for men and 21 meters for women, emphasizing precision and safety protocols in urban or coastal settings. Junior diving world championships are hosted biennially in dedicated locations, such as , , for the 2026 edition, focusing on developmental categories. Water polo's discipline-specific pinnacle is the Water Polo World Cup, contested quadrennially for men and women with eight-team fields, as seen in the 2025 men's edition in , , from December 2024 to April 2025, which doubles as an Olympic qualification mechanism. These tournaments prioritize tactical team play in 30-minute halves, distinct from the championships' integration. Youth events include U20 and U18 world championships, held annually or biennially to build national pipelines. Artistic swimming maintains focus through youth and junior world championships, such as the 2025 World Aquatics Youth Artistic Swimming Championships for ages 13-15, emphasizing solo, duet, team, and acrobatic routines with technical and free components scored on execution and difficulty. Senior-level discipline events are limited, often aligning with series like the World Trophy, but prioritize innovation in choreography and endurance. Open water swimming's series spans global locations with distances from 5 km to 25 km, incorporating individual and team relays in oceanic or lacustrine conditions, as in the 2025 stops concluding with overall series champions determined by points. These events test navigation, drafting, and environmental adaptation, separate from pool-based aquatics.
DisciplineKey EventFrequencyFormat Highlights
SwimmingSwimming World CupAnnualShort-course series, points-based
DivingDiving World SeriesAnnualMulti-leg grand prix, height-specific
Water PoloWater Polo World CupQuadrennial8-team knockout, Olympic qualifier
Artistic SwimmingYouth/Junior ChampionshipsBiennialAge-group routines, technical/free
Open WaterOpen Water World CupAnnualDistance races, series rankings

World Series, Cups, and Junior Competitions

World Aquatics sanctions annual World Cup circuits in and diving, which consist of multiple international stops awarding points toward overall series rankings and culminating in super finals for top performers. The World Cup, held in short-course (25-meter) pools since its inception in , features three to four legs per season, with athletes competing in and events for and qualification toward broader rankings. In 2025, stops included (October 10–12), and , (October 23–25), emphasizing high-speed racing and tactical performances distinct from long-course majors. The Diving World Cup, restructured from its prior format, includes preliminary events followed by a super final; the 2025 edition hosted stops in Guadalajara, (April 3–6), Windsor, (April 10–13), and a concluding super final in , . Junior competitions under World Aquatics encompass biennial championships for athletes aged 14–18 (as of December 31 in the competition year) across swimming, diving, artistic swimming, and open water swimming, fostering development through age-specific events and standards. The Junior Swimming Championships, held every two years in long-course pools, feature individual strokes, medleys, and relays; the 2025 event occurred in Otopeni, Romania, from August 19–24, with over 600 swimmers from 100+ nations qualifying via national trials and times. Diving's Junior World Championships, also biennial, returned in 2026 to Rijeka, Croatia, covering platform and springboard events for divers under 18. Artistic Swimming Junior Championships took place in Lima, Peru (August 28–September 1, 2024), emphasizing routines in solo, duet, and team formats, while the Open Water Junior Worlds in Alghero, Italy (September 5–8, 2024), included 5 km and 7.5 km races for youths. These events adhere to unified technical rules, with qualification based on verifiable performance metrics to ensure competitive integrity. Additional youth-oriented series, such as water polo's World Leagues, integrate junior divisions to bridge developmental and senior levels, though these remain secondary to the primary championships. Participation in all such competitions requires adherence to World Aquatics' eligibility criteria, including anti-doping compliance and federation nomination, promoting global talent pipelines without compromising event standards.

