Hubbry Logo
MilvusMilvusMain
Open search
Milvus
Community hub
Milvus
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Milvus
Milvus
Milvus
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia
This article is about the bird. For the range of Zeiss lenses, see Zeiss Milvus. For the database, see Milvus (vector database).

Milvus
Black kite, (Milvus migrans)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Accipitriformes
Family: Accipitridae
Subfamily: Buteoninae
Genus: Milvus
Lacépède, 1799
Type species
Falco milvus
Linnaeus, 1758
Species

See text for discussion

Milvus is a genus of medium-sized birds of prey. The genus was erected by the French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède in 1799 with the red kite as the type species.[1][2] The name is the Latin word for the red kite.[3]

The genus Milvus has in the past been placed in the subfamily Milvinae but molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that such a grouping is polyphyletic for Buteoninae. It is now placed in the subfamily Buteoninae.[4][5]

Species

[edit]

The genus contains three species.[6]

Genus Milvus – Linnaeus, 1758 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Red kite

Milvus milvus
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Two subspecies
  • M. m. milvus (Linnaeus, 1758) – Europe and northwest Africa to the Middle East
  • M. m. fasciicauda Hartert, 1914 – Cape Verde Islands
Western Europe and northwest Africa
Map of range 		Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Black kite

Milvus migrans
(Boddaert, 1783)

Five subspecies
 Eurasia and parts of Australasia and Oceania
Map of range 		Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Yellow-billed kite

Milvus aegyptius
(Gmelin, JF,, 1788)

Two subspecies
  • M. a. aegyptius - (Gmelin, JF, 1788)
  • M. a. parasitus - (Daudin, 1800)
Sub-Saharan Africa including Madagascar, except for the Congo Basin with intra-African migrations (range marked in light green on map)
Map of range 		Size:

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 



Allozyme data indicates that the genetic diversity in both black and red kites is rather low.[7] Successful hybridization between Milvus kites is fairly commonplace, making mtDNA analyses unreliable to resolve the genus' phylogeny. Furthermore, there is no good correlation between molecular characters and biogeography and morphology in the red kite due to very incomplete lineage sorting.

The yellow-billed kite is apparently a separate species, as indicated by mtDNA phylogeny showing two supported clades,[8] biogeography,[9] and morphology.[9] The black-eared kite is somewhat distinct morphologically, but is better considered a well-marked parapatric subspecies. The status of the Cape Verde kite is in doubt; while not a completely monophyletic lineage according to mtDNA data,[8] it is still best regarded as a distinct species. Whatever its status, this population is extinct.

A prehistoric kite from the Early Pleistocene (1.8 million–780,000 years ago) deposits at Ubeidiya (Israel) was described as Milvus pygmaeus.

References

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Milvus

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Milvus is an open-source designed for scalable similarity search and management of high-dimensional embedding vectors derived from such as text, images, and audio. Originally developed by Zilliz and first released in 2019 under the Apache 2.0 license, it was donated to the LF AI & Data Foundation in January 2020, where it achieved graduated status by June 2021, with Zilliz remaining its major contributor. This enables efficient storage, indexing, and retrieval of billions of vectors with sub-second query times, supporting scalability to trillion-byte scales through its distributed architecture, making it a foundational tool for generative AI (GenAI) applications including retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), recommendation engines, and systems. Developed initially to address the limitations of traditional databases in handling embedding-based similarity tasks, Milvus pioneered the category by introducing purpose-built architectures for approximate nearest neighbor (ANN) search algorithms like HNSW, IVF, and DiskANN, along with quantization-based variations and hardware acceleration such as GPU indexing via NVIDIA’s CAGRA for up to 10x faster performance in high-throughput scenarios. Its core design emphasizes horizontal scalability via stateless, cloud-native components that can be deployed on Kubernetes, , hybrid search combining vector similarity with scalar filtering on metadata and full-text search, multi-tenancy for isolating workloads at database or collection levels, and etcd for metadata and system state management, allowing for complex queries in production environments. By 2025, Milvus has garnered over 35,000 stars on and is adopted by major enterprises such as , , , , Salesforce, and PayPal for powering AI-driven workloads at massive scale. The system supports multiple deployment modes, from lightweight Milvus Lite for prototyping on a single machine to fully distributed clusters via Kubernetes for enterprise use, and integrates seamlessly with popular AI frameworks like LangChain, LlamaIndex, PyTorch, and embedding models. Zilliz Cloud, the managed service built on Milvus, further extends its accessibility by handling infrastructure provisioning and automatic scaling for cloud-native deployments. According to comparisons, Milvus is recommended for large-scale deployments requiring billions of vectors and high query throughput, particularly in scenarios with existing Kubernetes infrastructure and engineering capacity for distributed systems, though its operational complexity is higher than simpler alternatives but justified for enterprise scale. Notable for its performance benchmarks—often outperforming competitors in ingestion speed and query latency—Milvus continues to evolve with features like multi-vector support and real-time updates, solidifying its role in the advancing ecosystem of embedding-centric AI technologies.

