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Men Going Their Own Way
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Men Going Their Own Way (MGTOW /ˈmɪɡtaʊ/) is an anti-feminist, misogynistic, mostly online community that espouses male separatism from what they see as a gynocentric society that has been corrupted by feminism.[2] MGTOW specifically advocate for men to avoid marriage and committed romantic relationships with women.[3] The community is a part of the manosphere, a collection of anti-feminist websites and online communities that also includes the men's rights movement, incels, and pickup artists.[4]
Like other manosphere communities, MGTOW overlaps with the neoreactionary alt-right movement[5] and has been implicated in online harassment of women[6] and domestic terrorism in the United States.[7][page needed] The Southern Poverty Law Center categorizes MGTOW as a part of the male supremacist ideology.[8]
History
[edit]MGTOW ideology emerged in the early 2000s, although it is not clear where it originated.[9] A blog called No Ma'am was one of the first sites dedicated to the ideology, publishing a "MGTOW Manifesto" in 2001.[10] Early members of MGTOW were largely politically libertarian and focused on individual self-reliance in accordance with traditional notions of masculinity. Over time, the movement's focus shifted toward male separatism.[11]
Far-right commentator and polemicist Milo Yiannopoulos is credited with helping to popularize MGTOW with a 2014 Breitbart article titled "The Sexodus", in which he described men who were eschewing women, love, sex, and marriage because of feminism.[12] MGTOW discussion forums include the subreddit r/MGTOW, created in 2011, smaller auxiliary subreddits, and MGTOW Forum, an independent website that emerged in 2014. Following Reddit's 2017 ban of a large incel subreddit, r/MGTOW was briefly the largest and most active manosphere forum on the site.[13]
Researchers have implicated MGTOW communities in online harassment of women. r/MGTOW and MGTOW Forum are among the communities which "have been growing in size and in their involvement in online harassment and real-world violence", according to computer scientist Manoel Horta Ribeiro and colleagues.[14] Communications researcher Scott Wright and colleagues state that "MGTOW propagate extensive and wide-ranging passive or undirected harassment and misogyny on Twitter."[15] Shortly after publication of a 2020 preprint of a paper examining manosphere groups online, Reddit quarantined r/MGTOW, a restriction the platform applies to subreddits determined to be "extremely offensive or upsetting to the average redditor" which prevents them from earning advertising revenue and requires visitors to agree to seeing potentially offensive content before entering.[16] r/MGTOW was banned in August 2021 for breaking the site's policies against promotion of violence and hate.[17]
Membership
[edit]Members of MGTOW communities are primarily heterosexual, white, middle-class men from North America and Europe. Unlike the men's rights movement, MGTOW do not permit women to join.[18] MGTOW often disavow hierarchies and claim to be leaderless; some deny that MGTOW is a group or movement at all, instead emphasizing each member's individuality and independence within a collective.[19]
Researcher Callum Jones and colleagues write in New Media & Society that "while the precise number of MGTOW followers is unclear, it appears to be a popular and growing group within the Manosphere".[20] As of 2018[update], MGTOW was smaller than both the men's rights movement and the pickup artist communities online, with MGTOW Forum having over 25,000 subscribers and the subreddit r/MGTOW having over 35,000.[21] The subreddit had grown to 104,000 members by 2019,[note 1] with another MGTOW forum listing over 32,000 members.[20]
Ideology
[edit]MGTOW advocate for men to withdraw from what they see as a gynocentric society that has been corrupted by feminism.[22] MGTOW believe that men are better off avoiding any relationships with women, including marriage. Instead, the group believes that men should either abstain from sex with women entirely, or alternatively only have casual sex while avoiding romantic or financial commitments.[3] Online MGTOW rhetoric is characterized by anti-feminism, masculism,[23] and misogyny.[24] MGTOW believe that feminism has made women dangerous to men, and that male self-preservation requires dissociating completely from women.[25]
A 2020 study by Wright et al. found that despite MGTOW claiming to reject women entirely, some 59% of MGTOW forum posts mentioned women, with the majority (61%) of those mentions being misogynistic in some way.[3] Jones et al. suggest that this reflects a need for MGTOW to perform their rejection of women in order to belong.[26]
