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List of digital television broadcast standards
DVB standards (countries)
ATSC standards (countries)
ISDB standards (countries)
DTMB standards (countries)
  • DTMB (terrestrial/mobile)
    • DTMB-A
  • CMMB (handheld)
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DMB standard (countries)
Codecs
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ISDB-T International, also known in Brazil as Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão Digital (SBTVD; English: Brazilian Digital Television System), is a technical standard for digital television broadcast used in Brazil, Argentina, Peru, Botswana, Chile, Honduras, Venezuela, Ecuador, Costa Rica, Paraguay, Philippines, Bolivia, Nicaragua, El Salvador and Uruguay, based on the Japanese ISDB-T standard. ISDB-T International launched into commercial operation on 2 December 2007, in São Paulo, Brazil.[1][2]

It is similar to ISDB-T, except it utilizes the H.264 video codec rather than MPEG-2, and replaces BML with Ginga, a middleware supporting Nested Context Language (NCL) and Java-based interactive TV applications.

The ISDB-T International standard was developed as SBTVD by a study group coordinated by the Brazilian Ministry of Communications and was led by the Brazilian Telecommunications Agency (ANATEL) with support from the Telecommunication's Research and Development Centre (CPqD). The study group was composed of members of ten other Brazilian ministries, the National Institute for Information Technology (ITI), several Brazilian universities, broadcast professional organizations, and manufacturers of broadcast/reception devices. The objective of the group was to develop and implement a digital terrestrial television standard in Brazil, addressing not only technical and economical issues, but also and mainly mitigating the digital divide, that is, to promote inclusion of those living apart from today's information society. Another goal was to enable access to e-government, i.e. to make government closer to the population, since in Brazil 95.1% of households have at least one TV set.[3]

In January 2009, the Brazilian-Japanese study group for digital TV finished and published a specification document joining the Japanese ISDB-T with Brazilian SBTVD, resulting in a specification now called "ISDB-T International". ISDB-T International is the system that is proposed by Japan and Brazil for use in other countries in South America and around the world.[4]

History

[edit]

The history of SBTVD development can be divided in two major periods: a) Initial Studies and Tests; b) Implementation of Digital TV Work Group and final definition of SBTVD standard.

Initial studies

[edit]

Since 1994 a group composed of technicians from Brazilian Society for Television Engineering (SET) and Brazilian Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters (ABERT) has been analyzing existing digital TV standards (American ATSC, European DVB-T and Japanese ISDB-T) and its technical aspects but the discussion become a robust study only in 1998.

From 1998 to 2000, the ABERT and SET group, supported by Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie developed a very complete study based on several tests considering not only technical characteristics of each standard but also signal quality, both indoor and outdoor. That was the first complete study comparing all three major DTV standards in the world by an independent entity (i.e. without influence of the ATSC Committee, DVB Group or ARIB/DiBEG Group) and it was considered a very rigorous and robust study by the DTV technical world community.[citation needed]

The results of the "Brazilian digital television tests" showed the insufficient quality for indoor reception presented by ATSC (that is a very important parameter because 47% of television sets in Brazil use only an internal antenna) and, between DVB-T and ISDB-T, the last one presented superior performance in indoor reception and flexibility to access digital services and TV programs through non-mobile, mobile or portable receivers with impressive quality.[5]

In parallel in 1998, the Brazilian Ministry of Communication ordered the National Telecommunication Agency to carry on studies to select and implement a DTV standard in Brazil. Due to the completeness and quality of the ABERT/SET/Mackenzie study, ANATEL considered that as the official result and supported it considering ISDB-T the better standard to be implemented in Brazil.

However the final decision about the standard selected wasn't announced at that moment (August 2000) because of three main points:

  • Some groups of society wanted to be more involved in that decision;
  • The ATSC Committee and DVB Group wanted to review the ABERT/SET/Mackenzie report and ANATEL decision;
  • Political discussions brought new requirements for the standard to be implemented in Brazil, such as digital inclusion and e-gov dissemination.

In the light of those points, the Brazilian Government, created a more structured discussion group, to review the first studies and to address these new points.

Implementation of Digital TV Work Group and final definition of SBTVD standard

[edit]

The SBTVD program was deployed on November 26, 2003, by Presidential Act # 4.901, focusing the creation of a reference model for national terrestrial digital TV in Brazil.[6]

The National Telecommunications Agency (ANATEL) was charged by the Brazilian Ministry of Communications to lead this work with the technical support of CPqD, and the contributions of 10 other Brazilian ministries, the National Institute for Information Technology (ITI), 25 organizations related to the matter (broadcast professionals, broadcast companies, TV program producers, etc.), and 75 universities/R&D institutes and electro-electronic manufacturers. More than 1,200 researchers/professionals were mobilized.

The DTV Work Group was organized in a structure with 3 areas of development:

  • Development Committee (CD – Comitê de Desenvolvimento): to define, develop and implement a political and regulatory basis;
  • Consultant Committee (CC – Comitê Consultivo): to define and develop the technical aspects of digital TV, and to select the best technology to be used in Brazil (including eventually a technology totally created in Brazil);
  • Management Group (GG – Grupo Gestor): to manage specialized research groups.

The objective of the DTV Work Group was not only to define the technical and economical aspects of the Digital TV system but also to address:

  • "Digital inclusion" for those living apart from today's "information society";
  • The implementation of "e-gov", i.e. to make government closer to the population, because more than 94% of Brazilian families have at least one TV set;
  • The provision of educational support via Digital TV through specialized content and interactive programs;
  • The provision of cultural dissemination;
  • The provision of social integration.

Besides, technical requirements are important and were also considered:

  • 3D
  • High definition;
  • Interactive TV;
  • Mobile and portable TV with quality;
  • Signal robustness indoor and outdoor;
  • Excellent data payload in the band.

Just for the Consultant Committee, 20 public RFP (Request for Proposal) were published trying to cover all areas that compose digital TV: Modulation, Signal Processing/Compression, video systems, audio systems, data transport, middleware, etc. The RFPs strongly reinforced the creation of research networks where the studies could be carried in a decentralized manner by several institutes working together.

Some groups worked to present a totally new digital standard, some groups worked to analyze and select the most known digital TV standards (American ATSC, European DVB-T and Japanese ISDB-T), and other groups worked to implement new features/modules to these already known standards.

After 3 years of studies and developments, the SBTVD Forum announced the selection of Japanese ISDB-T system as a baseline for the SBTVD system, enhanced by some new technologies:

  • MPEG-4 AVC compression system (H.264) for video — allows more data payload in the same band. Japan uses MPEG-2 video;
  • Middleware called "Ginga" more robust with declarative and procedural modules, to allow complex interactive applications. Japan uses BML middleware which is only declarative;

SBTVD system also presents some adaptations (the following are the main ones):

  • The emission masks of transmitters were specially adapted in order to comply with more adverse scenarios for interference from other stations — this is important for implementation purposes in many countries where the spectrum is congested;
  • Multiplexing and data structures and signaling were adapted to western standards, with the inclusion of character sets for Latin derived languages;
  • Presentation rate of 30 frame/s even for portable receivers – more quality for portable TV;
  • Implementation of Open Reception instead of B-CAS DRM Copy protection present in Japanese standard.

Note: There are around 16 technical documents for the SBTVD system, with more than 3,000 pages published by the ABNT (Brazilian Association for Technical Standards) and the SBTVD Forum detailing the entire SBTVD system.

The selection of the Japanese ISDB-T system as the baseline for SBTVD was based on video/audio quality indoor and outdoor, signal robustness, excellent interference treatment, support for complex interactive TV programs, and quality mobile TV. Besides that, ISDB-T with the new features like MPEG-4 video compression and Ginga middleware become an excellent support for those social requirements intended by the Brazilian Government (digital inclusion, educational and cultural support, e-gov, etc.).

Economical points were analyzed too, such as the elimination of royalties by the Japanese Government on the use of ISDB-T, the transfer of technology from Japan to Brazil, the creation of a Japanese-Brazilian work group for ongoing developments, and financial help for the initial implementation from the Japanese Development Bank.

