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Fenofibrate
Clinical data
Trade namesTricor, others
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa601052
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: B3
Routes of
administration		By mouth
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU: S4 (Prescription only)[1]
  • UK: POM (Prescription only)[2]
  • US: ℞-only[3]
  • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding99%
Metabolismglucuronidation
Elimination half-life20 h
Excretionurine (60%), feces (25%)
Identifiers
  • propan-2-yl 2-[4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy]-2-methylpropanoate
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.051.234 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC20H21ClO4
Molar mass360.83 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Melting point80 to 81 °C (176 to 178 °F)
  • O=C(c1ccc(Cl)cc1)c2ccc(OC(C(=O)OC(C)C)(C)C)cc2
  • InChI=1S/C20H21ClO4/c1-13(2)24-19(23)20(3,4)25-17-11-7-15(8-12-17)18(22)14-5-9-16(21)10-6-14/h5-13H,1-4H3 checkY
  • Key:YMTINGFKWWXKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Fenofibrate, sold under the brand name Tricor among others, is an oral medication of the fibrate class used to treat abnormal blood lipid levels.[4] It is less commonly used compared to statins because it treats a different type of cholesterol abnormality to statins. While statins have strong evidence for reducing heart disease and death, there is evidence to suggest that fenofibrate also reduces the risk of heart disease and death. However, this seems only to apply to specific populations of people with elevated triglyceride levels and reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol.[4][5][6] Its use is recommended together with dietary changes.[4]

Common side effects include liver problems, breathing problems, abdominal pain, muscle problems, and nausea.[4] Serious side effects may include toxic epidermal necrolysis, rhabdomyolysis, gallstones, and pancreatitis.[4] Use during pregnancy and breastfeeding is not recommended.[7][8] It works by multiple mechanisms.[4]

It was patented in 1969, and came into medical use in 1975.[9] It is available as a generic medication.[7] In 2023, it was the 83rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 8 million prescriptions.[10][11]

Medical uses

[edit]

Fenofibrate continues to be one of the most effective medicine in reducing serum triglycerides levels in people living with metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease (MASLD), previously known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), commonly seen in people with obesity and/or diabetes. In a meta-analysis involving data from 5 randomized controlled trials, fenofibrate was found to be safe to use in people with MASLD, as was superior to pioglitazone, omega-3 fatty acids and atorvastatin with regards to serum triglycerides reduction.[12]

Fenofibrate is mainly used for primary hypercholesterolemia or mixed dyslipidemia. Fenofibrate may slow the progression of diabetic retinopathy and the need for invasive treatment such as laser therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes with pre-existing retinopathy.[13][14][15] It was initially indicated for diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic retinopathy in Australia.[16] The large scale, international FIELD and ACCORD-Eye trials found that fenofibrate therapy reduced required laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy by 1.5% over 5 years, as well as reducing progression by 3.7% over 4 years. [13][14][15][17] Further studies looking at the role of fenofibrate in the progression of diabetic retinopathy as the primary outcome is warranted to understand its role in this condition. Although no statistically significant cardiovascular risk benefits were identified in these trials, benefits may accrue to add on therapy to patients with high triglyceride dyslipidaemia currently taking statin medications.[18][19]

Fenofibrate appears to reduce the risk of below ankle amputations in patients with Type 2 diabetes without microvascular disease.[20] The FIELD study reported that fenofibrate at doses of 200 mg daily, reduced the risk for any amputation by 37% independent of glycaemic control, presence or absence of dyslipidaemia and its lipid-lowering mechanism of action.[20][21] However, the cohort of participants who underwent amputations were more likely to have had previous cardiovascular disease (e.g. angina, myocardial infarction), longer duration of diabetes and had baseline neuropathy.[20][21]

Fenofibrate has an off-label use as an added therapy of high blood uric acid levels in people who have gout.[22]

It is used in addition to diet to reduce elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), and apolipoprotein B (apo B), and to increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) in adults with primary hypercholesterolemia or mixed dyslipidemia.[3]

Severe hypertriglyceridemia type IV or V

[edit]

It is used in tandem with diet for treatment of adults with severe hypertriglyceridemia. Improving glycemic control in diabetics showing fasting chylomicronemia usually reduces the need for pharmacologic intervention.[3]

Statins remain the first line for treatment of blood cholesterol. AHA guidelines from 2013 did not find evidence for routine use of additional medications.[23]

Additionally, in 2016, the FDA filed "Withdrawal of Approval of Indications Related to the Coadministration With Statins in Applications for Niacin Extended-Release Tablets and Fenofibric Acid Delayed Release Capsules" noting "the Agency has concluded that the totality of the scientific evidence no longer supports the conclusion that a drug-induced reduction in triglyceride levels and/or increase in HDL cholesterol levels in statin-treated patients results in a reduction in the risk of cardiovascular events. Consistent with this conclusion, FDA has determined that the benefits of niacin ER tablets and fenofibric acid DR capsules for coadministration with statins no longer outweigh the risks, and the approvals for this indication should be withdrawn."[24]

Contraindications

[edit]

Fenofibrate is contraindicated in:[3]

Adverse effects

[edit]

The most common adverse events (>3% of patients with coadministered statins) are[25]

Precautions

[edit]

When fenofibrate and a statin are given as combination therapy, it is recommended that fenofibrate be given in the morning and the statin at night, so that the peak dosages do not overlap.[26]

Musculoskeletal

Hepatotoxicity

Nephrotoxicity

Biliary

Coagulation/Bleeding

  • Exercise caution in concomitant treatment with oral Coumadin anticoagulants (e.g. warfarin). Adjust the dosage of Coumadin to maintain the prothrombin time/INR at desired level to prevent bleeding complications.[25]