The MGTOW community uses jargon shared by the broader manosphere, including the red pill and blue pill metaphor borrowed from the film The Matrix. Those in the manosphere who have been awakened from feminist "delusion" to the supposed reality that society is fundamentally misandrist and dominated by feminist values are said to be "redpilled" or have "taken the red pill"; those who do not accept that ideology are referred to as "bluepilled".[27] Other jargon includes pejorative terms for other men such as "beta", "cuck", "soy boy", and "white knight".[28]
Like other manosphere groups, MGTOW subscribe to the "red pill" belief that there is systemic bias against men in society,[29] including double standards in gender roles[30] and bias against men in family courts.[12] MGTOW endorse the belief shared by other manosphere groups that women follow a similar pattern in dating and marriage: young and attractive women are promiscuous and engage in "hypergamy", having sex with numerous men and abandoning a man if a "higher-value" man shows interest. They believe women gravitate towards "alpha men" who are attractive but mistreat them, reinforcing the ideology of feminism.[31] According to MGTOW, as women begin to age, they settle down with "beta males"[32] who provide for them financially, but to whom they deny sex, sometimes engaging in extramarital sex with more attractive men; these relationships ultimately lead to divorce, in which the women will be favored by the courts due to what MGTOW call female privilege.[33]
MGTOW men gauge their participation in the movement on a series of four levels.[34] At the first level, men believe they are used and manipulated by women (called "situational awareness" or the "red pill"[35]) but still believe in the value of marriage; they are sometimes described as "purple pilled".[36] At the second level, men reject long-term relationships, cohabitation, and marriage, but will still participate in shorter term relationships and sexual encounters.[37] At the third level, men reject short-term relationships and limit their interactions with women.[38] At the fourth level, men minimize their engagement with the state and society, including employment; this is called "going ghost".[34][note 2]
The Southern Poverty Law Center categorizes MGTOW as a part of the male supremacist ideology,[8] a category they began tracking on their hate group tracking project, Hate Map, in 2018.[39] Fellows at the Institute for Research on Male Supremacism publishing with the International Centre for Counter-Terrorism have said that members of MGTOW "openly disdain women, and normalize it through online harassment."[40] MGTOW and other manosphere communities overlap with the reactionary, white nationalist alt-right[5] and other white supremacist, authoritarian, and populist movements worldwide.[41] Both MGTOW and the alt-right believe that feminism has destroyed Western society.[12]
Relation to other manosphere groups
[edit]The MGTOW community is a part of the manosphere, a varied collection of websites, blogs, and online forums promoting masculinity, hostility towards women, and opposition to feminism.[42] The manosphere also includes men's rights activists, incels, pick-up artists, and the fathers' rights movement.[43]
Although some[who?] consider MGTOW to be a part of the men's rights movement,[44] others[who?] have cited MGTOW's separatist ideology as distinguishing them from the MRM, which engages in political activism to try to drive societal change.[45][35] MGTOW members describe men's rights activists and incels as "losers" and "betas".[3] Early MGTOW groups were primarily libertarian and opposed to "big government"; this led to a rift with men's rights activists who wished to lobby for governmental change, particularly with regards to custody and divorce law.[46] Wright et al. state that the founders of MGTOW were originally men's rights activists who became disillusioned with political activism, believing the "gynocentric world order" could not be changed.[47]
MGTOW is also at odds with the pick-up artist (PUA) community. Both PUA and MGTOW rhetoric is frequently misogynistic and objectifying towards women; however, whereas PUAs seek to manipulate women into providing sex, MGTOW claim to reject heterosexual relationships entirely.[3] The two groups share a reciprocal disdain for one another; PUAs have mocked MGTOW as "Virgins Going Their Own Way",[21] and MGTOW deride PUAs as being dependent on women's approval, contributing to what they see as overvaluing of women in society.[48]
See also
[edit]- 4B movement – Radical feminist movement
- Herbivore men – Japanese term for men with little interest in getting married or finding a girlfriend
- Meninism – Advocacy for the rights and interests of males
- Shakers – Christian monastic denomination
- Sex segregation – Physical, legal, and cultural separation of people according to their gender or sex
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Men at War" (2016).