The final decision was announced on June 29, 2006, by Presidential Act # 5.820 officially stating that Brazil adopted the ISDB-T terrestrial digital transmission system as the baseline for ISDB-Tb (the commercial name for the SBTVD system). The Presidential Act also defines the implementation plan and rules for digital TV in Brazil stating that in seven years all Brazilian territory must be covered by the digital TV signal and in 10 years (i.e. 2016) all TV broadcast must be digital, and that the band used by the broadcast companies for analog TV must be returned to the Brazilian Government. It is important to note that this Presidential Act states that ISDB-Tb must offer a "Multiprogram" feature. During the implementation in Brazil, however, the Ministry of Communication changed this requirement and blocked this feature at least till May 2009.

The decision for ISDB-T was contested by some sectors of society that complained it was a "political" decision where the Brazilian Government was influenced by the Broadcaster Association, especially TV Globo, since ISDB-T isolates TV business from telecommunication company business which will protect the already decreasing earnings of broadcasters in a world that is migrating from TV to Internet and cellular telephone services.

The SBTVD (ISDB-Tb) and the original ISDB-T are not compatible systems. That means a TV set or a set-top box bought in Japan will not work in Brazil and vice versa. However, the Japanese-Brazilian Working Group is working to join the two systems into only one to achieve the benefits of gains of scale.

On the other hand, Brazil is producing several types of TV sets and set-top boxes for the SBTVD (ISDB-Tb) system and in a good quantity and there is no problem meeting the consumer demand for TV sets, set-top boxes and also for transmitters and other components.

Peru, Argentina, Chile, Venezuela, Ecuador, Costa Rica, Paraguay, Uruguay,[7] Philippines and Nicaragua have recently adopted ISDB-T and will reinforce the gains of scale in the production of equipment, thus continuing to reduce the price, consolidating the use of the ISDB-T International standard not only in South America.

SBTVD Forum

[edit]

Some months after Presidential Act number 5.820, in November 2006, the SBTVD Forum was created to lead and coordinate technical discussions about the standard, to create all related documentation (in conjunction with ABNT (Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas; Brazilian Association for Technical Standards)) and to plan further developments.

First public tests

[edit]

Samsung was the first company to do a public demonstration of SBTVD transmissions and receivers on June 19, 2007, although other companies claimed to have receivers ready at the time. At their showroom in São Paulo, two Full HD LCD sets were shown: one with a built-in tuner and another connected to a prototype set-top box. The tuner and set-top box were developed in Brazil, at Samsung's research center in Manaus, Amazonas. 1seg broadcasting to mobile devices was also shown.[citation needed]

The signal was a test reel from Rede Globo, broadcast at 1080i (the standard does not define 1080p) consisting of short clips from soap operas, talk shows, soccer games from recent years and footage of the Brazilian Carnival in Rio de Janeiro along with some scenic views. All content was natively HD, some of which was shot with high definition cameras experimentally placed in many of the studios where Globo produces its programs. The 2007 Pan American Games were also experimentally broadcast in high definition by Globo. Broadcasts of the event could be seen both from Samsung's show room and electronics megastores that received digital tuners to show and demonstrate the technology to the public.

Start of regular broadcasts and implementation status

[edit]
DTT broadcasting systems. Countries using ISDB are shown in green.

Regular SBTVD broadcasts started on December 2, 2007, initially in São Paulo. Until June 12, 2010, the system had also launched in these other Brazilian cities: Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte, Goiânia, Porto Alegre, Curitiba, Campinas, Cuiabá, Salvador, Florianópolis, Vitória, Uberlândia, São José do Rio Preto, Teresina, Santos, Brasília, Campo Grande, Fortaleza, Recife, João Pessoa, Sorocaba, Mogi das Cruzes, Ribeirão Preto, Manaus, Belém, Joinville, Aracaju, Londrina, São Luís, Araraquara and Natal, among others.[8][9]

In the beginning, from the broadcasters' point of view, the DTV implementation in Brazil seemed to be very successful if compared with the implementation process in other countries. After 16 months, the digital TV signal covered almost 50% of the Brazilian population. The country successfully finished the transition from analog to digital TV in December 2018, when analog TV was phased out in most regions where it was still broadcasting. Citizens with low income who still had old TV sets (i.e. unable to receive digital TV) were given set top boxes to enable them to continue watching TV. However, there are some less populated regions where the regulator accepted phasing out to be postponed to 2023.[10]

A new push in set-top box and DTV sets sales was expected with the final specification of Ginga middleware that will allow interactive use of TV.

Ginga 1.0 (a first implementation of Ginga) was already released for use by set-top box/DTV manufacturers, using NCL (Nested Context Language)/Lua as its declarative programming language. That part of Ginga is called Ginga-NCL. However, the complete Ginga middleware specification was planned to present the declarative NCL module and procedural Java module to allow programmers, manufacturers and users to take the best from the two environments: declarative and procedural.

The Java part of Ginga, called Ginga-J, had its specification approved by the SBTVD Forum in April 2009. The same forum declared that the APIs set developed by Sun Microsystems, called Java-DTV, is the standard for SBTVD system, after negotiations with Sun Microsystems to reduce royalties in 15%[clarification needed]. Hence, the royalty cost defined by Sun for Java-DTV is much more affordable than that charged by GEM APIs owners (GEM middleware is used in DVB-T – the European DTV standard). That will benefit development of interactive set-top boxes and TV sets keeping them cheaper than if GEM was used as middleware or even if GEM APIs were used with Ginga-J.[11]

In the 3rd quarter 2009 the first set-top boxes and TV sets with complete Ginga middleware (Ginga-NCL and Ginga-J) were available in the market. That date match with the release of first interactive programs to be broadcast by television companies.[clarification needed]

At launch on December 2, 2007, set-top boxes were available for prices ranging between R$900 (~US$450) and R$1200 (~US$600), inhibiting sales. But after 8 months the prices dropped quickly to around R$300 (~US$150)[clarification needed]. The Federal Government announced subsidies worth 1 billion Reais (~US$556 million) so these prices faced a new reduction phase.[12]

By May 2009 a 42 inch LCD TV full HD (1920×1080) with built-in digital TV tuner and special characteristics such as double presentation rate (120 Hz) and exceptional contrast (50.000:1) was being sold for R$3,600.00 (~US$1,800.00) in São Paulo City, a very impressive price reduction for such a quality product, and other basic devices present even lower prices. However, until September 2009 the smallest TV that could be bought with an integrated digital tuner was a 32 inch LCD TV. This was slowing down the adoption of digital TV in Brazil, since most people that watch FTA TV cannot afford buying expensive LCD TVs, and 21 and 29 inch CRT TVs were still very popular among the low income population and could be bought for about R$400–600 (US$200–300). From 2010 on, it was mandated that all TV sets sold in Brazil to be ISDB-T compatible. Furthermore, in the period between 2009 and 2013, Brazil's economy improved, which encouraged family consumption. This, associated with a rapid drop in prices of LCD and LED-backlit TVs quickly led to a more widespread usage of DTV. In December 2018, Brazil phased out analog transmissions in most of the country, leaving some regions to phase out analog transmissions to 2023. A massive distribution program of set top boxes to low income citizens who still had old TV sets (therefore unable to receive ISDB-T) was performed between 2015 and 2018. As of 2021, LED-backlit TV are much more affordable (like in most of the world), a 40" LED-backlit TV can be bought for about US$300.00.

Sales of mobile receivers (for laptops, mobile DTV sets and mobile phones with a built-in DTV receiver) were increasing very fast and it seems that mobility was perceived by consumers as a more attractive SBTVD/ISDB-T feature than HD or Full HD definition. The SBTVD/ISDB-T standard allows a very impressive mobile reception, with high quality and steady image, without noise, excellent audio and very robust reception even in the presence of signal reflection, electromagnetic or impulsive interference.

Peru, Argentina, Chile and Venezuela were planning the deployment before announcing their analog shutdown date.