Policies and Rulemaking

Core Regulations Across Disciplines

World Aquatics maintains a unified framework of general competition regulations applicable to all its disciplines—, diving, , , artistic swimming, and —particularly for major events such as the , , and other international competitions. These provisions, outlined in Section 1 of the Competition Regulations, establish foundational standards for organization, athlete eligibility, venue requirements, officiating, protest procedures, and safety, ensuring consistency and fairness across disciplines while deferring to discipline-specific technical rules in subsequent sections. The regulations consolidate prior separate documents, including former general rules, facilities rules, and medical rules, into a single, searchable handbook approved by the World Aquatics Bureau, with updates effective as of June 2025. Athlete eligibility requires affiliation with a World Aquatics member federation, compliance with nationality rules (including a minimum three-year residency for changes), and minimum age thresholds, such as 14 years by December 31 of the competition year for swimmers and exclusions for those under 14 or 15 in certain diving, high diving, and artistic swimming events at senior levels. Swimwear must bear World Aquatics approval, with inspections conducted before and after events, and all participants are subject to doping controls aligned with the World Anti-Doping Code. For Masters categories, competitors aged 25 and older (30 for water polo) represent clubs rather than nations, emphasizing participation. Venue standards mandate facilities meeting Olympic-level specifications, including pool dimensions (e.g., 50m length for , minimum 1.80m-3m depths), water temperatures of 25-27°C, and lighting of at least 600 (1500 for major events), with inspections by World Aquatics delegates and technical committee members up to 120 days in advance for . Safety measures require at least two marshals per warm-up pool end to enforce rules against unsafe behaviors, such as improper diving, and organizers must provide compliant with the Olympic Movement Medical Code. Political or provocative actions, including , are prohibited in and around venues, with immediate intervention by organizers. Officiating is handled by personnel selected from World Aquatics lists by technical committees, including chief referees, judges (minimum five to 11 depending on event scale), starters, and timekeepers, with age caps of 60-75 years and fines of 2,000 Swiss Francs for non-attendance. Judges must align with the nationality of their nominating member, and no individual may hold multiple roles simultaneously. Protests against rule violations or results must be filed within 30 minutes on official forms with a 500 Swiss Franc deposit (refundable if upheld), reviewed by juries or escalated to the Court of Arbitration for Sport. Recent amendments, effective December 2024, enhance cross-discipline consistency by permitting period-friendly swimwear for women, simplifying approvals for ISO-standard , and introducing video review protocols in artistic swimming and to address judging accuracy. World Aquatics retains exclusive authority to organize these events, with management committees empowered to adjust schedules or postpone for safety or fairness.

Terminology and Name Reforms

On December 12, 2022, the 209 member federations of FINA approved a new at an Extraordinary in , , which included rebranding the organization as World Aquatics, effective January 1, 2023. The change addressed the limitations of FINA's original , Fédération Internationale de Natation, which emphasized (natation) at the expense of the organization's oversight of five other disciplines: diving, , artistic swimming, , and . Proponents argued the new name projected a more inclusive, modern identity to broaden global engagement and unify stakeholders around aquatic sports. The rebrand featured a redesigned and visual system, phased in during 2023 ahead of the in Fukuoka, . Earlier, on July 22, 2017, FINA's General Congress in voted to rename the discipline of as artistic swimming, effective immediately for international competitions. This terminology shift aimed to highlight the sport's evolving emphasis on , interpretation, and acrobatic difficulty rather than mere , aligning with technical rule updates that increased aerial elements and execution demands. While the supported the change to enhance appeal, it faced opposition from some athletes and coaches who contended that "synchronized" better conveyed the core teamwork and precision integral to routines. World Aquatics has since reaffirmed the name, rejecting proposals to revert as recently as 2025. These reforms were embedded in broader governance updates, including the 2022 constitution's establishment of an independent Aquatics Integrity Unit to oversee and compliance, though they primarily targeted to better reflect operational scope and sport dynamics. No further major terminology overhauls have been enacted, with subsequent rule changes focusing on mechanics rather than lexical .

Athlete Eligibility and Sanctions

Doping Detection and Penalties

World Aquatics maintains an anti-doping program governed by its Doping Control Rules, which fully align with the World Anti-Doping Code (WADC) established by the (WADA). As a WADA signatory, the organization conducts in-competition and out-of-competition testing across its disciplines, including and blood sample collection, to detect prohibited substances and methods listed in WADA's annual Prohibited List. Athletes must submit quarterly whereabouts information via the WADA Anti-Doping Administration and Management System (ADAMS) to facilitate unannounced testing, with failure to comply constituting a potential anti-doping rule violation (ADRV). Detection efforts emphasize intelligence-led testing, targeting high-risk athletes based on factors such as performance anomalies, prior violations, and biological passport data, which monitor longitudinal blood parameters for irregularities indicative of doping. World Aquatics delegates much of its testing to the International Testing Agency (ITA) for major events, ensuring standardized procedures and chain-of-custody protocols to minimize tampering risks. In cases of adverse analytical findings, samples undergo confirmatory analysis by WADA-accredited laboratories, with B-sample testing available to athletes upon request. Penalties for ADRVs follow WADA guidelines, with the presence of a prohibited substance or its metabolites typically resulting in a four-year period of ineligibility for first offenses, reducible to two years for specified substances or further mitigated if the athlete proves no fault or . Additional sanctions include disqualification of results, forfeiture of medals, and financial penalties; for instance, tampering or evading tests can incur up to lifetime bans. In June 2025, World Aquatics approved bylaws extending penalties to "enablers" of doped sport, barring s, coaches, or officials involved in non-compliant events from accreditation or participation in its competitions. The Aquatics Integrity Unit publishes a public list of suspended individuals, reflecting ongoing ; as of recent updates, sanctions range from provisional suspensions to multi-year ineligibility periods based on violation severity and athlete fault. While the system relies on empirical testing data, controversies have arisen over claims, as seen in the case of 23 Chinese swimmers testing positive for , which CHINADA and World Aquatics (then FINA) cleared as non-intentional exposure, a determination later upheld by WADA despite calls for independent review from doping experts. This highlights potential gaps in detection certainty for trace-level positives, though World Aquatics maintains under the WADC to deter intentional use.

