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Ole Worm and Dorothea Worm, née Fincke

Key Information

Ole Worm (13 May 1588 – 31 August 1654), who often went by the Latinized form of his name Olaus Wormius, was a Danish physician, natural historian and antiquary. He was a professor at the University of Copenhagen where he taught Greek, Latin, physics and medicine.[1]

Biography

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Worm was the son of Willum Worm, who served as the mayor of Aarhus, and was made a rich man by an inheritance from his father. Ole Worm's grandfather Johan Worm, a magistrate in Aarhus, was a Lutheran who had fled from Arnhem in Gelderland while it was under Catholic rule.[2]

Worm married Dorothea Fincke, the daughter of a friend and colleague, Thomas Fincke. Fincke was a Danish mathematician and physicist, who invented the terms 'tangent' and 'secant' and taught at the University of Copenhagen for more than 60 years.[3] Through Fincke, Worm became connected to the powerful Bartholin family of physicians, and later theologians and scientists, that dominated the University of Copenhagen throughout the 17th and 18th centuries.[4]

Ole Worm was something of a perpetual student: after attending the grammar school of Aarhus, he continued his education at the University of Marburg, studying theology in 1605.[2] He received his doctor of medicine degree from the University of Basel in 1611, and received a master of arts degree from the University of Copenhagen in 1617. The rest of his academic career was spent in Copenhagen, where he taught Latin, Greek, physics, and medicine. He was personal physician to King Christian IV of Denmark. Somewhat remarkable for a physician of the time, he remained in the city of Copenhagen to minister to the sick during an epidemic of the bubonic plague, which led to his own death from the plague in 1654.[5]

Scientific and cultural significance

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In medicine, Worm's chief contributions were in embryology. The Wormian bones (small bones that fill gaps in the cranial sutures) are named after him.[6]

Worm is known to have been a collector of early literature in the Scandinavian languages. He also wrote a number of treatises on runestones and collected texts that were written in runic.[7] Worm received letters of introduction to the bishops of Denmark and Norway from the King of Denmark-Norway due to the king's interest and approval.

In 1626 Worm published his "Danish Chronology" (Fasti Danici) containing the results of his researches into runic lore; and in 1636 his "Runes: the oldest Danish literature" (Runir seu Danica literatura antiquissima), a compilation of transcribed runic texts. In 1643 his "Danish Monuments" (Danicorum Monumentorum) was published. The first written study of runestones, it is also one of the only surviving sources for depictions of numerous runestones and inscriptions from Denmark, some of which are now lost. An illustration of his pet bird, a great auk, survives as the only known illustration of a live member of the species, which is now extinct.[8][9]

As a scientist, Worm straddled the line between modern and pre-modern. As an example, in a very modern, empirical mode, Worm determined in 1638 that the unicorn did not exist and that purported unicorn horns simply were from the narwhal. At the same time, however, he then wondered if the anti-poison properties associated with a unicorn's horn still held true, and undertook experiments in poisoning pets and then serving them ground up narwhal horn (his poisoning must have been relatively mild because he reported that they did recover).[10]

Other empirical investigations he conducted included providing convincing evidence that lemmings were rodents and not, as some thought, spontaneously generated by the air (Worm 1655, p. 327), and also by providing the first detailed drawing of a bird-of-paradise proving that they did, despite much popular speculation to the opposite, indeed have feet like regular birds. Worm's primary use of his natural history collection was for the purpose of pedagogy.[11]

Museum Wormianum

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As a natural philosopher, Worm assembled a great collection of curiosities, which ranged from native artifacts collected from the New World, to taxidermed animals, to fossils, on which he speculated greatly. Museum Wormianum was the cabinet of rarities of the natural history cabinet established by Ole Worm in Copenhagen. It consists of minerals, plants, animals, and man-made objects.[12]

Worm compiled engravings of his collection, along with his speculations about their meaning, into a catalog of his Museum Wormianum, published after his death in 1654. Museum Wormianum contained a detailed description of the natural history cabinet. The text is divided into four books; the first three dealing with minerals, plant and animal. The fourth detailed archaeological and ethnographic items.[13][14]

[edit]