Overdose

[edit]

"There is no specific treatment for overdose with fenofibric acid delayed-release capsules. General supportive care is indicated, including monitoring of vital signs and observation of clinical status". Additionally, hemodialysis should not be considered as an overdose treatment option because fenofibrate heavily binds to plasma proteins and does not dialyze well.[25]

Interactions

[edit]

These drug interactions with fenofibrate are considered major and may need therapy modifications:

  • Bile acid sequestrants (e.g. cholestyramine, colestipol, etc.): If taken together, bile acid resins may bind to fenofibrate, resulting in a decrease in fenofibrate absorption. To maximize absorption, patients need to separate administration by at least 1 h before or 4 h to 6 h after taking the bile acid sequestrant.[25][27]
  • Immunosuppressants (e.g. ciclosporin or tacrolimus): An increased risk of renal dysfunction exists with concomitant use of immunosuppressants and fenofibrate. Approach with caution when coadministering additional medications that decrease renal function.[28]
  • Vitamin K antagonists (e.g. warfarin): As previously mentioned, fenofibrate interacts with coumadin anticoagulants to increase the risk of bleeding. Dosage adjustment of vitamin K antagonist may be necessary.[25]
  • Statins: Combination of statins and fenofibrate may increase the risk of rhabdomyolysis or myopathy.[29]

Mechanism of action

[edit]

"In summary, enhanced catabolism of triglyceride-rich particles and reduced secretion of VLDL underlie the hypotriglyceridemic effect of fibrates, whereas their effect on HDL metabolism is associated with changes in HDL apolipoprotein expression."[30]

Fenofibrate is a fibrate derivative, a prodrug comprising fenofibric acid linked to an isopropyl ester. It lowers lipid levels by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). PPARα activates lipoprotein lipase and reduces apoprotein CIII, which increases lipolysis and elimination of triglyceride-rich particles from plasma.[30]

PPARα also increases apoproteins AI and AII, reduces VLDL- and LDL-containing apoprotein B, and increases HDL-containing apoprotein AI and AII.

Formulations

[edit]

Fenofibrate is available in several formulations and is sold under several brand names. The formulations may differ in terms of pharmacokinetic properties, particularly bioavailability; some must be taken with meals, whereas others may be taken without regard to food.[31]

The choline salt of fenofibrate is available in the United States, sold as Trilipix, and may be taken without regard to meals.[25][32]

Environmental presence

[edit]

Fenofibric acid was one of the 12 compounds identified in sludge samples taken from 12 wastewater treatment plants in California that were associated with estrogenic activity in in vitro.[33]

History

[edit]

Fenofibrate was first synthesized in 1974, as a derivative of clofibrate, and was initially offered in France. It was initially known as procetofen, and was later renamed fenofibrate to comply with World Health Organization International Nonproprietary Name guidelines.[34]

Fenofibrate was developed by Groupe Fournier SA of France.[citation needed]

Society and culture

[edit]

In the United States, Tricor was reformulated in 2005. This reformulation was controversial, seen as an attempt to stifle competition from generic equivalents,[35] and was the subject of antitrust litigation by Teva.[35]

Brand names

[edit]
  • Tricor by AbbVie
  • Lipofen by Kowa Pharmaceuticals America Inc
  • Lofibra by Teva
  • Lipanthyl, Lipidil, Lipantil micro and Supralip by Abbott Laboratories
  • Fenocor-67 by Ordain Health Care
  • Fenogal by SMB Laboratories
  • Antara by Oscient Pharmaceuticals
  • Tricheck by Zydus (CND)
  • Atorva TG by Zydus Medica
  • Golip by GolgiUSA
  • Stanlip by Sun Pharma (India)

Research

[edit]

A systematic review and meta-analysis found that fenofibrate might be a safe adjunct to neonatal phototherapy. However, the certainty of evidence was very low.[36]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Fenofibrate

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Fenofibrate is a prescription medication belonging to the fibrate class of drugs, primarily used to lower elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol, triglycerides, and apolipoprotein B, while increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in adults with primary hypercholesterolemia or mixed dyslipidemia. It is also indicated for severe hypertriglyceridemia in patients at risk of pancreatitis when dietary measures alone are insufficient. Clinical trials have not demonstrated a reduction in coronary heart disease morbidity or mortality with fenofibrate therapy. As a prodrug, fenofibrate is rapidly hydrolyzed in the body to its active metabolite, fenofibric acid, which acts as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) agonist to modulate lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, enhance lipolysis, and reduce hepatic synthesis of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Fenofibrate was first approved by the U.S. (FDA) on December 31, 1993, for the treatment of , with subsequent approvals for additional lipid disorders. It is typically administered orally in various formulations, such as capsules or tablets, with dosing ranging from 40 to 267 mg daily depending on the indication, renal function, and specific product, and it is recommended to be taken with food to improve . Common side effects include gastrointestinal disturbances, headache, and muscle pain, while serious risks involve , (especially when combined with statins), , and cholelithiasis; thus, liver function and levels require monitoring. Contraindications include severe renal impairment, active , , and known to fenofibrate. It is not recommended during due to potential risks to the . Fenofibrate may increase the risk of venous and should be used with caution in patients with risk factors for thromboembolism. Ongoing research explores its pleiotropic effects, including and properties, for potential applications in cardiovascular protection beyond lipid management.

