Hubbry Logo
Magway RegionMagway RegionMain
Open search
Magway Region
Community hub
Magway Region
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Magway Region
Magway Region
Magway Region
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

Magway Region (Burmese: မကွေးတိုင်းဒေသကြီး, pronounced [məɡwé táiɰ̃ dèθa̰ dʑí]; formerly Magway Division) is an administrative division in central Myanmar. It is the second largest of Myanmar's seven divisions, with an area of 44,820 km2 (17,306 square miles). Pa-de Dam (ပဒဲဆည်) is one of the dams in Aunglan Township, Magway Region. The capital and second largest city of the Magway Region is Magway. The largest city is Pakokku. The major cities of Magway Region are Magway, Pakokku, Aunglan, Yenangyaung, Taungdwingyi, Chauk, Minbu, Thayet and Gangaw.

Key Information

Geography

[edit]

Magway Region sits approximately between north latitude 18° 50' to 22° 47' and east longitude 93° 47' to 95° 55'. It is bordered by Sagaing Region to the north, Mandalay Region to the east, Bago Region to the south, and Rakhine State and Chin State to the west.

History

[edit]

Fossils of the early primates over 40 million years old were excavated in the Pondaung and Ponnya areas from Pakokku District in Magway Region, leading the government to proclaim that Myanmar as "the birthplace of humanity in the world," a claim which is unsupported by anthropologists. An ancient city of the Pyu, Peikthano-myo, about 2,000 years old, is located in Taungdwingyi Township, Magway Region.

The history of Magway Region mirrors that of the other regions of central Burma. The ancient name of Magway Region was Minbu Region (or) Minbu Province. Minbu Region was established with 3 districts. They are Minbu District, Thayet District, and Yenangyaung District. Its capital city was Yenangyaung. In 1950, Chauk township was moved to Yenangyaung District from Myingyan District.

On 2 March 1962, the military led by General Ne Win took control of Burma through a coup d'état, and the government has been under direct or indirect control by the military. A new constitution of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma was adopted in 1974.

The name of Minbu Region was changed to Magway Region and Yenangyaung District was abolished. Magway District was established with 6 townships. Pakokku Hill Tracts (or) Pakokku Province was abolished, and Pakokku District was added to the Magway Division and Mindat District was added to the Chin state. Magway Region was then divided into 4 districts: Magway District, Minbu District, Thayet District and Pakokku District. Its capital city was changed from Yenangyaung to Magway.

On 4 April 1996, Pakokku District was divided into two districts: Pakokku District and Gangaw District. Currently, Magway Region has a total of 5 districts and 25 townships.

Administrative divisions

[edit]

Magway Region's districts are Magwe, Minbu, Thayet, Pakokku and Gangaw, comprising 25 townships and 1,696 ward village tracts.

Major cities and towns (2020)

[edit]

Its capital city is Magwe (2020 urban population estimated as 85,214) and its largest city is Pakokku (2020 urban population estimated as 107,890).

Other major cities are Aunglan (2020 urban population estimated as 52,431), Yenangyaung (2020 urban population estimated as 49,938), Taungdwingyi (2020 urban population estimated as 47,739), Chauk (2020 urban population estimated as 47,568) and Minbu (2020 urban population estimated as 40,304).[3]

Rank City District 2014 Census (2020 Estimate) 1993 Estimate Change
1 Pakokku Pakokku District 107,890 90,783 +18.84%
2 Magway Magway District 85,214 72,388 +17.72%
3 Aunglan Thayet District 52,431 43,223 +21.30%
4 Yenangyaung Magway District 49,938 90,845 −45.03%
5 Taungdwingyi Magway District 47,739 52,335 −8.78%
6 Chauk Magway District 47,568 67,845 −29.89%
7 Minbu Minbu District 40,304 42,809 −5.85%
8 Yesagyo Pakokku District 24,428 23,329 +4.71%
9 Salin Minbu District 20,329 12,158 +67.21%
10 Thayet Thayet District 20,182 46,361 −56.47%
11 Natmauk Magway District 14,523 14,737 −1.45%
12 Gangaw Gangaw District 12,829 13,955 −8.07%
13 Minhla Thayet District 12,577 12,510 +0.54%
14 Myothit Magway District 9,197 8,080 +13.82%
15 Seikphyu Pakokku District 9,165 9,081 +0.93%
16 Myaing Pakokku District 8,328 7,706 +8.07%
17 Pauk Pakokku District 8,048 7,286 +10.46%
18 Pwintbyu Minbu District 6,575 5,350 +22.90%
19 Saw Gangaw District 5,944 7,078 −16.02%
20 Sidoktaya Minbu District 5,862 6,514 −10.01%
21 Mindon Thayet District 5,401 5,098 +5.94%
22 Kamma Thayet District 5,146 5,202 −1.08%
23 Sinbaungwe Thayet District 5,025 4,996 +0.58%
24 Htilin Gangaw District 4,810 4,348 +10.63%
25 Ngape Minbu District 4,223 6,514 −35.17%

Government

[edit]

Executive

[edit]

The region is administered by the Magway Region Government

Legislature

[edit]
See also: Magway Region Hluttaw

Judiciary

[edit]

Magway Region High Court is the region's highest-level court.

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
19732,634,757—    
19833,243,166+23.1%
20143,917,055+20.8%
Source: 2014 Myanmar Census[1]

The population of Magway Region is 3,912,711 in 2014.

Ethnic makeup

[edit]
Ethnic composition of Magway Region
Ethnic group Percentage
Bamar
 
 97.1%
Chin
 
 2.6%
Other
 
 0.3%
Source: 2019 GAD township reports

The Bamar make up the majority of the region's population. The Chin are the region's largest minority. Other minorities include the Rakhine, Karen, Shan, and a tiny Anglo-Burmese population. During colonial times, this part of Burma had a large Anglo-Burmese population, descended from Western oil workers and their Burmese partners.

After the 2014 Census in Myanmar, the Burmese government indefinitely withheld release of detailed ethnicity data, citing concerns around political and social concerns surrounding the issue of ethnicity in Myanmar.[4] In 2022, researchers published an analysis of the General Administration Department's nationwide 2018–2019 township reports to tabulate the ethnic makeup of the region.[5][4]

Religion

[edit]
Religion in Magway Region (2014)[6]
  1. Buddhism (98.8%)
  2. Christianity (0.70%)
  3. Islam (0.30%)
  4. Tribal religion (0.10%)
  5. Hindu (0.10%)

According to the 2014 Myanmar Census, Buddhists make up 98.8% of Magway Region's population, forming the largest religious community there.[7] Minority religious communities include Christians (0.7%), Muslims (0.3%), Hindus (0.1%), and animists (0.1%) who collectively comprise the remainder of Magway Region's population.[7]

According to the State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee's 2016 statistics, 31,349 Buddhist monks were registered in Magway Region, comprising 5.9% of Myanmar's total Sangha membership, which includes both novice samanera and fully-ordained bhikkhu.[8] The majority of monks belong to the Thudhamma Nikaya (97%), followed by Shwegyin Nikaya (2.4%), with the remainder of monks belonging to other small monastic orders.[8] 2,473 thilashin were registered in Magway Region, comprising 4.1% of Myanmar's total thilashin community.[8]

Transport

[edit]

The Irrawaddy River is the major transportation system in Magway Region, both in terms of volume of goods and population served. Most major towns in the region are river ports on the Irrawaddy; among them are Magway, Pakokku, Minbu, Yenangyaung, Chauk, Allanmyo, and Thayetmyo. Pakokku's river port is a major port of Magway Region and the third most important river port in Myanmar after Yangon port and Mandalay port.

