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Ingredient
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Ingredients for short rib soup

In a general sense, an ingredient is a substance which forms part of a mixture. In cooking, recipes specify which ingredients are used to prepare a dish, and the term may also refer to a specific food item in relation to its use in different recipes. Many commercial products contain secret ingredients purported to make them better than competing products. In the pharmaceutical industry, an active ingredient is the ingredient in a formulation which invokes biological activity.

The ingredient list on a can of marrowfat peas. Besides peas, the product also contains water, salt, and the antioxidant E385.

National laws usually require prepared food products to display a list of ingredients and specifically require that certain additives be listed. Law typically requires that ingredients be listed according to their relative weight within the product.[1]

Etymology

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From Middle French ingredient, from Latin ingredientem, present participle of ingredior ('to go or enter into or onto').

Artificial ingredient

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An artificial ingredient usually refers to an ingredient which is artificial or human-made, such as:

See also

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References

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Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Ingredient

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from Grokipedia
An ingredient is a constituent element or component that enters into a compound, , or , serving as a fundamental part of the whole. In everyday and scientific contexts, ingredients are essential building blocks used across various fields, including preparation, where they form the basis of recipes and products; , where they provide functional and aesthetic properties; and pharmaceuticals, where they deliver therapeutic effects or support drug formulation. In the , ingredients encompass both primary components, such as grains, meats, and that provide and structure, and secondary additives like preservatives, colorants, and flavor enhancers that improve , appearance, or . These must be listed on product labels in descending order of predominance by weight, as regulated by authorities to ensure consumer safety and transparency. Food additives, a key subset, are substances added intentionally to foods and can be derived from natural sources like or synthesized chemically, with thousands in use worldwide to maintain quality and prevent spoilage. Beyond food, ingredients play critical roles in personal care and health products. In cosmetics, they include water as a base, emulsifiers for stability, preservatives to inhibit microbial growth, and active agents like moisturizers or UV filters for skin benefits, all subject to safety evaluations but not pre-market approval in many jurisdictions. In pharmaceuticals, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are the core substances responsible for a drug's pharmacological activity, such as treating or preventing , while inactive ingredients or excipients facilitate delivery, stability, or absorption without therapeutic effect. Regulatory frameworks, including good manufacturing practices, ensure the purity, quality, and safety of these ingredients across applications to protect .

Etymology and Definition

Etymology

The term "ingredient" entered the English language in the mid-15th century, derived from the Latin ingrediens, the present participle of ingredior ("to enter into" or "to go into"), which itself combines the prefix in- ("into") with gradior ("to step" or "to go"). It entered English via Middle French ingrédient (15th century), meaning "something that enters into any mixture." This etymological root emphasizes the concept of something entering or contributing to a larger whole, such as a mixture or composition. The earliest recorded use in English appears around 1460 in The Boke of Nurture, a manual of household management and etiquette compiled by John Russell, where it denotes a constituent element in practical preparations, such as spices for making hippocras. In its initial usage during the late medieval and early modern periods (15th–16th centuries), "ingredient" referred to components in medicinal and practical concoctions, reflecting the era's focus on blending substances for therapeutic or household purposes. This application aligned with the word's Latin origins, portraying ingredients as active participants "entering" into complex formulations to achieve desired effects, like healing or preservation. By the , the term's application broadened to culinary contexts, appearing in English collections to identify elements in dishes and preserves, marking its transition from specialized preparations to everyday domestic arts. This evolution underscores the shared linguistic framework across disciplines for describing composite creations. In contemporary usage, "ingredient" continues to signify a component in mixtures, whether chemical, medicinal, or gastronomic.