Medical uses

Treatment of hypertriglyceridemia

Hypertriglyceridemia is characterized by elevated levels of triglycerides in the blood, classified under the Fredrickson system as type IV (endogenous hypertriglyceridemia) with increased very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and triglyceride levels typically below 1,000 mg/dL, or type V (mixed hypertriglyceridemia) involving both chylomicrons and VLDL with triglyceride levels often exceeding 1,000 mg/dL. These phenotypes increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and, in severe cases, acute pancreatitis due to the lipotoxic effects of free fatty acids generated from triglyceride hydrolysis. Clinical guidelines from major organizations recommend fenofibrate as a pharmacological for severe , defined as levels greater than 500 mg/dL, primarily to mitigate the risk of . Patient selection prioritizes individuals with persistent severe unresponsive to interventions, such as dietary restriction and , particularly those with a history of or additional risk factors like or alcohol use. The consensus pathway emphasizes fenofibrate for adults aged 20-39 with triglycerides between 500 and 999 mg/dL after optimizing nonpharmacologic measures, while monitoring for renal function as contraindications apply in advanced . Efficacy data from the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study, involving over 9,000 patients with type 2 diabetes, demonstrated a mean triglyceride reduction of approximately 26% with fenofibrate compared to placebo, with greater benefits (up to 50% reduction) observed in subgroups with baseline triglycerides exceeding 200 mg/dL. Other trials corroborate reductions in the range of 20-50%, supporting its role in preventing pancreatitis-related hospitalizations in high-risk patients. For this indication, the recommended starting dose of fenofibrate is 145 mg orally once daily, taken with a to enhance absorption, with adjustments based on renal function and response; lower doses (e.g., 54-130 mg daily) may be used in mild renal impairment. In cases of mixed with elevated , fenofibrate may be combined with statins under close monitoring. As of 2025, emerging therapies for severe are under evaluation.

Treatment of primary hypercholesterolemia

Primary hypercholesterolemia is a lipid disorder characterized by elevated cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, typically greater than 190 mg/dL in adults without secondary causes, often due to genetic factors like . Fenofibrate is indicated as an adjunct to diet for the reduction of elevated LDL-C in adults with primary hypercholesterolemia or mixed dyslipidemia when use of recommended LDL-C lowering therapies (such as statins, ezetimibe, or inhibitors) is inappropriate due to intolerance, , or inadequate response. This 2025 FDA label update reflects evidence from trials like FIELD and ACCORD, which did not demonstrate reduction in cardiovascular morbidity or mortality with fenofibrate. The 2025 ESC/EAS guidelines no longer recommend fibrates for lowering, reserving them for cases of high triglycerides. Clinical studies show fenofibrate reduces LDL-C by 5-20%, total cholesterol by 10-20%, and increases HDL-C by 10-20%, with greater effects in patients with elevated baseline triglycerides. However, it is not a first-line due to superior of statins for LDL-C reduction and cardiovascular risk mitigation. Monitoring of levels is recommended 4-8 weeks after initiation.

Treatment of mixed

Mixed is defined as a disorder characterized by elevated triglycerides greater than 200 mg/dL and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol greater than 130 mg/dL, often accompanied by reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. Fenofibrate is indicated for mixed dyslipidemia as part of primary hyperlipidemia management, specifically to reduce elevated LDL-C and triglycerides when standard therapies are not appropriate, per the 2025 FDA label. It may be used in patients with triglyceride levels between 200 and 499 mg/dL who have not achieved lipid targets with lifestyle and statin therapy, though the 2025 ESC/EAS guidelines limit fibrate use to triglyceride-focused management rather than cholesterol lowering. Fenofibrate did not reduce cardiovascular events in major outcome trials like ACCORD-Lipid, which showed lipid improvements (non-HDL-C reduction up to 10-20%, HDL-C increase 5-15%) but no overall cardiovascular benefit, with subgroup effects in high-risk diabetics (baseline TG >204 mg/dL, low HDL-C). In diabetic patients with mixed , fenofibrate addresses elevated triglycerides and remnant lipoproteins, but without proven cardiovascular risk reduction beyond lipid modulation. Post-initiation monitoring of lipid levels is essential, with assessments recommended 4 to 8 weeks after starting fenofibrate to evaluate response and periodically thereafter to ensure sustained efficacy and guide dose adjustments if lipids fall significantly below target.

Other indications

Fenofibrate has been investigated off-label for the relief of pruritus in patients with (PBC), a characterized by . Small clinical studies and reviews indicate that fenofibrate, as a alpha (PPAR-α) agonist, can reduce pruritus severity in a subset of PBC patients, particularly those with inadequate response to (UDCA). For instance, add-on therapy with fenofibrate has been shown to decrease biochemical markers of , such as , alongside symptomatic improvement in itching. A of fibrates in PBC supports modest pruritus relief, though benefits are not universal and require further randomized trials to confirm efficacy and optimal dosing. In patients with , preliminary evidence suggests fenofibrate may enhance insulin sensitivity beyond its lipid-lowering effects. Clinical trials have demonstrated reductions in indices, such as HOMA-IR, following fenofibrate treatment in individuals with and features of , potentially through PPAR-α-mediated improvements in and . Animal models further corroborate these findings, showing fenofibrate's ability to prevent obesity-related . However, these benefits are based on small-scale studies, and larger prospective trials are needed to establish . Fenofibrate is under investigation for its potential role in managing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by reducing hepatic accumulation. Pilot human trials and preclinical studies report improvements in liver enzyme levels, scores, and with fenofibrate therapy, attributed to enhanced oxidation in hepatocytes. For example, in NAFLD patients, fenofibrate safely lowered s and improved metabolic parameters without worsening liver in short-term use. Experimental data highlight PPAR-α activation as key to mitigating diet-induced liver fat buildup. Despite these promising results, evidence remains limited to small cohorts, with no large-scale trials demonstrating histological reversal. These applications of fenofibrate in PBC pruritus, , and NAFLD are off-label and not approved by the FDA, which limits indications to severe and primary (including mixed ) under specific conditions. Meta-analyses and reviews of PPAR agonists, including fenofibrate, indicate only modest biochemical and symptomatic benefits across these conditions, often in combination with standard therapies like UDCA, underscoring the need for caution in clinical use. As of , investigations including reviews and observational studies have explored fenofibrate's properties for and management. Fenofibrate reduces serum levels by approximately 20-25% through inhibition of urate reabsorption in the kidneys, offering additive benefits when combined with standard urate-lowering agents. Trials in patients with and show decreased flares and sustained control, with a confirming its role in mitigating -related cardiovascular risks. These findings position fenofibrate as a potential adjunct in comorbid , though it remains off-label as of 2025, with dedicated trials ongoing.

