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Japanese Spitz
Japanese Spitz
Japanese Spitz
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Japanese Spitz
Japanese Spitz
OriginJapan
Traits
Coat Double coat
Colour White
Litter size 1–8 puppies[1]
Kennel club standards
Japan Kennel Club standard
Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard
Dog (domestic dog)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Japanese Spitz.

The Japanese Spitz (日本スピッツ, Nihon Supittsu; Japanese pronunciation: [nʲippoɴ.sɯ̥ᵝpʲittsɯᵝ]) is a small to medium breed of dog of the Spitz type. There are varying standards around the world as to the ideal size of the breed, but they are always larger than their smaller cousins, the Pomeranian. They were developed in Japan in the 1920s and 1930s by breeding a number of other Spitz type dog breeds together. They are recognized by the vast majority of the major kennel clubs, and while they are a relatively new breed, they are becoming widely popular due to their favorable temperament and other features.

The major health concern is patellar luxation, and a minor recurring concern is that the breed can be prone to runny eyes. They can act as reliable watchdogs, but are a type of companion dog and prefer to be an active part of the family. Although they might appear fluffy, they are a low maintenance breed as dirt does not stick to the coat.

Male Japanese Spitz (UK)

The Japanese Spitz is a small dog, around 33 cm (13 in)s) at the withers, with a somewhat square body, deep chest, and a very thick, pure white double coat. The coat consists of an outer coat that stands off from the soft inner coat, with fur shorter on the muzzle and ears as well as the fronts of the forelegs and the hindlegs. A ruff of longer fur is around the dog's neck. It has a pointed muzzle and small, triangular shape prick ears (ears that stand up). The tail is long, heavily covered with long fur, and is carried curled over and lying on the dog's back. The white coat contrasts with the black pads and nails of the feet, the black nose, and the dark eyes.[2] The large oval (akin to a ginkgo seed) eyes are dark and slightly slanted with white eyelashes, and the nose and lips and eye rims are black. The face of the Japanese Spitz is wedge-shaped.[3]

They share a common resemblance with the white Pomeranian, Samoyed and American Eskimo Dog.

Size variations

[edit]

Description of the ideal size of the breed varies. In Japan, the ideal size for males are described as 30–38 cm at the withers, with females somewhat smaller; (the Japanese standard is the one published by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale for international dog competitions.)[4] In the UK, the Kennel Club describes the size as 34–37 cm (13–15 in) at the withers with females 30–34 cm (12–13 in),[3] which is the same for the Australian National Kennel Council.[5] In New Zealand (New Zealand Kennel Club), the ideal size is 30–40 cm (12–16 in) for males, 25–35 cm (9.8–13.8 in) for females. The Canadian Kennel Club states that the size for dogs is 12 inches (30 cm) with females slightly smaller, and the United Kennel Club in the U.S. describes the ideal size as 12 to 15 in (30 to 38 cm) for males and 12 to 14 in (30 to 36 cm) for females. Minor kennel clubs and other organizations may use any of these ideal sizes or create their own. Japanese Spitzes are generally considered larger than their cousin, the Pomeranian.

History

[edit]
A female Japanese Spitz

Dog breeders in Japan in the 1920s and 1930s created the Japanese Spitz by crossbreeding a number of other Spitz breeds to develop the Japanese Spitz.[6] Breeders began with white German Spitz dogs, originally brought over from northeastern China to Japan; they were first exhibited at a dog show in Tokyo in 1921.[7] Between 1925 and 1936 various small white Spitz breeds were imported from around the world and crossed into the developing breed, with the goal of producing an improved breed.[7] The final Standard for the breed was written after World War II, and accepted by the Japan Kennel Club.[7] The breed gained popularity in Japan in the 1950s, and was exported to Sweden in the early 1950s. From there the breed went to England, and the Kennel Club recognized the Japanese Spitz in 1977 in the Utility Group.[2] The Japanese Spitz has spread around the world including to Australia, India, and the United States and is recognized by most of the major kennel clubs in the English speaking world; by the Canadian Kennel Club in Group 6, Non-Sporting, by the New Zealand Kennel Club (Non-Sporting Group), by the Australian National Kennel Council in Group 7 (Non Sporting), and by the United Kennel Club (U.S.) in the Northern Breeds Group. In April 2019, the American Kennel Club added Japanese Spitz breed to Foundation Stock Service that means is yet to be recognized by the AKC.[8] The breed is also recognized by minor registries and clubs.