- ^ Wright, Trott & Jones (2020), pp. 910–911; Nagle (2017), p. 94; Lin (2017), p. 78; Górska, Kulicka & Jemielniak (2023)
- ^ a b c d e O'Donnell (2022), pp. 25–26.
- ^ Hodapp (2017), p. xviii; Jones, Trott & Wright (2020), p. 1904; Ging (2019), p. 644; Zuckerberg (2018), pp. 15–17; Nagle (2017), p. 93
- ^ a b Zuckerberg (2018), pp. 19–20: "In spite of the conflict between pickup artists and Men Going Their Own Way over their differing approaches to women, both groups have begun to merge with the so-called Alternative Right or Alt-Right, a neoreactionary white nationalist group that began gaining prominence in 2015 and has been growing since."
- ^ Wright, Trott & Jones (2020), p. 909; Nagle (2017), pp. 18, 94; Horta Ribeiro et al. (2021), p. 196
- ^ Dmitrieva & Meloy (2022).
- ^ a b "Male Supremacy" (n.d.).
- ^ Lin (2017), pp. 87–88.
- ^ Zuckerberg (2018), pp. 27–28.
- ^ Zuckerberg (2018), p. 19: "Men Going Their Own Way aim to live their lives free of female influence and define manhood completely on their own terms. Over time, this aim has evolved significantly: while it initially started as a movement for self-reliant masculinity in harmony with traditional gender roles, it now advocates for living entirely separate from women and engaging in 'marriage strikes.'"
- ^ a b c Nagle (2017), p. 94.
- ^ Horta Ribeiro et al. (2021), p. 201.
- ^ Horta Ribeiro et al. (2021), p. 196.
- ^ Wright, Trott & Jones (2020), p. 909: "MGTOWs also contribute to the propagation of online harassment. Their contribution to a 'digital culture of misogyny' [...] combined with their rapid growth as other Manosphere groups face sanctions, positions them as an influential group within the Manosphere".
- ^ Basu (2020).
- ^ a b Thalen (2021).
- ^
- Lin (2017), pp. 77–78: "MGTOW, an exclusively male, antifeminist group [...] Like many other antifeminist groups, MGTOW comprises [sic] of mostly straight, white, middle-class men from North America and Europe. "
- O'Donnell (2022), p. 25: "Unlike most men's rights activists, MGTOW do not allow women to join under any circumstances, owing to the nature of the movement."
- ^
- Wright, Trott & Jones (2020), p. 911: "Structurally, MGTOW disavows the very idea that they are a group at all; they emphasise each individual man's voice and independence. MGTOW also often claim to be leaderless."
- Lin (2017), pp. 91–92. "Most of my informants on Reddit adamantly deny MGTOW as a movement, and fashion it more as a like-minded internet collective."
- ^ a b Jones, Trott & Wright (2020), p. 1905.
- ^ a b Zuckerberg (2018), p. 19.
- ^
- Wright, Trott & Jones (2020), p. 910: "All groups in the Manosphere share a belief in a 'gynocentric order' and Red Pill ideology. [...] MGTOWs encourage a separatist approach in which men live a self-empowered life away from women."
- Jones, Trott & Wright (2020), p. 1904: "MGTOW are a group of men who vow to stop pursuing romantic relationships with women to focus on self-development and preservation; they are separatists who want to abandon the gynocentric order (Lin, 2017) and focus on more individualistic, self- empowering actions."
- Lin (2017), p. 78: "Unlike other antifeminist groups, MGTOW espouse the abandonment of women and a Western society that has been corrupted by feminism. [...] Convinced that feminism will ultimately bring about societal demise, MGTOW vow to expunge themselves of gynocentric influences, and to nurse their besieged masculinities with the support of other men online."
- ^
- Lin (2017), p. 93: "MGTOW is primarily a masculinist reaction to feminism that finds its conclusions in antifeminism, radicalism and anarchism."
- ^
- Johanssen (2023): "both communities [Incels and Men Going Their Own Way] are highly misogynistic and clear representations of toxic masculinity"
- Lin (2017), p. 86: "Across platforms, MGTOWs consistently display pent up emotion, cynicism and resentment towards women. They deliberate over just how a man should go his own way, and whether men and women are meant to work together or not."