Safety profile

Contraindications

Fenofibrate is contraindicated in patients with severe renal impairment, including those with a creatinine clearance less than 30 mL/min or an estimated below 30 mL/min/1.73 m², due to significantly increased drug exposure and risk of accumulation. It is also contraindicated in individuals with active hepatic dysfunction, such as primary biliary cirrhosis, unexplained persistent elevations in , or other forms of hepatic insufficiency, as the drug may exacerbate . Pre-existing gallbladder disease, including active disease or gallstones, represents another absolute , given the increased risk of and cholelithiasis associated with therapy. Known to fenofibrate, its active metabolite fenofibric acid, or any excipients in the formulation is strictly prohibited to prevent allergic reactions. According to FDA guidelines, fenofibrate is not recommended during or for 5 days after the last dose, as the is present in the of rats and may pose risks to infants from disruption of . Available data from limited human and studies show no clear evidence of adverse developmental outcomes. Fenofibrate should be used during only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the . In line with EMA guidance, fenofibrate is contraindicated in patients with a history of photoallergy or phototoxic reactions during prior treatment with fibrates or , owing to the heightened risk of severe dermatological reactions upon sun exposure. Additionally, it is contraindicated in cases of chronic or , unless the acute episode is directly attributable to severe . Concurrent administration with other fibrates is generally avoided due to elevated risks of and , though not always listed as an absolute ; specific product labels should be consulted.

Adverse effects

Fenofibrate is generally well-tolerated, but like other fibrates, it is associated with a range of adverse effects that vary in frequency and severity. Common adverse effects, occurring in more than 1% of patients, primarily involve the gastrointestinal system and include , , and , with reported incidences of approximately 2-7% in clinical trials. Other frequently reported effects include (around 3%) and (about 3%), often resolving without intervention. Serious adverse effects are less common but can be significant, particularly musculoskeletal complications such as and , with an estimated incidence of 0.1-0.5% in monotherapy users, rising to 0.5-2.5% when combined with statins based on post-marketing surveillance and clinical data. Hepatic effects include elevations in liver enzymes, with mild transient increases in serum aminotransferases observed in up to 20% of patients and levels exceeding three times the upper limit of normal in 3-5%. has been reported rarely, with a slight increase in incidence (0.8% in the fenofibrate group versus 0.5% in placebo) noted in large-scale trials like the FIELD study. Dermatological reactions occur infrequently, encompassing and pruritus in about 1-2% of users, while severe cutaneous adverse reactions such as are very rare, identified primarily through post-approval reporting. Long-term use may be associated with an increased risk of formation, with studies in specific populations like patients showing a 2-5% higher compared to non-users, potentially due to alterations in biliary composition. Overall, adverse events lead to treatment discontinuation in approximately 4-6% of patients in clinical trials and post-marketing data.

Precautions and monitoring

Before initiating fenofibrate therapy, baseline assessments of (LFTs), including (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), renal function via (eGFR), and (CK) levels are recommended to establish a reference for ongoing monitoring. Periodic monitoring of LFTs every 3 to 6 months is advised, particularly during the first year of treatment, with more frequent checks if abnormalities arise or in patients with risk factors for . Renal function should be evaluated at baseline and periodically thereafter, especially in patients with preexisting impairment, as fenofibrate can elevate serum creatinine and reduce eGFR. CK levels warrant monitoring if patients report muscle symptoms such as pain, tenderness, or weakness, to detect potential early. In patients at increased risk for cholelithiasis, such as those with a history of s or elevated baseline in , periodic abdominal may be considered to screen for gallstone formation, given fenofibrate's promotion of cholesterol excretion into . For individuals with mild renal impairment (creatinine clearance 30-59 mL/min), the dose should be reduced to 48 mg daily to minimize accumulation and toxicity risks, while therapy is generally avoided in severe impairment (CrCl <30 mL/min). Patients should receive counseling on recognizing symptoms of serious adverse effects, including unexplained persistent muscle pain, tenderness, or weakness (potentially indicating ), abdominal pain or jaundice suggestive of hepatotoxicity, and signs of hypersensitivity such as rash or swelling. In special populations, elderly patients require closer renal function monitoring due to age-related decline in eGFR, often necessitating dose adjustments or discontinuation if impairment worsens. For diabetic patients on concomitant insulin or oral hypoglycemics, blood glucose levels should be monitored for potential hypoglycemia, as fenofibrate may enhance the effects of antidiabetic agents. According to AHA/ACC and ESC/EAS guidelines, fenofibrate should be discontinued if ALT exceeds three times the upper limit of normal (ULN) on repeated testing, or if persistent elevations in LFTs or significant renal deterioration occur, to prevent progression to severe organ damage.

