Henry Grace

Henry Grace (March 20, 1907 – September 16, 1983) was an American set decorator renowned for his extensive work at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) studios, where he contributed to the visual design of numerous films over a 35-year career.^[1] Born in Bakersfield, California, to Henry Barnett Grace and Elsie Fowler Grace, he graduated from Glendale High School and studied at the Chouinard Art Institute before entering the field as an interior decorator.^[1] Grace joined MGM in the mid-1930s, initially handling set decoration tasks, and his meticulous attention to period authenticity and detail became hallmarks of his contributions to Hollywood productions.^[1] During World War II, Grace enlisted in the United States military and served as an engineer in the South Pacific, attaining the rank of captain and earning a Bronze Star for his service before being discharged in 1946.^[1] Returning to MGM, he resumed his role as a lead set decorator, collaborating on high-profile films such as Gigi (1958), for which he shared the Academy Award for Best Art Direction-Set Decoration (Color) with Keogh Gleason. Over his career, Grace received twelve additional Academy Award nominations in the same category for films including I'll Cry Tomorrow (1955), North by Northwest (1959), Cimarron (1960), and The Unsinkable Molly Brown (1964), underscoring his influence on mid-20th-century cinema aesthetics.^[2][3][4][5] In addition to his behind-the-scenes work, Grace occasionally appeared on screen, notably portraying General Dwight D. Eisenhower in The Longest Day (1962) due to his physical resemblance to the historical figure; he reprised a similar role in Is Paris Burning? (1966).^[6] His designs enhanced the storytelling in diverse genres, from musicals like Gigi to adventures like Mutiny on the Bounty (1962), for which he was nominated. Grace retired from MGM in the early 1970s and passed away in Los Angeles at age 76, leaving a legacy as one of Hollywood's most awarded set decorators.^[1]

Early life and education

Family background

Henry Grace was born on March 20, 1907, in Bakersfield, Kern County, California.^[1] His father, Henry Barnett Grace, worked as a conductor for the Santa Fe Railroad, a position that involved frequent travel across California's diverse terrains, including rural and desert regions, which likely exposed the family to varied landscapes during his early years.^[7] His mother, Elsie Fowler Grace, managed the household amid the family's modest circumstances as a railroad worker's dependents in early 20th-century California.^[1] Grace spent his childhood in Bakersfield, a rural oil-boom town in the San Joaquin Valley, where the expansive Central California setting may have influenced his later visual sensibilities, though specific early artistic pursuits emerged more prominently in adolescence.^[1]

Formal education and early interests

Henry Grace graduated from Glendale High School, where he developed an early interest in art and design.^[1] Following high school, Grace received a scholarship to the Chouinard Art Institute in Los Angeles, a prominent professional art school founded in 1921. There, he pursued studies that honed his artistic abilities, laying the foundation for his career in design.^[8] After completing his training at Chouinard, Grace entered the field of interior decoration, working for prominent Los Angeles firms such as Cannell and Chaffin. In this role, he contributed to high-profile residential projects, including decorations for celebrity homes, which allowed him to explore diverse styles from period rooms to modern interiors. These experiences built his expertise in creating immersive, functional environments that anticipated the demands of film set design.^[1][8]

Professional career

Entry into the film industry

After training in interior design at the Chouinard Art Institute, Henry Grace entered the film industry in the mid-1930s by joining Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) as a set decorator, leveraging his background in residential decoration to contribute to the studio's production needs during the Great Depression.^[1] Grace's interest in meticulous set work was shaped by earlier MGM films such as Dinner at Eight (1933) and When Ladies Meet (1934), which he later credited with elevating the role of set decoration by demonstrating its potential to influence public taste and underscore narrative depth through authentic environments.^[9] In his early roles at MGM, Grace handled set decoration for a range of projects, including period pieces like the lavish 19th-century French interiors in Camille (1936), where he focused on historical accuracy in furnishings and props, and contemporary settings such as the sleek, everyday urban apartments in After the Thin Man (1936), which emphasized relatable domestic realism to support the film's mystery elements.^[10][11] These assignments aligned with MGM's push toward lifelike sets that enhanced storytelling without overpowering performances. Grace frequently collaborated with leading art director Cedric Gibbons, MGM's supervising art director since 1924, on these productions; for instance, in After the Thin Man, Gibbons oversaw the overall design while Grace added decorative details to bridge the studio's evolving techniques from silent films to talkies, prioritizing synchronized visual and auditory authenticity.^[11]