The major form of transport for non-Irrawaddy areas is by road. The road system is less developed on the western side of the river. The towns are connected with two-lane roads. Most towns have regular bus transportation to Rangoon (Yangon) and Mandalay. Pakokku Bridge is part of the India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway and is the longest bridge in Myanmar.[9]

Myanmar Railways station map
Division 10 Pakokku

The Pyay to Nyaung-U, Pakokku and Myingyan railway runs through eastern Magway with connections to the capital Naypyidaw, Rangoon and Mandalay. The major stops in Magway on that line are Taungdwingyi and Natmauk. In addition, there are two rail lines running north from the Irrawaddy port of Kyangin, one to Chaung-U in Sagaing Region and the other to the Myittha River valley past Myaing and Kyaw.[10]

The capital Magway has a small non-commercial airport with air traffic for the city of Magway mostly coming in through Bagan Airport at Nyaung U some 113 km to the north along the Irrawaddy. There are commercial airports at Gangaw, Kyauktu,[11] Pakokku, and Pauk.[10] As of 2018, however, none of them have regularly scheduled flights. Pakokku airport, however, plans to upgrade to an international airport soon.

Economy

[edit]
Oil wells in Yenangyaung during the early 20th century

The principal product of Magway Region is petroleum. It produces most of the oil and natural gas in Burma. Magway Region's oil fields are located in Mann, Yenangyaung, Chauk, Kyauk-khwet, Letpando and Ayadaw.[12]

In May 2002, Russia agreed to help Myanmar build a 10-megawatt nuclear reactor and two laboratories in the region.[13] Other industries include cement, cotton weaving, and tobacco, iron and bronze. Magway Region produces a large quantity of edible oil as well as petroleum, hence gaining its reputation as the "oil pot of Myanmar".

Pakokku is the largest rice market city of Upper Myanmar (Burma). Agriculture is another important practice, the major crops being sesamum and groundnut. Other crops grown are rice, millet, maize, sunflower, beans and pulses, tobacco, toddy, chili, onions, and potatoes. Famous products of Magway Region include Thanaka (Limonia acidissima) and Phangar (Chebulic myrobalan) fruit.

Only Pakokku and Yenangyaung have industrial zones.

Rice market

[edit]

Pakokku is the biggest rice market in Upper Myanmar due to the rice requirement of the region itself and being a door to Chin State which also needs rice. Of the incoming rice to Pakokku, 70% is from the Ayeyawady Region (Myaungmya, Hinthada and Myanaung) and 30% is from Shwebo and Ye-U of the Sagaing Region. Some 20% of rice coming into the market of Pakokku is consumed by Pakokku itself, and the remaining 80% is sent to other township markets. Most buyers are from Myaing, Yesagyo, Pauk, Myingyan, Kalaymyo and Chin State. In the Pakokku market, consumption is 15% for top class, 50% for middle class and 35% for lower class rice. There are about 5 large rice wholesalers and 10 small rice wholesalers. A large rice wholesaler sells 500 to 1,500 bags per day, so it can sell 180,000 to 200,000 bags (9,000-10,000 tons) a year. Due to the smooth transportation and the booming market, the rice price becomes very high. Thus, the rice market in Pakokku has increased to double that of the Mandalay market.

Education

[edit]
See also: List of universities in Magway Division

As of 2002, Magway Region have 3859 schools, of which only 70 are high schools.[14] Only about 10% of the region's primary school students reach high school.

AY 2002–2003 Primary Middle High
Schools 3605 184 70
Teachers 14,800 3730 1377
Students 428,000 128,000 44,000

Most of 12 colleges and universities in the region are located in Magway, Pakokku and Yenangyaung.

Health care

[edit]

The general state of health care in Myanmar is poor. The military government spends anywhere from 0.5% to 3% of the country's GDP on health care, consistently ranking among the lowest in the world.[15][16] Although health care is nominally free, in reality, patients have to pay for medicine and treatment, even in public clinics and hospitals. Public hospitals lack many of the basic facilities and equipment. Moreover, the health care infrastructure outside of Yangon and Mandalay is extremely poor. As of 2003, Magway Region had less than a quarter of hospital beds than Yangon Region with a slightly greater population.[17]

2002–2003 # Hospitals # Beds
Specialist hospitals 0 0
General hospitals with specialist services 3 550
General hospitals 25 750
Health clinics 36 576
Total 64 1916

Notable sites

[edit]
  • Fort Min Hla and Fort Kway Chaung: Two late-Konbaung-era forts built to resist a British invasion. The first is situated in the town of Minhla, while the latter is located at opposite bank of the Irrawaddy river.
  • Thihoshin Pagoda: Famous Buddhist pagoda in Pakokku, built by King Alaungsithu.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Magway Region

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Magway Region is an in central encompassing the central dry zone, with a tropical wet and dry climate and an area of 44,820.6 square kilometers. Its capital is Magway City, and it borders to the north, and to the east, to the southeast, to the south, to the southwest, and to the west. The region is predominantly inhabited by , alongside Chin, Rakhine, Shan, and Karen ethnic groups, with Myanmarese as the primary language and as the dominant religion, alongside Christianity and Islam. The economy of Magway Region relies heavily on agriculture, particularly the cultivation of oilseed crops such as and groundnut, which contribute significantly to Myanmar's edible production, and on extraction, making it the country's largest producer of and gas. Notable fields, including those near Yenangyaung, feature both industrial and artisanal drilling operations that have sustained local livelihoods for over a century. The region also holds archaeological significance, with sites like the Pyu ancient city of Beikthano recognized as a World Heritage location, reflecting early urban settlements dating back over a millennium. Transportation primarily occurs via roads and the Ayeyarwady River, facilitating trade in agricultural and resource outputs. In recent years, ongoing armed conflict has intensified, with escalated airstrikes targeting production sites amid resistance activities, disrupting local economic activities.

Geography

Physical features

Magway Region occupies a portion of Myanmar's central dry zone, characterized by lowland plains and undulating terrain bisected by the Ayeyarwady River, which flows southward through its center. The Ayeyarwady divides the region into eastern and western sectors, with marked river terraces along its banks and a seamed by mostly non streams, the Taungthaman (Yanbe) being a notable exception. The region is bordered by the Rakhine Yoma (mountains) to the west and the Bago Yoma to the east, while the Pone Taung-Pone Nyar range extends through its central interior. Drainage in the western sector is dominated by the Yaw River, which joins the Ayeyarwady; the eastern sector is fed by the , Salin, and Pakhān Rivers flowing westward to the main stream. Additional key tributaries of the Ayeyarwady include the Yamar, Mone, Manaung, and Htut Rivers, with the crossing the northwestern portion.

Climate and natural resources

The Magway Region is situated in Myanmar's Central Dry Zone, featuring a marked by low and erratic annual averaging 700–900 mm, mostly concentrated during the May– monsoon season. This rainfall pattern results from the cast by the Rakhine Mountains, which block southwest winds, leading to a extended dry period from to with negligible . Mean annual temperatures hover around 26–27°C, with extreme heat in the March–May hot season where daily highs often surpass 40°C, and milder conditions in December–February featuring nighttime lows near 15°C. Natural resources are dominated by , with the Yenangyaung field in the region representing one of Myanmar's oldest and most productive onshore sites, contributing to national crude output amid ongoing extraction in areas like Htan Krai. Agriculture leverages the zone's alluvial and compact soils for rain-fed crops including , groundnuts, millet, and pulses, supporting about 35% of Myanmar's grain production despite water limitations that necessitate reliance on seasonal rivers like the Ayeyarwady. Minor minerals such as and potential base metals occur, but hydrocarbons and agro-outputs form the economic core, with crops promoted for self-sufficiency.