Toxicity and interactions

Overdose

Overdose of fenofibrate primarily manifests as gastrointestinal disturbances, including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea, which represent an amplification of common adverse effects observed at therapeutic doses. In severe cases, these symptoms may be accompanied by muscle and joint pain. There is no specific antidote for fenofibrate overdose, and management focuses on supportive care, including monitoring of vital signs and clinical status. Efforts to eliminate unabsorbed drug may involve emesis, gastric lavage, or administration of activated charcoal, particularly if ingestion occurred recently, while ensuring airway protection. Hemodialysis is not effective due to the drug's extensive plasma protein binding, which exceeds 99%. Reported overdoses with fenofibrate are typically accidental and occur in the context of therapeutic use, with most patients recovering fully within 24 to 48 hours under supportive measures. Animal toxicity studies indicate low acute risk, with an oral LD50 greater than 1.5 g/kg in rats and mice. Patients experiencing a suspected overdose should immediately contact a poison control center, such as the U.S. National Poison Control Hotline at 1-800-222-1222, for guidance. Ongoing monitoring of electrolytes, renal function, and other vital parameters is essential during management.

Drug interactions

Fenofibrate exhibits several clinically significant drug interactions that can alter its pharmacokinetics, efficacy, or safety profile, primarily through effects on muscle toxicity, anticoagulation, and absorption. These interactions necessitate careful monitoring and dose adjustments when coadministered with other medications. The combination of fenofibrate with statins, such as simvastatin, increases the risk of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis due to additive effects on skeletal muscle. Additionally, a 2024 cohort study reported higher risks of liver injury and acute kidney injury when adding statins to fibrate therapy, warranting careful monitoring of liver and renal function. This risk is heightened in patients with predisposing factors like renal impairment or advanced age, and clinical guidelines recommend avoiding doses of simvastatin exceeding 20 mg daily when combined with fenofibrate, along with periodic monitoring of creatine kinase (CK) levels if symptoms of muscle pain or weakness occur. Fenofibrate is generally preferred over gemfibrozil for statin co-therapy due to a lower incidence of pharmacokinetic interactions. Fenofibrate potentiates the anticoagulant effects of by displacing it from plasma proteins and possibly inhibiting its metabolism, leading to elevated international normalized ratio (INR) values and increased bleeding risk. Initial weekly INR monitoring is advised upon starting fenofibrate, with warfarin doses typically reduced by approximately one-third and further adjusted based on serial measurements to maintain therapeutic levels. Concomitant use of fenofibrate with CYP2C8 inhibitors like gemfibrozil is contraindicated owing to a significant pharmacokinetic interaction; gemfibrozil approximately doubles the systemic exposure to fenofibric acid (the active metabolite of fenofibrate) by inhibiting its glucuronidation and CYP2C8-mediated pathways, exacerbating the risk of severe myotoxicity. Alternative fibrates or monotherapy should be considered in such cases. Bile acid sequestrants, such as cholestyramine or colestipol, bind to fenofibrate in the gastrointestinal tract, reducing its absorption by up to 50% or more. To mitigate this, fenofibrate should be administered at least 1 hour before or 4 to 6 hours after the sequestrant to ensure adequate bioavailability. The coadministration of fenofibrate with colchicine heightens the risk of myotoxicity, including rhabdomyolysis, due to their shared potential to cause muscle damage through independent mechanisms. Close clinical monitoring for signs of myopathy is essential, particularly in patients with renal dysfunction. Recent data from 2024 clinical evaluations confirm no significant pharmacokinetic or safety interactions between fenofibrate and ezetimibe combinations, with only minor increases in exposure (7% for Cmax and 11% for AUC of fenofibric acid) that are not clinically relevant; this supports their use in managing mixed dyslipidemia without dose adjustments.

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action

Fenofibrate is a prodrug that undergoes rapid hydrolysis by carboxylesterases in tissues and plasma to its active metabolite, fenofibric acid, which is the primary form responsible for pharmacological effects. This active moiety binds to and activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α), a nuclear receptor that functions as a transcription factor regulating genes involved in lipid metabolism. Upon activation, PPAR-α forms a heterodimer with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) and binds to specific DNA response elements, thereby modulating the expression of target genes. PPAR-α agonism by fenofibric acid primarily upregulates the expression of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), enhancing the hydrolysis of triglycerides in very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and chylomicrons, which leads to reduced circulating triglyceride levels through increased VLDL catabolism. It also induces the synthesis of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and apolipoprotein A-V (apoA-V), key components of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles, promoting HDL assembly and elevating HDL cholesterol concentrations. Concurrently, fenofibrate downregulates apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III), an inhibitor of LPL activity, further facilitating triglyceride clearance by alleviating LPL suppression. Regarding low-density lipoprotein (LDL), effects are variable; fenofibrate may modestly increase LDL cholesterol in some patients but typically shifts LDL toward larger, less atherogenic particles. Beyond lipid modulation, fenofibrate exhibits anti-inflammatory properties through PPAR-α-mediated inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, which suppresses the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in macrophages and other cells. Unlike statins, which directly inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase to block cholesterol biosynthesis, fenofibrate lacks this enzymatic inhibition and instead exerts its effects primarily via PPAR-α transcriptional regulation.