- ^
- Hodapp (2017), pp. xvii–xviii: "Men Going Their Own Way [...] claim to be acting in the name of self-preservation, which can only be achieved by cutting women out completely. In general, MGTOW argues that feminism has made women so toxic and dangerous for men that it is no longer safe for women to engage with them."
- Nagle (2017), p. 94
- ^ Jones, Trott & Wright (2020), pp. 1915–1916. Quoted in O'Donnell (2022), pp. 25–26
- ^ Winter (2019), pp. 51–54; Lumsden (2019), p. 99; Ging (2019), p. 640; Zuckerberg (2018), pp. 1–2, 12–13; Nagle (2017), pp. 93–94
- ^ Wright, Trott & Jones (2020), p. 920.
- ^ Wright, Trott & Jones (2020), p. 910.
- ^ Lin (2017), p. 78.
- ^ Lin (2017), pp. 88–89; Nagle (2017), pp. 95–97; Ging (2019), p. 649
- ^
- Lin (2017), p. 89: "When women do decide to settle for a man, he will be a passive 'beta-type,' whom she will boss around and target for his 'utility value'—financial assets and stability."
- Zuckerberg (2018), p. 19: "Men Going Their Own Way bemoan the tendency of women to spend their most attractive years with unreliable alpha males—often embodied by the generic characters Chad Thundercock and his black counterpart Tyrone—before they 'hit the wall' in their late twenties and their attractiveness begins a steady decline, at which point they become more willing to settle for a beta male. These men believe it is better to opt out of this rigged system."
- ^ Lin (2017), pp. 88–89; Nagle (2017), pp. 95–97; Ging (2019), p. 650
- ^ a b Lin (2017), p. 90.
- ^ a b c Hodapp (2017), p. xviii.
- ^ Lin (2017), p. 90; Nagle (2017), p. 94
- ^ Hodapp (2017), p. xviii; Lin (2017), p. 90; Nagle (2017), p. 94
- ^ Hodapp (2017), p. xviii; Lin (2017), p. 90
- ^ Janik (2018).
- ^ Jasser, Kelly & Rothermel (2020).
- ^ Chemaly (2019), p. x.
- ^ Hodapp (2017), p. xv; Lumsden (2019), pp. 98–99; Marwick & Lewis (2017), p. 13
- ^ Jones, Trott & Wright (2020), p. 1904; Nagle (2017), pp. 86–87; Zuckerberg (2018), p. 15–17
- ^ Schmitz & Kazyak (2016), p. 4.
- ^ Jones, Trott & Wright (2020), p. 1904.
- ^ Zuckerberg (2018), p. 19: "Men Going Their Own Way were in the past almost uniformly libertarian, and their distaste for 'big government' led to a schism with the men's human rights movement, many members of which are theoretically interested in activism in the form of lobbying for changes in custody and divorce law."
- ^ Wright, Trott & Jones (2020), pp. 920–921. Cited in O'Donnell (2022), p. 26
- ^ Zuckerberg (2018), p. 123.
Works cited
[edit]- Basu, Tanya (7 February 2020). "The 'manosphere' is getting more toxic as angry men join the incels". MIT Technology Review.
- Chemaly, Soraya (2019). "Foreword" (PDF). In Ging, Debbie; Siapera, Eugenia (eds.). Gender Hate Online: Understanding the New Anti-Feminism. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-96226-9. ISBN 978-3-319-96226-9. OCLC 1108619233.
- Dmitrieva, Aleksandra M.; Meloy, J. Reid (2022). "Troubled waters: Domestic terrorism threat in the U.S. coast guard and the TRAP-18". Journal of Threat Assessment and Management. 9 (3): 153–170. doi:10.1037/tam0000170. ISSN 2169-4850.
- Ging, Debbie (2019). "Alphas, Betas, and Incels: Theorizing the Masculinities of the Manosphere". Men and Masculinities. 22 (4): 638–657. doi:10.1177/1097184X17706401. ISSN 1097-184X. S2CID 149239953.