Tenure at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Henry Grace joined Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) in the mid-1930s, shortly after establishing himself in interior decoration, and remained with the studio for over 35 years until his retirement in the early 1970s.^[1] During this period, he served as a set decorator under the leadership of department head Edwin B. Willis, who oversaw a team that included notable figures like Grace himself.^[12] The MGM set decoration department was characterized by a significant presence of gay men, a dynamic that Grace helped sustain through his long tenure and eventual leadership role following Willis's retirement in the late 1950s.^[12] In this capacity, Grace contributed to over 200 productions across various genres, with a particular emphasis on musicals and dramas, where he specialized in color coordination to enhance visual storytelling, meticulous prop selection to support narrative authenticity, and atmospheric detailing to immerse audiences in the film's world.^[1][6] His work evolved alongside studio innovations, adapting set decoration practices to the demands of Technicolor processes introduced in the 1940s for vibrant, large-scale musicals, and later to widescreen formats in the 1950s that required scaled-up environmental designs.^[1] Grace also played a pivotal role in industry labor efforts, leading a 1945 strike by set decorators—many of whom were gay—advocating for union rights and better working conditions, which marked a key moment in Hollywood's recognition of behind-the-scenes contributions.^[12] Following Willis's departure, Grace assumed greater responsibilities, mentoring emerging decorators within the department's established network and ensuring the continuity of MGM's renowned production values during a time of industry transition.^[1] His expertise in integrating practical and aesthetic elements helped maintain the studio's reputation for polished, evocative sets that complemented the era's evolving cinematic techniques.^[1]

Notable set designs and contributions

In Blackboard Jungle (1955), Grace contributed to the film's social realism by decorating urban school sets that depicted gritty, worn-down classrooms and corridors at a fictional North Manual High, enhancing the portrayal of juvenile delinquency and inner-city educational challenges through authentic, stark details that supported the documentary-like tone. These sets, nominated for an Academy Award for Best Art Direction-Set Decoration (Black-and-White), helped immerse audiences in the harsh realities of 1950s urban youth culture.^[13] Grace's work on North by Northwest (1959), his set decoration combined modernist interiors, such as the sleek Vandamm house with its geometric lines and minimalistic decor, with dynamic outdoor sequences like the Mount Rushmore climax and crop-dusting fields, creating seamless transitions that amplified suspense and visual tension in Alfred Hitchcock's thriller; the film earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Art Direction-Set Decoration (Color).^[14] Grace's Oscar-winning set decoration for Gigi (1958), shared with F. Keogh Gleason, captured the elegance of Belle Époque Paris through meticulously detailed furnishings, including ornate Art Nouveau pieces, plush velvet upholstery, and period-specific accessories in interiors like Maxim's restaurant and grand apartments, evoking the film's romantic, turn-of-the-century charm and contributing to the film's nine Academy Awards, including Best Art Direction-Set Decoration (Color). These designs, inspired by French artists and authentic locations, blended opulence with subtle narrative cues to highlight themes of love and social expectation.^[15][16]

Military service

World War II involvement

Henry Grace enlisted in the U.S. Army during World War II, interrupting his rising career as a set decorator at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.^[1] His decision to serve reflected the widespread mobilization of Hollywood professionals in the war effort, though specific motivations from Grace remain undocumented in available records.^[1] Grace was deployed to the South Pacific theater, where he served as an engineer in the U.S. Army Signal Corps, attaining the rank of captain by the war's end.^[1] For his meritorious service, Grace received the Bronze Star Medal.^[1] He was honorably discharged in 1946 as the war concluded.^[1]