Health

[edit]
Male Japanese Spitz
Male Japanese Spitz

They are a healthy breed with very few genetic problems. The main health concern for Japanese Spitz is the development of Patellar luxation, a condition in which the kneecap dislocates out of its normal position. They can also be prone to runny eyes, which is most commonly due to having tear ducts that are too small, or an allergy to long grass or stress. It is rarely caused by any serious eye defect.[9]

Progressive retinal atrophy of the rcd4 type (PRA-rcd4), a late-onset inherited eye disease, has also been identified in the breed.[10][11]

Life expectancy

[edit]

A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 13 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds.[12]

Temperament

[edit]

Active, loyal, and bright,[13] the Japanese Spitz are known for their great courage, affection, devotion and amiability making them great watchdogs and ideal companions for older people and small children. Most Japanese Spitz are good watch dogs, despite their relatively small size, and they have a tendency to bark to warn of arriving strangers.[13] The Japanese Spitz is first and foremost a companion dog and thrives on human contact and attention, preferring to be a member of the family. They are known as very loyal dogs. They enjoy being active and love to be in the outdoors. They are intelligent, playful, alert, and obedient, and particularly excellent and loving toward children.[14]

Care

[edit]

Japanese Spitz can tolerate cold weather but, as it was bred as a companion dog, prefers to live in the house with the warmth of its human family.[13] Though they can live in apartments, they need some time running around outside off-leash in a safe environment.

Grooming

[edit]

Due to the texture of their coat, mud and dirt falls off or can be brushed out very easily. However, due to the breed's thick coat, regular brushing is essential.[13][15][16]

The Japanese Spitz's coat is relatively dry as compared to other breeds. Their coat should be groomed twice a week using a pin brush that reaches to the undercoat, preventing formation of knots.[17] Grooming this breed is relatively easy in contrast to other dog breeds. Their white fur coat has a non-stick texture often described as being similar to Teflon.[18]

[edit]
  • Japanese Spitz puppy
    Japanese Spitz puppy
  • Profile of a Japanese Spitz
    Profile of a Japanese Spitz
  • A 10 Year Old Japanese Spitz Lying Down
    A 10 Year Old Japanese Spitz Lying Down

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Japanese Spitz

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The Japanese Spitz is a small to medium-sized breed native to , renowned for its pure white, profuse double coat, alert expression with triangular prick ears, and bushy tail curled over the back. Developed in the early , this Spitz-type stands 12 to 15 inches tall at the shoulder and typically weighs 11 to 20 pounds, exhibiting a balanced, sturdy build with a slightly longer body than height. It is recognized internationally by organizations such as the (FCI) in Group 5, Section 5, and the (UKC), though it remains in the Foundation Stock Service with the (AKC). The breed's origins trace back to the 1920s and 1930s, when white dogs were imported to via and , and selectively bred with other white varieties to create a uniform . This development occurred amid Japan's growing interest in Western dog breeds, leading to the first Japanese Spitz being exhibited in 1921 and official recognition by the Japanese Kennel Club in 1948. The breed gained international attention post-World War II, with exports to countries like and the beginning in the 1950s, and FCI recognition in 1964. In terms of appearance, the Japanese Spitz features a wedge-shaped head with a black , dark almond-shaped eyes, and a scissors bite, complemented by a straight back, deep chest, and feathered limbs that enhance its elegant, fox-like . Its coat consists of a dense, soft undercoat and a straight, stand-off outer that is longest on the , shoulders, chest, and , requiring regular brushing to manage seasonal shedding but minimal other grooming. Any deviation from pure white coloring or non-erect ears is considered a fault under breed standards, emphasizing the dog's pristine, snowy appearance as a hallmark trait. Temperamentally, the Japanese Spitz is affectionate, intelligent, and lively, making it an ideal family pet that bonds closely with owners while remaining watchful and slightly reserved with strangers. These dogs are generally quiet indoors, alert without excessive barking, and adaptable to various living situations, though they thrive with daily exercise of about one hour to prevent boredom-induced behaviors. Health-wise, the breed is robust with a lifespan of 12 to 16 years, but potential concerns include patellar luxation, eye issues, and dental problems, necessitating routine veterinary care and genetic screening in breeding programs.