- Górska, Anna Maria; Kulicka, Karolina; Jemielniak, Dariusz (2023). "Men not going their own way: a thick big data analysis of #MGTOW and #Feminism tweets". Feminist Media Studies. 23 (8): 3774–3792. doi:10.1080/14680777.2022.2137829. ISSN 1468-0777.
- Hodapp, Christa (2017). Men's Rights, Gender, and Social Media. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-1-49-852617-3.
- Horta Ribeiro, Manoel; Blackburn, Jeremy; Bradlyn, Barry; et al. (2021). "The Evolution of the Manosphere Across the Web". Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media. Vol. 15. Palo Alto, Calif.: Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence. pp. 196–207. arXiv:2001.07600v5. doi:10.1609/icwsm.v15i1.18053. ISBN 978-1-57735-869-5. ISSN 2334-0770.
- Janik, Rachel (24 April 2018). ""I laugh at the death of normies": How incels are celebrating the Toronto mass killing". Hatewatch. Southern Poverty Law Center.
- Jasser, Greta; Kelly, Megan; Rothermel, Ann-Kathrin (20 May 2020). "Male supremacism and the Hanau terrorist attack: between online misogyny and far-right violence". International Centre for Counter-Terrorism Journal.
- Johanssen, Jacob (2023). "Incels, MGTOW and Heteropessimism". In McGlashan, Mark; Mercer, John (eds.). Toxic Masculinity: Men, Meaning, and Digital Media (1st ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 24–37. doi:10.4324/9781003263883. ISBN 978-1-003-26388-3.
- Jones, Callum; Trott, Verity; Wright, Scott (2020). "Sluts and soyboys: MGTOW and the production of misogynistic online harassment". New Media & Society. 22 (10): 1903–1921. doi:10.1177/1461444819887141. ISSN 1461-4448. S2CID 210530415.
- Lin, Jie Liang (2017). "Antifeminism Online: MGTOW (Men Going Their Own Way)". In Frömming, Urte Undine; Köhn, Steffen; Fox, Samantha; Terry, Mike (eds.). Digital Environments: Ethnographic Perspectives Across Global Online and Offline Spaces. Edition Medienwissenschaft. Transcript Verlag. pp. 77–96. ISBN 978-3-8376-3497-6. JSTOR j.ctv1xxrxw.9.
- Lumsden, Karen (2019). "'I Want to Kill You in Front of Your Children' Is Not a Threat. It's an Expression of a Desire': Discourses of Online Abuse, Trolling, and Violence on r/MensRights". In Lumsden, Karen; Harmer, Emily (eds.). Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 91–115. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9_4. ISBN 978-3-03-012632-2.
- "Male Supremacy". Southern Poverty Law Center. n.d. Archived from the original on 24 July 2025.
- Marwick, Alice; Lewis, Rebecca (15 May 2017). "Media Manipulation and Disinformation Online" (report). New York: Data & Society Research Institute. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
- "Men at War". Reggie Yates' Extreme UK. Season 1. Episode 2. 12 January 2016. 22 minutes in. BBC Three.
- Nagle, Angela (2017). Kill All Normies: Online Culture Wars From 4Chan And Tumblr To Trump And The Alt-Right. Alresford, England: Zero Books. ISBN 978-1-78535-543-1.
- O'Donnell, Jessica (2022). Gamergate and Anti-Feminism in the Digital Age. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14057-0. ISBN 978-3-031-14057-0.
- Schmitz, Rachel M.; Kazyak, Emily (2016). Robinson, Christine M.; Spivey, Sue (eds.). "Masculinities in Cyberspace: An Analysis of Portrayals of Manhood in Men's Rights Activist Websites". Social Sciences. 5 (2): 18. doi:10.3390/socsci5020018. ISSN 2076-0760.
- Thalen, Mikael (3 August 2021). "Reddit bans notorious anti-feminist subreddit 'Men Going Their Own Way'". The Daily Dot. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
- Winter, Aaron (2019). "Online Hate: From the Far-Right to the 'Alt-Right' and from the Margins to the Mainstream". In Lumsden, Karen; Harmer, Emily (eds.). Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 39–64. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9_2. ISBN 978-3-03-012632-2.
