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Lauda Air Luftfahrt GmbH, branded as Lauda Air, was an Austrian charter airline headquartered at Vienna Airport in Schwechat.[1] It was owned by Niki Lauda (1949–2019) during much of its existence, later becoming a charter airline subsidiary for leisure operations of Austrian Airlines. On 6 April 2013, Lauda Air ceased to exist and was replaced by Austrian myHoliday, a new brand name that is used for flights and leisure offers provided by Austrian Airlines.[2]

Key Information

History

[edit]
Lauda Air flight attendants wearing the airline's trademark denim jeans

Development as an independent airline

[edit]

Lauda Air was established in April 1979 by former Formula One world motor racing champion Niki Lauda with two Fokker F27s. In 1985, ITAS Austria purchased a 49% shareholding. Scheduled services began in 1988. In 1991 the fleet consisted of two Boeing 737-300s, two Boeing 767-300ERs and a Learjet 36.[3][4]

In May 1988, Lauda started its first long-haul flights from Vienna to Sydney and Melbourne via Bangkok.[5][6] In the 1990s, it started to fly its Sydney and Melbourne flights via Kuala Lumpur and Bali. Daily flights to Dubai, Cuba, and Miami via Munich followed.

In 1992, Lauda established its subsidiary, Lauda Asia Airways, in legal status to Taiwan, like Japan Asia Airways.

Merger with Austrian Airlines

[edit]

Lauda Air became a wholly owned subsidiary of Austrian Airlines in December 2000 and employed thirty-five people as of March 2007.[4] In 2005 the flight operation merged with Austrian Airlines, and the label "Lauda Air" operated charter flights within the Austrian Airlines Group.

At an AAG board meeting in November 2006, plans were approved to retire the Airbus wide-bodied fleet by mid-2007 and to operate with just a Boeing 767 and Boeing 777 fleet. As a result of subsequent fleet cuts, Austrian Airlines suspended some long-haul services and Lauda Air withdrew from the long-haul charter market over the next year.[7] This led to a refocus on the short/medium-haul market and led to the addition of a 737-800 to take over most of the charter routes. Lauda Air also had an Italian subsidiary, Lauda Air S.p.A.,[8] which ended its operations in 2007.[9]

Lauda Air was officially merged into Austrian Airlines on 1 July 2012.[10] All aircraft within the group were transferred to Austrian Airlines on 1 July 2012, to be able to take advantage of Austrian Airlines structure.

The brand was retired at the start of the summer flight schedule on 31 March 2013, and was replaced by "Austrian myHoliday". It is no longer an airline but a brand used to sell Austrian Airlines' own leisure offers.[1][2]

Destinations

[edit]
Main article: Austrian Airlines Group destinations

Austrian Airlines regularly served, among others, the following destinations under the Lauda Air brand until March 2013:[11]

Former destinations

[edit]

The following destinations were served by Lauda Air as an independent airline prior to their merger into Austrian Airlines:

Country City Airport Notes
Australia Melbourne Melbourne Airport Terminated
Sydney Sydney Airport Terminated
Austria Graz Graz Airport Focus city
Innsbruck Innsbruck Airport Focus city
Linz Linz Airport Focus city
Salzburg Salzburg Airport
Vienna Vienna Airport Hub
Brazil Maceió Zumbi dos Palmares International Airport Terminated
Egypt Hurghada Hurghada International Airport
Luxor Luxor International Airport
Sharm El Sheikh Sharm El Sheikh International Airport
France Nice Nice Côte d'Azur Airport Terminated
Paris Orly Airport Terminated
Germany Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Airport Terminated
Frankfurt Frankfurt Airport Terminated
Munich Munich Airport Terminated
Greece Chania Chania International Airport Seasonal
Corfu Corfu International Airport Seasonal
Heraklion Heraklion International Airport Seasonal
Karpathos Karpathos Island National Airport Seasonal
Kavala Kavala International Airport Seasonal
Kefalonia Kefalonia International Airport Seasonal
Kos Kos International Airport Seasonal
Mykonos Mykonos Airport Seasonal
Mytilene Mytilene International Airport Seasonal
Preveza Aktion National Airport Seasonal
Rhodes Rhodes International Airport Seasonal
Samos Samos International Airport Seasonal
Santorini Santorini (Thira) International Airport Seasonal
Skiathos Skiathos International Airport Seasonal
Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Airport Seasonal
Volos Nea Anchialos National Airport Seasonal
Zakynthos Zakynthos International Airport Seasonal
Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong International Airport Terminated
Kai Tak Airport Airport closed
Iceland Reykjavík Keflavik International Airport Seasonal
Indonesia Denpasar I Gusti Ngurah Rai International Airport Terminated
Ireland Dublin Dublin Airport Seasonal
Italy Cagliari Cagliari Elmas Airport
Catania Catania-Fontanarossa Airport Seasonal
Milan Milan Malpensa Airport Terminated
Naples Naples International Airport Seasonal
Olbia Olbia Costa Smeralda Airport
Rome Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport Terminated
Tortolì Tortolì Airport
Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur International Airport Terminated
Maldives Malé Ibrahim Nasir International Airport Terminated
Mexico Cancún Cancún International Airport Terminated
Portugal Faro Faro Airport Seasonal
Funchal Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport Seasonal
Lisbon Lisbon Airport Terminated
Singapore Singapore Changi International Airport Terminated
Slovakia Bratislava M. R. Štefánik Airport Terminated
Poprad Poprad–Tatry Airport Terminated
Spain Barcelona Josep Tarradellas Barcelona–El Prat Airport Seasonal
Fuerteventura Fuerteventura Airport
Las Palmas Gran Canaria Airport
Madrid Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport Terminated
Málaga Málaga Airport Seasonal
Lanzarote Lanzarote Airport Seasonal
Tenerife Tenerife South Airport
Sri Lanka Colombo Bandaranaike International Airport Terminated
Thailand Bangkok Don Mueang International Airport Terminated
Phuket Phuket International Airport Terminated
Turkey Antalya Antalya Airport
Bodrum Milas–Bodrum Airport Seasonal
Dalaman Dalaman Airport Seasonal
United Arab Emirates Dubai Dubai International Airport Terminated
United Kingdom London Gatwick Airport Terminated
Heathrow Airport Terminated
Manchester Manchester Airport Terminated
United States Los Angeles Los Angeles International Airport Terminated
Miami Miami International Airport Terminated
Vietnam Ho Chi Minh City Tan Son Nhat International Airport Terminated
Jamaica Montego Bay Donald Sangster International Airport Terminated

Fleet

[edit]
Lauda Boeing 737-700
Lauda Boeing 767-300ER in Star Alliance livery
Lauda Boeing 777-200ER

Historic fleet

[edit]

Lauda Air's historic fleet included the following aircraft during its existence:[citation needed]

Lauda Air's historic fleet
Aircraft Total Introduced Retired Notes
Airbus A320-200 2 2005 2008 Leased from Austrian Airlines.
BAC 1-11-500 2 1985 1986 Leased from TAROM.
Boeing 737-200 1 1985 1988 Leased from Transavia.
Boeing 737-300 2 1988 2005
Boeing 737-400 3 1993 2005
Boeing 737-600 6 2000 2009 Transferred to Austrian Airlines.
Boeing 737-700 2 2001 2010
Boeing 737-800 7 1998 2012
Boeing 767-300ER 1 1989 1991 OE-LAV crashed as Flight 004.
10 2007 Launch customer with Pratt & Whitney PW4000 engine.
Six transferred to Austrian Airlines.
Boeing 777-200ER 3 1997 2005 Transferred to Austrian Airlines.
Bombardier CRJ-100 10 1994 2004 Relocated to Austrian Arrows.
Fokker F27 Friendship 1985 1994

Lauda Air Executive

[edit]

Lauda Air also operated a fleet of three small jets, a Cessna Citation II (9 seats), a Bombardier Lear 60 (7 seats), and a Dassault Falcon 20 (12 seats). These were available for private charter flights.[12]

Incidents and accidents

[edit]
Main article: Lauda Air Flight 004

Lauda Air suffered one fatal accident during its existence:

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Lauda Air

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Lauda Air was an Austrian full-service airline specializing in and scheduled flights to leisure destinations, founded in April 1979 by former Formula One world champion and based at . It began operations as a and service, expanding into scheduled long-haul routes in 1985, primarily serving holiday markets in , , and with a fleet that included Boeing 767s and Airbus A320s. The airline experienced rapid growth in the 1980s and 1990s, competing with while occasionally cooperating on routes, but faced a tragic setback on May 26, 1991, when , a -300ER en route from to , crashed in due to an uncommanded deployment of the left engine's thrust reverser, resulting in the loss of all 223 people on board—the deadliest in Thai history at the time. This incident prompted global safety reviews and modifications to 767 thrust reverser systems. In 2001, Austrian Airlines acquired a majority stake in Lauda Air amid regulatory scrutiny over market competition, leading to increasing integration of operations. By October 1, 2004, the flight operations of Lauda Air and were fully merged into a single unit, with Lauda Air retained primarily as a leisure brand. The airline ceased independent operations on July 1, 2012, when it was completely absorbed into the Group, and its brand was officially retired on April 6, 2013, replaced by the Austrian myHoliday leisure service.

History

Founding and charter operations

Lauda Air was established in 1979 by Austrian Formula One racing champion Niki Lauda as a charter airline headquartered in Vienna, Austria. Lauda, who retired from full-time racing in 1979 to pursue his longstanding interest in aviation, founded the company after obtaining his pilot's license and accumulating flight hours in small aircraft. His motivation stemmed from this interest in aviation and a deepened appreciation for safety protocols in high-risk endeavors, informed by the severe 1976 Nürburgring crash that had left him with lasting scars. Initial operations commenced shortly after founding, utilizing two leased aircraft for ad-hoc services. These short-haul flights primarily transported passengers on leisure trips, marking Lauda Air's entry into the competitive European market without the infrastructure of larger carriers. Lauda served as president and , personally overseeing operations and even piloting some early flights to ensure adherence to rigorous standards informed by his background. The airline's centered on and charters to popular Mediterranean destinations, such as those in , , and , catering to the growing demand from Austrian tour operators for affordable group travel. This focus enabled rapid expansion in the early , as Lauda Air secured contracts with major firms and built a reputation for reliable service in the seasonal charter sector. By emphasizing customer-oriented operations and Lauda's celebrity appeal, the company differentiated itself from established competitors, laying the groundwork for further development. In the mid-, Lauda Air began exploring scheduled services to diversify beyond charters.

Expansion to scheduled services

Lauda Air initiated its transition from charter to scheduled operations in the mid-1980s, marking a significant shift toward regular passenger services. In 1985, the airline placed its inaugural order with for two 737-300 aircraft, which formed the backbone of its short-haul fleet and enabled the launch of scheduled flights to key European leisure destinations. By 1986, following approval from the Austrian Ministry of Transport, Lauda Air began limited scheduled international services, focusing on popular routes within . The carrier's ambitions grew with the entry into long-haul operations in the late , supported by the acquisition of 767-300ER . The first such delivery occurred in October 1989, allowing Lauda Air to inaugurate its inaugural long-haul route from to via . This service quickly expanded, with additional stops added to enhance connectivity; in 1989, a second 767 was deployed on the - route via the Thai resort of Phuket, reflecting the airline's strategy to combine leisure appeal with efficient routing. By 1990, Lauda Air established a joint-venture with Thai Airways for non-stop -Phuket flights, further building its Asian and Australian network in the early 1990s. Passenger traffic experienced robust growth during this period, underscoring the success of the scheduled expansion. While exact figures for the late are limited, the airline carried 1.5 million passengers by , with scheduled services accounting for a majority of operations across 11 destinations. This growth was bolstered by Niki Lauda's , positioning the carrier as a premium with the motto "Service is our success." In-flight innovations included gourmet catering provided by and the introduction of the Amadeus Class business service, emphasizing comfort and quality on leisure-oriented routes. The 1991 crash of Flight 004 briefly impacted operations but did not halt the network's development.