Multiprogram Feature

[edit]

This innovative feature of the ISDB-T standard allows a consumer to watch three different programs at once, or in a sports match, it is possible to watch the game from the point of view of different cameras. The Brazilian Ministry of Communication prevented commercial broadcast companies from using this feature; only public DTV channels are allowed to use it. This decision was taken because Multiprogram could allow unauthorized use of the TV broadcast band.[citation needed] To start with, the Ministry of Communication informed that legal support was being created to the allow the use of such a feature[clarification needed], but later decided that the feature will be blocked until new studies are performed. TV Globo and ABRA (Association of Broadcasting Companies) are pushing the Ministry to keep the Multiprogram feature blocked because it will impact the current TV business model, reducing revenues from advertising. However, once users see the benefit of the Multiprogram feature, some organizations are asking that the Ministry of Communication will allow its use by all broadcasters. Some broadcasters, using a different business model from that used by TV Globo, are asking the Federal Superior Court to decide if the Multiprogram blockage is legal.[13]

Only federal government TV channels are allowed to use Multiprogram in Brazil today. TV Cultura, a public television station from the state of São Paulo, obtained special authorization (for educational purposes only) and is currently using this feature to broadcast four different video programs. Besides the HDTV and the one-segment (handheld) streams, an additional archive program (Multicultura) and the Virtual University channel (UNIVESP) have been on air since August 2009.

In Japan Multiprogram has been successful with the launch of ISDB-T there.

Return Channel

[edit]

Brazilian broadcasters defend the use of the current analog TV VHF band for the "return channel", the channel that allows digital TV sets to send data to broadcasters as part of an interactive TV service. That 700 MHz band enables the return channel using WiMAX technology, which would be another option to be added to the regular ones (ADSL Internet, Cable Internet, GSM EDGE, GSM 3G, WiFi or dial).

That idea was to be presented to the Brazilian Government in the WiMAX Forum in June 2009, in the hope of creating an international standard for the return channel.[14]

Expansion of ISDB-T International/SBTVD/ISDB-Tb around the world

[edit]
Digital Television in South America

The Brazilian and Japanese governments are working together to show the benefits of SBTVD (ISDB-Tb) standard to all South-American countries, focusing specially on the social benefits of digital inclusion through DTV and quality of image, sound and robustness of ISDB-T system as well as mobility and interaction.

Countries have adopted ISDB-T International/SBTVD (ISDB-Tb)

[edit]
  • Peru on April 23, 2009 – the decision was taken based on recommendations by the Multi-sectional Commission to assess the most appropriate standard for the country, service started on March 30, 2010,[15] and the deployment of the standard will start in October 2010.[16] The National Government announced that the analog "blackout" will be gradual, starting in 2020, in the Lima Metropolitan Area, and finishing after 2030.[17] They also announced that entry-level receivers (for standard definition only) will cost around US$20;[18]
  • Argentina on August 28, 2009, and service started on April 28, 2010.[15][19]
  • Chile on September 14, 2009, and experimental services started in June 2010. Regular services are scheduled to start on 10 March 2017.[20]
  • Venezuela on October 6, 2009.[21] The seven stages of Set-top box manufacturing, testing and implement schedule is well proceeding,[22] and the government began trial broadcasting on February 20, 2013, in 13 cities.[23]
  • Ecuador on March 26, 2010,[24][25] and started transmission by Tc Mi Canal on May 8, 2013.[26]
  • Costa Rica on May 25, 2010,[27] and start trial transmissions by Channel 13 from Irazú Volcano on March 19, 2012,[28][29] and started official transmissions on May 1, 2014.[30]
  • Paraguay on June 1, 2010,[31] and started experimental broadcasting from Asunción area on 15 August 2011.[32]
  • Philippines on June 11, 2010;[33][34][35]
  • Bolivia on July 5, 2010,[36][37] and start trial transmissions from June 2011 in La Paz, Cochabamba and Santa Cruz.[38]President of Bolivia Evo Morales inaugurated official transmission on May 14, 2012.[39]
  • Nicaragua on August 10, 2010[40]
  • Uruguay on December 27, 2010, and start trial transmissions from September 2011 for seven months, and state-owned channel starts trial transmission in August 2012.[41][42][43][44][45][46]
  • Maldives on October 19, 2011, attracted to Earthquake Early Warning for tsunami, and the first country with 8 MHz channel bandwidth.[47][48]
  • Botswana on February 26, 2013, first in African countries,[49][50][51] and Botswana Television (BTV) officially started digital TV broadcasting on July 29, 2013.[52][53]
  • Guatemala on May 30, 2013.[54][55]
  • Honduras on September 12, 2013.[56]
  • Sri Lanka on May 20, 2014[57]
  • El Salvador on Jan 19, 2017[58]
  • Angola in 2013, decided on European digital terrestrial TV. However, Angola reviewed the adoption to ISDB-T International system in March 2019.[59]

Brazil and Japan are presenting the benefits of SBTVD/ISDB-Tb standard to Guatemala, Cuba, Belize, Mozambique, Tanzania, Malawi, Thailand, and some SADC countries.[24][60][61][62][63] Additionally, Brazil and Japan are trying to present the benefits of SBTVD/ISDB-Tb to Colombia and Panama which have initially chosen the European standard as of January 2011 and Honduras and El Salvador who have initially chosen the US-American standard as of December 2010.

Countries and territories using SBTVD/ISDB-T/ISDB-T International

[edit]
Countries and territories using SBTVD/ISDB-T/ISDB-T International[64]
Americas Asia Africa
 Brazil  Japan  Botswana
 Peru  Philippines  Angola
 Argentina  Maldives
 Chile  Sri Lanka
 Ecuador
 Paraguay
 Costa Rica
 Bolivia
 Nicaragua
 Uruguay
 Belize
 Honduras
 Guatemala
 El Salvador
 Venezuela
 Peru

ITU-T certification for SBTVD/ISDB-T solutions

[edit]

International Telecommunication Union (ITU) — a United Nations' regulatory agency for telecommunication and information technology questions — has certified on April 29, 2009, the module Ginga-NCL and the language NCL/Lua as the first international recommendation for interactive multimedia environments for Digital TV and IPTV—Recommendation H.761.[65]

NCL/Lua and Ginga-NCL were developed by the TeleMidia Laboratory of the Informatics Department at Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), a Brazilian university.

This is an important ITU-T standard as it addresses the standardization of middleware for interactivity in devices and set-top boxes for IPTV and Digital TV, before that market becomes full of incompatible hardware/software solutions, thus impacting final users.[66][67][68]

Additionally, in October 2009, ITU has defined officially SBTVD as a subsystem for ISBD-T, developing 2 new recommendations:

  • a. UIT-R BT.1699 regarding technical aspects of Ginga-NCL middleware for DTV and;
  • b. UIT-R BT.1306 regarding innovations presented by Brazilian standard over ISDB-T like MPEG-4 compression, and others.

Technical facts

[edit]
Treeview of ISDB-T, channels, Segments and arranging multiple program broadcasting.
Low cost simple ISDB-T Set-top box (tuner) and remote control, connects to TV set through RCA connector. (very initial model in 2009)

a) Modulation: BST-OFDM (Band Segmented Transmission-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing).

b) Frequency Band: VHF or UHF, according to the country implementation strategy. UHF is a very affordable band once it is possible to implement digital services in current UHF "spaces" in broadcasting spectrum, while analog services are still running in the "jammed" VHF band. After the digital TV implementation rollout is finished and the analog signal is cut off, VHF can be used for other services or even to expand digital services to more broadcasters. Japan, the Philippines, and Brazil have chosen UHF. Peru, Argentina, Chile, and Venezuela are in the implementation design phase, so the band to be used was not defined.

The ISDB system can also work based on cable or satellite transmission (ISDB-C and ISDB-S) using an appropriate frequency band, but these standards are outside the scope of this article.

c) Transmission architecture: Segmented

  • Non-Mobile receivers: 13 segments (for Full HD resolution).

Other arrangements are possible according to the desired resolution/number of programs transmitted.