Geopolitical Bans (Russia and Belarus)

In response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, World Aquatics (then FINA) suspended the participation of Russian and Belarusian athletes, officials, and their national federations in all its events and activities, aligning with recommendations from the International Olympic Committee (IOC). This decision was formalized by the FINA Bureau on March 23, 2022, explicitly barring them from the 2022 World Aquatics Championships in Budapest and subsequent competitions, with the Russian Swimming Federation confirming the withdrawal of its athletes. The suspensions extended to individual cases, such as the April 2022 provisional suspension of Russian swimmer Evgeny Rylov for competing in a domestic event after the invasion. By September 2023, World Aquatics revised its policy to permit eligible athletes from and to compete as "neutral athletes," provided they demonstrated no active support for the , had no contracts with Russian or Belarusian or services, and competed without national symbols, flags, or anthems. This followed IOC guidelines allowing individual participation under strict neutrality conditions, marking an earlier reinstatement compared to some other sports federations. Initial approvals were limited; by early 2024, only a handful of swimmers qualified, with neutral athletes required to sign declarations affirming opposition to the war and undergo vetting by World Aquatics' integrity unit. Further easing occurred in November 2024, when World Aquatics lifted restrictions preventing neutral athletes from Russia and Belarus from participating in team events such as relays, synchronized diving, and team artistic swimming, expanding opportunities ahead of the 2025 World Aquatics Championships in Singapore. As of October 2024, 14 neutral athletes—primarily swimmers—had been approved for major events, subject to ongoing compliance with anti-doping rules and conflict-period guidelines that prohibit any expression linking participation to national military actions or propaganda. In March 2025, the first Russian artistic swimmers received neutral status, while Belarus added athletes across disciplines, though total numbers remain modest due to qualification hurdles and federation non-recognition. Restrictions persist, including bans on posting national flags on social media during events and limited media access until mid-2025. These measures reflect World Aquatics' adherence to IOC frameworks amid geopolitical tensions, balancing athlete rights with sanctions against state aggression, though critics from Ukrainian stakeholders argue that any participation risks legitimizing the . The applies uniformly across disciplines but does not restore full federation membership, maintaining suspensions on national teams and hosting rights.

Selection Processes for Retired or Veteran Athletes

World Aquatics organizes Masters Championships for athletes aged 25 and older across disciplines including swimming, , diving, artistic swimming, and , providing opportunities for retired elite competitors and lifelong participants to compete in age-group categories. These events do not distinguish selection processes based on prior elite status; retired athletes qualify under the same criteria as other entrants, provided they meet minimum age thresholds determined as of December 31 of the championship year. Age groups proceed in five-year increments from 25–29 up to 90–94 or higher as entries permit, with water polo starting at 30 years. Eligibility requires membership in a national federation-affiliated club, with no residency or prior competition history restrictions beyond age and entry standards. For , entrants must submit proof of achieving specified entry times in sanctioned competitions within the two years preceding the event, converted to long-course meters where necessary; these standards vary by event, gender, and age group, with slower times permitted for older categories to accommodate physiological decline. Participants are limited to five individual events (two per session) plus relays and open water, ensuring broad participation without overload. Selection occurs through online registration via World Aquatics' portal, where national federations review and approve entries to enforce quotas and standards; over-subscription may lead to early closure or lotteries, prioritizing verified times. In diving, up to 300 competitors are capped across and synchronized events per age group, while limits to 80 total (20 per age band) with seven players plus reserves. Artistic swimming emphasizes team average ages for events like duets and combinations. Unlike elite events, masters selection emphasizes over national quotas, allowing direct entry subject to endorsement and payment of fees (USD 90 per for 2025). For the 2025 Championships, registration closed June 26, with open water limited to 1,000 daily starters and a 90-minute . Retired athletes, such as former Olympians, integrate seamlessly into these categories without additional barriers, as evidenced by participation from veterans like those returning post- careers in prior editions; the process prioritizes verifiable performance data over biographical status to maintain competitive across ages. No doping exemptions apply, and all entrants adhere to World Aquatics' , including anti-doping protocols. This framework supports sustained engagement for older athletes, with entry times scaled progressively—for instance, men's 50m freestyle standards range from 34.00 seconds (25–29) to over 1:10.00 (85+).