Post-war return to Hollywood

Following his honorable discharge from the U.S. Army in 1946, where he had attained the rank of captain and received a Bronze Star for meritorious service, Henry Grace promptly returned to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), resuming his position in the art department as a set decorator.^[1] This re-entry occurred at the zenith of the Hollywood studio system, when MGM, as the industry's largest operation, commanded unparalleled resources for elaborate production design.^[17] Grace's immediate resumption of duties exemplified the stability many returning veterans found in the structured studio environment, contributing to MGM's output of high-profile pictures that defined the era's glossy aesthetic. Grace sustained his career trajectory through the Hollywood Blacklist period, which commenced in 1947 amid investigations by the House Un-American Activities Committee targeting alleged communist influences in the industry.^[18] As a set decorator, Grace was not targeted by the investigations, allowing him to continue his work at MGM uninterrupted.^[1] His filmography reflects this continuity, with associate set decorator credits on multiple MGM productions from 1947 through the early 1950s, allowing him to advance steadily without the career disruptions experienced by blacklisted figures.^[19] In the evolving post-war landscape, Grace extended his set decoration expertise to the burgeoning television industry, collaborating on pilots and series starting in the late 1950s, which facilitated the transition of Hollywood techniques to the new medium.^[6] Notable among these were contributions to anthology shows like The Twilight Zone (1959–1964) and action series such as The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (1964–1968), where his MGM-honed skills in creating immersive environments adapted to television's more intimate scale and budget constraints.^[6]

Awards and recognition

Academy Awards

Henry Grace earned his only Academy Award in the Best Art Direction-Set Decoration category for Gigi (1958) at the 31st Academy Awards ceremony held on April 6, 1959. Shared with fellow set decorator F. Keogh Gleason and art directors William A. Horning and Preston Ames, the win honored the film's meticulous recreation of Belle Époque Paris through lavish interiors, ornate furnishings, and detailed streetscapes that evoked the opulence of 19th-century French society. This recognition highlighted Grace's expertise in period authenticity during his long tenure at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), where he contributed to many of the studio's prestige productions. Throughout his career, Grace received 12 Academy Award nominations in the same category, spanning from the 28th ceremony in 1956 to the 37th in 1965, all for MGM films that showcased his skill in diverse genres from historical dramas to comedies. These nominations, often shared with collaborators like Edwin B. Willis, George W. Davis, and Hugh Hunt, underscored his role in enhancing narrative through environmental storytelling, such as futuristic elements in science fiction or naval authenticity in adventure epics. The consistent accolades at the annual ceremonies, held at venues like the RKO Pantages Theatre and the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium, reflected the Academy's appreciation for his technical precision and artistic vision amid Hollywood's competitive production design landscape.^[20] The accumulation of these nominations, without additional wins, nonetheless cemented Grace's reputation as one of Hollywood's most prolific and respected set decorators, influencing subsequent generations in the art of film environmental design. His work during this era contributed to MGM's dominance in the category, with multiple entries per ceremony demonstrating the studio's reliance on his versatility.^[20]

Other honors

Grace received an honorable mention in the 1950 Ronson Film Set Decorator Awards for his innovative domestic sets in Adam's Rib (1949), shared with Edwin B. Willis at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, where the recognition highlighted their ability to blend functionality with period authenticity in everyday interiors.^[21] In Cathy Whitlock's Designs on Film: A Century of Hollywood Art Direction (2010), Grace is quoted emphasizing the set decorator's essential function: "the set decorator who breathes life into the rooms," a testament to his enduring impact on the profession's emphasis on lived-in authenticity over mere ornamentation.^[8] Grace's career is further honored through archival preservation, with the Henry Grace and Michael L. Grace collection held at the University of Southern California Libraries and documented via the Online Archive of California. Spanning 1942 to 2009, this repository includes over 1,000 photographs of his set designs, production clippings, correspondence with studio executives, and personal awards, serving as a key resource for researchers studying mid-20th-century Hollywood production practices.^[1]

Personal life and death

Relationships and privacy

Henry Grace was openly gay within the close-knit community of set decorators at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, where he formed part of a discreet subculture characterized by camaraderie and camp humor among colleagues like Jack Moore, Richard Pefferle, and Keogh Gleason.^[12][22] This group shared an office and fostered a supportive environment amid the conservative Hollywood of the mid-20th century, allowing for personal expression behind the scenes without public acknowledgment.^[22] Grace maintained a long-term relationship with fellow MGM set decorator Jack Moore, with whom he shared a home in Manhattan Beach, California, hosting gatherings that reflected their vibrant social circle.^[22] Their partnership exemplified the private bonds formed in an era when homosexuality could jeopardize professional standing, prompting Grace to draw strict boundaries around his personal life despite being known as gay among trusted peers.^[22] To safeguard his career, Grace carefully managed his public image, often appearing with female companions like columnist Dorothy Manners or socialite Virginia Robinson at events, while studio publicity alluded vaguely to the war disrupting his marital prospects without further detail.^[22] His social life, however, included lively costume parties, trips to Mexico, and a passion for art collecting, all captured in personal photograph albums that offer glimpses into his private world.^[22]