History

Ancient and pre-colonial eras

The Magway Region features prominently in the ancient history of through the , which established urban centers in the central dry zone from roughly the BCE to the CE. Beikthano, situated in Taungdwingyi Township approximately 12 miles west of the town, stands as one of the earliest known Pyu settlements, characterized by extensive brick fortifications, moats, and an irrigation network that supported rice cultivation in an otherwise arid landscape. This site, part of the World Heritage-listed Pyu Ancient Cities alongside Halin and Sri Ksetra, exemplifies Pyu with a central palace citadel and surrounding residential areas, reflecting a society reliant on agriculture, trade, and early adoption of . Archaeological excavations at Beikthano have yielded artifacts including Pyu-era bricks, iron implements, silver coins, stone beads, bronze bells and vessels, terracotta urns, and votive tablets, dating primarily from the 1st to 7th centuries CE and indicating cultural exchanges with Indian, Mon, and possibly Khmer influences. The city's layout, covering several square kilometers, included monasteries and stupas, underscoring the role of in Pyu governance and daily life, while evidence of and production points to a stratified . Recent digs, such as those in December 2023, continue to uncover and structural remains, affirming Beikthano's status as a key node in the Pyu network along the Ayeyarwady River basin. By the 11th century, following the Pyu decline amid invasions and internal shifts, the Magway area integrated into the expanding Pagan Kingdom, which unified much of central under Burmese rule from 1044 to 1287 CE. Pre-colonial periods thereafter placed the region under the Ava Kingdom (1364–1555), Dynasty (16th–18th centuries), and (1752–1885), with local administrative hubs like Minbu—historically denoting the broader provincial area—serving as collection points for tribute and military levies in the fertile lowlands west of the Ayeyarwady. Sites such as Myingun preserve remnants of city walls, moats, and temples constructed during these eras, evidencing continued Burmese monarchical influence through pagoda-building and fortification projects.

Colonial period and path to independence

The Magway region formed part of Upper Burma, which the British East India Company and later the British Crown annexed following the Third Anglo-Burmese War concluded on November 1, 1885, thereby completing the conquest of the Konbaung Kingdom. British forces occupied , the royal capital, on November 28, 1885, and King Thibaw was exiled, integrating the territory—including areas now comprising Magway—into the as a province of . Under colonial administration, the region was reorganized into the Magwe Division, subdivided into districts such as Thayetmyo, Pakokku, Minbu, and Magwe, facilitating direct governance through appointed deputy commissioners and revenue collection systems. This structure emphasized resource extraction and infrastructural development, including railways connecting and Yenangyaung to promote trade and military mobility. Economic activity centered on , logging, and notably ; the Yenangyaung oil fields, exploited since pre-colonial times by local twinzayo operators, saw systematic industrialization by the Burmah Oil Company starting in 1887, achieving commercial production by 1890 and establishing a near-monopoly until challenged by in 1901. By the early , Yenangyaung emerged as a key hub in Asia's , attracting Indian and Parsi entrepreneurs alongside Burmese labor, though colonial policies exacerbated ethnic tensions and land dispossession. Japanese invasion during World War II disrupted British control, with Imperial forces capturing Rangoon in March 1942 and advancing northward; the Yenangyaung oil fields were contested in the Battle of Yenangyaung from April 17 to May 1942, where a combined British-Indian and under J. M. L. Renton delayed Japanese progress, destroying facilities to prevent capture before withdrawing. Post-liberation in 1945, returning British authorities faced intensified Burmese nationalist demands, embodied in the led by General , who negotiated the Nu-Attlee Agreement on January 27, 1947, paving the way for dominion status. The Magway region, lacking prominent ethnic insurgencies unlike border areas, aligned with central Bamar-led independence efforts, contributing through local participation in strikes and student movements that pressured colonial reforms like the 1937 separation of Burma from . Full sovereignty was granted via the , effective January 4, 1948, establishing the Union of Burma without federal concessions for regions like Magway beyond nominal administrative continuity.

Post-independence developments

Following Myanmar's independence in 1948, the Magway area experienced acute instability amid nationwide insurgencies by disaffected former resistance fighters of the People's Volunteer Organisation (PVO). PVO factions, including the White Band group, seized control of several central Burmese towns, prompting government counteroffensives. Burmese army forces recaptured Magwe and Minbu from PVO-White Band rebels between April 8 and 15, 1950, marking a key step in restoring central authority in the region. The region's economic backbone, including in the arid central dry zone and oil extraction, faced disruptions from these conflicts but later aligned with national policies under military rule. The Yenangyaung oil fields, a legacy of colonial production, saw continued operations post-independence despite wartime damage and declining yields, but were fully in following General Ne Win's coup, integrating them into state-owned enterprises as part of Burma's shift to . This aimed to consolidate resource control but contributed to inefficiencies in production amid broader isolationist policies. Agricultural output, focused on pulses, , and , remained subsistence-oriented, hampered by limited until partial stabilization in the late 1950s. Administrative reorganization occurred under the 1974 constitution, establishing Magwe Division (later Magway Region) as one of seven central divisions, initially with Yenangyaung as administrative center before shifting to Magway town. Subsequent decades under the saw modest infrastructure growth, including roads and rail links, but persistent due to centralized and sanctions following events like the 1988 uprisings, which echoed nationwide with local protests suppressed by .

Recent conflicts since 2021

Following the military coup on February 1, 2021, Magway Region transformed into a primary battleground in Myanmar's civil war, as campaigns evolved into armed resistance by local (PDFs), many aligned with the . These groups shifted to guerrilla tactics targeting junta personnel, convoys, and outposts, expelling (SAC) forces from rural townships and establishing parallel governance through People's Administration Organisations. SAC responses involved systematic village burnings and infrastructure destruction under scorched-earth policies, with up to 30,000 civilian structures—including schools—razed across Magway as punishment for perceived resistance support, per reporting. Airstrikes and barrages intensified from 2023 onward, exacerbating displacement of hundreds of thousands and restricting humanitarian access amid widespread . Notable clashes include the September 2021 fighting in Myin Thar village, Gangaw Township, where at least 17 died in PDF-military engagements, marking early escalation. In March 2025, a junta airstrike hit a medical clinic in Magway—absent active combat—killing 11, including medics and children. Resistance offensives persisted, such as a September 2025 assault near Natmauk eliminating junta-backed militias and October clashes in Salin Township between PDFs and SAC troops. By late 2025, PDFs maintained de facto control over peripheral areas, though SAC air superiority inflicted disproportionate civilian tolls, with over 3,000 deaths nationwide since the coup per resistance tallies—figures unverified independently but corroborated by patterns in Magway reporting.

Administrative divisions

Districts and townships

Magway Region is administratively divided into five districts—Gangaw, Magway, Minbu, Pakokku, and Thayet—which collectively comprise 25 townships as the primary subunits for local governance and resource allocation.
DistrictNumber of TownshipsTownships
Gangaw District3Gangaw, Saw, Tilin
Magway District6Chauk, Magway, Myothit, Salin, Taungdwingyi, Yenangyaung
Minbu District3Minbu, Ngape, Pwintbyu
Pakokku District5Myaing, Pakokku, Pauk, Seikphyu, Yesagyo
Thayet District8Aunglan, Kamma, Leiktho, Mindon, Okpho, Sinphyu, Thayet, and Allanmya
These townships handle local administration, including ward and village-tract governance, with a total of 1,696 such subunits across the region. District boundaries were adjusted in the post-colonial period, notably with the abolition of Yenangyaung District and integration into Magway District to streamline oil-related administration.

Major cities and towns

Magway serves as the administrative capital of Magway Region, located on the western bank of the River in central . Established historically by King Saw Luu in the Myanmar era year 421 (approximately 1059 CE), it functions as a regional hub for and administration, hosting Magwe College affiliated with the University of . The city's economy relies on in the surrounding dry zone, including sesame and nut cultivation, with road transport connecting it to other parts of the region. Pakokku, situated approximately 30 kilometers northeast of along River, is one of the largest urban centers in the region, with an estimated population of 126,938 as of 2025 projections. It operates as a key river port and transportation node, facilitating trade and connectivity via road and rail networks, including Myanmar Railways services. The township encompassing Pakokku has a population of about 269,948, supporting commerce in and local manufacturing. Minbu lies on the eastern bank of the River directly opposite Magway, serving as an agricultural focal point with one of Myanmar's historic systems supplemented by modern works. The town is notable for the Shwe Settaw Pagoda, a Buddhist site drawing pilgrims for its annual festival from the fifth waning day of Tabodwe to the Burmese , and its role in local heritage tied to river junctions. Recent developments include the Minbu Solar Power Project, contributing to with capacity to reduce over 285,000 tons of CO2 emissions. Yenangyaung stands out for its longstanding production, with artisanal hand-dug wells dating back to the and commercial development accelerating under British colonial operations from , making it a pivotal site in Myanmar's early . The town's estimated is 110,553, centered around the Yenangyaung oil field, which features traditional twinza methods alongside modern extraction. Its economic significance persists in the energy sector despite historical challenges, including wartime disruptions like the 1942 Battle of Yenangyaung. Other notable towns include Thayet, Aunglan, Taungdwingyi, and Chauk, which support regional , , and cultural sites amid the area's dry and riverine .