The early twentieth century horror author H. P. Lovecraft mentions Olaus Wormius as having translated the fictional Al Azif (commonly known as the Necronomicon) from Greek to Latin; however, he dates this translation 1228, four centuries before the historical Wormius's lifetime. Horror writer Anders Fager has elaborated this myth in several of his tales.[15] Ole Worm appears in one of the Icelandic Sjón's novels From the Mouth of the Whale.[16]

[edit]
  • Only known illustration of a great auk drawn from life
    Only known illustration of a great auk drawn from life
  • "Musei Wormiani Historia", the frontispiece from the Museum Wormianum depicting Wormius' cabinet of curiosities
    "Musei Wormiani Historia", the frontispiece from the Museum Wormianum depicting Wormius' cabinet of curiosities
  • Worm's illustration of the Runamo inscription, wherein he asserted he could read the name Lund; the "inscription" later was found to be natural formations in the rock
    Worm's illustration of the Runamo inscription, wherein he asserted he could read the name Lund; the "inscription" later was found to be natural formations in the rock

See also

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Bibliography

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References

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Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Ole Worm

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Ole Worm (1588–1654), Latinized as Olaus Wormius, was a Danish physician, natural historian, anatomist, and whose multifaceted career bridged , , and cultural heritage in early modern . Born on 13 May 1588 in , Denmark, to a prosperous family, he died on 31 August 1654 in , leaving a legacy as a pioneering collector and scholar. Worm's education exemplified the intellectual breadth of his era: after grammar school in , he studied at universities across Europe, including (1605), (1605–1607), (1607), (where he earned his M.D. in 1611), (1608), (1609–1610), (1610), and (M.A. in 1617). Upon returning to , he joined the faculty, holding professorships in Latin (1613–1615), Greek (1615–1621), physics (1621–1624), and (1624–1654), while maintaining a medical practice and serving as personal physician to kings Christian IV and Frederick III. In and , Worm made enduring contributions, notably describing the irregular cranial sutures known as in 1643, which were later published in Epistolarum medicinalium (1740). His work extended to , , and physics, reflecting a holistic approach to . As an , he founded Danish runic studies, compiling key texts like Fasti Danici (1626), a ; Runir seu Danica literatura antiquissima (1636), on ancient Danish script; and Danicorum Monumentorum (1643), documenting historical artifacts with royal support. Worm's most celebrated achievement was his private Wunderkammer, or , amassed during European travels and scholarly exchanges, which housed thousands of specimens from minerals and plants to exotic animals and artifacts from the , , and the . This collection, used for teaching and research, attracted visits from royalty and scholars, embodying ideals of . Posthumously cataloged as Museum Wormianum in 1655 by Leiden publisher Isaac Elzevier, the 400-page Latin volume—divided into sections on minerals, plants, animals, and artificialia—featured engravings of rarities like narwhal tusks and fused natural anomalies, influencing later museums. After his death, the collection was acquired by King Frederick III, forming the core of Denmark's royal Kunstkammer and eventually the Natural History Museum of Denmark.

Life

Early Life and Education

Ole Worm was born on 13 May 1588 in , , into a prosperous family of Dutch origin that had fled in the during the . His father, Willum Worm, served as mayor of and was a successful merchant, providing Ole with a stable and affluent upbringing that supported his later scholarly pursuits. The family's Lutheran heritage, stemming from his grandfather Johan Worm—a from —instilled a strong religious and intellectual foundation, fostering an environment where education was highly valued despite the primary mercantile focus. Worm's early education began at the (or ) of , a key center of learning in that exposed him to classical languages and humanist ideas prevalent in northern European intellectual circles. At age 13, he was sent to for further preparatory studies, immersing himself in the broader Protestant scholarly networks that emphasized theology and the liberal arts. These formative years in and shaped his multidisciplinary interests, bridging local Danish traditions with the emerging European , though specific mentors from this period are not well-documented. In 1605, at age 17, Worm enrolled at the University of Marburg to study , reflecting the era's expectation for young men of his background to pursue clerical paths. He soon shifted focus to and natural sciences, undertaking a grand tour across that broadened his exposure to contemporary scholarship. His travels included studies in , (botany), Padua (anatomy and ), Montpellier and (), and a period practicing in from 1612 to 1613. This peripatetic education culminated in his degree from the in 1611, where he defended the dissertation Selecta contraversiarum medicarum centuria under the guidance of , a prominent and anatomist. Upon returning to Denmark in 1613, Worm continued his academic development by completing a in at the in 1617, solidifying his transition toward a scholarly career in the and sciences. This degree marked the end of his formal and his integration into Copenhagen's intellectual community, though details of his philosophical coursework remain sparse.