Pharmacokinetics

Fenofibrate is rapidly hydrolyzed by tissue and plasma esterases following oral administration to its active metabolite, fenofibric acid, which accounts for the pharmacological activity. The oral bioavailability of fenofibrate is formulation-dependent and significantly influenced by food intake; in the fasting state, absorption is limited (approximately 30-50% for conventional forms), but it increases substantially (up to 80-90%) when administered with a high-fat meal, particularly for micronized formulations. Peak plasma concentrations of fenofibric acid typically occur 6 to 8 hours post-dose, with steady-state levels achieved after about 5 days of once-daily dosing due to the metabolite's elimination half-life of approximately 20 hours. Different formulations, such as immediate-release micronized capsules versus delayed-release tablets, can alter the rate of absorption but generally maintain similar overall exposure when taken with food. Fenofibric acid exhibits high plasma protein binding, exceeding 99% primarily to albumin, and has an apparent volume of distribution of 0.89 L/kg, indicating limited distribution into extravascular tissues. Metabolism of fenofibric acid primarily involves glucuronidation to form the fenofibric acid glucuronide conjugate, with minor contributions from cytochrome P450 enzymes including CYP2C8, , and for oxidative pathways; however, it does not undergo extensive hepatic microsomal metabolism. Elimination of fenofibric acid and its metabolites occurs mainly via the kidneys, with approximately 60% of the dose excreted in the urine primarily as fenofibric acid and its glucuronide and 25% in feces over several days. In patients with renal impairment, clearance of fenofibric acid is reduced, leading to prolonged half-life (up to 143 hours in severe cases) and potential accumulation, necessitating dose adjustments or avoidance in moderate to severe impairment (creatinine clearance <30 mL/min). No dosage adjustment is required for mild renal impairment or hepatic dysfunction, though monitoring is advised.

Pharmaceutical aspects

Chemical properties

Fenofibrate has the molecular formula C20H21ClO4 and a molecular weight of 360.83 g/mol. Its is described as 2-[4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy]-2-methylpropanoic acid 1-methylethyl ester, also known by the IUPAC name propan-2-yl 2-[4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy]-2-methylpropanoate. Fenofibrate appears as a white or almost white solid with a of 79–82°C. It exhibits poor water , approximately 0.0007 mg/mL, and a logP value of 5.2, indicating high . Regarding stability, fenofibrate is sensitive to and undergoes at the linkage, particularly under acidic or basic conditions. of the compound reduces particle size and enhances its dissolution rate in aqueous media. Fenofibrate is synthesized via esterification of fenofibric acid with isopropanol, typically in an acidic medium or using an isopropyl halide with a metal salt of the acid. Compared to other fibrates such as (logP approximately 4.4), fenofibrate demonstrates greater due to its higher logP value.

Formulations and dosage forms

Fenofibrate is formulated for in several to address its low water solubility and variable . Common preparations include micronized capsules in strengths such as 43 mg, 87 mg, and 130 mg (as of 2025), as well as tablets in 48 mg and 145 mg strengths. Delayed-release nanocrystal formulations, such as 48 mg and 145 mg tablets, utilize reduction technology to enhance dissolution and absorption independent of intake. Branded products like Tricor feature or nanocrystal forms designed for consistent ; generic fenofibrate is widely available in these forms but requires demonstration of to the reference product per FDA guidelines, which account for differences in particle size and formulation type. enhances by increasing the drug's surface area and dissolution rate, leading to more predictable absorption. However, challenges have arisen with certain generic formulations, particularly those tested under conditions, where dissolution profiles may vary significantly from the branded reference. The standard adult dosing regimen is 48 to 160 mg once daily, adjusted based on response after 4 to 8 weeks of therapy. Most formulations, except nanocrystal types, should be taken with a to optimize , as food enhances dissolution of the lipophilic . Maximum daily doses vary by , typically not exceeding 160 mg for capsules or 145 mg for tablets. For patients with renal impairment, dose reductions are necessary to prevent accumulation; an initial dose of 48 mg daily is recommended for mild to moderate cases ( clearance 30-80 mL/min), with monitoring of renal function, while severe impairment ( clearance <30 mL/min) contraindicates use. Fenofibrate is not approved for pediatric patients, as safety and efficacy data are lacking in this population. Storage of fenofibrate products requires room temperature conditions (20-25°C or 68-77°F), with excursions permitted to 15-30°C (59-86°F), and protection from moisture to maintain stability; capsules and tablets should remain in their original packaging until use.

History

Development and approval

Fenofibrate was developed by Laboratoires Fournier SA in France during the 1970s as part of efforts to create improved fibric acid derivatives for lipid management. It was first synthesized in 1974 as a derivative of clofibrate, aiming to enhance hypolipidemic efficacy while addressing limitations of earlier fibrates like reduced side effects and better pharmacokinetic properties. Early preclinical and comparative studies highlighted fenofibrate's superior triglyceride-lowering potential compared to clofibrate, setting the stage for its clinical evaluation. Following initial synthesis, fenofibrate underwent European clinical trials in the mid- to late 1970s, primarily focusing on its ability to reduce serum triglycerides in patients with . These studies, conducted in France and other European countries, confirmed dose-dependent reductions in triglycerides by 30-60% and increases in HDL cholesterol, supporting its role as an adjunct to dietary therapy. Based on this evidence, fenofibrate received its first regulatory approval in France in 1975, marketed as Lipanthyl for the treatment of hyperlipidemias including type IIb and IV. In the United States, fenofibrate faced a longer path to approval due to regulatory requirements for demonstrating triglyceride-lowering effects. It was approved by the FDA in 1993 under the brand name Tricor specifically for severe hypertriglyceridemia as an adjunct to diet, based on trials showing significant reductions in very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The original U.S. patent for fenofibrate expired in 2002, which facilitated the entry of generic formulations and increased accessibility.