- Wright, Scott; Trott, Verity; Jones, Callum (2020). "'The pussy ain't worth it, bro': assessing the discourse and structure of MGTOW". Information, Communication & Society. 23 (6): 908–925. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2020.1751867. ISSN 1369-118X. S2CID 219023052.
- Zuckerberg, Donna (2018). Not All Dead White Men: Classics and Misogyny in the Digital Age. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-6749-7555-2. JSTOR j.ctv24w63tr. OCLC 1020311558.
Further reading
[edit]- Baumgärtner, Maik; Höfner, Roman; Müller, Ann-Katrin; Rosenbach, Marcel (10 March 2021). "Hatred Against Women: The Dark World of Extremist Misogyny". Der Spiegel.
- Daubney, Martin (15 November 2015). "Meet the men giving up on women". The Sunday Times. ISSN 0956-1382.
- Lamoureux, Mack (24 September 2015). "Inside the Group of Straight Men Who Are Swearing Off Women". Vice.
External links
[edit]
The dictionary definition of MGTOW at Wiktionary
Men Going Their Own Way
View on GrokipediaOrigins and History
Early Foundations (2000s)
The phrase "men going their own way" draws from longstanding idiomatic expressions of male independence dating back centuries, but its adoption in the specific context of strategic male separatism emerged in the early 2000s.[2] The early foundations of Men Going Their Own Way (MGTOW) took shape amid online discussions within the broader men's rights blogosphere.[3] Bloggers such as Angry Harry contributed to these discussions.[4] By the mid-2000s, these conversations coalesced around the core tenet of men voluntarily eschewing marriage, cohabitation, and long-term partnerships, as articulated in nascent online manifestos and forums.[3] Key early advocates included Solaris, an Australian participant in men's online activism, and Ragnar, a Scandinavian former pilot.[5] Influential platforms during this period, such as independent blogs and chat rooms, served as incubators for these discussions.[6] Figures like Paul Elam, through early writings that evolved into the 2009 launch of A Voice for Men, reinforced these themes.[4] This era laid the ideological groundwork for MGTOW as a philosophy of strategic withdrawal, distinct from broader men's rights advocacy by prioritizing individual sovereignty over reform efforts.[3]Expansion in the Digital Age (2010s)
The MGTOW movement expanded in the 2010s through the proliferation of online forums, subreddits, and video content platforms. The subreddit r/MGTOW, established in mid-2011, served as a primary venue for discussions.[7] Auxiliary subreddits, such as r/MGTOWBooks for literature recommendations, emerged shortly thereafter.[7] YouTube contributed to increased visibility, with channels like Sandman (launched around 2011), Stardusk, and Turd Flinging Monkey producing hundreds of videos.[4] Content included memes and testimonials, with growth in the early to mid-2010s.[3] Independent forums supported the infrastructure; the MGTOW Forum, launched in 2014, hosted threaded discussions, following earlier sites like mgtow.com (active since circa 2009).[7]Deplatforming and Underground Persistence (2020s)
In August 2021, Reddit banned the primary MGTOW subreddit (r/MGTOW), which had over 100,000 subscribers, along with its backup (r/MGTOW2), citing violations of site policies against promoting hate based on gender.[8][9] TikTok followed suit in 2021 by prohibiting the MGTOW hashtag.[10] These actions aligned with broader platform efforts in the early 2020s to curb manosphere communities.[3] YouTube imposed demonetization on select MGTOW channels as early as 2018, affecting creators like Sandman, but did not enact wholesale bans, allowing content to persist under algorithmic scrutiny.[11] By 2024, MGTOW-themed videos continued to upload.[12] Post-deplatforming, MGTOW adherents migrated to independent forums and less regulated sites, including mgtow.com and goingyourownway.com.[13][14] Imageboards such as MGTOW.me sustained anonymous engagement, while decentralized alternatives like Gab and private Telegram groups facilitated relocation away from mainstream platforms.[3]Core Ideology and Principles
Philosophical Underpinnings
MGTOW philosophy posits that contemporary society operates under gynocentrism, a systemic prioritization of female interests that fosters male disposability and institutionalizes disadvantages for men through mechanisms like family law and cultural norms. Adherents contend this structure, amplified by feminism, renders traditional male roles—such as provider and protector—obsolete or punitive, compelling men to reclaim sovereignty by rejecting entanglement in romantic or marital relationships.[15][16] At its core lies a neo-individualistic ethos emphasizing rational self-interest and personal autonomy, where men are urged to "go their own way" by focusing on self-actualization and self-determination rather than societal expectations of partnership or reproduction.[17][18] Drawing on evolutionary psychology and observations of sexual dimorphism, MGTOW frames intersexual dynamics as biologically asymmetric, with female hypergamy—seeking higher-status mates—and branch-swinging tendencies contrasting male provisioning instincts. Proponents view awareness of these dynamics, often termed "taking the red pill" as movement jargon for perceived intersexual realities, as a key element of the philosophy.[15][16]Degrees of MGTOW Engagement