Definition

An ingredient is a constituent element or component that enters into the formation of a , , or whole, serving as an essential part of its composition. This core concept applies broadly, denoting any substance or material integrated into a larger to contribute to its or function. In everyday language, the term typically refers to the discrete parts combined to create something practical, such as the elements listed in a that form a dish. In scientific contexts, particularly chemistry and , ingredients are the basic substances or elements that combine to produce compounds or mixtures, emphasizing their role in chemical reactions or formulations. Legally, especially in regulated industries like and pharmaceuticals, an ingredient is defined as any substance deliberately incorporated into a product that remains present in the finished good, even if altered, and must often be disclosed for safety and compliance purposes. The distinction between an ingredient and related terms is important for precision. Unlike an "additive," which is a specific type of ingredient intentionally included for functional purposes like preservation, coloration, or stabilization, the broader category of ingredient encompasses all components without implying a particular enhancement role. In contrast to a "," which refers to unprocessed or semi-processed inputs used in processes, an ingredient specifically denotes elements that become integrated into the final product's composition, often after further processing. While ingredients primarily cover tangible physical substances, such as chemicals, nutrients, or compounds, the term can extend metaphorically to intangible components in non-physical contexts, like abstract elements contributing to a or ; however, its primary application remains to entities across disciplines.

Culinary Ingredients

Types of Culinary Ingredients

Culinary ingredients are broadly classified into primary categories based on their nutritional contributions and functional roles in food preparation. Macronutrients include proteins derived from sources such as meats, , and ; carbohydrates from grains like and ; and fats from oils, , and nuts, forming the foundational energy-providing components of meals. Micronutrients encompass vitamins and minerals, primarily sourced from fruits and , which support essential bodily functions despite being required in smaller quantities. Flavorings, such as spices (e.g., , ) and herbs (e.g., , ), enhance taste and aroma, while preservatives like natural salt or synthetic compounds (e.g., ) extend by inhibiting microbial growth. Subtypes of culinary ingredients further refine these categories by purpose and handling needs. Staples serve as base components, including from grains for and as a versatile in various dishes. Functional ingredients, such as leavening agents like , facilitate processes like dough rising through . Allergens, including tree nuts (e.g., almonds, walnuts) and (e.g., proteins), require special handling due to their potential to trigger immune responses in sensitive individuals, with nine major allergens recognized: , eggs, , crustacean shellfish, tree nuts, , , soybeans, and . Sourcing distinctions influence ingredient quality and availability. Fresh ingredients, such as unprocessed and meats, retain higher natural levels and flavors compared to processed ones, which often include added preservatives, sugars, and sodium that can diminish . Organic ingredients are produced without synthetic s, fertilizers, or , potentially reducing pesticide residues, whereas conventional sourcing may involve these to boost yield, though both meet safety standards. Cultural variations shape staple preferences; for instance, dominates Asian cuisines as a primary source, while Western traditions emphasize wheat-based breads and potatoes. In the United States, more than 10,000 food additives have entered the food supply, reflecting diverse applications in culinary practices. In the United States, the FDA's (GRAS) list includes substances like spices and enzymes deemed safe based on consensus, with inventories tracking hundreds to thousands of such entries.