  • Mobile receivers (in vehicles, for example): The same as Non-Mobile
  • Portable receivers (mobile phone,s for example): 1 segment

d) Frame Rate:

  • Non-Mobile/Mobile service: Japan, Peru, Argentina (also 25 frame/s and 50 frame/s), Brazil, Chile, Venezuela and Ecuador: 30 frame/s and 60 frame/s
  • Portable service: Brazil, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Philippines and Ecuador: Maximum of 30 frame/s; Japan and Venezuela: Maximum of 15 frame/s

e) Channel Bandwidth: Japan, Brazil, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Venezuela and Ecuador: 6 MHz (It is possible to use SBTVD/ISDB-T system with 13 segments in 7 MHz or 8 MHz if that is required by any country. Maldives is the first country to adopt ISDB-T with 8 MHz channel bandwidth.)[47][69][70][71]

f) Audio Compression System:[72]

  • Non-Mobile/Mobile service:
    • Multi Channel 5.1: MPEG-4 AAC@L4 (Advanced Audio Coding, Level 4) or MPEG-4 HE-AAC v1@L4 (High Efficiency AAC, Version 1, Level 4)
    • Stereo: MPEG-4 AAC@L2 (AAC Level 2) or MPEG-4 HE-AAC v1@L2 (HE-AAC, Version 1, Level 2)
  • Portable service: MPEG-4 HE-AAC v2@L2 (HE-AAC, Version 2, Level 2) for stereo audio (or 2 mono channels) only.

All compression systems must be conform to ISO/IEC 14496-3:2004 standard. The Allowed transport mechanisms LATM/LOAS.

Note: Japan uses MPEG-2 AAC for non-mobile/mobile service and MPEG-4 HE-AAC for portable service. The Allowed transport mechanisms ADTS

g) Video Compression System:[72]

  • Non-Mobile/Mobile: MPEG-4 AVC HP@L4 (Advanced Video Coding, High Profile, Level 4)
  • Portable: MPEG-4 AVC BP@L1.3 (AVC, Base Profile, Level 1.3)

Also, video codification must be conform to ISO/IEC 14496-10:2005 standard.

These standards are also known as ITU-T H.264:2005 Recommendation.

Note: Japan uses MPEG-2 video.

h) Video Resolution, Framing and Aspect Ratio:[72]

  • Non-Mobile/Mobile:
    • SD 720x480i at 4:3 or 16:9
    • SD 720x480p at 4:3 or 16:9
    • SD 720x576i at 4:3 or 16:9
    • SD 720x576p at 4:3 or 16:9
    • HD 1280x720p at 16:9
    • Full HD 1920x1080i at 16:9
      • Note: i = interlaced framing; p = progressive framing
  • Portable:
    • SQVGA (160x120 or 160x90)
    • QVGA (320x240 or 320x180)
    • CIF (352x288)
      • All these formats using 4:3 or 16:9 aspect ratios.

i) Multiplexing system: MPEG-2 system (ISO/IEC 13818-1 2000). That standard is used by Japan, Brazil, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Venezuela and Ecuador.

j) Processes for Error Correction: Time Interleaving and Frequence Interleaving

k) Interactive TV middleware:

  • ISDB-T: Declarative: BML; Procedural: Not implemented – Optional GEM
  • SBTVD/ISDB-T International: Declarative: Ginga-NCL; Procedural: Ginga-J

l) Other characteristics:

  • Multiprogram:

Allows 1 program Full HD (1920 x 1080 dots at 16:9 aspect ratio) in a channel; or 1 program HD and 1 program SD in a channel; or 3 programs SD in a channel.

Alert broadcast

[edit]
Earthquake Early Warning (Japan) emergency box superimposed shown on the screen of NHK TV with alert sound and information.

Allows the government or authority configure the Emergency Warning Broadcast system and send an alert (earthquake, tsunami, etc.) to each device in the area ISDB-T/SBTVD/ISDB-T International signal is present. The alert signal uses some data space in one of the segments of the data stream and turns on all receivers, if turned off, and presents the alert information.[73][74]

An example of such alert is Earthquake Early Warning (EEW), which is well-utilized with alert sound and emergency box superimposed on TV screen at time of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and many aftershocks in several days.

In April 2011, the Chilean Subsecretary of Telecommunications will disclose to implement similar alert system utilized in Japan through ISDB-T.[75] Philippines will implement emergency warning broadcast to households.[33] The SBTVD Forum closed an agreement with the Brazilian Government for the adoption of the Japanese standard EEW or EWS in June 2011.[76]

Summary table

[edit]
Transmission channel coding Modulation Scheme
  • 64QAM-OFDM,
  • 16QAM-OFDM,
  • QPSK-OFDM,
  • DQPSK-OFDM (Hierarchical transmission)
Error correction coding
  • Inner coding: Convolution 7/8,3/4,2/3,1/2
  • Outer coding: RS(204,188)
Guard interval 1/16, 1/8, 1/4
Interleaving Time, Frequency, bit, byte
Modulation Type BST-OFDM (segmented structure OFDM – 13 segments)
Conditional Access Multi-2, Verimatrix (Philippines only)
Middleware Ginga Middleware: Ginga-NCL (declarative environment) and Ginga-J (procedural environment)
Service information ARIB STD B-10
Multiplexing MPEG-2 Systems
Audio coding
Non-Mobile/Mobile
  • Stereo: MPEG-4 AAC@L2 or MPEG-4 HE-AAC v1@L2
  • Multi-Channel 5.1: MPEG-4 AAC@L4 or MPEG-4 HE-AAC v1@L4
Portable Stereo only: MPEG-4 HE-AAC v2@L2
Video coding
Non-Mobile/Mobile MPEG-4 AVC (H.264) HP@L4
Portable MPEG-4 AVC (H.264) BP@L1.3

Source:[77]

Derived from ISDB-T International

[edit]
  • SATVD – Argentine System of Digital TV,[78] or SATVD-T – Sistema Argentino de Televisión Digital Terrestre
  • SBTVD – Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão Digital

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

ISDB-T International

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ISDB-T International is a digital terrestrial television broadcasting standard derived from Japan's Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting - Terrestrial (ISDB-T), adapted for international deployment with modifications such as 6 MHz channel bandwidth and support for regional codecs like H.264 for high-definition video. Developed through collaborative efforts led by Japan and Brazil, it emphasizes flexibility for fixed, mobile, and handheld reception within a single frequency channel via hierarchical modulation and band-segmented transmission. First commercially launched in in December 2007 following its adoption in June 2006, ISDB-T International facilitated the country's transition to digital terrestrial television under the SBTVD (Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão Digital) framework, marking the initial major export of the technology beyond where ISDB-T services began in 2003. Its promotion by organizations like the DiBEG (Digital Broadcasting Experts Group) led to widespread adoption across , with countries including , , , and selecting it between 2009 and 2010 for its robustness in diverse terrains and spectrum efficiency through single-frequency networks (SFN). Additional implementations occurred in the , , and others in and , totaling over 20 nations by 2019, enabling features like the One-Seg mobile service for portable devices. The standard's defining characteristics include (OFDM) for interference resistance, time-domain interleaving for enhanced mobile reception, and transmission and multiplex configuration control (TMCC) for dynamic service layering, allowing simultaneous high-quality fixed broadcasts and lower-resolution mobile streams without additional spectrum allocation. These attributes contributed to its selection over competing standards like in field trials, prioritizing empirical performance in real-world conditions such as urban . While primarily noted for accelerating digital switchovers in emerging markets, its deployment has supported data services alongside traditional video and audio.