Physical Characteristics

Size and Build

The Japanese Spitz is a small to medium-sized , with adults typically measuring 30 to 38 cm (12 to 15 in) in at the ; males range from 30 to 38 cm, while females are slightly smaller, emphasizing overall proportionality rather than strict size variations. Weight is proportionate to and bone structure, supporting a sturdy yet agile frame without excess bulk. The prioritizes balance, with the of at the to body ideally 10:11, creating a compact, square-proportioned . The body exhibits a square profile, featuring a deep chest that reaches to the elbows, a straight and strong back, and a well-developed for stability. The tail is set high, thick at the base, and carried curled vigorously over the back when alert or in motion, adding to the dog's elegant outline. Legs are straight and strong, with forelegs upright and well under the body, supported by muscular shoulders and upper arms of equal length; hind legs show well-bent stifles and strong hocks, enabling nimble movement. Feet are compact, round, and cat-like, with thickly haired pads for sure footing. The head is fox-like and in proportion to the body, moderately broad and rounded when viewed from the front, with a wedge-shaped appearance from above. It features a pointed muzzle that is neither broad nor snipy, a straight , and small, black, round nose; the eyes are dark, almond-shaped, and moderately large, set with black rims to avoid showing whites. Ears are small, triangular, erect, and highly mobile, turned forward and covered in fine hair. This overall build conveys an athletic and alert posture, optimized for agility and endurance rather than raw speed or power.

Coat and Coloration

The Japanese Spitz possesses a thick double consisting of a soft, dense undercoat and a straight, stand-off outer that gives the a fluffy appearance. This structure is particularly pronounced around the neck and shoulders, where a profuse mane forms a distinctive ruff that extends to the chest, enhancing the breed's elegant silhouette. The coat's length varies by body region: it is short and close-lying on the face, ears, front of the forelegs, and from the hind feet to the hocks, while longer, abundant hair covers the body, tail, and rear of the legs, with the tail featuring profuse feathering that curls over the back. The breed experiences seasonal heavy shedding twice a year, during which the entire undercoat is typically lost over 2 to 3 weeks, requiring increased brushing to manage loose fur. Coloration is strictly pure white throughout the coat, with any deviation or other hue considered a disqualifying fault under standards; the , , and eye rims are , providing sharp contrast. This double coat not only offers insulation against cold weather through the dense undercoat but also repels dirt and moisture effectively due to the outer layer's texture, helping the fur stay relatively clean; however, neglect can lead to matting in longer areas.

History

Origins and Development

The Japanese Spitz emerged in during the and as a companion breed, developed through selective crossbreeding of white Spitz-type dogs to create a small, alert, and fluffy companion. The breed's foundational stock originated from large-sized white dogs imported around 1920 via continental routes through and , with the first exhibition of early specimens occurring at a in 1921. Between 1925 and 1936, Japanese breeders further refined the type by importing additional white Spitz varieties from Australia, Canada, , and the United States, crossing them with local Spitz dogs to enhance size reduction, coat quality, and overall uniformity. The breeding efforts focused on producing a compact with a pure white, double-layered coat, fox-like face, and lively temperament suited for family companionship, distinguishing it from larger ancestors. These crosses, including possible influences from other white varieties sharing heritage, helped achieve the desired small stature while maintaining the breed's characteristic alertness and adaptability. By the late 1930s, the type had stabilized, but devastated the nascent breed, with many dogs lost and all official records destroyed, necessitating post-war reconstruction from surviving lines. The breed was rebuilt from a few surviving lines after , which had devastated the population and destroyed records. In 1948, the Nippon Kennel Club (now ) established a unified , formalizing the Japanese Spitz as a distinct variety and ensuring its preservation as a small with a height of approximately 30-38 cm and a fluffy, all-white appearance. This standardization marked the culmination of nearly three decades of dedicated breeding, solidifying the Japanese Spitz's role in Japanese culture as an ideal indoor pet.