Role in Cooking and Recipes

Ingredients serve multiple functional roles in cooking, contributing to the , sensory appeal, , and preservation of dishes. Structurally, ingredients like act as binders in by forming networks that provide elasticity and hold components together, enabling the rise and texture of breads and cakes. Sensory roles are fulfilled by elements such as , which not only imparts but also enhances browning and tenderness through its interaction with and . Nutritionally, supply essential vitamins and minerals, such as from citrus fruits, supporting health benefits while adding color and freshness to meals. For preservation, acids like lower levels to inhibit bacterial growth, as seen in processes that extend the of . In recipes, ingredients interact through chemical reactions and flavor dynamics to create balanced and appealing outcomes. The , a key chemical process, occurs when from proteins react with reducing sugars under heat, producing flavorful compounds and the characteristic browning in seared meats and baked goods. Flavor balancing relies on the interplay of acid, sweet, bitter, salt, and ; for instance, salt enhances sweetness while suppressing bitterness, as in salted caramel, and umami from ingredients like mushrooms deepens overall savoriness. These interactions require careful adjustment during cooking to achieve harmony, with acid brightening dishes and countering richness. Recipe formulation emphasizes precise proportions, substitutions, and standards to ensure consistent yields and adaptability. Proportions are often based on ratios, such as equal parts fat and in a for thickening sauces, allowing scaling for different batch sizes by multiplying ingredient amounts uniformly. Substitutions maintain functionality, like using for eggs in to provide moisture and binding without altering the final texture significantly. standards distinguish between (e.g., cups for liquids) and (e.g., grams for ), with weight preferred for accuracy in to avoid variations from packing . The roles of ingredients in cooking have evolved historically, influenced by trade and scientific innovation. The medieval spice trade introduced exotic flavors like pepper and cinnamon to European cuisine, shifting ingredients from mere preservatives to status symbols that masked flavors and enhanced preservation in long voyages. In modern times, molecular gastronomy has expanded roles through techniques like emulsification, where ingredients such as lecithin create stable foams and gels, transforming traditional textures in dishes like olive oil caviar spheres.

Non-Culinary Ingredients

Ingredients in Chemistry and Materials Science

In chemistry, ingredients serve as the fundamental components in reactions and formulations, including reactants, , solvents, and catalysts. Reactants are the primary substances that undergo transformation to form products, while encompass auxiliary molecules such as acids, bases, or agents that facilitate the synthesis process. For instance, in , acts as a reagent to protonate substrates, enabling nucleophilic additions. Solvents dissolve reactants and provide a medium for interactions, with choices like or influencing reaction rates and selectivity, as emphasized in principles where safer solvents reduce environmental impact. Catalysts, often complexes, accelerate reactions without being consumed, such as in cross-coupling reactions, optimizing efficiency in industrial processes. In , ingredients form the building blocks of advanced materials like polymers, composites, and alloys, where precise combinations yield desired properties. Polymers rely on resins, such as or , as the matrix material, reinforced by fillers like fibers or silica to enhance mechanical strength and thermal stability in plastics. For example, adding fillers to rubber composites improves abrasion resistance, a key factor in tire production. Alloys, particularly steels, incorporate elements like carbon as an essential ingredient to modify microstructure and performance; carbon contents between 0.05% and 2% increase and tensile strength by forming iron phases during . Other alloying elements, such as or , further refine these properties, enabling applications in and automotive industries. Key concepts in utilizing these ingredients include , which governs the quantitative relationships among reactants to ensure complete conversion and minimal waste. Stoichiometric coefficients in balanced equations dictate mole , as in the reaction of and oxygen to form (2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O), where a 2:1 prevents excess . Purity levels are equally critical, with analytical-grade chemicals achieving over 99% purity for precise syntheses, contrasting technical-grade variants at 80-95% purity suited for bulk industrial applications where minor impurities do not compromise outcomes. This distinction ensures in versus cost-effectiveness in . Illustrative examples highlight ingredient roles in specialized formulations. In dye production, pigments—insoluble colored compounds like —provide opacity and hue, bound by polymers or resins that adhere them to substrates without altering solubility. Binders, often acrylic emulsions, encapsulate pigments to form stable dispersions for paints and textiles. In explosives, oxidizers like supply oxygen, while fuels such as carbon or enable rapid combustion; black powder's 75:15:10 ratio of oxidizer:fuel: exemplifies this balance. A pivotal 19th-century advancement was Alfred Nobel's 1867 invention of , stabilizing —a embodying both oxidizer and fuel functionalities—absorbed into for safer handling in and .