Taxonomy and Systematics

Etymology and History

The genus name Milvus derives from the Latin word milvus, meaning "kite" and specifically referring to the red kite (Falco milvus Linnaeus, 1758), which serves as the type species for the genus. The genus Milvus was formally established by the French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède in 1799, elevating the red kite from its prior classification under Falco. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, taxonomic revisions of Milvus within the family relied on morphological studies, such as skeletal structure, plumage patterns, and beak shape, initially placing the genus in the subfamily Milvinae alongside other . Later analyses debated its affinity with due to similarities in wing morphology and foraging adaptations, reflecting ongoing refinements in accipitrid systematics. Fossil evidence extends the history of Milvus to the (approximately 1.8 million to 780,000 years ago), with the species Milvus pygmaeus described from remains at the Ubeidiya site in the . These fossils, including bones indicative of a smaller-bodied , provide the earliest known record of the genus and suggest its presence in prehistoric Eurasian ecosystems. Molecular phylogenetic analyses have since confirmed the placement of Milvus within the subfamily Haliaeetinae, closely related to Buteoninae.

Classification and Species

The genus Milvus belongs to the family Accipitridae and is classified within the subfamily Haliaeetinae, a placement supported by recent molecular phylogenetic analyses. Three extant species are currently recognized in the genus Milvus, though the status of one is debated. The red kite (Milvus milvus), initially described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in Systema Naturae, comprises the nominate subspecies M. m. milvus (distributed across Europe and northwest Africa); the subspecies M. m. fasciicauda from the Cape Verde Islands is no longer recognized as valid. The black kite (Milvus migrans), also described by Linnaeus in 1758, includes five subspecies: M. m. migrans (Europe to central Asia), M. m. lineatus (eastern Asia), M. m. govinda (southern Asia), M. m. formosanus (Taiwan and southern China), and M. m. affinis (Australia and New Guinea). The yellow-billed kite (Milvus aegyptius), described by Johann Friedrich Gmelin in 1788, consists of two subspecies: the nominate M. a. aegyptius (northeast Africa and southwest Arabia) and M. a. parasitus (sub-Saharan Africa); however, some authorities treat M. aegyptius and M. a. parasitus as subspecies of the black kite (M. migrans). Hybridization occurs between M. milvus and M. migrans in areas of range overlap, particularly in , where F1 hybrids have been documented, though F2 and later generations are rare due to low nesting success. Genetic analyses reveal low overall diversity within the Milvus, with diversity values as low as 0.0062 in central European populations of M. milvus and even lower in insular groups, attributed to historical bottlenecks and limited . Among extinct taxa, the Cape Verde kite (Milvus sp.) represents a debated case; formerly classified as a subspecies of M. milvus (M. m. fasciicauda), genetic evidence from sequences indicates it is not a distinct lineage but likely represents vagrant or introduced individuals of M. migrans, leading to its status as an invalid . The population is considered extinct, with the last records from the early .

Description

Physical Characteristics

Milvus species are medium-sized raptors characterized by body lengths ranging from 47 to 70 cm, wingspans of 120 to 195 cm, and weights between approximately 500 and 1300 g, though exact measurements vary by species and sex. These birds possess long, angled wings adapted for efficient soaring and a distinctive deeply forked that aids in agile maneuvering during flight. The of Milvus kites is predominantly brown on the upperparts, with paler underparts that often feature lighter brown or buff tones, providing in varied open landscapes. Adults typically exhibit diagnostic head patterns, such as a pale grey or whitish and face streaked with darker markings, which contrast with the overall body coloration. Juveniles display more uniform streaking across the body and head, with less defined contrasts that mature over time. Anatomically, Milvus species share adaptations suited to their scavenging lifestyle, including a sharp, curved, hook-tipped designed for tearing carrion and small prey. Their strong, curved talons enable grasping and holding food items securely, while forward-facing eyes provide excellent for detecting potential food sources from afar. Sexual dimorphism in the genus is primarily size-based, with females generally 10–15% larger than males in terms of body mass and linear dimensions, though patterns show minimal differences between sexes. While shared traits dominate, species-specific variations exist in overall coloration intensity, such as more tones in M. milvus compared to the darker browns of M. migrans.