Breed Recognition

The Japanese Spitz was first officially recognized by the Nippon Kennel Club (now ) in 1948, when a unified national was established following post-World War II refinement efforts. This marked the breed's formal standardization in its country of origin, emphasizing its development as a distinct from larger varieties. Internationally, the (FCI) recognized the Japanese Spitz in Group 5 ( and primitive types), Section 5.3 (Asian and related breeds), with the initial standard published in 1987 and the current version dated June 16, 1999. The FCI standard describes the breed as a small, white-coated with a tough constitution, pointed muzzle, triangular pricked ears, and a tail feathered over the back. In the , granted full recognition to the Japanese Spitz in 1977, placing it in the Utility Group. The (AKC) added the breed to its Service program in April 2019, allowing record-keeping for lines but not yet granting full recognition (currently in the Service) as of 2025. Key elements of the breed standards across these organizations include a profuse, pure white double that stands off from the body; height at of 30-38 cm (12-15 inches) for males and slightly smaller for females; and an alert, fox-like expression conveyed by dark almond-shaped eyes and small, erect ears. Disqualifications typically apply to dogs with non-white colors, structural faults affecting movement (such as cow-hocked hindquarters or straight shoulders), or temperaments showing undue or . The remains most popular in and other Asian countries, where it originated as a family companion, but has seen gradual growth in interest across and since the through exports and breed club efforts.

Temperament and Behavior

Personality Traits

The Japanese Spitz is renowned for its alert and watchful nature, making it an excellent watchdog despite its small size. This possesses keen senses and a vigilant disposition. Excessive barking is considered a fault under standards, but they can be trained to alert owners to unusual activity without being overly noisy. Playful and energetic, the Japanese Spitz exhibits high energy levels for a breed, thriving on interactive and family activities. These dogs are affectionate and form strong bonds with their owners, often displaying a cheerful and lively demeanor that endears them to households. Their bold spirit makes them game for adventures, provided they receive adequate stimulation to prevent boredom. Highly intelligent, the Japanese Spitz is a quick learner that responds well to positive reinforcement in training. This breed's eagerness to please facilitates effective obedience, and consistent handling reinforces commands. Their keen intellect also contributes to their adaptability in various environments. Social by nature, the Japanese Spitz is generally friendly toward strangers once properly socialized, though it may initially appear reserved or chary. This companionable quality underscores its preference for being an integral part of family life.

Suitability for Families

The Japanese Spitz is generally well-suited as a family companion due to its affectionate and gentle nature, forming strong bonds with household members and thriving on human interaction. They are patient and playful with children, often enjoying interactive games, but their small size necessitates close supervision to prevent accidental during rough play. This breed's low levels make it a non-threatening option for homes with young kids, provided early reinforces positive behaviors. In multi-pet households, Japanese Spitz typically integrate well with other s and cats when introduced and socialized from a young age, exhibiting minimal territorial tendencies. However, their instinctive may lead them to chase smaller animals like or birds, requiring managed introductions in such environments. Their adaptability extends to apartment living and senior households, where their compact build and moderate exercise needs—such as daily walks and play sessions—fit smaller spaces without excessive demands on less active owners. Potential challenges include a propensity for separation anxiety if left alone for extended periods, which can manifest as vocalization or destructive in very busy households lacking consistent companionship. Overall, the Japanese Spitz excels as a loyal, low-maintenance emotional support for active families who can provide ample interaction and mental stimulation.

Health and Wellness

Common Health Concerns

The Japanese Spitz, as a small , shares health vulnerabilities common to and miniature dogs, including genetic predispositions to orthopedic and dental conditions. One of the primary concerns is patellar luxation, a condition where the kneecap () dislocates from its normal position in the groove of the , often leading to intermittent limping, skipping steps, or an abnormal hindleg . This hereditary issue is graded on a scale from 1 (mild, occasional luxation without pain) to 4 (severe, permanent dislocation with significant lameness and deformity), with higher grades potentially requiring surgical correction to prevent chronic . Muscular dystrophy is a rare inherited disorder in the breed, with symptoms appearing around 10–12 weeks of age, including , difficulty swallowing, and progressive loss of mobility; affected puppies typically do not survive beyond one year without treatment. Factor VII deficiency, another genetic condition, is a disorder that can cause excessive bruising, prolonged bleeding from cuts, or internal hemorrhaging; while often asymptomatic, is recommended for breeding dogs to avoid passing it on. Eye conditions also affect the breed, particularly in older individuals, with (PRA) causing gradual degeneration of the and eventual blindness, often accompanied by night blindness as an early symptom. Cataracts, which cloud the lens and impair vision, may develop secondarily to PRA or independently, manifesting as opacity in the eye and increased risk of secondary infections if untreated. and regular veterinary ophthalmologic exams are essential for early detection in at-risk lines. Dental problems are prevalent due to the breed's small jaw structure, resulting in overcrowded teeth that trap food and promote plaque accumulation, leading to periodontal disease with symptoms including bad breath, swollen gums, tooth loss, and pain during eating. This condition affects up to 80% of small breeds by age three if unmanaged, exacerbating overall health through potential bacterial spread to the heart or kidneys. The Japanese Spitz's high food motivation increases risk from overfeeding, contributing to joint strain and exacerbating conditions like patellar luxation through excess body weight.