Ingredients in Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics

In pharmaceuticals, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are the biologically active components that produce the intended therapeutic effects in a . For instance, aspirin, known chemically as acetylsalicylic acid, serves as an API for and purposes. APIs must adhere to rigorous quality standards outlined by pharmacopeias, such as the (USP), which includes auditing manufacturing sites for current good manufacturing practices (cGMP) compliance and verifying purity through testing. Alongside APIs, excipients are inactive substances that facilitate , stability, and without contributing directly to therapeutic action. Common examples include binders like , which help hold tablet ingredients together during compression, and fillers like , which add bulk to formulations for accurate dosing. Cosmetic formulations rely on a range of ingredients to enhance aesthetic appeal, skin feel, and product stability, distinct from the therapeutic focus of pharmaceuticals. Emollients, such as vegetable oils or mineral oils, soften and moisturize the skin by forming a protective barrier that reduces loss. , key to cleansing products like shampoos, lower to enable dirt and oil removal while foaming, with examples including sodium lauryl for effective lathering. Preservatives like parabens inhibit microbial growth to extend and prevent contamination, though their use is limited to safe concentrations under regulatory oversight. Regulatory frameworks for these ingredients differ markedly between pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. In the United States, APIs and excipients in pharmaceuticals are subject to pre-market approval by the (FDA), ensuring both safety and efficacy through clinical trials and compliance with USP standards. In contrast, cosmetic ingredients require no FDA pre-approval, with regulation emphasizing safety via post-market surveillance rather than efficacy claims, as cosmetics are not classified as drugs. Recent developments have expanded ingredient options in both fields. In pharmaceuticals, biologics—such as proteins and monoclonal antibodies used in and therapies—have surged since the early , driven by advances in and representing more than 25% of all new drug approvals in 2015–2019 due to their targeted efficacy in treating complex diseases like cancer and autoimmune disorders. This trend has continued, with biologics comprising around 30-40% of approvals in recent years as of 2023. In cosmetics, the clean beauty movement has promoted natural alternatives, including plant-derived emollients like and botanical preservatives, reflecting consumer demand for sustainable, synthetic-free options that align with environmental and health priorities.

Artificial and Synthetic Ingredients

Development and Production

The development of artificial and synthetic ingredients traces its roots to the late , when enabled the creation of flavor compounds from industrial byproducts. In 1874, German chemists Tiemann and Wilhelm Haarmann achieved the first synthesis of —the key component of flavor—by oxidizing derived from , revolutionizing flavor production by decoupling it from scarce natural sources like orchids. This breakthrough laid the foundation for the synthetic flavor industry. By the early , biotechnological innovations complemented chemical methods; production shifted to microbial in the 1920s, with establishing the first in 1919 using to convert sugars like into under aerobic conditions, surpassing traditional extraction by the mid-decade due to higher yields and scalability. Production techniques for synthetic ingredients encompass chemical synthesis, modification of natural extracts, and genetic engineering. Chemical synthesis often involves multi-step organic reactions to assemble molecules from basic precursors; for aspartame, the process begins with protecting the amino group of L-aspartic acid to form a mixed anhydride, which is then coupled with L-phenylalanine methyl ester in a reactor at controlled temperatures (room temperature for 24 hours, then 65°C for another 24 hours), followed by deprotection via hydrogenation with a palladium catalyst to yield the dipeptide sweetener. Extraction and modification techniques, such as hydrogenation, alter natural materials for enhanced functionality; in this process, unsaturated vegetable oils are treated with hydrogen gas and a nickel catalyst at elevated temperatures and pressures, saturating double bonds to produce stable, semi-solid fats like margarine bases, thereby improving shelf life and texture in food applications. Recombinant DNA technology represents a biotech frontier, where genes encoding desired proteins are inserted into host organisms like bacteria or fungi for expression; recombinant chymosin, for instance, is produced by engineering Aspergillus niger to secrete the enzyme previously sourced from calf stomachs, enabling consistent, animal-free production for cheese coagulation. The journey from innovation to market involves structured stages: initial research focuses on lab-scale experimentation, including stability testing to evaluate degradation under , , , and , ensuring the ingredient retains functionality without forming harmful byproducts. Scaling transitions the process to industrial production using large reactors—such as stainless-steel batch or continuous-flow systems—to handle volumes from kilograms to tons while optimizing reaction kinetics and for efficiency. Quality control employs analytical methods like (HPLC) to verify purity levels, often exceeding 99%, by separating and quantifying components against standards, thereby confirming compliance with regulatory thresholds for contaminants. Economic factors significantly influence synthetic ingredient production, with raw material sourcing—such as petrochemical feedstocks for or sugar substrates for —constituting up to 50% of costs, alongside energy for reactions and downstream purification. Process optimizations, like strain in biotech methods, can reduce costs by 40% through higher yields, but initial R&D investments remain high. Global hubs like are major producers of synthetic flavorings, particularly in regions such as Guangdong Province, driven by low-cost labor, robust chemical infrastructure, and proximity to raw materials.