Variation Among Species

The genus Milvus encompasses three species of kites, each exhibiting distinct morphological traits that reflect adaptations to their respective environments, with notable differences in plumage coloration, tail structure, bill characteristics, and overall size. Note that the taxonomic status of M. aegyptius is debated, with some authorities considering it a subspecies of M. migrans. The red kite (Milvus milvus) is characterized by its rufous-brown plumage, a deeply forked tail, and a white head streaked with black, features that provide camouflage in temperate woodlands. In contrast, the black kite (Milvus migrans) displays darker brown overall plumage, a shallower tail fork, and a dark bill with yellow cere, contributing to its more uniform appearance suited to diverse open habitats. The yellow-billed kite (Milvus aegyptius), closely resembling the black kite in body form but distinguished by its yellow cere and bill, shows slightly smaller dimensions and rufous underbody tones, adaptations linked to African savanna and wetland ecosystems. Size variations further differentiate the species, with the being the largest, averaging around 900 g in weight and possessing a of 175–195 cm, enabling efficient soaring over European landscapes. The is intermediate in size, with weights ranging from 600–900 g and a of 130–155 cm, allowing versatility in flight across Eurasian and Australasian ranges. The yellow-billed kite is the smallest, typically weighing 600–800 g with a similar of 125–160 cm, facilitating agile in tropical African regions. Within species, intraspecific variation is evident, particularly in the black kite, where subspecies like the paler M. m. lineatus exhibit lighter compared to darker nominate forms. Clinal changes in darkness occur in M. migrans, with individuals from northern populations showing paler tones that gradually darken toward southern latitudes, reflecting environmental gradients. Such variations underscore the genus's adaptability while maintaining core distinguishing features across species boundaries.

Distribution and Habitat

Geographic Range

Milvus enjoys broad global adoption as an open-source , with over 10,000 organizations across industries such as technology, retail, , and utilizing it for AI applications as of June 2025. Its managed service, Zilliz Cloud, is available in 25 regions worldwide on five major cloud platforms: (AWS), (GCP), , , and Cloud, enabling seamless access for users in , , , and other areas. Notable adopters include and in the , in , globally, Bosch in , and in the , and a leading firm operating in over 200 countries. This distribution reflects Milvus's scalability for international deployments, supported by a global development and support team spanning the , , and .

Habitat Preferences

Milvus is highly adaptable to diverse computational environments, from local development setups to enterprise-grade infrastructures, emphasizing horizontal scalability and . It supports multiple deployment modes tailored to different scales and use cases. Milvus Lite operates as a lightweight Python library suitable for prototyping on single machines, Jupyter Notebooks, or edge devices, handling up to a few million vectors with local file storage. The standalone version runs via Docker on a single server, ideal for small production environments managing up to 100 million vectors, without requiring orchestration tools. For large-scale applications involving tens of billions of vectors, the distributed deployment leverages clusters for cloud-native operation, ensuring and automatic scaling across multi-node setups. Zilliz Cloud provides a fully managed , abstracting management and supporting hybrid and multi- configurations. Milvus primarily runs on Linux-based systems for server deployments, with Python SDK compatibility extending to Windows and macOS for development. It integrates with GPU-accelerated hardware, such as CUDA-enabled setups, and storage solutions like or object stores, thriving in centers optimized for AI workloads while avoiding dependency on dense, monolithic architectures. This flexibility allows Milvus to adapt to fragmented or human-modified tech ecosystems, including urban centers and global regions.