Controversies and Criticisms

Transgender Eligibility Restrictions

In June 2022, World Aquatics (then FINA) approved a policy restricting eligibility for women in elite women's aquatic events, barring those who underwent puberty from competing in the female category to preserve competitive fairness. The policy, developed by a of medical and scientific experts, concluded that testosterone suppression after puberty cannot fully eliminate physiological advantages such as greater muscle mass, , and cardiovascular capacity, which persist despite . Affected athletes may instead participate in a new "open" category or the men's category, while men (female-to-male) remain eligible for men's events without restriction. The restrictions stem from empirical data on sex-based performance gaps in , where males typically outperform females by 10-12% in elite events due to pubertal development, advantages not reversed by later interventions. A of transgender swimmer , who transitioned after competing on men's teams, illustrated retained edges: her post-transition times in the 500-yard freestyle dropped less than the average decrement observed in large cohorts of transitioning athletes, suggesting incomplete mitigation of male-typical advantages. World Aquatics' framework prioritizes evidence from and over prior testosterone thresholds, rejecting models like the IOC's 2015 guidelines as insufficient for aquatic sports' demands. Implementation has included barring high-profile cases, such as Lia Thomas's exclusion from World Aquatics events after her 2022 NCAA women's titles, prompting her January 2024 challenge at the (CAS). The CAS ruled in June 2024 that Thomas lacked standing, as she was ineligible under Swimming's aligned rules barring her from elite domestic competitions prerequisite for international participation. The policy endured scrutiny, with reaffirmations in 2025 competition regulations emphasizing compliance for all events, including World Championships. Critics, including transgender advocacy groups, have labeled the policy discriminatory, arguing it prioritizes over identity and limits inclusion, while supporters, including athletes, cite it as essential for maintaining sex-segregated fairness amid irremediable advantages. outlets often frame opposition in equity terms, but the policy aligns with causal realities of dimorphic development, as evidenced by longitudinal studies showing persistent gaps post-transition. No substantive revisions occurred by October 2025, with enforcement extending to sanctions for false eligibility claims.

Equipment and Attire Disputes (e.g., Soul Cap)

In July 2021, FINA rejected the Soul Cap—a designed by a Black-owned British company to fit larger natural hairstyles such as afros, locs, and braids—for use in elite competitions, including the Tokyo Olympics, on the grounds that it exceeded the permitted size and did not conform to the "natural form of the head." FINA's rules, outlined in its Facilities Rules (FR 5.7), stipulate that s must be made of or materials, cover only the hair without extending beyond the shoulders or ears, and avoid providing hydrodynamic advantages beyond traditional designs; the Soul Cap's oversized shape was deemed non-compliant, with officials noting that no elite swimmer had previously competed in such a . The ruling sparked accusations of racial insensitivity and exclusion, as standard swim caps often fail to accommodate thicker, coiler hair textures without causing breakage or discomfort, potentially discouraging participation among swimmers of African descent in a where they are already underrepresented. British Olympic swimmer Alice Dearing, the first Black woman to represent the in open-water , publicly advocated for the cap, arguing it addressed a functional barrier rather than seeking an unfair edge. Critics, including swim instructors and diversity advocates, contended that FINA's precedent-based rationale overlooked practical necessities for non-European hair types, though FINA clarified the ban applied solely to sanctioned events and not training or recreational . Facing global outcry, FINA announced a review of its decision on July 2, 2021, committing to collaborate with manufacturers on inclusive designs while upholding fairness standards. After testing and revisions, the organization approved the Soul Cap for competition on September 1, 2022, listing it among compliant swimwear models under updated guidelines that now accommodate extended coverage for voluminous hair without altering or drag. The cap debuted in major events like the , where it was permitted but saw limited elite adoption, highlighting that regulatory shifts may have greater impact on grassroots and developmental levels than top-tier races. This episode reflects broader tensions in World Aquatics' attire oversight, which prioritizes empirical testing for performance neutrality—evident in prior interventions like the 2009 ban on full-body suits following a surge in world records (over 140 in one year) attributed to enhanced and compression. Such rules, enforced via a process costing €750 per cap model, aim to preserve competitive integrity through causal links between equipment design and measurable speed gains, yet they have periodically clashed with demands for accessibility across diverse physiologies.