Death and legacy

Grace retired from his long tenure at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in the early 1970s, following a career that spanned over three decades amid the broader decline of the Hollywood studio system.^[1] He also contributed to set decoration for television series such as The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (1964–1968).^[23] Grace died on September 16, 1983, in Los Angeles, California, at the age of 76.^[1] His legacy endures in the elevation of set decoration as a vital art form within cinema, where his meticulous attention to detail contributed to heightened realism in film environments and influenced contemporary trends in interior design and fashion during the 1930s through 1950s.^[24] Grace's contributions are preserved in archival collections, including the Henry Grace and Michael L. Grace (his nephew) collection at the ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives, which documents his professional memorabilia and personal photographs from 1942 to 1986.^[1] He is also recognized in historical accounts of LGBTQ+ figures in Hollywood, highlighting the significant presence of gay professionals in behind-the-scenes roles like set decoration during the studio era.^[25]

Filmography

Selected films as set decorator

Henry Grace worked as a set decorator on approximately 220 films between 1935 and 1970, contributing to MGM's production design across genres from drama to epic adventure.^[26] His early notable work includes The Women (1939), directed by George Cukor, where he decorated the opulent all-female ensemble sets to underscore the film's satirical take on high society. In Blackboard Jungle (1955), directed by Richard Brooks, Grace's urban schoolroom and street sets amplified the raw energy of juvenile delinquency themes. For Raintree County (1957), under Edward Dmytryk's direction, he crafted Civil War-era Southern landscapes and interiors that supported the epic romance's historical scope.^[27] Grace's sets for Gigi (1958), directed by Vincente Minnelli, featured lavish Parisian apartments and boulevards that enhanced the film's romantic comedy and Belle Époque elegance. In Alfred Hitchcock's North by Northwest (1959), his modern New York and Midwestern sets, including the iconic Mount Rushmore climax, heightened the thriller's tension and visual dynamism. The Time Machine (1960), directed by George Pal, showcased Grace's futuristic and Victorian-era decorations, bringing the science fiction time-travel narrative to vivid life. For Mutiny on the Bounty (1962), helmed by Lewis Milestone, Grace detailed the ship's decks and Tahitian locales to immerse audiences in the seafaring adventure.^[28] Later, in The Helicopter Spies (1968), directed by Boris Sagal, his espionage-themed sets, including high-tech gadgets and exotic hideouts, complemented the Man from U.N.C.L.E. spin-off's action sequences.^[29]

Acting credits

Henry Grace appeared on screen in two uncredited roles, both portraying General Dwight D. Eisenhower due to his physical resemblance to the historical figure. His first was in the 1962 epic war film The Longest Day, an international production directed by Ken Annakin, Andrew Marton, and Bernhard Wicki, which depicted the Normandy landings from multiple perspectives.^[6] Grace's appearance was pivotal in a key sequence showing Eisenhower's decision-making. His casting stemmed directly from his striking physical resemblance to the real Eisenhower, a similarity noted by producers during pre-production; Grace, a veteran set decorator with no acting experience, was pulled from his technical duties for this opportunity.^[30] Despite lacking formal training, Grace required minimal preparation for the role, relying primarily on his natural likeness to embody the general's authoritative presence in brief but impactful scenes.^[31] His integration into the star-studded ensemble—featuring actors like John Wayne and Robert Mitchum—did not interfere with his ongoing work as a set decorator, including concurrent projects at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Grace's depiction contributed to the film's reputation for historical authenticity, earning praise for the eerie realism it brought to Eisenhower's portrayal amid the movie's broader accolades for accurate wartime representation.^[32] His voice was dubbed by Allen Swift to match the general's cadence, further enhancing the scene's fidelity without detracting from the visual impact of his resemblance.^[33] He reprised the role in Is Paris Burning? (1966), directed by René Clément, another World War II film focusing on the liberation of Paris, where his likeness again provided authentic representation of Eisenhower in strategic scenes.^[34]