Career and Personal Life

Ole Worm began his academic career at the in 1613, when he was appointed of Greek and Latin, a position he held until 1621. In 1621, he expanded his responsibilities to include physics, serving in that role until 1624, after which he became of , a post he maintained until his death in 1654. Worm also took on significant administrative duties at the university, acting as rector in 1627, 1636, 1648, and 1654, while serving as dean of the philosophy faculty in 1618, the mathematics faculty in 1622, and as a substitute dean for the faculty from 1640 to 1654. Through his and , he promoted interdisciplinary studies, integrating classical languages, , and medical sciences to foster a holistic approach to scholarship among students. In addition to his university roles, Worm served as personal physician to King Christian IV of Denmark from the 1620s onward, providing medical consultations at court and remaining in Copenhagen during public health crises, such as the 1620s outbreaks, when many physicians fled. This royal appointment underscored his reputation as a trusted practitioner and allowed him to influence medical policy and access resources for his scholarly pursuits. On a personal level, Worm married Dorothea Fincke in 1615; she was the daughter of the mathematician Thomas Fincke, a colleague and rector at the University of Copenhagen, which connected Worm to a prominent academic family. The couple raised a large family, including their son Willum Worm (born 1628), who later became a scholar, professor of medicine, and published his father's Museum Wormianum in 1655. Willum's son, Christen Worm (1672–1737), Worm's grandson, continued the family's intellectual legacy as a bishop and collector of manuscripts. Family life in Copenhagen provided stability amid Worm's demanding schedule, with Dorothea managing household affairs while he balanced teaching, medical practice, and research. As a , Worm's daily routines revolved around scholarly , often beginning with lectures or dissections at the university, followed by cataloging specimens in his and drafting letters to correspondents across . He maintained an extensive network of exchanges with figures like the Jesuit scholar , discussing topics from to , which enriched his interdisciplinary work and disseminated Danish scholarship abroad. These routines highlighted his commitment to empirical observation and collaboration, bridging courtly duties with academic rigor.

Death and Immediate Aftermath

Ole Worm died on 31 August 1654 in at the age of 66 from a ailment, amid the severe that had struck the city earlier that year. The outbreak, which began in late April 1654 and was likely imported from Danzig or , proved devastating, claiming thousands of lives in that year—about a quarter of the city's population. As university rector and a practicing physician, Worm refused to evacuate the city despite the risks, continuing to treat patients across all social classes and even providing mortality statistics to authorities, such as reporting 428 weekly deaths by early July. His commitment to during this crisis exemplified his lifelong dedication to and service. In the immediate aftermath, Worm's family played a key role in preserving his scholarly legacy. His son, Willum Worm—a recent graduate of —took responsibility for safeguarding his father's extensive papers, manuscripts, and collections, ensuring their protection amid the ongoing epidemic. Willum oversaw the rapid posthumous publication of Museum Wormianum in 1655, a catalog of the collections that Worm had himself compiled in earlier inventories, with assistance from close associates to finalize the work for printing in . Worm's death prompted swift recognition from both academic and royal circles. The University of Copenhagen, where he had served as and rector, mourned the loss of one of its most prominent figures, with colleagues contributing to the prompt dissemination of his final scholarly efforts. King Frederik III, Worm's patron and successor to Christian IV, expressed official regard by purchasing the collections in 1655 for incorporation into the royal Kunstkammer, thereby ensuring their preservation and public accessibility under royal auspices.