Examples and Applications

Artificial and synthetic ingredients find widespread application across industries, providing functional benefits that natural alternatives often cannot match in scale or consistency. In the food sector, (HFCS) serves as a key sweetener in beverages, where HFCS-55, containing 55% , is predominantly used in soft drinks to enhance sweetness and texture while reducing production costs compared to . Similarly, synthetic colorants like FD&C Red No. 40 impart vibrant hues to candies and confections, enabling consistent visual appeal in products such as raspberry-flavored creams and other dyed treats. These examples illustrate how artificial additives improve sensory qualities and efficiency in consumer goods. Beyond food, synthetic ingredients play critical roles in non-culinary fields. , a versatile synthetic polymer, is extensively used in plastics for packaging, including beverage bottles and food containers, due to its durability, transparency, and barrier properties against gases and moisture. In pharmaceuticals, recombinant human insulin represents a landmark synthetic analog, produced via technology in bacteria to treat , offering a bioidentical alternative to animal-derived insulin with higher purity and scalability. Practical applications of these ingredients often focus on performance enhancement and mimicry of natural properties. (BHT), a synthetic , extends the of fats and oils in processed foods by inhibiting oxidation and rancidity, thereby maintaining product quality over longer periods. (MSG), a synthetic flavor enhancer, mimics the taste found in foods like meats and cheeses, amplifying savory profiles in soups, snacks, and seasonings without altering core recipes. However, synthetic polymers like PET contribute to environmental challenges, as their degradation releases into ecosystems, persisting in soils and waterways and potentially disrupting aquatic life through and . Recent trends in the 2020s reflect evolving consumer preferences and technological advances. The "clean label" movement has driven food manufacturers to reduce reliance on synthetic additives, favoring recognizable ingredients to meet demands for transparency and perceived benefits, with global clean label product sales surpassing $180 billion by 2020, the market reaching approximately USD 120 billion by 2022, and projected to exceed USD 168 billion by 2030. Concurrently, innovations in plant-based lab-grown ingredients, such as sustainable single-cell proteins produced via using atmospheric CO2 and electrolytic , offer scalable, eco-friendly alternatives to traditional synthetics, potentially revolutionizing protein sources in s and feeds.