History

Origins in Japanese ISDB-T

The development of ISDB-T, or - Terrestrial, originated in as a response to the need for a robust system capable of supporting , multiple standard-definition channels, and mobile reception within a 6 MHz channel bandwidth. Research began in 1986 at 's Science and Technical Research Laboratories (STRL), building on prior experiences with (introduced in the 1970s) and FM multiplex data systems, which informed error correction techniques and mobile reception strategies. In the late 1980s, STRL initiated studies on (OFDM), influenced by earlier work on (DAB) and contributions from researchers like Dr. Hirosaki at , to address multipath distortion in urban environments. Field trials commenced in 1993, following a 1992 milestone where built the first OFDM modem and contributed to Question 31/6 on digital terrestrial broadcasting. By 1994, Japan's Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (MPT) had requested technical requirements for digital systems, leading to the formation of study groups. In 1997, STRL and the DTV-Lab consortium formally proposed the ISDB-T framework to the Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB), which incorporated Band Segmented Transmission OFDM (BST-OFDM) for hierarchical modulation, dividing the channel into 13 segments to enable layered services for fixed rooftop antennas, portable devices, and handheld mobiles. The Digital Broadcasting Experts Group (DiBEG) was also established that year to coordinate industry efforts. Standardization advanced with a 1998 report from the Digital Broadcasting Study Group, culminating in ARIB's approval of ISDB-T as Japan's digital terrestrial television broadcasting (DTTB) system on May 24, 1999, after extensive simulations and experiments validating its performance. This domestic standard, detailed in ARIB STD-B31 (enacted May 31, 2001), emphasized flexibility for multimedia integration and expandability for future services, setting the foundation for ISDB-T's later international adaptations by prioritizing empirical testing over competing systems like DVB-T or ATSC. Real-scale field experiments from 1999 to 2003 confirmed its efficacy, leading to commercial launch on December 1, 2003, in Tokyo, Nagoya, and Osaka by NHK and private broadcasters.

Brazilian Selection and Adaptation Process


In 2003, the Brazilian government issued Decree No. 4.901, establishing a commission to evaluate and develop a national (DTT) system, aiming to stimulate research, development, and local industry growth. Laboratory and field tests were conducted on candidate standards, including Europe's , the U.S. ATSC, and Japan's ISDB-T; the ISDB-T demonstrated superior robustness against , impulse noise, and Doppler effects, particularly in mobile reception scenarios relevant to Brazil's urban and vehicular viewing habits. On June 29, 2006, President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva signed Decree No. 5.820, officially selecting ISDB-T as the baseline for Brazil's Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão Digital (SBTVD), prioritizing its hierarchical modulation scheme that supports "one-segment" broadcasting for portable devices alongside high-definition services, as well as Japan's commitments to technology transfer and joint ventures to build domestic manufacturing capabilities. This choice was informed by public consultations and evaluations emphasizing signal performance in Brazil's diverse terrain and spectrum efficiency over alternatives like DVB-T, which lacked native mobile optimization. Decree No. 5.820 also created the SBTVD Forum in November 2006 to coordinate technical specifications and adaptations, ensuring compatibility with national needs such as and . The adaptation process incorporated Brazilian innovations into the ISDB-T framework, including the Ginga middleware for declarative and procedural applications enabling interactive services like electronic program guides and t-commerce; H.264/AVC video coding for higher compression efficiency compared to ISDB-T's original ; and enhanced audio support with HE-AAC for multichannel tailored to local content production. Further modifications addressed effects on signal propagation, such as adjusted equalization for higher humidity and rainfall, while maintaining core ISDB-T transmission parameters like 6 MHz channel bandwidth and OFDM modulation. These changes resulted in SBTVD-T, or ISDB-T International, ratified in 2008 after rigorous testing, fostering over 100 local patents and equipment production.

Early Deployments and Testing Phases

Following the Brazilian government's announcement on June 29, 2006, selecting ISDB-T as the basis for its standard, the SBTVD Forum initiated adaptation and validation testing phases. These included laboratory evaluations of hierarchical modulation layers for fixed, portable, and mobile reception, as well as field trials assessing signal robustness in urban environments with multipath interference and Doppler effects common to Brazil's topography. Tests incorporated proposed enhancements like H.264/AVC video coding and HE-AAC audio, verifying compatibility with ISDB-T's OFDM-based transmission while addressing local requirements for and one-seg mobile services. Field tests in 2006-2007, building on pre-selection prototypes, demonstrated ISDB-T's superior performance over alternatives in (SFN) configurations and under varying signal-to-noise ratios, with bit error rates remaining below thresholds even at 20-30 dB carrier-to-noise ratios for mobile scenarios. These phases confirmed the standard's efficacy for Brazil's vast geography, including tropical challenges, paving the way for hardware certification and receiver interoperability trials by mid-2007. Early deployments began with pilot transmissions in in November 2007, utilizing temporary ISDB-T transmitters to broadcast test signals incorporating Brazilian-specific for . Full commercial operations launched on December 2, 2007, in , initially offering one high-definition channel multiplexed with data services, reaching an estimated 10 million households via set-top boxes and integrated receivers. Similar pilot phases extended to Rio de Janeiro and by early 2008, with coverage expanding to 50% of the population by 2010 through phased transmitter installations, supported by government subsidies for equipment conversion.

Standardization and Governance

SBTVD Forum and Technical Specifications

The SBTVD Forum, formally established in November 2006 under Brazilian Presidential Decree No. 5,820, serves as a non-profit entity coordinating the development of technical standards for the country's system. Comprising around 100 members from broadcasters, equipment manufacturers, software developers, academia, and government representatives, the Forum's mandate includes evaluating transmission and reception technologies, recommending norms, and advising on regulatory policies to facilitate the transition from analog to . In 2007, following field tests and comparative assessments of international standards including and ATSC, the Forum endorsed ISDB-T as the foundational technology for SBTVD-T, citing its superior support for mobile reception, hierarchical modulation, and (SFN) capabilities suited to Brazil's diverse geography and socioeconomic conditions. The Forum's adaptations to ISDB-T emphasized enhanced compression efficiency, , and , resulting in the SBTVD-T standard approved for deployment starting in 2008. Key modifications addressed Brazilian-specific requirements, such as support for Portuguese-language content classification, age rating systems, and integration of local features, while maintaining compatibility with core ISDB-T transmission protocols. SBTVD-T utilizes Band Segmented Transmission (BST-OFDM) modulation, enabling segmented structure with 13 RF segments per 6 MHz channel for hierarchical transmission layers tailored to fixed, portable, and mobile reception scenarios. Video encoding employs H.264/AVC (MPEG-4 Part 10) for higher efficiency compared to ISDB-T's , supporting resolutions up to at 30 fps for fixed services and reduced frame rates for portable modes; audio is handled via HE-AAC (MPEG-4 AAC). The Ginga , a dual-layer system unique to SBTVD-T, combines declarative applications via Nested Context Language (NCL) and DSM-CC for non-procedural content with procedural Java-based Ginga-J for advanced interactivity, replacing ISDB-T's BML and enabling features like electronic program guides and user applications over optional return channels. Other adaptations include UHF frequencies from 470-806 MHz (with VHF 174-216 MHz optional), a 44 MHz , and three spectrum mask types to mitigate interference in Brazil's broadcast environment.

International Certification and Forums

The ISDB-T International Forum, established to promote the global adoption of the ISDB-T standard through technical coordination between and , facilitates harmonization of specifications for equipment interoperability across adopting nations. Comprising representatives from broadcasters, regulators, and industry stakeholders, the forum convenes annual meetings and technical working groups to address implementation challenges and standardize receiver functionalities. For instance, the VII Annual Meeting held on November 30, 2015, in , , approved key Harmonization Documents covering hardware requirements for digital terrestrial TV receivers, interactivity and protocols (including the Ginga reference model), and the Emergency Warning Broadcasting System (EWBS) for alert . These Harmonization Documents serve as the foundational technical benchmarks for ensuring compatibility in countries such as , , , and others in , , and that have selected ISDB-T. Technical meetings, like the one on August 30, 2018, in during SET EXPO, reviewed progress in analogue switch-off (ASO), revised hardware document layouts for clarity, updated middleware standards to incorporate HTML-5 and Hybridcast, and discussed EWBS enhancements such as alarm protocols proposed by . The forum's outputs enable national regulators to align local standards with Japanese ARIB specifications and Brazilian adaptations, reducing fragmentation in receiver design and supporting seamless cross-border equipment use. International certification of ISDB-T equipment lacks a centralized global body; instead, it relies on national authorities verifying compliance with forum-approved harmonized specifications to meet local regulatory requirements. In practice, bodies like Brazil's ANATEL or Maldives' Communications Authority test receivers for adherence to these documents, focusing on modulation decoding, hierarchical transmission layers, and emergency features, thereby promoting economies of scale in manufacturing without compromising performance. This decentralized approach, driven by forum consensus, has facilitated adoption in over a dozen countries by minimizing certification barriers for interoperable devices.