Leadership and Influence Concerns (e.g., Zhou Jihong)

Zhou Jihong, China's first Olympic diving gold medalist in 1984 and former president of the Chinese Swimming Association, was elected as vice president of World Aquatics (then FINA) in July 2021 during the organization's General Congress in , . In this role, she serves as Bureau Liaison for diving, raising concerns about potential conflicts of interest given her longstanding ties to Chinese state sports administration, where national officials often prioritize medal counts over international impartiality. At the Tokyo 2020 Olympics, Zhou faced allegations of verbally abusing judge Lisa Wright following the men's 10-meter platform final on August 3, 2021, reportedly leaving Wright in tears and demanding an investigation into judging scores that disadvantaged Chinese divers. A formal complaint filed by officials in January 2022 prompted Zhou to issue a public apology on February 2, 2022, acknowledging her "inappropriate" conduct but denying any intent to intimidate. Whistleblower Simon Latimer, a technical diving committee member, escalated concerns in a March 2022 complaint, accusing Zhou of violating FINA rules by coaching Chinese divers during the Olympics—prohibited for national coaches at international events—and attempting to influence judges through pressure tactics at multiple competitions, including the 2019 World Championships. Video evidence emerged showing Zhou instructing a Chinese diver mid-competition in Tokyo, further substantiating claims of rule breaches that could compromise event integrity. Latimer was subsequently removed from the FINA Technical Diving Committee in July 2022, prompting criticism that World Aquatics prioritized internal harmony over accountability. These incidents highlight broader apprehensions about authoritarian influence in global sports governance, as Zhou's position amplifies China's leverage in decisions amid ongoing scrutiny of Chinese doping cases—such as the 23 swimmers cleared in 2021 despite positive tests—though no direct link to Zhou has been established. Critics argue that electing officials with dual national-international roles risks toward host nations with state-driven programs, eroding trust in the organization's neutrality.

Performance and Fairness Issues (e.g., Universality Quotas)

World Aquatics employs universality quotas in events, including World Championships and , to promote global participation by allowing National Olympic Committees (NOCs) lacking athletes who achieve standard qualification times—known as "A" or "B" cuts—to nominate one male and one female swimmer. These nominees are selected based on the highest scores from the World Aquatics Points Table derived from performances in approved qualification events during the specified period, rather than absolute times. For the 2024 Olympics, World Aquatics updated the criteria in 2024 by eliminating the prior requirement for nominees to have competed at recent World Championships, prioritizing "A" cut achievers, relay-only swimmers, universality nominees, and then "B" cut swimmers in spot allocation. These quotas ensure representation from underrepresented nations, such as India nominating Maana Patel via a 2021 meet in Serbia, breaking a cycle of non-qualification for its female swimmers. However, they have sparked debates over fairness and performance integrity, as universality nominees often post times significantly slower than "B" cut standards, potentially displacing higher-performing athletes from quota-limited fields. In swimming, where events cap entries (e.g., 900 total quotas for Rio 2016, reduced to 830 for Los Angeles 2028), this can limit opportunities for borderline qualifiers from competitive nations, reducing overall event speeds and competitive depth in preliminary heats. Critics, including analyses from swimming specialists, contend that the system favors geographic diversity over merit, diminishing incentives for athletes to pursue rigorous standards and effectively subsidizing lower performance levels at the expense of elite competition. For instance, while universality aids development in nations like or St. Kitts and Nevis, it risks slower swimmers occupying lanes that could highlight emerging talent from established programs, though top seeds remain insulated in finals seeding. World Aquatics allocates approximately 40% of its budget to global development programs supporting such inclusion, framing it as essential for the sport's worldwide growth and Olympic universality. To address these tensions, World Aquatics proposed reforms for the 2028 Los Angeles Olympics, including restrictions on relay-only entries for universality nations (e.g., limiting to eight swimmers for qualifying countries, fewer for others) to curb excessive spots without qualifiers and preserve field quality pending IOC approval. Similar principles apply to World Championships, where entry rules reference World Aquatics standards, allowing up to two athletes per event only if both meet "A" times, but universality provisions enable broader NOC access despite performance gaps. These adjustments aim to balance inclusion with merit, though ongoing critiques highlight the inherent trade-off between expanding participation and maintaining high-stakes athletic standards.

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