Government and politics

Regional governance structure

The executive authority in Magway Region is vested in the Magway Region Government, a cabinet led by the , who coordinates regional administration under the oversight of Myanmar's central . As of 2025, U Tint Lwin serves as , appointed by the military leadership following changes in regional appointments post-2021. The cabinet includes ministers for key portfolios such as security and border affairs (held by Colonel Moe Min Thein), planning and finance, , and , , natural resources, and social affairs, with responsibilities including policy implementation, budget allocation, and coordination with union-level ministries. Legislatively, the Magway Region Hluttaw functions as a unicameral body nominally comprising 68 members: 50 elected representatives (two per from the 25 townships), 17 military appointees, and one representative for the ethnic group. Established under the 2008 Constitution, it holds powers over regional laws, budgets, and oversight of the executive, but has not convened effectively since the 2021 military coup, during which many elected members faced arrest, , or dissolution of sessions. In practice, legislative authority has centralized under the , with regional decisions aligned to directives from the in . Governance at the regional level remains fragmented due to ongoing armed conflict since 2021, with resistance forces including controlling significant rural territories and establishing parallel administrative structures in areas like Htilin and Gangaw townships. Official junta-appointed structures predominate in urban centers such as Magway and , but empirical reports indicate limited effective control beyond major roads, complicating unified regional administration. Local administration occurs through five districts (Magway, Thayet, Minbu, , and Yenangyaung), each headed by a district administrator, and 25 townships led by township administrators, all appointed by the central Ministry of Home Affairs and subject to military influence.

Executive and legislative bodies

The executive authority in Magway Region is vested in the regional government, headed by U Tint Lwin, who was appointed by Myanmar's (SAC) after the 2021 military . This structure replaced the pre-coup elected executive, with the chief minister overseeing a cabinet of regional ministers responsible for portfolios including security and border affairs (held by Moe Min Thein), planning and finance, , and , natural resources and environmental conservation, social affairs, and , , and . The SAC, led by Senior General , centralizes control over regional appointments, limiting autonomous decision-making to administrative implementation rather than policy formulation. Prior to the February 1, 2021 coup, the executive was led by Dr. Aung Moe Nyo, affiliated with the (NLD), who was detained shortly after the SAC's takeover amid corruption charges filed by the military administration. The current executive operates under SAC directives, focusing on infrastructure projects, agricultural development, and counter-insurgency efforts amid ongoing resistance activities in the region. The legislative body, known as the Magway Region Hluttaw, consisted of 50 members of parliament (two elected from each of the 25 townships) and held its second term from February 8, 2016, until dissolution. Following the 2021 coup, the SAC disbanded all regional and state hluttaws, including Magway's, suspending elected legislative functions nationwide and assuming authority over law-making at subnational levels. No regional elections or legislative sessions have occurred since, with relying on SAC-appointed executives and ad hoc administrative councils. This centralization has persisted as of October 2025, despite SAC announcements of planned national elections, which have not extended to regional bodies. The judiciary in Magway Region operates within Myanmar's unitary national legal system, which derives from English traditions supplemented by customary practices and statutes enacted under the 2008 Constitution. The framework emphasizes hierarchical courts handling civil, criminal, and constitutional matters, with appeals escalating from township-level courts to district courts, the regional , and ultimately the Union in . Regional high courts, including Magway's, were formalized under the 2010 Judiciary Law, which mandates a minimum of three judges per high court, expandable to seven, to supervise subordinate and ensure uniformity in legal application. The of Magway Region, located in Sar Shwe Kin Ward, Magway , serves as the apex judicial body for the region, overseeing and courts across its seven districts. It adjudicates appeals, in serious cases, and administrative oversight of lower courts, with proceedings conducted primarily in Burmese and drawing on precedents from British colonial codes like the Code of Civil Procedure (1909) and Code of Criminal Procedure (1898), alongside post- laws. Judges are appointed by the Union government's , reflecting centralized control; for instance, in October 2023, Daw Mi Mi Maw was appointed , and in October 2025, U Tun Tun Aung was named an additional judge. These appointments underscore the court's operational continuity under military oversight since the coup, though structural limits on —such as executive influence over judicial selections—persist across Myanmar's regions. Intensified armed conflict in Magway since 2021, involving resistance groups like the People's Defense Force, has disrupted judicial access in rural townships, with reports of court closures, judge displacements, and reliance on informal amid junta offensives. While urban centers like Magway city maintain formal proceedings, as evidenced by ongoing case listings on the High Court's official portal, broader concerns—including arbitrary detentions and coerced confessions processed through regional courts—highlight tensions between the framework's nominal structure and practical enforcement in contested areas.

Security situation and insurgency

The security situation in Magway Region has deteriorated significantly since the Myanmar military's coup on February 1, 2021, transforming the area into a major theater of the ongoing , where local People's Defense Forces (PDFs) and allied resistance groups have launched sustained guerrilla operations against junta positions. These forces, often coordinated under the (NUG), target military convoys, outposts, and supply lines, exploiting the region's rugged terrain and sparse population to conduct ambushes and hit-and-run attacks. By mid-2025, resistance groups had seized control of substantial rural territories, compelling the junta to rely on air strikes and reinforcements to maintain footholds in urban centers like and Magway city. Key insurgent actors include the People's Revolution Alliance (Magway), a coalition of PDFs operating primarily in the region, which has focused on disrupting junta logistics and expanding administrative control in liberated areas. Clashes intensified in 2023-2024, with notable PDF ambushes near in early January 2024, where resistance fighters targeted a junta supply column, highlighting vulnerabilities in military road networks. By February 2025, heavy fighting in displaced approximately 20,000 civilians over three days, as PDFs clashed with junta troops attempting to retake positions, underscoring the region's role as a central frontline. Border areas with have seen escalated confrontations since November 2024, including the Ngape clashes along the Ann-Padan Road, where () forces allied with local PDFs engaged junta units in prolonged battles extending into 2025. The junta responded with large-scale offensives in September 2025, deploying reinforcements to Magway's Natyaykan base after heavy casualties and conducting raids that killed militia collaborators in Natmauk Township. Reports indicate junta forces suffered severe losses in mid-2025 clashes around Myaing Township, with resistance ambushes claiming dozens of soldiers. Junta countermeasures, including airstrikes and the declaration of in contested townships, have inflicted civilian casualties and deepened humanitarian crises, though empirical data from conflict trackers show resistance forces controlling over 40% of Myanmar's territory nationwide by late 2025, with Magway exemplifying junta retreats from rural zones. These dynamics reflect a strategic , where ground gains by insurgents are offset by aerial dominance, perpetuating instability and internal displacement exceeding tens of thousands in the region.