Key milestones

In 2004, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted tentative approval for generic versions of fenofibrate following patent challenges by manufacturers such as against ' TriCor formulations, though full market entry was delayed by ongoing litigation until 2005-2006. The Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) trial, completed in 2000, provided early evidence for fibrate class benefits in reducing cardiovascular events among patients with coronary artery disease, influencing subsequent fenofibrate research. The Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) trial, with results published in 2005, established key cardiovascular benefits of fenofibrate in type 2 diabetes patients, showing an 11% reduction in total cardiovascular disease events (relative risk 0.89, 95% CI 0.80-0.99) driven by a 24% decrease in nonfatal myocardial infarction, though the primary endpoint of coronary events was not significantly reduced. In 2008, the FDA approved Trilipix (fenofibric acid choline), a delayed-release capsule formulation of fenofibrate's active metabolite, offering an alternative with potentially improved bioavailability and approved for use alone or in combination with statins for mixed dyslipidemia. During the 2010s, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) updated guidance on fenofibrate use in renal impairment following a 2011 referral procedure for fibrates, recommending dose reductions (e.g., not exceeding 100 mg daily for standard formulations in mild-to-moderate impairment, eGFR 30-59 mL/min/1.73 m²) and contraindication in severe cases (eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m²) due to risks of creatinine elevation and rhabdomyolysis. Fenofibrate was included on the World Health Organization's Model List of Essential Medicines complementary list in the 21st edition (2019), recognizing its role in managing severe hypertriglyceridemia, with no major changes noted in the 2021 or 2023 updates. In 2024, the EMA issued a pediatric investigation plan waiver for a fixed-dose combination of fenofibrate and rosuvastatin, facilitating development and potential approval of statin-fenofibrate combos for mixed dyslipidemia in Europe, building on earlier authorizations like Pravafenix (pravastatin/fenofibrate) in 2011. In October 2025, the FDA approved labeling changes for fenofibrate products, stating that they do not reduce the risk of cardiovascular morbidity or mortality in adults, based on reanalyses of data from trials such as ACCORD-Lipid. Abbott Laboratories (later ) engaged in extensive litigation over fenofibrate formulations, including patent infringement suits against generic challengers from the early 2000s, which delayed generic entry by up to several years through automatic 30-month FDA stays and reformulations, preserving branded market share estimated at over $1 billion annually during that period.

Society and culture

Brand names and availability

Fenofibrate is marketed under several brand names globally, with major formulations in the United States including Tricor, Antara, Fenoglide, and Triglide. In Europe and Asia, common brands include Lipanthyl, Lipantil, and Lipidil. Generic versions of fenofibrate are widely available in over 100 countries, including low- and middle-income nations where production from manufacturers in India and China supports broad access. In India, low-cost generics such as Fenolip and Finate are produced by companies like Cipla, often priced at approximately ₹12-20 per tablet (about $0.14-0.24 USD) as of 2025. This affordability enhances accessibility in low-income countries, where fenofibrate is noted for its low cost and oral administration, making it suitable for resource-limited settings despite some barriers like supply chain issues in parts of South America and Africa. Fenofibrate is available exclusively by prescription in all major markets, including the , , , and , and is not approved for over-the-counter use anywhere. In the , branded fenofibrate typically costs around $100 per month for a standard dose, while generics are significantly cheaper at approximately $10-15 per month with discounts. Pricing varies regionally; for example, generics in cost under $2 per month, and international pharmacies offer shipments to many countries at $0.14-0.50 per tablet. Occasional shortages of fenofibrate have occurred due to manufacturing issues, such as the 2025 voluntary recall by of generic fenofibrate capsules (67 mg and 134 mg strengths) in the United States over quality concerns, which temporarily affected supply.

Environmental impact

Fenofibrate, primarily in the form of its active metabolite fenofibric acid, has been detected globally in wastewater at trace concentrations typically ranging from 0.04 to 349 ng/L, with averages around 120 ng/L in sewage influents and effluents. In rivers and surface waters, levels are similarly low, often below 50 ng/L but reaching up to 758 ng/L in coastal areas influenced by urban runoff. Sewage sludge serves as a sink for these compounds, with concentrations reported up to 3,456 ng/g dry weight in digested sludge from wastewater treatment plants. The primary environmental entry point for fenofibrate is human excretion, where approximately 60% of an administered dose is eliminated in urine, mainly as fenofibric acid and its glucuronide conjugate, with less than 20% in feces. Additional sources include improper disposal of unused medications and manufacturing effluents, though hospital wastewater contributes an estimated 10-20% of total pharmaceutical loads to municipal systems, varying by compound and facility size. Fenofibric acid exhibits moderate persistence in aquatic environments, with degradation half-lives (DT50) exceeding 60 days in water-sediment systems, leading to prolonged environmental presence. Its log Kow value of approximately 4.2 suggests potential for bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms, particularly in fish tissues, though specific bioconcentration factors remain limited. Ecotoxicological assessments indicate low acute risk to aquatic life, with LC50 values greater than 100 mg/L for fish and EC50 values exceeding 100 mg/L for and algae species such as Selenastrum capricornutum. However, chronic exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations (ng/L) has shown adverse effects on invertebrate reproduction, including reduced fecundity in , highlighting potential sublethal impacts. Mitigation efforts include European Union regulatory updates in 2022, which added pharmaceuticals like fenofibric acid to the Surface Water Watch List for enhanced monitoring and risk assessment under the . Advanced wastewater treatment technologies, such as ozonation and activated carbon adsorption, achieve removal efficiencies of up to 80% for hypolipidemic drugs like , significantly reducing effluent concentrations compared to conventional activated sludge processes. Recent 2025 investigations have documented the accumulation of pharmaceutical residues, including fibrates, in agricultural soils following the application of sewage sludge as fertilizer, raising concerns about long-term transfer to crops and groundwater.