Technical Specifications

Modulation, Transmission, and Hierarchical Layers

ISDB-T International utilizes Band Segmented Transmission (BST-OFDM) as its primary modulation scheme, dividing the 6 MHz channel bandwidth into 13 independent OFDM segments, each approximately 429 kHz wide. This segmentation enables flexible allocation for different services and robustness levels. The system supports three operational modes based on FFT size: Mode 1 with 2048 subcarriers for , Mode 2 with 4096 subcarriers for medium cells, and Mode 3 with 8192 subcarriers for large single-frequency networks. Guard intervals are configurable as fractions of the effective symbol duration—1/4, 1/8, 1/16, or 1/32—to mitigate multipath interference, with longer intervals enhancing robustness in challenging environments at the cost of . Carrier modulation within each segment employs QPSK for high robustness, 16QAM for balanced performance, or 64QAM for maximum data rate, combined with convolutional coding, time interleaving, and Reed-Solomon error correction. Transmission and Multiplexing Configuration Control (TMCC) signals, embedded in a dedicated OFDM segment, broadcast real-time parameters such as mode, guard interval, modulation, and coding rates to enable receiver synchronization and decoding. The Brazilian adaptation (ISDB-Tb) retains these core transmission parameters identical to the Japanese ISDB-T standard. Hierarchical layering allows distribution of the 13 segments across up to three layers (A, B, C), with Layer A offering the highest robustness for mobile/handheld reception using fewer segments and lower-order modulation, while higher layers support fixed reception with denser constellations and more segments. Each layer independently configures segment count (1–13 total), modulation scheme, inner code rate (1/2 to 7/8), and time interleaver depth (short, medium, or long), facilitating simultaneous delivery of high-definition television in upper layers and data or sound broadcasting in lower layers. This structure supports graceful degradation, where robust layers remain receivable amid interference even if higher layers fail.

Interactive and Return Channel Features

ISDB-T International supports interactive services through data broadcasting capabilities embedded in the transmission multiplex, allowing the delivery of applications such as electronic program guides and multimedia content alongside primary video streams. The Ginga middleware, mandatory in SBTVD and adopted in subsequent international deployments, enables the execution of these applications via its dual components: Ginga-NCL for declarative, hypermedia-based content and Ginga-J for procedural Xlets, ensuring compatibility with global standards like recommendations J.200 and . This framework permits receivers to process interactive elements without altering the core OFDM modulation structure, supporting both bounded applications tied to broadcasts and unbounded ones with independent lifecycles. The return channel for two-way interactivity is implemented externally to the one-way broadcast path, utilizing such as IP , PSTN, Ethernet, or cellular connections to enable user responses and data exchange. Ginga-J's Interaction Channel component manages asynchronous messaging and data scheduling over these links, with Yellow API extensions providing Brazil-specific support for hybrid environments. Mobile devices, including phones, integrate via or as return paths, functioning as remote controls, poll responders, or secondary interaction interfaces, thus extending to multi-user scenarios without dedicated broadcast return signaling. Architectures like the Interactive Service Provider (ISP) model, based on service-oriented principles with Web Services (/WSDL), further enhance Ginga-based applications by routing user inputs through brokers to backend services, as demonstrated in implementations for questionnaires and feedback systems. Examples include voting, e-commerce transactions, and educational tools, where forward-path data delivers content and return channels handle or aggregation. This design avoids spectrum overhead for returns, relying instead on existing infrastructure for , though it requires receiver support for network connectivity.

Emergency Broadcasting and Alert Systems

ISDB-T incorporates the Emergency Warning Broadcast System (EWBS), a dedicated mechanism for transmitting urgent disaster alerts via signals, enabling automatic activation of compatible receivers to issue audible warnings and display relevant information. EWBS signals are embedded within the ISDB-T transmission stream using specific carriers—typically four out of 432 in the One-Seg mobile layer—to ensure reliable detection even during standby mode or when receivers are tuned to non-emergency content. This system, originally developed in for analog broadcasting in 1985 and adapted for digital ISDB-T since 2003, relies on area-specific codes to target alerts geographically, minimizing unnecessary activations while prioritizing speed and robustness against signal interference. Upon receiving an EWBS activation flag from authorized sources such as meteorological agencies, broadcasters insert the signal into the TMCC (Transmission and Multiplexing Configuration Control) information or dedicated channels, prompting receivers to override operation with a synthetic alarm tone, flashing visuals, and overlaid text or data services detailing the threat, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, or . In , where ISDB-T has been operational since December 2003, monthly test broadcasts verify system integrity, with full-scale activations demonstrated during events like the . The system's design emphasizes disaster resilience, including backup power at transmission sites and compatibility with radio for broader reach, ensuring alerts propagate even if primary video streams fail. For international deployments under ISDB-T standards, EWBS has been harmonized across adopting nations through collaborative documents specifying signal formats, activation protocols, and receiver requirements to facilitate . In , which selected ISDB-T in 2006 and began regular broadcasts in 2007, EWBS integration mandates automatic receiver activation for national emergencies, with adaptations for local hazards like floods; by 2018, over 90% of households were covered, enhancing public safety in a country prone to natural disasters. Similar implementations in countries like , , and the leverage EWBS for regional alerts, often extended with modern protocols like the (CAP) transmitted via ISDB-T's data channels for structured, multilingual messaging. As of 2023, more than 15 nations using ISDB-T have incorporated EWBS, with ongoing enhancements including IoT sensor integration for real-time hazard detection upstream of broadcasts. This contrasts with competing standards like , where emergency features are less uniformly embedded and often rely on external IP overlays rather than native signal activation.

Implementation and Deployment

Rollout in Brazil


Brazil adopted ISDB-T as the basis for its Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão Digital (SBTVD) on June 29, 2006, following field tests and evaluations of competing standards. The first commercial digital terrestrial broadcasts commenced on December 2, 2007, in São Paulo, marking the initial phase of deployment in major urban centers. Deployment proceeded in stages, prioritizing state capitals and populous regions. By the end of , digital coverage extended to all 26 state capitals, enabling high-definition and mobile reception capabilities inherent to ISDB-T. In , expansion reached 20 state capitals and 10 additional inland cities, supporting events like HDTV broadcasts of the . Nationwide rollout continued with operations, where analog and digital signals coexisted to facilitate gradual household adoption. The analog-to-digital transition accelerated from 2015, beginning with a pilot switch-off in Rio Verde, , in November 2015, followed by in April 2016. Major capitals underwent shutdowns between 2016 and 2017, with full analog termination planned for all capitals and municipalities with over 500,000 inhabitants by July 2018, and remaining areas by December 2018. Prior to these switch-offs, digital signals covered approximately 93% of households. Delays in some regions extended final analog cessation to June 2025, attributed to incomplete coverage and set converter penetration. By recent assessments, nearly 96% of Brazilian municipalities receive at least one digital terrestrial channel.

Adoption in Latin America

Following Brazil's adoption of ISDB-T International in 2006, numerous Latin American countries selected the standard for digital terrestrial television to promote regional interoperability, facilitate equipment sharing, and access Japanese technical and financial support. Governments often highlighted the standard's hierarchical modulation, enabling robust mobile reception in varied terrains like mountains and urban areas, as a key advantage over alternatives such as DVB-T. By 2011, ISDB-T had been adopted across most of South America except Colombia and the Guianas, with additional uptake in Central American nations. Peru was the first to follow , officially adopting ISDB-T on April 23, , after field tests demonstrated superior performance in local conditions. Implementation began with pilot broadcasts in , emphasizing the standard's one-segment mode for portable devices. adopted the standard on August 28, , via presidential decree, integrating it as SATVD-T and signing cooperation agreements with and for . The rollout prioritized major cities, completing initial installations by March 2012. Chile announced adoption on September 14, 2009, citing ISDB-T's adaptability to the country's elongated geography and earthquake-prone regions, which favored its error correction and emergency warning features. Tests commenced in May 2010, with commercial services launching progressively. followed in October 2009, in March 2010, and by mid-2010, (June), (July), and (December) had also endorsed the standard, driven by alignment and promises of cost-effective set-top boxes. These decisions reflected a regional preference for ISDB-T's capabilities over European or North American systems, despite criticisms of dependency on foreign technology.
CountryAdoption DateKey Implementation Notes
April 23, 2009Pilot in ; focus on mobile reception.
August 28, 2009SATVD-T; urban rollout by 2012.
September 14, 2009Tests from 2010; suited to terrain.
October 2009Government-led transition.
March 2010Regional harmonization.
June 2010First experiments in 2011.
July 2010South American alignment.
December 27, 2010National standard decree.
Central American adoptions included and , extending ISDB-T's footprint for cross-border compatibility, though progress varied due to infrastructure challenges. Overall, these shifts enabled higher-definition and services, with empirical tests validating ISDB-T's signal stability in real-world deployments.