Demographics

The population of Magway Region stood at 3,918,711 according to the 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census, representing about 7.6% of the national total and reflecting a predominantly rural distribution with low density of approximately 87 persons per square kilometer. This figure indicated a historical growth rate of around 0.9% annually in preceding decades, lower than the national average, driven by structural factors including arid climate, limited arable land, and reliance on subsistence agriculture in the dry zone. High out-migration rates, with an estimated 7% of the population moving internally within five years prior to 2014—primarily to urban hubs like Yangon and Mandalay for employment—contributed to net population loss in projections, as households in Magway and adjacent dry zone areas sent members abroad or to cities to cope with economic pressures. UNFPA analyses from the 2014 data forecasted a decline for Magway's through 2030s, attributing it to sustained out-migration exceeding natural increase, with rates around 2.1 children per woman and at 60.6 years—below the national 66.8 years—exacerbated by poverty and limited . Despite these trends, the official Population and Housing enumerated 4,078,504 residents, suggesting modest net growth of roughly 0.4% annually over the inter-censal period, potentially reflecting undercount adjustments or temporary reversals in migration patterns amid national economic disruptions. This , conducted amid widespread conflict, reported a national of 51,316,756—nearly stagnant from 2014's 51,419,420—though coverage gaps in resistance-held areas raise questions about accuracy, with critics noting boycotts and insecurity likely led to underenumeration in rural townships. Post-2021 military coup, escalating insurgencies involving People's Defense Forces in Magway's townships have induced localized displacement, compounding pre-existing migration by forcing thousands into temporary relocation or cross-border flight, though region-specific figures remain sparse due to access restrictions and varying control by state and non-state actors. within the region remains minimal, with major towns like and Magway absorbing some inflow but failing to offset broader outflows, sustaining a skewed toward aging rural populations and youth exodus. Overall, these dynamics underscore Magway's vulnerability to depopulation risks, with empirical indicators pointing to migration as the dominant causal factor over natural growth or mortality shifts.

Ethnic composition

The ethnic composition of Magway Region is overwhelmingly dominated by the Bamar (also known as Burman), the majority ethnic group of , who constitute over 95% of the population according to available assessments. This reflects the region's position in central 's "dry zone," a historical Bamar cultural and demographic core where Bamar settlement patterns have long predominated. Detailed breakdowns of ethnicity by state or region were not comprehensively released in the 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census, partly due to political sensitivities surrounding ethnic data collection and enumeration accuracy in diverse areas. Minority ethnic groups, present in small numbers, include Chin, Rakhine, Karen, and Shan, often concentrated in border townships or rural pockets influenced by adjacent states. Among unrecognized subgroups, the Taungtha (also called Rungtu), a Chin-related hill-dwelling people, number approximately 30,000 and inhabit about 48 villages in the region, primarily along the Myittha River valley. Other minor communities, such as Anglo-Burmese descendants, exist in trace amounts but do not significantly alter the Bamar preponderance. Recent conflicts since the 2021 military coup have seen some ethnic armed groups active in northern and western fringes, potentially involving Chin or related militias, though these do not substantially shift the baseline demographic profile.

Religious demographics

According to the 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census, the population of Magway Region adheres predominantly to Buddhism, reflecting the region's ethnic majority of who overwhelmingly practice this faith. Of the enumerated of 3,917,055, Buddhists comprised 98.8 percent. Christian adherents, primarily among smaller ethnic minorities such as subgroups, accounted for 0.7 percent. constituted 0.3 percent, 0.1 percent, and Animists 0.1 percent, with less than 0.1 percent reporting other religions or no . The data, collected from March 29 to April 10, 2014, on a basis, provides the most recent comprehensive regional breakdown, as subsequent national censuses have not been conducted amid political instability. These figures indicate a high degree of religious homogeneity compared to national averages, where Buddhists form 87.9 percent of the .
ReligionPercentage
98.8%
0.7%
0.3%
0.1%
0.1%
Other/No <0.1%

Economy

Agricultural sector

The agricultural sector in Magway Region, located in Myanmar's Central Dry Zone, primarily emphasizes oilseed crops such as and groundnuts (), which thrive in the area's semi-arid conditions and serve as key sources for production. Other significant crops include paddy, pulses (such as mung beans, black grams, and pigeon peas), , and , with upland cultivation predominant due to limited . Monsoon-season planting covers major areas, with plans for over 3.1 million acres dedicated to beans, , and paddy across the region's 25 townships as of 2020. Total sown acreage in the region has remained relatively stable at approximately 3.06 million acres from 2014-2015 to 2022-2023. In the 2022-2023 fiscal year, key crop statistics include:
CropSown Acreage (thousand acres)Harvested Acreage (thousand acres)Production (tons)Yield (tons/acre)
Paddy6556541,085,2981.51
Sesame1,0211,021156,8720.15
Groundnut660660345,0790.52
Pulses43943799,656N/A
Maize487487223,181N/A
Cotton6 (approx., varieties combined)6 (approx.)1,300 (approx.)N/A
These figures reflect harvested outputs and yields where data is available, with and groundnuts dominating oilseed production. Crop yields and production face constraints from heavy reliance on rainfall, with limiting expansion, particularly during reproductive stages. covers only a of acreage—such as 23,000 acres for and 29,000 for groundnuts in earlier years—exacerbating vulnerability in the dry zone. Efforts to enhance output include promoting and practices among young farmers, alongside targeted cultivation of 10 main varieties to achieve yield goals.

Mining, oil, and other industries

The Magway Region hosts Myanmar's historic extraction activities, centered on the Yenangyaung oil field, which has utilized artisanal hand-dug wells for nearly 150 years. Commercial production commenced in under the Company, marking one of the earliest mechanized efforts in the area. The field extends roughly 32 kilometers in length and 3 kilometers in width, contributing to the region's designation as Myanmar's primary oil-producing zone. Additional fields, such as the Kanni-Peppi oil and gas field in Minbu-Saku Township, were discovered in 1985 and span about 5 kilometers. Artisanal extraction persists alongside limited modern operations, though operators report diminishing yields and challenging conditions for manual drillers. As of December 2024, regional oil processing facilities, including mills tied to extraction, function at approximately 35% capacity, with only around 100 active out of a larger total. Non-petroleum mining remains minimal in Magway, with no major deposits of metals, gems, or industrial minerals documented as economically significant, unlike jade or tin operations elsewhere in . Other industries are underdeveloped, dominated by small-scale, agriculture-linked processing such as edible oil milling from local crops, though these activities have slowed amid broader economic constraints. Rural non-farm enterprises, including trade and basic services, supplement incomes but lack substantial industrial scale or diversification.

Economic challenges and poverty

The Magway Region contends with entrenched , with rates remaining among the higher in despite modest declines in recent years. A World Bank assessment indicates that poverty in Magway experienced only a minor reduction between 2017 and 2023, amid broader national increases driven by economic contraction and rural job losses, particularly in . This persistence stems from the region's limited non-agricultural employment opportunities and heavy dependence on subsistence farming, where households face chronic vulnerability to income shocks. Agricultural productivity in Magway is severely constrained by its location in Myanmar's central dry zone, characterized by low annual rainfall, intense heat, and soil degradation, which recurrently trigger droughts and reduce crop yields. Rain-fed cultivation dominates, with inadequate exacerbating food insecurity and forcing reliance on low-value crops like pulses and , offering minimal buffer against climatic variability. These environmental factors, combined with post-2021 economic disruptions, have intensified rural and migration pressures, as families seek remittances to offset stagnant local incomes. Ongoing and armed conflict in Magway have disrupted , displacing communities, halting farming activities during planting and harvest seasons, and impeding access to markets and inputs. Violence linked to resistance groups has damaged and deterred private investment, while state control over petroleum resources—despite their presence in areas like Yenangyaung—yields limited local benefits due to centralized extraction and minimal trickle-down employment. Collectively, these factors perpetuate a , with conflict-affected rural areas facing compounded risks of and livelihood collapse.

Infrastructure

Transportation networks

The transportation networks in Magway Region primarily consist of roads, railways, airports, and inland waterways along the , supporting both passenger and freight movement in this central division. Road transport dominates due to the region's rural character and connectivity needs, with linking Magway to major cities like and . Railways provide essential links to coastal and northern areas, while air services are limited to domestic routes from key regional airports. Inland water transport via the serves as a vital for goods and local travel, though maintenance lags amid national challenges. Road networks include the , spanning approximately 307 miles and 3 furlongs, which forms a critical connecting the regional capital to southern economic hubs. This route is part of Myanmar's broader system, facilitating in agricultural products and from areas like Yenangyaung. The Pakokku Bridge, located in , integrates into the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral and stands as Myanmar's longest bridge, enhancing cross-regional access despite ongoing rehabilitation needs common to the country's aging . Railway infrastructure features the under Myanmar Railways' Division 10, serving as the terminus for the Yangon- route that extends northward from and handles both passenger and freight services. A from Taungdwingyi connects to , supporting connectivity to the Irrawaddy's western bank, though the network's outdated tracks limit efficiency and capacity for cargo like regional minerals. Air is centered on Magway (VYMW), which accommodates domestic flights and military operations, alongside Pakokku (VYPU) for regional access. Additional airstrips, such as those in Gangaw and Pauk, exist primarily for or emergency use, reflecting the sparse air network in this landlocked division. River underpins waterway networks, acting as the primary system for volume of goods transported and population served in Magway, with ports in Magway town handling cargo via mechanical equipment upgrades aimed at efficiency gains. Local ferries and boats link riverside settlements, though seasonal water levels and lack of dedicated infrastructure constrain reliability.