Acquisition and merger with Austrian Airlines

In 2000, amid financial difficulties at Lauda Air including reported losses and issues highlighted by an external , increased its stake in the airline by acquiring an additional 11.1% from , bringing its ownership to approximately 47%. This followed an initial 36% acquisition in March 1997 and was part of a broader strategy to consolidate operations. , the airline's founder and CEO, resigned from his executive role that November following criticism from auditors regarding foreign currency transaction controls, though he denied personal wrongdoing. Lauda subsequently sold his remaining shares in January 2001, leading to securing a majority . The operational merger between Lauda Air and Austrian Airlines took effect on 1 October 2004, integrating flight operations into a single unit under the Austrian Airlines Group while preserving Lauda Air as a dedicated charter brand focused on leisure and holiday services. This consolidation addressed ongoing financial pressures and aimed to streamline costs across the group. As part of the rationalization, Lauda Air's long-haul routes, previously operated with Boeing 767 and 777 aircraft, were transferred to Austrian Airlines' mainline fleet, which utilized Airbus A330 and A340 models, reducing Lauda's scope to short- and medium-haul charters. By 2010, amid the global financial crisis and group-wide restructuring, Lauda Air's independent operations had significantly diminished, with its fleet and routes further aligned under the Austrian Airlines umbrella to enhance efficiency. Lauda Air's independent operations fully ceased on 1 July 2012, marking its complete absorption into , with the final flight operated by a on a service. The Lauda Air brand was officially retired on April 6, 2013, integrating its remaining activities into the Group's myHoliday leisure service.

Destinations

Charter destinations

Lauda Air's charter operations primarily focused on leisure travel, offering seasonal flights from its Vienna base to popular Mediterranean resorts in countries including , , and , catering to holidaymakers seeking sun-soaked vacations. In the , Lauda Air expanded its charter network to 42 destinations, carrying approximately 1.5 million passengers annually, with a significant portion dedicated to leisure routes. Early operations emphasized short-haul charters, where over half of flights served holiday traffic to European and North African spots along the Mediterranean. Long-haul charters emerged in the late and , targeting exotic leisure locations like the , islands via its Italian subsidiary Lauda Air S.p.A. established in 1993, as well as African safari destinations including . Following partial acquisition by in 1999 and subsequent integration, Lauda Air shifted toward a greater emphasis on long-haul s post-2000, while maintaining its core leisure focus under the rebranded Austrian myHoliday operations. Some routes overlapped briefly with scheduled services to shared destinations like before full specialization.

Scheduled destinations

Lauda Air established its primary hub at , from which it operated all scheduled passenger services. The airline launched its initial short-haul charter services within in 1985, transitioning to scheduled short-haul routes in the early 1990s, following the acquisition of operating licenses for regional flights. These early services connected to key cities across the continent, focusing on leisure and markets. The expansion into long-haul scheduled operations began in May 1988 with the introduction of flights from to , marking Lauda Air's entry into the Asian market. This route quickly evolved to include extensions to , initially operating weekly before increasing in frequency. By the late 1980s, the network extended further to via , providing the fastest scheduled connection between and at the time; services to followed shortly thereafter. Additional Asian destinations, such as Phuket, were added in the early through cooperative arrangements, including partnerships with Thai Airways that enabled seamless extensions like to Phuket three times weekly starting in 1990. In the , Lauda Air broadened its long-haul portfolio to include with services to via intermediate stops, which achieved daily frequency by the early . The airline also ventured into the , transitioning select charter routes to seasonal scheduled operations, such as to , while adding connections to destinations like and via intermediate stops. By 2000, the scheduled network had peaked at more than 20 destinations worldwide, with the Vienna-Bangkok route operating daily to support high demand for Asian travel. Following ' partial acquisition in 1999-2000, with increasing ownership leading to full integration, Lauda Air's scheduled routes underwent gradual integration into the parent carrier's operations. This process accelerated after 2010, with long-haul services like Vienna-Bangkok handed over to , culminating in the end of Lauda Air's independent scheduled flights in 2013.