Scholarly Work

Contributions to Medicine and Natural History

Ole Worm made significant contributions to medicine through his anatomical dissections and empirical observations, particularly in the fields of embryology and cranial anatomy, while his natural history studies emphasized rigorous examination of specimens to challenge prevailing myths. As professor of medicine at the University of Copenhagen from 1624, Worm conducted dissections of human and animal subjects, publishing findings in letters and treatises that advanced understanding of developmental processes during the 1620s and 1640s. His approach integrated hands-on teaching with his growing collection of natural objects, fostering a method of inquiry based on direct evidence rather than classical authorities. In , Worm's empirical dissections of infant cadavers in the early 1640s led to the discovery of small accessory bones within the cranial sutures, now known as (ossa suturalia), which he first described in a 1643 letter to Bartholin, noting their irregular occurrence in the of newborns. This finding, later published in Epistolarum medicinalium. Centuria I (1740), provided early insights into cranial ossification and suture variability, influencing subsequent anatomical studies. Worm's investigations extended his medical to zoological myths, using physical analysis of specimens to debunk fantastical claims. In 1638, he delivered a dissertation examining purported horns in his possession, concluding through comparative anatomy with whale skeletons from that they were elongated tusks of the (Monodon monoceros), a rather than a mythical equine. This analysis, outlined in a letter to Thorlak Skulason on 9 May 1638, demonstrated the tusk's dental structure and spiral form, undermining medicinal attributions of the horn's supposed antidotal properties and promoting evidence-based classification. Similarly, in the , Worm dissected Scandinavian lemmings (Lemmus lemmus) to prove they were terrestrial native to the region, refuting the belief in their from storm clouds or migration as rat-like birds; his observations of their reproductive organs and habitat aligned them with other murids. Worm further contributed to ornithological knowledge by documenting , including a 1655 illustration in Museum Wormianum that revealed the anatomy of the (Paradisaea spp.), showing their hidden feet and legs—previously thought absent due to in skinned specimens—thus confirming their status as legged perching birds rather than legless wonders. His collection also featured the only contemporary depiction of a live (Pinguinus impennis), a now-extinct from the that Worm kept as a ; the 1655 in Museum Wormianum captures its upright posture and flightless form from direct , providing invaluable baseline imagery before its in the . These works underscore Worm's commitment to empirical debunking, integrating such specimens into his broader cabinet for instructional purposes.

Antiquarian and Philological Studies

Ole Worm's antiquarian pursuits centered on the preservation and interpretation of Denmark's ancient heritage, particularly through the study of and Viking-era relics, establishing him as a foundational figure in Scandinavian archaeology and . His methodical approach involved fieldwork, textual analysis, and visual documentation, often drawing on artifacts from his personal collection to authenticate historical narratives. This work not only cataloged physical monuments but also sought to reconstruct the cultural and linguistic evolution of the Danish people during the era of formation. In 1626, Worm published Fasti Danici, a work on Danish chronology that incorporated his researches into runic lore, featuring chronological analysis to elucidate ancient runic calendars and their role in timekeeping across . This volume represented his initial foray into runic studies, compiling observations from travels and local surveys to demonstrate the continuity of Danish traditions from antiquity. By associating runic elements with royal lineages and religious practices, Worm provided a framework for understanding pre-Christian Nordic society, influencing subsequent antiquarian methodologies in . Building on this foundation, Worm's 1636 treatise Runir, seu Danica Literatura Antiquissima offered a comprehensive analysis of runic alphabets, tracing their evolution from early futhark forms to later variants and comparing them to other Germanic scripts such as Gothic and Anglo-Saxon. Accompanied by diagrams and transcriptions of inscriptions, the work argued for the antiquity and indigenous origins of Danish writing, challenging prevailing views that marginalized Scandinavian contributions to European . It included a dissertation on ancient Danish , linking runic texts to oral traditions and highlighting their poetic structures as evidence of a sophisticated pre-medieval literary culture. Worm expanded his scope in 1643 with Danicorum Monumentorum , , et Gestae, a six-volume exploration of Viking-era artifacts and inscriptions that preserved descriptions of runestones and monuments many of which have since been lost to or destruction. This delved into the religious, origins, and deeds associated with these relics, interpreting them as testaments to Denmark's pagan past and early Christian transitions, with engravings that served as vital records for future scholars. By synthesizing epigraphic evidence with mythological accounts, Worm contributed to the emerging field of Nordic ethnology, emphasizing the cultural resilience of Danish heritage amid European . Throughout his career, Worm actively collected and documented medieval manuscripts, including runic codices and saga fragments, which informed his philological interpretations and laid groundwork for early Danish folklore studies by preserving oral histories in written form. These efforts positioned him as a precursor to modern ethnology, as he sought to integrate manuscript lore with monumental evidence to reconstruct national narratives. His personal collection of such items occasionally provided contextual artifacts for his analyses, bridging textual and material antiquities. Worm's antiquarian endeavors were bolstered by extensive correspondence with scholars across , including figures in , , and , who shared insights on and heritage that shaped his views on Denmark's place in conceptions of . From the 1620s onward, these exchanges facilitated the acquisition of comparative data and manuscripts, fostering a pan-European network that elevated Scandinavian studies within broader humanistic .