Energy and utilities

The Magway Region hosts the Yenangyaung oil field, a historically significant extraction site spanning approximately 32 kilometers in length and 3 kilometers in width within Yenangyaung Township. Commercial oil production at the field commenced in 1887 under the Company, marking one of Myanmar's earliest industrial oil operations. Recent production data indicate daily crude oil output of around 1,030 barrels per day, with an incremental increase of approximately 160 barrels per day achieved by May in the reporting period. Electricity supply in the region relies on Myanmar's national grid, which is characterized by fragility and frequent blackouts due to limited backup capacity and infrastructure vulnerabilities. The Minbu Solar Power Plant, Myanmar's first grid-connected solar facility with a 40 MW capacity, began operations in Minbu Township in but has operated below full capacity owing to grid integration and maintenance issues. initiatives target rural areas, with projects planned to connect 9,459 households, aiming to elevate the regional access rate to 30.4%. Broader efforts include expanding access across Magway as part of national programs covering multiple regions and states. Renewable energy development shows potential, including a 220 MW project awarded for the Magway Region, expected to span 836 acres with completion targeted within four years from award. Utilities such as remain underdeveloped, with energy sector challenges exacerbated by 's overall low rate of approximately 55%.

Social services

Education system

The education system in Magway Region operates within Myanmar's centralized framework under the Ministry of Education, providing primary (grades 1-5), lower secondary (grades 6-9), and upper secondary (grades 10-11) levels, with primary education officially compulsory. Basic education emphasizes Burmese language, mathematics, science, and social studies, though quality varies due to resource constraints in rural divisions like Magway. Higher education institutions, including Magway University and Pakokku University, offer undergraduate and postgraduate programs in fields such as agriculture, education, and engineering, supported by around 3,109 teaching staff as of 2017. Literacy rates in the region reflect historical progress from the 2014 census, with (ages 15-24) literacy at 97.2% in Magway Township—96.7% for females and 97.7% for males—indicating strong foundational access prior to recent disruptions, though adult rates lag nationally at approximately 89% with gaps. By 2021, the region hosted 563 schools across levels, an increase from prior years, primarily serving its rural population concentrated in districts like and Yenangyaung. Since the 2021 military coup, education in Magway has deteriorated amid armed conflict between junta forces and resistance groups, particularly in townships like Gangaw and Tilin, resulting in widespread school closures and enrollment drops of up to 80% in affected areas. The junta reports national enrollment at 6.5 million for 2024-25, but independent assessments indicate one-third of schools nationwide remain non-functional, with Magway's Dry Zone vulnerabilities—, displacement of over 260,000 people, and infrastructure damage—exacerbating teacher shortages and learning losses equivalent to years of schooling. In response, the shadow has established nearly 70 community schools in Magway's resistance strongholds, focusing on alternative curricula amid junta efforts that integrate training into state schools. These parallel systems highlight fragmentation, where empirical access depends on local control rather than national policy efficacy.

Healthcare provision

Healthcare provision in Magway Region relies on a public system under the Ministry of Health and Sports, featuring the Magway General , upgraded to a 500-bed facility in 2020 to enhance services in , , , and . The region also includes a specialist hospital and 93 hospitals overall as recorded in 2016, supplemented by township-level hospitals such as those in Myaing, Mindon, and Natmauk. Rural health centers (RHCs) and sub-rural health centers provide , with initiatives like JICA-supported construction aimed at improving maternal and child health services, though Magway historically shows higher home delivery rates and lower facility-based births compared to national averages. Medical training supports provision through the University of Medicine, Magway, which offers MBBS degrees and affiliates with local s for practical education. Private s exist but are limited, with households often facing high out-of-pocket costs; a 2015 study found 23.6% of Magway households experienced catastrophic health expenditure, defined as health spending exceeding 40% of non-food income. Since the 2021 coup, armed conflict has severely disrupted services, with facilities in Magway targeted amid clashes between junta forces and resistance groups. In Myaing Township, a occupied by troops was attacked by resistance fighters in March 2024, and a medical was bombed by junta aircraft in March 2025, killing 11 civilians including staff and children. Damage to s in Myaing and other townships has been verified through geolocated imagery, contributing to nationwide trends where attacks rose by a third in 2023. Access remains constrained by displacement, supply shortages, and restricted humanitarian movement in conflict zones like Magway, where over half of surveyed households reported unmet needs in recent assessments. Both junta and resistance actions, including occupation and retaliatory strikes on militarized sites, have obstructed care, with 118 health facilities attacked nationally in 2021 alone. WHO and partners have delivered supplies to affected areas, but ongoing violence limits sustained provision.

Culture and heritage

Notable historical and religious sites

The Beikthano ancient city, located in Taungdwingyi Township, represents one of the earliest urban centers of the Pyu civilization in , dating to the period between the 2nd century BCE and the 9th century CE. As part of the World Heritage-listed Pyu Ancient Cities, alongside Halin and Sri Ksetra, it features extensive brick structures, moats, and irrigated landscapes that highlight advanced and early Buddhist influences in the region. Archaeological findings, including earthen urns, Pyu bricks, and iron implements, underscore its role as a significant cultural and trade hub along the Ayeyawady River basin. The Minhla Fortress (also known as Fort Min Hla), constructed between 1860 and 1861 during the , served as a defensive outpost along the western bank of the Ayeyawady River to counter British advances following the Second Anglo-Burmese War. Built under the supervision of Crown Prince Kanaung and local engineers, it exemplifies late-monarchical military architecture designed to impede riverine invasions, and it withstood a British in November 1885 before the eventual fall of . Among religious sites, the Myathalun Pagoda in Magway city stands as a prominent landmark, originally constructed according to legend by demon brothers and later renovated by locals, with its current form rebuilt to a height of approximately 104 meters after a major earthquake in 1847. It enshrines a sacred relic and offers panoramic views of the Ayeyawady River, drawing pilgrims for its spiritual significance and annual festivals. The Shwe Ku Pagoda in is renowned for its intricate wood carvings, including a backdrop depicting spirits (nats) behind the Tangetawgyi Buddha image seated on a , reflecting traditional Burmese craftsmanship and devotion. This site has long served as a center for monastic and lay worship, preserving elements of regional Buddhist heritage. In Myingun, approximately 60 ancient temples and stupas from the Pyu and later periods dot the landscape, showcasing terracotta plaques and architectural styles indicative of early Buddhist propagation in central . These structures, though less excavated than Beikthano, provide evidence of sustained religious continuity amid historical shifts.