Fleet

Mainline fleet evolution

Lauda Air expanded its charter operations in March 1985 by introducing two leased 737-200s to its fleet, marking the airline's entry into jet-powered passenger services. These early acquisitions focused on reliable, cost-effective platforms to support the airline's growth in leisure travel markets. The initial jet fleet consisted of two leased 737-200s in 1985. During the expansion phase from 1985 to 2000, Lauda Air significantly diversified its fleet to accommodate both short- and long-haul routes. The airline added additional 737-300 variants in the late , reaching four 737s by 1993, enhancing short-haul capacity with aircraft seating up to 146 passengers each for European charters and emerging scheduled services. For long-haul operations starting in 1988, the first 767-300ER, registered OE-LAU, entered service that year to enable transcontinental flights to destinations like and , with additional aircraft added in the early 1990s. In 1995, Lauda Air introduced four Bombardier CRJ-100s for regional routes, expanding to 10 by the early 2000s. In the late 1990s, the fleet briefly included three 777-200ERs (OE-LPA, OE-LPB, OE-LPC) leased from 1997 onward, providing greater range and capacity for high-demand leisure routes before their operation concluded in 2005. By 2000, following partial integration with , Lauda Air's mainline fleet reached a peak of approximately 16 . This expansion supported broader route networks but shifted focus toward efficiency within the Group structure. Post-2000, the narrowbody fleet modernized with Boeing 737-600, -700, and -800 variants, totaling 11 by the merger. were distinguished by a naming convention honoring composers and artists, such as OE-LAV "" and others like "Bach," reflecting the airline's cultural ties to . The fleet's livery featured a striking red-and-white design, with the red tailfin and white accented by the airline's logo, symbolizing its vibrant identity. Post-2000, the fleet underwent gradual retirement and reconfiguration amid deepening ties with . In 2005, two A320-200s were leased from the parent group to modernize short-haul operations. The 767-300ERs were phased out after 2004 as long-haul operations were integrated into , which used A330s. By 2013, following the full merger in 2012, all remaining Lauda Air assets—including the 737s, A320s, and CRJ-100s—were transferred to , effectively dissolving the independent mainline fleet.

Lauda Air Executive operations

Lauda Air Executive was established in 1997 as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Lauda Air, specializing in executive charter services and ACMI (aircraft, crew, maintenance, and insurance) leasing to support business and private aviation needs. This division allowed Lauda Air to diversify beyond its mainline commercial operations, targeting niche markets that required flexible, high-end air travel solutions. The subsidiary operated a small fleet typically consisting of 2-3 business jets, including models such as the (with 9 seats), (7 seats), and (8 seats). These aircraft were based primarily at , with additional operations from to facilitate European connectivity. Services encompassed ad-hoc private flights for high-net-worth individuals, corporate shuttle operations, and wet-leasing arrangements to other airlines, with activity peaking during the amid growing demand for premium options. Following the full integration into in 2012, Lauda Air Executive was gradually absorbed into the parent company's executive services portfolio, effectively ceasing independent operations by 2013 as part of the broader integration of the Lauda Air brand. In a related development, Lauda Air briefly operated an Italian , Lauda Air S.p.A., from 1993 to 2003, which focused on regional services using a comparable small fleet of jets before its full handover to Italian partners.

Incidents and accidents

Lauda Air Flight 004

Lauda Air Flight 004 (NG004) was a scheduled international passenger flight operated by the Austrian airline , departing from in , , on 26 May 1991, bound for in . The flight had originated earlier that day from and carried 223 people on board, consisting of 213 passengers and 10 crew members representing 20 different nationalities, aboard a 767-300ER registered as OE-LAV. Approximately 15 minutes after takeoff from , while climbing through 23,000 feet (7,000 meters) at around 00:17 UTC, the experienced an uncommanded deployment of the thrust reverser on its No. 1 (left) engine. This sudden reversal of thrust generated asymmetric aerodynamic forces, including a yaw to the left and a significant loss of lift on the left wing due to the reverser plume's interaction with airflow, causing the to enter an uncontrollable rolling dive. The crew reported the issue to , including a "reverser problem" and subsequent loss of control, but the rapidly descended, performed erratic maneuvers, and ultimately broke apart in mid-air over a remote area of the Phu Toey National Park in , , crashing into the jungle with no survivors. The accident was investigated by the Thai Aircraft Accident Investigation Committee (AAIC), which released its final report in 1992, determining the probable cause as the inadvertent in-flight deployment of the No. 1 engine thrust reverser, triggered by an electrical malfunction in the engine control system that allowed the reverser to unlock and deploy without pilot input. The report noted that the aircraft's design did not adequately isolate the thrust reverser stow and deploy functions, and simulations confirmed that recovery was impossible within the time available due to the severe yaw and roll forces. In response, the AAIC recommended modifications to Boeing 767 thrust reverser systems worldwide, leading the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to issue an Airworthiness Directive mandating design changes, including enhanced electrical isolation and a manual override capability to prevent future uncommanded deployments. In the immediate aftermath, Lauda Air temporarily grounded its entire fleet for inspections and modifications, resuming operations only after implementing enhanced safety protocols. , the airline's founder and a former champion with personal experience of a near-fatal crash, publicly criticized 's initial reluctance to acknowledge the thrust reverser as the cause, demanding and participating in test flights to replicate the failure, which ultimately pressured the manufacturer to accept responsibility. settled multiple lawsuits from victims' families out of court, covering compensation without admitting liability, while the incident prompted industry-wide improvements to thrust reverser designs on , enhancing global aviation safety standards. The crash resulted in 223 fatalities, marking the first and deadliest involving a .