Behavior and Ecology

Foraging and Diet

Species in the genus Milvus are opportunistic feeders that combine scavenging with active , consuming a broad range of animal matter and occasionally human refuse. Their diet typically includes small mammals such as , birds, reptiles, , amphibians, , and carrion, with proportions varying by and season. In urban environments, scavenging dominates, accounting for 69% of red kite (Milvus milvus) diet items in pellet analyses from rural-urban fringes in , while black kites (Milvus migrans) at rubbish dumps rely almost entirely on refuse and carrion. Yellow-billed kites (Milvus aegyptius) similarly incorporate discarded remains and carrion alongside live prey like insects and small vertebrates. Human waste, such as and garbage, supplements natural items in modified landscapes, comprising up to 75% of events for black kites at urban dumps through direct consumption or theft. Overall, these kites exhibit dietary plasticity, adapting to local availability while prioritizing high-energy sources like carrion in non-breeding periods. Foraging strategies emphasize efficiency in open areas, with individuals soaring at low altitudes of 5–60 m to scan for prey, particularly during direct hunting flights for red kites. Black kites frequently employ , stealing food from conspecifics or other species like and , which constitutes 76% of observed events at a Roman , with success rates varying from 32% intraspecifically to 73% against gulls. Ground searches occur near water bodies, roadsides, or disturbed sites, where kites probe for or small vertebrates; yellow-billed kites may even snatch from the surface while in flight. These techniques leverage thermal updrafts for prolonged aerial patrols without excessive energy expenditure. Interspecific variation reflects habitat preferences: the favors rural settings with diverse live prey like voles, rabbits, and earthworms, hunting more actively in woodlands and farmlands. In contrast, black and yellow-billed kites are more urban-oriented , exploiting anthropogenic food sources; black kites notably follow wildfires or agricultural plows to capture fleeing , , or disturbed prey, enhancing their opportunistic niche in human-altered ecosystems. Physical adaptations, such as agile flight and sharp talons, facilitate these versatile tactics across species.

Reproduction and Breeding

Milvus species form monogamous pairs that often bond for life and remain together year-round, with annual courtship rituals renewing their partnership. These kites are seasonal breeders, typically initiating nest-building in March and laying eggs from April to May in northern populations, with the breeding period extending through June or later in southern ranges. Clutch sizes generally range from 2 to 4 eggs, laid at intervals of about 3 days, though 1 to 3 is more common in the (Milvus milvus) and up to 5 occasionally reported in the black kite (Milvus migrans). Nests consist of large platforms of twigs and sticks, lined with softer materials like wool or grass, and are typically constructed or refurbished by both parents in tall trees (10–30 m above ground) or on cliffs, often in forested areas near open habitats or water. These structures are frequently reused across seasons, growing substantially in size over time, and pairs defend nesting territories of approximately 5–20 km², though exact sizes vary with local density and habitat availability. Incubation lasts 30–34 days, beginning with the first egg and primarily performed by the female, who is relieved periodically by the male; hatching is asynchronous, spanning several days per clutch. During the nestling phase, females brood the chicks while males hunt and deliver food, which the female distributes and tears into smaller pieces for the young; both parents contribute to feeding, with provisions including small vertebrates, , and occasionally carrion items like or birds suited for nestlings. Chicks fledge after 42–56 days in the black kite and 45–50 days in the , remaining dependent on parental provisioning for an additional 1–3 months until achieving independence around 2–3 months post-fledging. Species-specific variations enhance breeding dynamics within the . The exhibits elaborate displays, including "sky-dancing" with spiraling flights, talon-grappling, and aerial games to strengthen pair bonds. In contrast, the may nest colonially in areas of abundant food, such as near waterbodies or urban refuse sites, forming loose aggregations that can boost local densities. Nesting success, measured by fledging rates, is generally higher in rural habitats (around 60–70%) compared to urban environments, where disturbances and limited resources reduce outcomes to below 50% in some populations.