Research

Cardiovascular outcomes

The Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) trial, a randomized controlled study involving 9,795 patients with type 2 diabetes, evaluated the effects of fenofibrate (200 mg daily) versus placebo over a median follow-up of 5 years. The primary outcome of coronary events (coronary heart disease death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) showed no significant reduction (hazard ratio [HR] 0.89, 95% CI 0.75-1.05, p=0.16). There was no significant benefit on overall cardiovascular mortality (HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.76-1.18, p=0.64). However, fenofibrate reduced total cardiovascular disease events by 11% (HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.80-0.99, p=0.035), primarily driven by a 24% relative reduction in nonfatal myocardial infarctions (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.62-0.94, p=0.010). The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Lipid trial assessed fenofibrate added to simvastatin in 5,518 high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes over a median of 4.7 years. The primary composite endpoint of nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or cardiovascular death occurred at similar rates in the fenofibrate (2.2% annually) and placebo (2.4% annually) groups (HR 0.92, 95% CI 0.79-1.08, p=0.32), indicating no overall benefit. Subgroup analyses suggested potential benefits in patients with high triglycerides (≥204 mg/dL) and low HDL cholesterol (≤34 mg/dL), with a 31% reduction in the primary endpoint (HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.48-0.99, interaction p=0.057), though this was not statistically significant for interaction. Meta-analyses of fibrate trials, including fenofibrate studies, have synthesized data from over 45,000 participants across multiple randomized controlled trials. These analyses report a 10% reduction in major cardiovascular events (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.82-0.99, p=0.048) and a 13% reduction in coronary events (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.81-0.93, p<0.0001) with fibrate therapy compared to placebo. Benefits appear more pronounced in triglyceride-rich patients (high triglycerides >200 mg/dL and low HDL cholesterol <40 mg/dL in men or <50 mg/dL in women), with up to 27% reductions in cardiovascular events in such subgroups from the FIELD trial. Post-hoc analyses indicate stronger effects in men (HR 0.74 for total cardiovascular events in FIELD men vs. HR 1.10 in women, though later re-evaluations found no significant sex interaction) and in Asian populations, where fenofibrate added to statins reduced by 25-30% in mixed cohorts. Fenofibrate's evaluation has primarily occurred in add-on therapy settings alongside statins, with no large-scale monotherapy trials demonstrating cardiovascular outcomes. A 2022 post-hoc analysis of the ACCORD Lipid trial confirmed fenofibrate's benefits in reducing hospitalizations and cardiovascular death specifically in patients with atherogenic (high triglycerides and low HDL), supporting targeted use in these lipid profiles.

Emerging therapeutic areas

Fenofibrate is being investigated for its potential in treating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (), conditions characterized by hepatic fat accumulation and inflammation. Through activation of alpha (PPAR-α), fenofibrate promotes oxidation and reduces accumulation in the liver. Preclinical studies in models have shown reductions in hepatic steatosis. In humans, a Phase II study from 2022 (published 2023) of fenofibrate added to cilofexor and firsocostat in patients with advanced due to NASH reported mitigation of and improvements in hepatic fat content and liver biochemistry over 4 weeks compared to . These effects are attributed to PPAR-α-mediated improvements in mitochondrial function and decreased inflammatory cytokine production. In , preclinical research using animal models has demonstrated fenofibrate's neuroprotective properties, including reduced neuronal and improved cognitive function. These benefits stem from PPAR-α agonism, which modulates and in amyloid-beta-induced models. and studies support potential mechanisms for clearance via enhanced microglial activation. As of November 2025, no human clinical trials have reported preliminary data on these effects. As an adjunct in cancer therapy, fenofibrate exhibits anti-angiogenic effects in preclinical models by inhibiting (VEGF) expression and endothelial . In , in vitro and animal studies have shown fenofibrate sensitizes tumor cells to , reducing proliferation when combined with agents like . These effects are linked to PPAR-α-dependent disruption of tumor metabolism and hypoxia signaling. As of 2025, clinical trials exploring this combination in advanced are ongoing, but no Phase I/II data on response rates or progression have been published. For , retrospective analyses from indicated that fenofibrate use was associated with reduced disease severity and lower hospitalization rates in patients with , likely due to its actions on storms via PPAR-α modulation. One of over 1,000 patients reported a 25% decrease in intensive care admissions among fenofibrate users compared to non-users. However, no large randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have confirmed these observations, with a small phase II RCT in showing no significant impact on viral clearance or recovery time. Further prospective studies are warranted to validate these preliminary associations. Recent highlights fenofibrate's expanding role in metabolic and inflammatory disorders, aspects not fully covered in older references like , which lack details on post-2022 trials exploring these uses. Despite these advances, challenges persist due to PPAR-α specificity, which may limit broader therapeutic applications by causing off-target effects like muscle or insufficient activation of other PPAR isoforms needed for multifaceted diseases. Ongoing efforts focus on developing selective agonists to overcome these limitations while preserving fenofibrate's pleiotropic benefits. As of November 2025, in non-lipid indications remains primarily preclinical, with limited Phase II data in combination therapies for .

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