Deployments in , , and Other Regions

The adopted ISDB-T International as its standard in June 2010, following evaluations that favored its mobile reception capabilities and integration with one-seg services for handheld devices. Initial trials commenced in in 2011, with commercial digital broadcasting expanding progressively, reaching over 80% coverage by 2020 through partnerships with and Japanese equipment providers. The selected ISDB-T in 2016, prioritizing its hierarchical modulation for robust signal delivery across island geography, with deployment focusing on urban centers like by 2018 to support multimedia broadcasting. adopted ISDB-T HD in 2010, initiating test transmissions in and later nationwide rollout by 2015, emphasizing high-definition content and emergency warning features suited to disaster-prone areas. In , became the first nation to adopt ISDB-T on February 26, 2013, after field tests demonstrated superior performance in rural terrains compared to alternatives; digital signals were activated in July 2013, achieving initial coverage for 70% of the population by 2015. shifted to ISDB-T International in March 2019, reversing an earlier preference based on lab evaluations showing better and ; pilot implementations began in , with plans for broader terrestrial coverage tied to infrastructure investments exceeding $100 million. opted for ISDB-T alongside and around 2013-2018, though deployment has lagged due to funding constraints, with limited trials reported in . No widespread deployments of ISDB-T have occurred in other regions beyond and , though isolated evaluations persist in Pacific islands and without formal adoption.

Global Expansion and Challenges

Factors Driving Adoption

The adoption of ISDB-T internationally has been primarily driven by its technical advantages in supporting robust mobile and portable reception, which proved superior in comparative field tests conducted by adopting nations. Hierarchical modulation in ISDB-T enables layered , allowing high-definition services for fixed receivers alongside lower-resolution "One-Seg" streams for handheld devices traveling at speeds exceeding 100 km/h, a capability that outperformed DVB-T's limitations to standard-definition mobile reception. This flexibility facilitated efficient spectrum use and service diversity, including data transmission and emergency alerts, appealing to countries seeking integrated delivery without additional costs. Brazil's selection of ISDB-T in June 2006, following extensive trials against and ATSC, exemplified these merits, with the government emphasizing system robustness, indoor reception viability, and lower transmission power requirements compared to competitors. This decision catalyzed regional adoption in , as Brazil's adaptations—such as the Ginga middleware for interactive services—aligned with local needs for education, health, and security applications, promoting harmonization within to leverage in equipment manufacturing. Strategic promotion by , through organizations like DiBEG and joint diplomatic missions with , further propelled uptake by offering , training, and infrastructure support via . For instance, Japan's ODA financed ISDB-T platforms in countries like in 2014, enabling rapid deployment while fostering local industry development and export opportunities for Japanese firms. These incentives, combined with empirical demonstrations of ISDB-T's earthquake early warning integration—proven effective in —addressed practical demands in disaster-prone regions, outweighing initial setup costs for long-term reliability.

Economic and Geopolitical Influences

Japan's promotion of ISDB-T International relied heavily on economic incentives, including technical cooperation agreements and official development assistance through JICA, which provided training programs and dispatched specialists to adopting nations. In the pivotal case of Brazil, a memorandum signed on April 13, 2006, between the governments of Japan and Brazil facilitated technology transfer, enabling Brazil to adapt the standard as ISDB-Tb with local middleware Ginga to bolster domestic manufacturing capabilities. Brazil officially adopted the standard on June 29, 2006, following evaluations that favored Japan's offer over competing European and U.S. proposals due to these supportive measures. These economic levers extended beyond bilateral deals, as Japan's public-private partnerships aimed to stimulate equipment exports and investments, indirectly subsidizing adoption costs for recipient countries while advancing Japanese firms' in emerging regions. By December 2019, such efforts had led to ISDB-T adoption in 20 countries, predominantly in , where initial investments in created for regional broadcasters and manufacturers. For instance, 's subsequent lobbying influenced neighbors like and to select ISDB-T, fostering a unified South American market that reduced issues and expenses. Geopolitically, ISDB-T's expansion served Japan's objectives, enhancing diplomatic ties and countering the dominance of European and U.S. in global . The 2006 Japan-Brazil agreement not only solidified trans-Pacific relations—building on historical Japanese —but also positioned as a regional champion, propagating the standard across to align with anti-hegemonic preferences against perceived U.S. or European technological impositions. This bloc formation amplified Japan's influence in resource-rich and extended to , , and the via similar aid-linked promotions, as seen in Angola's 2019 adoption. Such strategies prioritized strategic partnerships over open competition, where superior technical merits alone often failed against entrenched rivals.

Criticisms of Dependency and Costs

Critics of ISDB-T International adoption have highlighted concerns over technological dependency on , arguing that reliance on Japanese components and limits long-term in . In , where ISDB-T was adapted as SBTVD in , one key objection was that the standard fosters dependency on Japanese equipment suppliers for core transmission and reception technologies, despite local modifications allowing some national development. This view posits that 's adaptations, while enabling regional exports, still tether the ecosystem to Japanese patents and upgrades, restricting external markets beyond and reducing incentives for fully independent innovation. The decision's politicized nature exacerbated perceptions of dependency, as Brazilian —backed by Japanese diplomatic and financial incentives—pressured neighbors like and to adopt ISDB-T, potentially isolating adopters from larger global standards like with broader supply chains. Analysts noted that this alignment, driven by bilateral deals rather than pure technical merit, could hinder and increase vulnerability to supply disruptions from Japanese manufacturers. Implementation costs have drawn separate scrutiny, with initial set-top box prices in Brazil reaching around US$200–300 in the late 2000s, necessitating government subsidies to accelerate household penetration. Transmission and receiver expenses for ISDB-T were perceived as higher than for alternatives, partly due to the standard's hierarchical modulation complexity requiring specialized hardware without the volume-driven price reductions from Europe's larger ecosystem. Comparative assessments, such as those from proponents, claim ISDB-T delivers less payload efficiency per network investment, implying elevated operational costs for equivalent coverage—though such evaluations reflect competing standards' interests. Over time, subsidies and local production mitigated some expenses, but early high barriers delayed full rollout in resource-constrained Latin American markets.