The Museum Wormianum

Ole Worm established his renowned , known as the Museum Wormianum, in his home during the 1620s, following his grand tour across from 1605 to 1613. The collection expanded rapidly over the subsequent two decades, amassing over 10,000 items through gifts from European scholars encountered via correspondence, purchases facilitated by networks, and specimens gathered during expeditions. The contents were systematically divided into four primary categories: minerals and metals, plants, animals, and artificialia (human-made artifacts). Minerals encompassed gems, fossils, and unusual objects such as snake-stones; plants included herbaria and botanical anomalies like tree monstrosities; animals featured taxidermied specimens, exotica from the such as bows, arrows, and pipes, along with standout items like tusks, a Greenland Inuit kayak, and a cub; artifacts comprised ethnographic tools, runestones, and ancient jewelry from Roman and Danish contexts. As personal physician to King Christian IV, Worm received royal patronage that aided in procuring global specimens, including narwhal tusks and artifacts from such as spears and harpoons. These narwhal tusks, for instance, contributed to early scientific examinations disproving myths in medical contexts. After Worm's death in 1654, his son Willum edited the posthumous catalog, published in 1655 as Museum Wormianum, seu Historia Rerum Rariorum by Isaac Elzevier in , which included derived from Worm's own drawings to illustrate the collection. The museum's architectural layout, as illustrated in the 1655 , portrayed organized rooms within Worm's home featuring labeled display cases on shelves, walls, and ceilings—heavy items like whale bones positioned on the floor for stability, while suspended elements such as the maximized space for systematic observation.

Legacy

Scientific and Cultural Influence

Ole Worm's scholarly endeavors played a pivotal role in pioneering several modern disciplines in , including , , , , and , as acknowledged in twenty-first-century scholarship. His systematic collection and documentation of artifacts, natural specimens, and laid foundational practices for these fields, particularly through his emphasis on empirical observation and cultural preservation in . For instance, his work on runic literature, such as the second edition of the 1651 publication Runir seu Danica literatura antiquissima, established early methodologies for philological and studies that influenced subsequent Scandinavian research. Worm's Museum Wormianum exerted significant influence on the European tradition of , serving as a model for collectors across the continent and contributing to the shift from Renaissance-era displays of wonder to Enlightenment principles of systematic . His catalog, published posthumously in 1655, organized diverse objects into categories such as minerals, , animals, and artificialia, inspiring figures like the English naturalist John Tradescant in assembling similar encyclopedic collections that bridged and human artifacts. This organizational approach highlighted interconnections between the natural world and cultural production, fostering a more analytical museological practice in . Scholarship has reassessed Worm's collecting practices as a deliberate intertwining of natural and human , positioning him as an independent who amassed via networks and . These analyses emphasize how his museum blurred boundaries between scientific inquiry and antiquarianism, challenging traditional power structures and promoting a holistic understanding of production in . Following Worm's death in 1654, his collection was acquired by King , forming the nucleus of the royal Kunstkammer and eventually contributing to the Natural History Museum of Denmark. Surviving botanical elements, including acquired herbaria like the Marcgrave collection obtained by Worm's son, contributed to global herbaria by disseminating Scandinavian and exotic plant specimens into broader European networks. Additionally, Worm's efforts in documenting runic monuments and antiquities bolstered Danish national identity during the turbulent seventeenth century, preserving amid political instability and wars with , thereby reinforcing a sense of historical continuity for the ; his runic studies continue to influence modern Danish archaeology. Ole Worm, known in Latin as Olaus Wormius, has been fictionalized in H.P. Lovecraft's mythos as an anachronistic 13th-century scholar who translated the forbidden from into Latin in 1228, despite Worm's actual 17th-century lifespan. This portrayal, first appearing in Lovecraft's 1927 pseudohistorical sketch "," casts Wormius as a medieval occultist whose work disseminates ancient eldritch knowledge, blending the historical antiquarian's reputation for esoteric studies with cosmic horror elements. Swedish horror author Anders Fager has incorporated Lovecraftian elements in his 2009 collection Svenska kulter (translated as Swedish Cults in 2022), particularly in the story "Den brutne mannens önskan" ("The Broken Man's Wish"), which features occult forces tied to Nordic mythology and forbidden grimoires. In Icelandic author Sjón's 2012 novel From the Mouth of the Whale, Worm appears as a interacting with the protagonist Jónas Pálmason, an exiled healer and natural philosopher, during Jónas's time in . The novel intertwines Worm with Icelandic , depicting him as a curious who consults Jónas on natural wonders, such as identifying a supposed as a tusk, thus highlighting tensions between empirical inquiry and mythical beliefs in 17th-century . Worm's legacy has inspired museological recreations that evoke his wonder cabinet's aesthetic in contemporary exhibits. In 2004, artist Rosamond Purcell collaborated with Harvard University's Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments to recreate Worm's Museum Wormianum as a three-dimensional installation in the Science Center, featuring replicas of curiosities like taxidermied animals and artifacts to immerse visitors in collecting practices. Purcell's work culminated in the 2015 documentary An Art That Nature Makes, which explores her artistic interpretations of Worm's cabinet, emphasizing themes of decay, wonder, and the blurred line between science and art through photographic and sculptural homages. Worm receives minor references in recent podcasts and documentaries on science, often as a symbol of early . For instance, the June 2024 episode of the Danish På den grønne gren ("On the Green Branch") discusses Worm alongside King Christian IV, focusing on his role in debunking mythical creatures like unicorn horns amid 17th-century superstitions. Similarly, the Miskatonic University Podcast lecture series on wonder cabinets highlights Worm's collection as a precursor to modern museums, underscoring his mythic status in popular narratives of scientific curiosity.