Cultural traditions and festivals

The cultural traditions of Magway Region are deeply rooted in Theravada Buddhism and Bamar ethnic practices, with daily life centered on pagoda worship, merit-making activities such as offering alms to monks, and adherence to the lunar calendar for communal rituals. Residents commonly apply thanakha, a yellowish paste derived from ground bark of the Hesperethusa crenulata tree, to the face and arms for sun protection, skin conditioning, and aesthetic purposes, a custom prevalent among women and children in rural upcountry areas like Magway. Traditional attire includes the longyi (a sarong-like garment) for both men and women, often paired with thanakha markings in circular or leaf patterns on cheeks. Annual festivals emphasize religious devotion and , drawing thousands to historic . The Mann Shwe Settaw Pagoda Festival, held for 11 days starting on the 5th waxing day of Tabodwe (typically or ), commemorates the site's association with Gautama Buddha's and relics; pilgrims perform rituals, donate goods, and participate in chants at the Shwe Settaw Pagoda near Minbu . This event underscores the region's role in upper Myanmar's Buddhist heritage, with extended seasonal pilgrimages extending into March or April. Another prominent observance is the Thanakha Culture Festival, organized annually in Magway city to highlight the tradition's upcountry significance; the 2025 edition on March 23 featured demonstrations of grinding and application techniques at the Town Hall, promoting local preservation of this indigenous cosmetic practice. The Mya Thalon (Myathalun) Pagoda Festival, the region's largest religious gathering, spans 20 days from the 10th waxing day to the of Thadingyut (), honoring Buddha relics enshrined at the riverside pagoda on Naguttama Hill; illuminated by 9,000 candles at night, it attracts approximately 100,000 visitors for recitations, offerings, and the Pujaniya ceremony, as seen in the 2,589th iteration from 1–20, 2025. National Buddhist festivals like (April ) and Thadingyut ( festival of lights) are also observed locally with processions and alms-giving, reinforcing communal ties in Magway's agrarian society.