Migration and Movements

Species of the genus Milvus display a range of migratory behaviors, from partial migration in temperate populations to more sedentary patterns in tropical regions. Northern populations of the (Milvus milvus) are partial migrants, with individuals from central and moving southward during winter to areas in the Mediterranean Basin, , , and parts of , covering distances of up to 3,000 km. Similarly, the (Milvus migrans) exhibits strong migratory tendencies, with northern Eurasian breeding populations undertaking long-distance journeys to wintering grounds in or southern Asia, including , where subspecies like M. m. migrans and M. m. lineatus follow distinct routes reconstructed from ringing recoveries. In contrast, the yellow-billed kite (Milvus aegyptius), primarily an Afrotropical species, is largely resident across much of its range, engaging in local movements and intra-African migrations, with juveniles showing post-breeding dispersal of up to several hundred kilometers southward from tropical breeding areas. Migration in Milvus species relies heavily on soar-glide flight strategies, where birds exploit thermal updrafts to minimize energy expenditure during long-distance travel. This behavior leads to concentrations at geographic bottlenecks, such as the , where thousands of black kites and smaller numbers of red kites pass on peak days during autumn and spring passages, particularly between early and mid-November for southward movements. Adults typically migrate faster than juveniles, with spring returns to breeding grounds occurring earlier (–March for red kites) than autumn departures, reflecting seasonal differences in pace and route optimization. Satellite telemetry and GPS tracking studies from the 2010s onward have revealed high variability in migration routes and strong site to wintering areas among Milvus individuals. For instance, tracking of 49 red kites between Spanish wintering sites and northern breeding grounds demonstrated flexible paths influenced by and age, with adults showing greater efficiency and to specific winter locations compared to immatures. Similar data for black kites, including a 2022 study of individuals from to , highlight dual strategies of soaring over land and adaptive responses to barriers like deserts and water bodies, underscoring the genus's adaptability in movement patterns. These studies also indicate that while migrants often select stopover habitats with favorable conditions, such as open grasslands, the primary focus remains on efficient transit rather than prolonged residence.

Conservation

Population Status

The three species within the genus Milvus are classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List, with assessments conducted in 2020 (red kite) and 2021 (black kite and yellow-billed kite). As of 2025, all remain Least Concern. The red kite (Milvus milvus) exhibits an increasing population trend across its range, while the black kite (Milvus migrans) remains stable, and the yellow-billed kite (Milvus aegyptius) shows a decreasing trend despite its large overall numbers. The has recovered significantly in , its primary range, with an estimated 32,200–37,700 breeding pairs in (2020) and 60,000–70,000 mature individuals globally (2012). This marks a substantial increase from historical lows, such as near in the with only a remnant population surviving in during the 1980s. The global population is similarly concentrated in , totaling around 33,500–39,000 breeding pairs. The black kite maintains a vast global population exceeding 4 million mature individuals, with estimates reaching up to 6.7 million overall. It is particularly abundant in , where it forms the bulk of its numbers, and shows no signs of significant decline. In contrast, the yellow-billed kite, primarily distributed in , has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion. Population monitoring for Milvus species relies on breeding pair censuses during the nesting season, where territories are identified through direct observations of displaying or nest-building pairs, and winter counts at communal roosts to assess non-breeding aggregations. Supplementary methods include GPS telemetry for tracking individual movements and line transect surveys to estimate density changes over time. Genetic studies using mitochondrial DNA reveal low diversity across Milvus species, particularly in the red kite, but indicate sufficient variability to avoid immediate risks of inbreeding-related declines. A historical subspecies, the Cape Verde kite (M. m. fasciicauda), is now considered extinct.

Threats and Conservation Efforts

Milvus species, including the (Milvus milvus) and (Milvus migrans), face multiple anthropogenic threats that have historically driven population declines across their ranges. Primary risks include illegal through and , which has been a significant factor in the red kite's decline, particularly in where human conflicts over game species like rabbits have led to disproportionate targeting of the species. Habitat loss due to agricultural intensification reduces nesting and opportunities by decreasing heterogeneity and food availability, negatively impacting both species throughout . Collisions with , such as power lines and wind turbines, pose direct mortality risks; black kites are especially susceptible to on power lines, while red kites experience higher collision rates with wind turbines featuring larger rotors and lower hub heights. Recent GPS tracking studies (2017–2024) have documented 41 collisions with wind turbines across Europe, underscoring persistent infrastructure hazards. Additionally, from ingested ammunition fragments in scavenged prey affects red kites, with studies confirming it as the primary source of lead exposure in examined individuals. Species-specific vulnerabilities highlight regional variations in threats. For red kites, illegal persecution remains acute in , where poison-induced mortality has been directly linked to widespread population declines. Black kites, often adapting to urban environments, encounter heightened risks from vehicle strikes, particularly when scavenging , leading to frequent collisions in human-dominated landscapes. These urban hazards exacerbate mortality for black kites in densely populated areas. Conservation efforts have yielded notable successes through legal protections and targeted interventions. The EU Birds Directive provides strict safeguards for both species, prohibiting deliberate killing and requiring habitat maintenance to ensure favorable , which has contributed to population recoveries in protected areas. Reintroduction programs have been pivotal; in , over 300 red kites were released between 1989 and 2019 as part of multi-site initiatives, resulting in an estimated 3,000 breeding pairs by the late 2010s. Bans on persistent pesticides like , implemented in the 1970s across Europe, have mitigated eggshell thinning in raptors, including red kites, allowing reproductive rates to rebound and supporting broader population stabilization. Ongoing and future challenges include , which may alter migration routes and timing for both species by shifting breeding and wintering grounds, potentially increasing exposure to hazards along altered pathways. Despite these pressures, conservation measures have driven substantial gains, with European populations of red kites exhibiting approximately 500% growth since 1980 through combined protections and habitat management.