Regulations and Safety

Food Safety and Health Standards

Food safety and health standards for ingredients are established by international and national regulatory bodies to protect consumers from potential hazards in food products. In the United States, the oversees the safety of food ingredients, including additives, through a rigorous evaluation process that ensures a reasonable certainty of no harm when used as intended. Similarly, the conducts comprehensive risk assessments for food additives, involving hazard identification, characterization, exposure assessment, and risk characterization to determine safe use levels. The , in collaboration with the , provides global guidelines via the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), which evaluates additives and establishes the —an estimate of the amount of a substance that can be ingested daily over a lifetime without appreciable health risk. Safety evaluations of ingredients emphasize and identification to mitigate and chronic risks. is often assessed using the (LD50), which measures the dose required to kill 50% of a test population, helping classify substances by their short-term potential in contexts. For , regulatory focus targets the top nine major food allergens—milk, eggs, , , tree nuts, , , soybeans, and —which account for approximately 90% of allergic reactions and must undergo identification and control in ingredient sourcing and processing. These evaluations ensure that ingredients, whether natural or synthetic, meet uniform thresholds regardless of origin. Health standards incorporate nutrient profiling to guide fortification practices, where vitamins and minerals are added to ingredients to address deficiencies without exceeding safe limits. For instance, fortification policies recommend stable, bioavailable nutrients at levels that enhance nutritional quality, such as adding to or iron to , while avoiding overconsumption. Emerging concerns include potential endocrine disruptors in synthetic ingredients, such as certain food dyes like Red 3 () and Yellow 5 (), which have shown hormone-disrupting effects in animal studies and prompt ongoing toxicological scrutiny. Historical events have profoundly shaped these standards. The 1950s-1960s thalidomide crisis, where the drug caused severe birth defects in thousands of infants due to inadequate testing, led to landmark reforms like the 1962 Kefauver-Harris Amendments in the U.S., mandating rigorous safety and efficacy testing for pharmaceuticals. In food safety, the 2008 melamine scandal in China—where melamine was adulterated into milk products to inflate protein readings, sickening over 300,000 infants and causing at least six deaths—exposed vulnerabilities in supply chains and prompted global enhancements in contaminant testing and international cooperation on additive regulations.

Labeling and Consumer Information

In the United States, the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) mandates that product labels include a complete list of ingredients in descending order of predominance by weight, excluding incidental additives under certain conditions. This requirement ensures transparency, with sub-ingredients in compound ingredients also declared if they exceed specific thresholds. In the , Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 on the provision of food information to consumers similarly requires ingredient lists in descending order of weight, with specific emphasis on the 14 major allergens, which must be highlighted through distinct formatting such as bold text or color. Ingredient formats vary by region, balancing accessibility and precision. In the , ingredients are typically listed using common or chemical names to aid consumer recognition, while the permits additives to be identified by either their common name or an E-number code assigned by the (EFSA) for approved substances. Nutrition facts panels, required under the US FD&C Act and updated in 2020 to reflect current dietary guidelines, integrate ingredient-derived data such as serving sizes and nutrient content but remain separate from the ingredient list to provide complementary information. Consumer-focused elements prioritize safety and clarity, particularly for allergens. US labels under the Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act (FALCPA) require the nine major food allergens (, eggs, , , tree nuts, , , soybeans, and ) to be clearly declared in the ingredient list or via a "Contains" statement. In the EU, allergens must be emphasized in the ingredient list, with voluntary "may contain" warnings for potential cross-contamination to alert sensitive individuals. Clean labeling trends, driven by consumer demand for simplicity, encourage manufacturers to use recognizable, natural-sounding names over chemical jargon, with surveys indicating nearly half of global consumers prefer such transparent formulations as of 2025. Global variations highlight differing priorities in disclosure. (GMO) labeling is mandatory in the for products containing more than 0.9% GMO ingredients, while the National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Standard, implemented in 2022, requires disclosure for foods with detectable modified genetic material, though exemptions apply to highly refined products. Post-2020 developments include the US FDA's 2025 initiatives to research ultra-processed foods, including partnerships with the NIH for regulatory and requests for information on definitions, to address health concerns, contrasting with the 's 2024 European Court of Auditors report urging but not yet mandating processing-level disclosures.

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  82. https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/us-regulatory-response-thalidomide-1950-2000
  83. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2799451/
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  85. https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-food-labeling-and-critical-foods/changes-nutrition-facts-label
  86. https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-food-labeling-and-critical-foods/food-allergies
  87. https://www.food.gov.uk/business-guidance/food-allergen-labelling-and-information-requirements-technical-guidance-introduction
  88. https://www.innovamarketinsights.com/trends/global-clean-label-trends/
  89. https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-food-labeling-and-critical-foods/ultra-processed-foods
  90. https://www.eca.europa.eu/en/publications/SR-2024-23
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