Within the MGTOW community, degrees of engagement are commonly delineated into levels representing commitments to personal sovereignty and disengagement from romantic, cohabitational, and societal involvement with women. These levels, originating from early forum discussions around 2010-2014, provide a framework used within the discourse to conceptualize alignment with autonomy.[19][20] Level 0, often termed situational awareness or the "red pill" phase, involves recognizing perceived imbalances in gender dynamics; individuals may continue pursuing relationships while harboring skepticism.[19][3][20] Level 1 entails rejecting long-term relationships, marriage, and cohabitation, but permits short-term encounters or casual interactions.[5][19][20] At Level 2, engagement extends to forgoing all dating, hookups, or sexual relations, emphasizing self-improvement and financial independence over relational pursuits.[5][19][3] Level 3 incorporates economic disengagement, where men minimize earnings beyond personal sustenance to limit contributions to state-supported systems.[5][19][20] Level 4 advocates full societal withdrawal, including limited interactions with women or broader society, often through isolation or off-grid living to achieve total independence.[5][19][3][20] These categorizations, while influential in MGTOW discourse, vary slightly across sources and represent stages of ideological commitment to sovereignty.[3][5]Practices and Daily Implementation
Self-Improvement Strategies
Self-improvement forms a foundational element of Men Going Their Own Way practices, with adherents redirecting energy toward individual autonomy, resilience, and long-term fulfillment through personal discipline and resource cultivation.[21][22] Physical fitness involves consistent weight training, cardiovascular exercise, and nutrition optimization to build strength and enhance vitality.[21][23] Financial independence includes aggressive saving, debt elimination, skill acquisition for career advancement, and investment in assets like stocks or real estate. Practitioners adopt minimalism to redirect funds toward passive income streams.[22][21] Development of hobbies and intellectual pursuits, such as trades, arts, or technical skills, expands personal competencies. Mental well-being practices include stoic philosophy reading, meditation, and boundary-setting.[23][21][22] These strategies interconnect, with fitness supporting productivity for career gains and financial security enabling hobby exploration.[24][25]Economic and Legal Risk Mitigation
Practitioners of Men Going Their Own Way emphasize avoidance of marriage and long-term cohabitation. In jurisdictions recognizing common-law marriage, adherents avoid prolonged shared residency.[26][27][28][29] Strategies include maintaining separate finances, eschewing joint accounts or commingled assets, and prioritizing personal investments in career advancement or entrepreneurship. Some use asset protection vehicles like irrevocable trusts or limited liability companies to shield holdings, with consultation from legal experts. Prenuptial agreements are considered.[30][31][32][33] Relational practices involve opting for non-committed situationships and advocating mandatory paternity testing before acknowledging fatherhood.[29]Social and Relational Boundaries
Adherents implement social and relational boundaries beginning with rejection of marriage and long-term romantic relationships. Short-term or casual encounters may occur at entry levels but are often limited.[3][1] Boundaries extend to curtailing non-professional social interactions with women, including platonic friendships or group socializing. The community slogan "AWALT" (All Women Are Like That) informs this approach. At advanced levels, adherents pursue near-total separation from social engagement with women.[34][3] Some pursue "going ghost," minimizing societal footprint through reduced employment, relocation to low-regulation areas, or anonymous living.[35][36]Membership Demographics
Typical Profiles and Motivations