References

  1. https://galileo.library.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/worm.html
  2. https://www.vam.ac.uk/blog/creating-new-europe-1600-1800-galleries/born-on-this-day-ole-worm-collector-extraordinaire
  3. https://worcestercathedrallibrary.wordpress.com/2021/05/27/the-story-of-rare-things-museum-wormianum-seu-historia-rerum-rariorum-ole-worm-1655/
  4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280805177_Ole_Worm_1588-1654_-_anatomist_and_antiquarian
  5. https://smarthistory.org/ole-worm-museum-wormianum/
  6. https://www.eurjanat.com/v1/data/pdf/eja.140252rr.pdf
  7. https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/SP375.26
  8. https://daily.jstor.org/the-age-of-wonder-meets-the-age-of-information/
  9. https://www.eurjanat.com/v1/journal/pdfdownload.php?id=140252rr
  10. https://archive.org/details/runirinrunicchar00worm
  11. https://archive.org/details/danicorummonumen00worm
  12. https://historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=3318
  13. https://blog.biodiversitylibrary.org/2017/05/ole-worms-cabinet-of-wonder-natural-specimens-and-wondrous-monsters.html
  14. https://www.academia.edu/11017217/Beinecke_Manuscript_508_and_Ole_Worms_Antiquarian_World
  15. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296854073_Bodies_of_Knowledge_Ole_Worm_Collecting_in_Late_Rennaissance_Scandinavia
  16. https://collections.reading.ac.uk/special-collections/2020/05/12/a-cabinet-of-curiosities-ole-worms-museum-wormianum-1655/
  17. https://archive.org/details/gri_museumwormia00worm
  18. https://snm.dk/en/museums-history
  19. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Bound-book-herbarium-the-Marcgrave-herbarium-collected-by-Georg-Marcgrave-in-the-Dutch_fig1_320077562
  20. http://publ.royalacademy.dk/backend/web/uploads/2020-11-25/AFL%2520X/H_82_00_00_2001_1825/H_82_17_00_00_2001_2536.pdf
  21. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jun/05/from-the-mouth-of-the-whale-review
  22. https://www.themodernnovel.org/europe/w-europe/iceland/sjon/whale/
  23. https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2004/11/early-museum-re-created-in-science-center-installation/
  24. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5797134/
  25. https://www.mu-podcast.com/show-notes/history-department/
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