Life Expectancy and Preventive Care

The Japanese Spitz typically enjoys a lifespan of 12 to 16 years when provided with appropriate care, though individual longevity can vary based on , environment, and factors such as balanced and regular . Proper management of these elements helps mitigate risks associated with age-related decline and supports overall vitality into senior years. Preventive strategies are crucial for maintaining the breed's well-being and extending lifespan. Routine veterinary care, including annual examinations, core vaccinations against diseases like distemper and parvovirus, and consistent parasite control for fleas, ticks, and heartworms, forms the foundation of proactive care. For breeding programs, and orthopedic evaluations are recommended to screen for hereditary conditions such as patellar luxation, , and Factor VII deficiency, with clearances from organizations like the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) ensuring responsible selection of breeding stock to reduce incidence in future generations. Nutrition plays a pivotal role in preventive care, with a high-quality diet formulated for small breeds recommended to meet caloric needs while supporting joint health and immune function. Portion control is essential to prevent , a common issue in the breed that can exacerbate joint problems; owners should limit treats to no more than 10% of daily intake and monitor body condition regularly. Ongoing monitoring enhances early detection and management of potential issues. Weight management through consistent exercise and dietary oversight, combined with dental cleanings every one to two years to address plaque buildup common in small breeds, contributes to sustained . Regular check-ups allow for timely interventions, promoting a higher quality of life throughout the 's expectancy.

Care and Maintenance

Grooming Requirements

The Japanese Spitz possesses a double-layered that requires regular maintenance to remain healthy and free of mats. Brushing should be performed weekly using a slicker or pin to distribute natural oils and remove loose fur, while daily sessions are essential during the heavy shedding periods in spring and fall to manage the undercoat blowout effectively. Bathing is recommended every 1-3 months or as needed with a mild, dog-specific to avoid stripping essential oils from the coat; for minor dirt, or spot suffices to preserve the coat's natural protective layer. Additional hygiene practices include trimming nails every 4-6 weeks to prevent overgrowth and discomfort, ears every 1-2 weeks or as needed with a vet-approved solution to remove wax buildup, and incorporating daily or weekly dental brushing with canine toothpaste to support oral health. Essential tools for home grooming consist of a for general detangling, a for checking mats, and a de-shedding tool during seasonal sheds; professional grooming sessions are optional but beneficial 2-4 times per year for thorough undercoat removal and sanitary trims. During shedding seasons, focus on gentle, thorough undercoat removal to allow the coat to stand naturally off the body, enhancing its characteristic fluffy appearance once clean.

Exercise and Training Needs

The Japanese Spitz requires moderate daily exercise to maintain its physical health and prevent boredom-related behaviors, typically amounting to 30 to 60 minutes of activity spread throughout the day. This can include brisk walks, interactive play sessions such as fetch or gentle games in a secure yard, and off-leash runs in enclosed areas to satisfy its energetic yet not overly demanding nature. Effective training for the Japanese Spitz emphasizes positive reinforcement techniques, using treats, verbal praise, or toys to reward desired behaviors and encourage its intelligent, eager-to-please temperament. Early socialization through puppy classes starting around 8 to 12 weeks of age helps expose the dog to various people, animals, and environments, reducing potential anxiety and promoting confident behavior. Obedience training sessions focused on commands like "sit," "stay," and "quiet" are particularly useful for managing the breed's tendency to bark at intruders or noises, with consistent practice yielding reliable results. Housetraining Japanese Spitz puppies is generally straightforward due to their quick learning ability and natural aversion to soiling their living area, often achieved within a few weeks with consistent routines. proves highly effective, as the breed views the crate as a safe den; introducing it gradually from puppyhood with short periods and associating it with positive experiences facilitates successful potty training and prevents accidents. Establishing a schedule of frequent outings—after meals, play, and naps—reinforces reliability, with praise immediately following outdoor elimination. While trainable, Japanese Spitz can exhibit stubbornness during sessions, particularly if they become disinterested, necessitating short, engaging workouts of 10 to 15 minutes to align with their . They may also pull on the during walks due to excitement, which responds well to patient, reward-based starting in puppyhood to build good habits. To support mental enrichment and curb boredom-induced issues like excessive barking or chewing, incorporate puzzle feeders, scent games, or interactive toys that challenge the dog's problem-solving skills alongside . These activities not only fulfill the breed's need for but also strengthen the owner-dog bond through collaborative play.