References

  1. https://tourism.gov.mm/en/regions/magway
  2. https://mricmagway.gov.mm/en/geographical-information-of-magway-region/
  3. https://www.jdebakker.com/the-oil-fields-1
  4. https://myanmar.gov.mm/news-media/news/latest-news/-/asset_publisher/idasset354/content/beikthano-heritage-tourism-site-enchants-enthusiastic-visitors-in-magway-region
  5. https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/striking-oil-magway-regions-resource-wealth-draws-junta-fire/
  6. https://www.britannica.com/place/Magwe
  7. https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/burma
  8. https://themimu.info/special-interest-region/dry-zone
  9. https://en.climate-data.org/asia/myanmar/magway/magwe-308/
  10. https://weatherspark.com/y/112230/Average-Weather-in-Magway-Myanmar-%28Burma%29-Year-Round
  11. https://resourcegovernance.org/articles/tale-two-oilfields-magwe-sites-highlight-disparities-myanmars-petroleum-industry
  12. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0308521X18305778
  13. http://www.intagrijournal.org/journal/article.php?code=88425
  14. https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol3/2020-21/myb3-2020-21-burma.pdf
  15. https://eng.mizzima.com/2024/08/28/13325
  16. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1444/
  17. https://www.gnlm.com.mm/as-ancient-pyu-states-included-on-the-list-of-world-heritage-are-invaluable-it-is-necessary-to-systematically-maintain-ancient-cultural-heritage-sites-and-environs-senior-general/
  18. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-05/09/c_136267733.htm
  19. https://www.myanmaritv.com/news/pyu-ancient-city-beikthanoe-ancient-city-and-museum-magway-region
  20. https://www.gnlm.com.mm/ancient-coins-unearthed-at-beikthano-world-heritage-site-reveal-hidden-history/
  21. https://meral.edu.mm/record/2103/files/sanshwe%2C%2520Beikthano%2Cp%2520121-137.pdf
  22. https://www.britannica.com/place/Myanmar/History
  23. https://www.burmalibrary.org/en/an-analytical-study-of-ancient-temples-in-myingun-magway-region-myanmar
  24. https://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/myanmar/sub5_5a/entry-3007.html
  25. https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/gdc/gdclccn/13/02/14/46/13021446/13021446.pdf
  26. https://www.searchanddiscovery.com/documents/2015/10807thornton/ndx_thornton.pdf
  27. https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/197363
  28. https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/british-burma-1920-1948/
  29. https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/burmamyanmar-1948-present/
  30. https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/broken-heartland-armed-violence-and-emergency-response-central-myanmar
  31. https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2023/country-chapters/myanmar
  32. https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements-and-speeches/2022/09/oral-update-human-rights-situation-myanmar-human-rights-council
  33. https://www.rfa.org/english/myanmar/2025/03/24/myanmar-junta-strike-magway-clinic/
  34. https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/junta-trained-militia-members-killed-in-resistance-assault-in-magway-region/
  35. https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-junta-airstrikes-kill-25-on-friday.html
  36. https://www.embassyofmyanmar.be/ABOUT/MAGWAY.HTM
  37. https://mtotpe.blogspot.com/p/blog-page.html
  38. https://www.oagmac.gov.mm/content/magwe-region
  39. https://www.opulentroutes.com/magway/
  40. https://themimu.info/sites/themimu.info/files/documents/TspProfiles_Census_Magway_2014_ENG.pdf
  41. https://files.acquia.undp.org/public/migration/mm/UNDP_MM_State_of_Local_Governance_Magway_ENG.pdf
  42. https://meral.edu.mm/record/9339/files/Win%2520Win%2520Htet%252C%2520M.Econ%2528Eco%2529II-27.pdf
  43. https://wikitravel.org/en/User:Magway_%28Myanmar%29
  44. https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/myanmar
  45. https://www.citypopulation.de/en/myanmar/mun/admin/magway/080401__pakokku/
  46. https://thutatravel.com/pakokku/
  47. https://www.britannica.com/place/Minbu
  48. https://www.sma-sunny.com/en/building-myanmars-sustainable-future/
  49. https://www.pandaw.com/blog/cruise/history-of-oil-production-in-the-irrawaddy-valley
  50. https://jdebakker.com/the-oil-fields-1
  51. https://www.macfilos.com/2020/12/18/under-threat-artisanal-oil-drilling-in-myanmar/
  52. https://sacoffice.gov.mm/en/regionandstategovernment
  53. https://presoffministry.gov.mm/en/news/14155
  54. https://mricmagway.gov.mm/en/magway-region-investment-committee-meeting-5-2025-was-held/
  55. https://myanmar.gov.mm/magway-region-hluttaw
  56. https://anfrel.org/myanmar-situation-update-21-27-june-2021/
  57. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/myanmar-history-coup-military-rule-ethnic-conflict-rohingya
  58. https://themimu.info/states_regions/magway
  59. https://myanmar.iiss.org/analysis/northwest
  60. https://www.moi.gov.mm/moi:eng/news/19203
  61. https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/junta-hits-magway-region-chief-minister-with-new-corruption-charge/
  62. https://www.myanmaritv.com/news/livestock-and-agriculture-chief-minister-inspects-poultry-zone-and-model-farmland-project
  63. https://asiafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/State-and-Region-Governments-in-Myanmar-Full-Report_Eng-version_6-March-2019.pdf
  64. https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/myanmar1.html
  65. https://www.moj.go.jp/content/000101543.pdf
  66. https://www.myanmar.gov.mm/web/guest/government-directory
  67. https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/myanmar.html
  68. https://www.myanmaritv.com/news/appointments-and-assigned-duties-chief-justice-judge-magway-region-high-court
  69. https://onenewstvchannel.com/en/politic-en/government-en/three-judges-of-the-region-high-courts-appointed/
  70. https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/burma-draft
  71. https://magway.hc.gov.mm/
  72. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/law-and-social-inquiry/article/judicial-loyalty-to-the-military-in-authoritarian-regimes-how-the-courts-are-militarized-in-myanmar/8DCF7403AA7E67755582094E3331CC91
  73. https://acleddata.com/report/decisive-year-ahead-resistance-groups-myanmar-they-threaten-new-territories
  74. https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/war-against-the-junta/resistance-myanmar-junta-forces-clash-on-rakhine-magwe-border.html
  75. https://www.reddit.com/r/CombatFootage/comments/192olm7/peoples_defense_force_ambush_on_a_myanmar_junta/
  76. https://www.rfa.org/english/myanmar/2025/02/03/myanmar-villagers-flee-fighting-magway/
  77. https://www.bnionline.net/en/news/junta-launches-large-scale-offensives-three-regions-bordering-arakan-state
  78. https://www.narinjara.com/news/detail/68725b855e4057a30e87f322
  79. https://burmacoupresistancenotes.substack.com/p/burma-coup-resistance-notes-september-223
  80. https://myanmar.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Magway%2520Region%2520Census%2520Report%2520-%2520ENGLISH_0.pdf
  81. https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2024-09/migration-in-myanmar_moving-to-cope.pdf
  82. https://roasiapacific.iom.int/resources/government-myanmar-national-situational-analysis-migration-health-myanmar
  83. https://www.refworld.org/en/download/120391
  84. https://myanmar.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/policy%2520brief%2520and%2520infographics_Population%2520Projections.pdf
  85. https://myanmar.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/3H_Magway_Figures_ENG.pdf
  86. http://www.geo-ref.net/pdf/myanmar.pdf
  87. https://dop.gov.mm/sites/dop.gov.mm/files/publication_docs/2024_provisional_result_eng.pdf
  88. https://cerf.un.org/what-we-do/allocation/2025/summary/CERF-MMR-24-UF-1414
  89. https://teacirclemyanmar.com/politics/internal-migration-in-myanmar-security-trumps-economic-incentives/
  90. https://myanmar.unfpa.org/en/news/census-report-projects-population-growth-over-35-years-and-supports-long-term-planning
  91. https://www.burmalibrary.org/en/magway-region
  92. https://fairvote.org/minority-representation-and-proportional-representation-in-myanmar/
  93. https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/deciphering-myanmars-ethnic-landscape.pdf
  94. https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/20945
  95. https://www.themimu.info/sites/themimu.info/files/documents/TspProfiles_Census_Magway_2014_ENG.pdf
  96. https://www.dop.gov.mm/sites/dop.gov.mm/files/publication_docs/sinpaungwe_0.pdf
  97. https://myanmar.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Magway%20Region%20Census%20Report%20-%20ENGLISH_0.pdf
  98. https://myanmar.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/UNION_2C_Religion_EN.pdf
  99. http://www.mdn.gov.mm/en/magway-region-plans-plant-over-3-million-acres-monsoon-crops
  100. https://www.myanmaritv.com/news/agriculture-sector-efforts-boosting-agriculture-production-magway-region
  101. https://nagmyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/CSA-report_August-2018.pdf
  102. https://www.csostat.gov.mm/FileUpload/cso/FileDownload/Myanmar%20Agricultural%20Statistics%20(2014-2015%20to%202022-2023).pdf
  103. https://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/index/en/?iso3=MMR
  104. https://www.myanmaritv.com/news/work-coordination-meeting-agriculture-development-magway-region
  105. http://www.asiasteelmyanmar.com/index.php/84-industry-info/85-oil-and-gas-fields-in-myanmar
  106. https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/magways-oil-gamble/
  107. https://onenewstvchannel.com/en/business-en/oil-mills-in-magway-region-only-operate-at-35-percent-capacity/
  108. https://www.tridge.com/news/magway-province-known-as-myanmars-largest-oi-umtnmt
  109. https://www.lift-fund.org/en/download/file/fid/3632
  110. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099070124011518423/pdf/P500663-bede11db-306d-448b-b3df-ed886e13f993.pdf
  111. https://www.droughtmanagement.info/literature/UNW-DPC_NDMP_Country_Report_Myanmar_2014.pdf
  112. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/921021561058201854/pdf/Myanmar-Living-Condition-Survey-2017-Report-3-Poverty-Report.pdf
  113. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstreams/6bdebd54-93ae-4392-b180-f802474ed282/download
  114. https://www.nupi.no/nyheter/climate-peace-and-security-fact-sheet-myanmar
  115. https://lca.logcluster.org/2-myanmar-logistics-infrastructure
  116. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/184794/mya-transport-policy-note-es.pdf
  117. https://maxhighway.com/highway-network-by-region/
  118. https://lca.logcluster.org/23-myanmar-road-network
  119. https://www.railways.gov.mm/about-us/
  120. https://ourairports.com/countries/MM/03/airports.html
  121. https://www.bestpricetravel.com/travel-guide/magway-.html
  122. https://www.projectbank.gov.mm/en/profiles/activity/PB-ID-1128/
  123. https://moep.gov.mm/en/ignite/contentView/655
  124. https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/6bd0c527c8469333b119d88cc0b8b410-0070062023/original/In-The-Dark-Power-Sector-Challenges-in-Myanmar-August2023.pdf
  125. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099062324221019838/pdf/P500473-48b24a55-b69d-481b-9ce3-dee0cba378ed.pdf
  126. https://moep.gov.mm/en/ignite/contentView/1112
  127. https://aseanenergy.org/news-clipping/7-regions-states-to-get-electricity-access-in-myanmar/
  128. https://www.asiawind.org/research-data/market-overview/myanmar/
  129. https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/21/5451
  130. https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/716418bac40878ce262f57dfbd4eca05-0070012023/original/State-of-Education-in-Myanmar-July-2023.pdf
  131. https://www.ceicdata.com/en/myanmar/education-statistics/no-of-teacher-higher-institution-magway-division
  132. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.ZS?locations=MM
  133. https://www.ceicdata.com/en/myanmar/building-construction-completed-schools-by-state-and-region/number-of-school-total-magway-region
  134. https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmars-shadow-govt-operates-network-of-schools-in-resistance-strongholds.html
  135. https://www.childrenofthemekong.org/education-crisis-in-myanmar-a-surge-in-out-of-school-children-amidst-pandemic-and-conflict/
  136. https://eastasiaforum.org/2024/12/13/myanmars-education-crisis-deepens-under-military-rule/
  137. https://humanrightsmyanmar.org/myanmars-militarisation-of-education/
  138. http://www.mdn.gov.mm/en/magway-hospital-provide-better-treatment-after-upgrading-500-bed-hospital
  139. http://mmsis.gov.mm/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=195&tblId=DT_YAD_0022&conn_path=I2
  140. https://www.ceicdata.com/en/myanmar/health-care-statistics/no-of-hospital-magway-division
  141. https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12236816.pdf
  142. https://www.ummg.edu.mm/
  143. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4361522/
  144. https://insecurityinsight.org/hospital-occupied-by-myanmar-military-attacked-by-resistance-forces
  145. https://www.facebook.com/RFAEnglish/posts/myanmars-junta-bombed-a-medical-clinic-in-magway-region-killing-11-civilians-inc/1131277859036960/
  146. https://progressivevoicemyanmar.org/2024/01/03/healthcare-denied-medical-facilities-under-attack/
  147. https://insecurityinsight.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/2023-SHCC-Myanmar.pdf
  148. https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2024-09/shaky-foundations_the-looming-collapse-of-human-capital-in-myanmar.pdf
  149. https://insecurityinsight.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/2021-Myanmar-SHCC-Factsheet.pdf
  150. https://www.who.int/southeastasia/news/detail/30-03-2025-who-medical-supplies-reach-hospitals-in-earthquake-hit-areas
  151. https://pineqone.com/attractions/minhla-fortress/
  152. https://www.bestpricetravel.com/travel-guide/min-hla.html
  153. https://myanmartravelinformation.com/magway/magwe-myathalun-pagoda.html
  154. https://pineqone.com/destinations/magway-region/attractions/
  155. https://www.lonelyplanet.com/myanmar-burma/pakokku/attractions/shwe-ku-pagoda/a/poi-sig/1630801/1335705
  156. https://www.myanmars.net/magway/shwe-ku-pagoda.html
  157. https://onenewstvchannel.com/en/travel-en/visit-en/thanakha-culture-festival-held-in-magway/
  158. https://www.gnlm.com.mm/myanma-thanaka-a-natural-cosmetic-and-a-cultural-heritage/
  159. https://tourism.gov.mm/en/festivals/mann-shwe-settaw-pagoda-festival
  160. https://www.myanmars.net/festivals/mann-shwe-settaw-pagoda-festival.html
  161. https://tourism.gov.mm/en/festivals/magway-mya-thalon-pagoda-festival
  162. https://www.gnlm.com.mm/magway-myathalun-to-host-2589th-buddha-pujaniya-festival-on-1-20-oct/
  163. https://www.gnlm.com.mm/approximately-100000-visitors-throng-myathalun-pagoda-in-magway/
  164. https://myanmar.gov.mm/festivals
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.