Men in the MGTOW community are predominantly heterosexual males who self-identify as having opted out of romantic and marital relationships with women.[37] [38] Common self-reported backgrounds include divorced individuals and never-married younger men.[37] [39] Typical entry points involve relationship breakdowns or discovery through online forums. Participants span a broad age range, from adolescents to older adults, though quantitative demographic data is limited due to the anonymous nature of online participation and lack of formal surveys.[38] The community draws men from varied socioeconomic backgrounds, with analyses indicating a tendency toward white, middle-class individuals.[37] Active members often participate digitally and emphasize self-sufficiency via hobbies, career advancement, and practices focused on personal development.[38] [39] Many report personal experiences such as relational failure or rejection as factors in their participation.[38] [39]Scale and Geographic Distribution
The scale of the MGTOW movement remains difficult to ascertain with precision, given its reliance on dispersed online forums, susceptibility to deplatforming, and lack of centralized organization or formal membership tracking. As of August 2020, the primary dedicated forum at mgtow.com hosted approximately 33,000 registered members, serving as a key hub for discussions among adherents.[5] The movement's largest Reddit community, r/MGTOW, experienced significant growth prior to its quarantine in early 2020 and subsequent ban in June 2021, reflecting tens of thousands of subscribers engaged in the philosophy at its peak visibility.[40] Post-deplatforming, participants migrated to alternative platforms such as Telegram channels, independent websites, and private Discord servers, where activity persists but evades comprehensive enumeration due to privacy measures and platform fragmentation.[3] Geographically, MGTOW engagement is predominantly concentrated in English-speaking Western nations, including the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia.[41] European countries with similar societal structures, particularly those in Northern and Western Europe, also feature notable pockets of adherents, as evidenced by the linguistic focus of MGTOW content on English-language platforms and the movement's roots in North American online discourse.[3] Limited data from tweet analyses and forum interactions suggest minimal organized presence in non-Western regions, though isolated adoption occurs in countries like India and China.[42] Overall, the movement's scale appears niche rather than mass, with estimates of active core participants in the low tens of thousands globally as of the early 2020s, though informal sympathy or partial alignment may extend influence to a wider, unquantified audience of disaffected men.[41]Empirical Justifications
Family Law and Divorce Realities
In the United States, women initiate approximately 69% of divorces, according to analysis of data from the 2009-2015 American Community Survey and National Survey of Family Growth.[43] This disparity persists across studies, with rates ranging from 70% to 80% in various datasets.[44] Child custody outcomes show that about 80% of custodial parents are mothers, with fathers comprising 20%, based on U.S. Census Bureau data from custodial parent families.[45] In contested cases, mothers receive primary physical custody in roughly 80-85% of instances.[46] Fathers awarded sole custody represent 17.5% of cases, with child support obligations averaging $5,760 annually per child and non-compliance risking incarceration.[47] Financial settlements under equitable distribution laws divide marital assets, with alimony imposed in 10-15% of cases, predominantly paid by men to women.[48] Post-divorce, men's household income declines by 21-23% on average, while women's drops 41%, per analyses from the U.S. and Europe; divorced men experience 57% wealth reductions, comparable to women's 53%.[49][50] Enforcement includes wage garnishment and imprisonment for arrears, affecting over 1 million men annually, with women rarely facing equivalent penalties for non-payment.[45]Broader Societal Metrics on Male Outcomes
These metrics include disparities in suicide rates, homelessness, incarceration, educational attainment, life expectancy, and occupational fatalities compared to females.| Metric | Male Outcome | Female Comparison | Year/Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Suicide Rate (per 100,000) | 22.8 | 5.9 (4x lower) | 2023/CDC, NIMH[51][52] |
| Homeless Population Share | ~60% | ~40% | 2023/HUD-derived[53] |
| Sentenced Prisoners | 93% | 7% | 2023/BJS[54] |
| HS Graduation Rate | ~82% | ~88% (6 pt gap) | 2021-2023/NCES, Brookings[55] |
| Life Expectancy (years) | 75.8 | 81.1 (5.3 yr gap) | 2023/CDC[56] |
| Workplace Fatalities Share | ~91.5% | 8.5% | 2023/BLS[57] |