References

  1. https://www.ukcdogs.com/japanese-spitz
  2. https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/breed-standards/utility/japanese-spitz/
  3. https://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/japanese-spitz/
  4. https://www.japanesespitzamerica.com/Info.htm
  5. https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/search/breeds-a-to-z/breeds/utility/japanese-spitz/
  6. https://www.petmd.com/dog/breeds/japanese-spitz
  7. http://www.fci.be/nomenclature/Standards/262g05-en.pdf
  8. https://www.dogsglobal.com/breeds/japanese-spitz/FCI-standard
  9. https://dogsaustralia.org.au/members/breeds/breed-standards/Japanese-Spitz
  10. https://www.ckc.ca/CanadianKennelClub/media/Breed-Standards/Group%206/Japanese-Spitz.pdf
  11. https://www.thejapanesespitzclub.com/about-the-breed
  12. https://www.northernjapanesespitzclub.co.uk/js-history
  13. https://ckcusa.com/breeds/japanese-spitz/
  14. https://www.dogsnsw.org.au/Breeds/browse-all-breeds/203/Japanese-Spitz/
  15. https://www.akc.org/breeder-programs/foundation-stock-service-program/fss-news-updates/
  16. https://www.thesprucepets.com/japanese-spitz-dog-breed-profile-4770721
  17. http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/262g05-en.pdf
  18. https://www.purina.co.uk/find-a-pet/dog-breeds/japanese-spitz
  19. https://www.royalcanin.com/uk/dogs/breeds/japanese-spitz
  20. https://www.northernjapanesespitzclub.co.uk/healthandvet
  21. https://japanesespitz.org/blindness-in-older-japanese-spitz-why-proof-matters-and-how-we-move-forward/
  22. https://japanesespitz.org/guide-to-japanese-spitz-health-and-genetic-mutations/
  23. https://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/dog-life-expectancy-japanese-spitz
  24. https://www.purina.co.nz/find-a-pet/dog/breed-library/japanese-spitz
  25. https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/health/health-testing/
  26. https://ofa.org/order-dna-tests/
  27. https://www.gooddog.com/breeds/japanese-spitz/health-testing-guide
  28. https://spitzdogs.com/optimal-grooming-frequency-and-schedule-for-spitz-dogs/
  29. https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/health/how-to-clean-dogs-ears/
  30. https://www.japanesespitz.com.au/grooming
  31. https://www.northernjapanesespitzclub.co.uk/feedandgroom
  32. https://wagwalking.com/breed/japanese-spitz
  33. https://www.borrowmydoggy.com/doggypedia/dog-breed-guides-japanese-spitz
  34. https://www.weenect.com/us/en/guide/dog-breeds/japanese-spitz/
  35. https://www.trainpetdog.com/breed/Japanese-Spitz/
  36. https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/training/how-to-stop-dog-barking/
  37. https://tinylovingcanines.org/japanese-spitz/japanese-spitz-potty-training-guide/
  38. https://www.smalldoorvet.com/learning-center/puppies-kittens/housetraining-and-crate-training
  39. http://sweetsamuraikennels.blogspot.com/2008/11/to-crate-train-or-not-to-crate-train.html
  40. https://www.justanswer.com/pet-dog/5v5w3-thank-answers-so-far-little-japanese-spitz.html
  41. https://spitzdogs.com/overcoming-five-common-training-challenges-for-spitz-breeds/
  42. https://wagwalking.com/activity/activities-for-a-japanese-spitz
  43. https://www.dog-learn.com/dog-breeds/japanese-spitz/care
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