Safety record and minor incidents

Lauda Air maintained a strong overall safety record during its 34 years of operation from 1979 to 2013, experiencing only one fatal accident—Flight 004 in 1991—which resulted in the loss of all 223 people on board. Following this tragedy, the airline recorded no additional fatal accidents or hull losses for the remainder of its independent operations, contributing to its reputation for reliable service in the European charter and scheduled market. The airline encountered several minor incidents, none of which resulted in injuries or fatalities. On 14 1996, a 767-300ER (OE-LAW) operating a flight from to experienced sparks from the right main during takeoff due to seized inner bearings on the wheels. The landed safely in , where a small fire in the gear was quickly extinguished, and passengers deplaned without incident; the plane sustained minor damage. Another event occurred on 30 1999 at Airport, , when a CRJ-100LR (OE-LRE) suffered a collapse of its right main during rollout after landing on 29. All 46 occupants evacuated safely, and although the incurred substantial damage, it was subsequently repaired and returned to service. In response to the 1991 accident, Lauda Air, led by founder —who was known for his personal commitment to stemming from his own experiences—implemented rigorous enhancements to its protocols and programs. The airline adopted Boeing-mandated modifications to thrust reverser systems, including additional stow locks to prevent uncommanded deployment, and incorporated specialized simulator for handling engine asymmetry. These measures, along with Lauda's hands-on oversight of technical operations, helped ensure zero hull losses from until the fleet's transfer to following the 2000 acquisition. After the merger, Lauda Air's operations were progressively integrated into ' safety management systems, with the Lauda brand continuing select services until 2011. No incidents involving Lauda-branded flights were reported between 2004 and the brand's phase-out in 2013, aligning with ' established safety standards.

References

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  4. https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/LaudaAccidentReport_0.pdf
  5. https://skybrary.aero/bookshelf/aaic-lauda-air-b767-accident-report
  6. https://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/lauda-air-luftfahrt-ag-history/
  7. https://www.austrianairlines.ag/en/corporate-profile/our-history/
  8. https://skift.com/2019/05/22/niki-laudas-lasting-aviation-legacy/
  9. https://www.key.aero/article/niki-lauda-austrian-aviation-pioneer
  10. https://simpleflying.com/niki-lauda-airlines-history/
  11. https://boeing.mediaroom.com/1999-06-17-Boeing-Orders-at-Paris-Rise-to-3-Billion
  12. https://mlkjets.com/the-history-of-lauda-air/
  13. https://www.airfleets.net/ficheapp/plane-b767-24628.htm
  14. https://www.afr.com/companies/phuket-the-key-to-laudas-new-service-19890524-k3ej7
  15. https://www.afr.com/companies/thai-raises-figures-for-the-25th-time-19900105-k3r40
  16. https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/27/business/austrian-airlines-raises-its-stake-in-lauda.html
  17. https://aviationweek.com/austrian-will-buy-36-percent-lauda-air
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  20. https://aviation.direct/en/kommentar-alternde-aua-langstreckenflotte-vs-moderne-boeing-787-9
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  25. https://allafrica.com/stories/200011270228.html
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  27. https://www.breakingtravelnews.com/news/article/btn40000620/
  28. https://www.afr.com/companies/lauda-keen-to-boost-flights-19881114-k33xk
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  33. https://centreforaviation.com/analysis/reports/austrian-airlines-latest-restructuring-round-is-moving-forward-with-tyrolean-airways-absorbing-all-77325
  34. https://www.planespotters.net/airline/Lauda-Air-Italy
  35. https://www.faa.gov/lessons_learned/transport_airplane/accidents/OE-LAV
  36. https://asn.flightsafety.org/wikibase/325771
  37. https://simpleflying.com/lauda-air-flight-004-story/
  38. https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2006/oct/29/features.sportmonthly
  39. https://admiralcloudberg.medium.com/a-reversal-of-fortune-the-crash-of-lauda-air-flight-004-7ba96f9571bf
  40. https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/210003
  41. https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/351475
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