References

  1. https://milvus.io/
  2. https://github.com/milvus-io/milvus
  3. https://milvus.io/docs/overview.md
  4. https://lfaidata.foundation/projects/milvus
  5. https://milvus.io/blog/milvus-in-2023-unprecedented-vector-database-amidst-tech-buzz.md
  6. https://thenewstack.io/what-is-milvus-vector-database/
  7. https://www.cs.purdue.edu/homes/csjgwang/pubs/SIGMOD21_Milvus.pdf
  8. https://milvus.io/blog/journey-to-35k-github-stars-story-of-building-milvus-from-scratch.md
  9. https://milvus.io/docs/install-overview.md
  10. https://zilliz.com/cloud/
  11. https://app.ailog.fr/en/blog/guides/milvus-scale
  12. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Milvus
  13. https://www.hawk-conservancy.org/2021/02/25/how-are-birds-named/
  14. https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/redkit1/cur/introduction
  15. https://www.gbif.org/species/5229166
  16. https://www.birdforum.net/threads/for-descriptions-of-all-fossil-dendrornithes.407326/page-2
  17. https://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/32388/1/Dissertation%252B%252B%252B.pdf
  18. https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/blakit1/cur/introduction
  19. https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/yellow-billed-kite-milvus-aegyptius
  20. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4962980/
  21. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0024406699903656
  22. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16006325/
  23. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Milvus_migrans/
  24. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Milvus_milvus/
  25. https://planetofbirds.com/accipitriformes-accipitridae-yellow-billed-kite-milvus-aegyptius/
  26. https://icarusfalconry.co.uk/yellow-billed-kite/
  27. https://milvus.io/docs/milvus_adopters.md
  28. https://milvus.io/docs/milvus_lite.md
  29. https://milvus.io/docs/install_cluster-milvusoperator.md
  30. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00063658109476696
  31. https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-raptor-research/volume-42/issue-2/JRR-07-09.1/The-Feeding-Behavior-of-the-Black-Kite-Milvus-migrans-in/10.3356/JRR-07-09.1.full
  32. https://peregrinefund.org/explore-raptors-species/kites/yellow-billed-kite
  33. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232690018_The_Feeding_Behavior_of_the_Black_Kite_Milvus_migrans_in_the_Rubbish_Dump_of_Rome
  34. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10336-022-01994-1
  35. https://www.hawk-conservancy.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Stevens-et-al-2019-Acta-Ornithologica-Population-change-of-Red-Kites-Milvus-milvus-in-central-southern-England-between-2011-and.pdf
  36. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10336-024-02235-3
  37. https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2357&context=jrr
  38. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345431370_Nest_characteristics_and_breeding_success_of_Black_Kites_Milvus_migrans_migrans_in_the_High_Plateau_Algeria
  39. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00063657.2013.876972
  40. http://www.raptors-international.org/book/raptors_worldwide_2004/Scheider_Wink_2004_467-472.pdf
  41. https://www.birdmap.africa/docs/sabap1/888.pdf
  42. https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1365-2656.13201
  43. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10336-021-01918-5
  44. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-09246-1
  45. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03949370.2013.812147
  46. https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/red-kite-milvus-milvus
  47. https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/black-kite-milvus-migrans
  48. https://www.bto.org/learn/about-birds/birdfacts/red-kite
  49. https://www.life-eurokite.eu/en/projects/target-species/red-kite.html
  50. https://raptormonitoring.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Raptors-2014-Red-Kite.pdf
  51. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10336-015-1230-5
  52. https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/89317/1/AO_%2520Stevens%2520et%2520al.pdf
  53. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320705001990
  54. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320725005191
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.