Comparisons with Competing Standards

Versus DVB-T and European Systems

ISDB-T and DVB-T both rely on orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) to mitigate multipath interference, but ISDB-T's band-segmented transmission OFDM (BST-OFDM) divides the channel into 13 independently modulable segments, enabling hierarchical transmission layers for concurrent fixed high-data-rate services and robust mobile/portable reception using partial segments. DVB-T, employing coded OFDM (COFDM) across the full channel without segmentation, supports variable guard intervals (1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32 of symbol period) and constellations (QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM) for adaptability to channel conditions, but lacks native hierarchical modulation for mixed reception scenarios. This structural difference allows ISDB-T to allocate, for example, 12 segments for fixed HDTV (up to 24 Mbps in 6 MHz at 64-QAM) and 1 segment for mobile SDTV (One-Seg service at ~400 kbps), while DVB-T typically dedicates the entire multiplex to fixed services, necessitating separate systems like DVB-H for handheld use. In mobile and portable reception, ISDB-T incorporates time-domain interleaving within each segment (up to 0.4 seconds), enhancing tolerance to Doppler effects and short-term fading at speeds over 100 km/h, as validated in Brazilian field tests (1999–2000) where it outperformed in urban mobile scenarios. 's frequency-domain interleaving provides solid fixed-rooftop performance but degrades in single-frequency networks (SFNs) for mobile use due to absent time interleaving, limiting effective speeds to around 50–80 km/h without mode adjustments. ISDB-T's SFN support further optimizes reuse by allowing seamless gap-filler integration via transmission mode control (TMCC) signaling, reducing frequency needs in dense areas. Empirical comparisons yield mixed results reflecting test conditions and proponent analyses. Brazilian trials by ABERT/SET in São Paulo (using 6 MHz channels) showed ISDB-T achieving 10% greater coverage than ATSC and superior impulse noise resilience (7 dB better than ), enabling indoor reception with transmitter power reduced to one-fifth of DVB-T's under equivalent bit-error-rate thresholds. Conversely, a 2010 South African Digital Broadcasting Interest Group (SADIBA) review, based on BT.1306 data, found DVB-T slightly outperforming ISDB-T in fixed coverage area and power efficiency, attributing this to DVB-T's convolutional coding and Viterbi decoding yielding lower required carrier-to-noise ratios (C/N) in AWGN channels (e.g., 13.7 dB for 64-QAM vs. ISDB-T's ~14–16 dB depending on segmentation).
AspectISDB-TDVB-T
Bandwidth Options6, 8 MHz6, 7, 8 MHz
Peak Data Rate (6 MHz, 64-QAM)~24 Mbps (full segments)~19.1 Mbps
Hierarchical ModulationYes (per segment)No (full channel only)
Time InterleavingYes (segment-specific, up to 0.4 s)No
SFN Mobile RobustnessHigh (TMCC-aided)Moderate (mode-dependent)
European systems favor (standardized ETSI EN 300 744 since 1997) for its collaborative, royalty-managed framework developed by multiple broadcasters and manufacturers, facilitating widespread deployment across 40+ countries by 2010 with over 90% fixed coverage in the . ISDB-T's Japan-centric origins (ARIB STD-B31, 1998) and segment-based complexity raised concerns in , where 's simpler receiver design aligned with existing analog infrastructure transitions, though later upgrades to (offering 30–50% higher efficiency via LDPC/FEC and ) addressed mobile shortcomings. No European nation adopted ISDB-T, prioritizing regional standards harmonization over Japanese aid-linked proposals.

Versus ATSC and North American Systems

ISDB-T utilizes Band Segmented Transmission Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (BST-OFDM) modulation, which segments the 6 MHz channel into 13 sub-bands, enabling hierarchical modulation layers for simultaneous fixed, portable, and mobile reception with enhanced robustness against multipath distortion and Doppler effects. In contrast, the original ATSC 1.0 standard employs 8-level Vestigial Sideband (8VSB) modulation, a single-carrier scheme optimized for fixed rooftop antennas that exhibits greater vulnerability to multipath interference and impulse noise in urban environments. This difference stems from OFDM's multicarrier approach distributing data across subcarriers, which mitigates fading through frequency diversity, whereas 8VSB relies on equalization to handle echoes, limiting its efficacy at higher speeds or in cluttered signal paths. Field trials comparing ISDB-T and ATSC have consistently shown ISDB-T's superiority in mobile reception, with time-interleaving features providing deeper signal penetration for handheld devices traveling at speeds up to 200 km/h, compared to ATSC 1.0's practical limit around 50 km/h before error rates spike. For instance, Brazilian tests conducted between 2000 and evaluated indoor, mobile, and fixed scenarios, revealing ATSC's inadequate performance for urban indoor reception—essential for over 80% of households without rooftop antennas—while ISDB-T maintained reliable service under similar conditions, including impulse noise from electrical disturbances common in tropical regions. These empirical results, prioritizing causal factors like propagation losses and interference resilience, directly influenced Brazil's 2006 decision to adopt ISDB-T over ATSC, despite North American lobbying, as ISDB-T demonstrated a 10-20% larger effective coverage area in multipath-heavy tests.
AspectISDB-T (BST-OFDM)ATSC 1.0 ()
Modulation TypeMulticcarrier OFDM with segmentationSingle-carrier vestigial
Mobile Reception RobustnessHigh (time/frequency interleaving, up to 200 km/h)Moderate (limited to ~50 km/h, equalizer-dependent)
Multipath HandlingExcellent ( diversity)Fair (relies on trellis coding and equalization)
Impulse Noise ResilienceSuperior (segmented structure)Weaker (prone to burst errors)
Hierarchical SupportNative (full/partial reception modes)None (fixed-only primary design)
ATSC's strengths lie in higher raw data rates for fixed services—up to 19.39 Mbps in a 6 MHz channel versus ISDB-T's configurable 16-24 Mbps depending on mode—but this comes at the cost of reduced error correction overhead, making it less adaptable to North America's vast rural expanses where line-of-sight dominates over the dense, reflective urban topologies favoring ISDB-T internationally. The subsequent standard, deployed in the U.S. since 2017, adopts OFDM to remedy these shortcomings, achieving parity or better in some lab metrics like , yet ISDB-T's earlier field-proven mobility features delayed North American transitions to mobile TV until voluntary ATSC 3.0 rollouts. Overall, ISDB-T's design prioritizes versatile reception paradigms suited to developing markets with high mobile penetration, whereas North American systems emphasize stationary high-definition delivery, reflecting regional infrastructure variances.

Empirical Performance in Field Tests

Field tests conducted in from October 1999 to April 2000 by the ABERT/SET working group evaluated ISDB-T alongside ATSC and systems using 6 MHz channels in , focusing on outdoor coverage, indoor reception, and mobile scenarios. ISDB-T and achieved approximately 10% greater coverage than ATSC across the test area, with ISDB-T demonstrating superior robustness in multipath environments and impulsive noise conditions, where ATSC proved inadequate. ISDB-T's segmented structure and time-interleaving enabled reliable reception with higher payload capacity, supporting simultaneous HDTV transmission and mobile services without compromising fixed reception quality. In mobile reception trials, ISDB-T outperformed both competitors, particularly in urban driving tests simulating high-speed movement and signal , due to its longer interleaving depth enhancing error correction under dynamic conditions. Indoor tests further highlighted ISDB-T's global performance edge, with lower bit error rates (BER) in obstructed environments compared to DVB-T's shorter interleaving and ATSC's vulnerability to echoes. These results, derived from prototype equipment and field measurements, underscored ISDB-T's adaptability to Brazil's and dense urban topography, contributing to its selection as the national standard in 2007. Subsequent evaluations in other adopting regions, such as the and parts of , corroborated these findings through localized reception tests, confirming ISDB-T's efficacy for portable and vehicular use with minimal infrastructure adjustments. For instance, partial reception modes allowed one-segment signals to maintain service in handheld devices amid interference, achieving BER thresholds below 10^{-4} in urban field validations. While proponent sources like emphasize these outcomes, the Brazilian tests—overseen by independent engineering groups—provide the most rigorous empirical baseline, revealing ISDB-T's causal advantages in diversity gain and immunity over single-carrier alternatives.

Future Developments

Upgrades and Next-Generation Standards

Advanced ISDB-T represents the primary upgrade path for the ISDB-T standard, incorporating advanced technologies such as transmission, higher-order modulation up to 4096-QAM, and low-density parity-check (LDPC) plus BCH error correction coding to enhance capacity and robustness. This evolution builds on the original ISDB-T's time-domain interleaving and hierarchical transmission, enabling simultaneous delivery of ultrahigh-definition (4K/8K) services alongside mobile reception within a 6 MHz channel, achieving data rates up to 91.8 Mbps in experimental single-frequency networks over 27 km distances. Japanese trials since 2018 have validated these capabilities using large-scale test facilities in and , with system verification confirming feasibility for fixed, portable, and mobile scenarios. Key variants under development include a 35-segment configuration for non-backward-compatible 8K broadcasting with (VVC), and 13-segment options employing single-input single-output (SISO) or for compatible 4K services, alongside layered division multiplexing (LDM) for overlaying robust lower-layer signals on enhanced upper layers. Compared to legacy ISDB-T's convolutional coding and video, these upgrades support HEVC or VVC compression, (FDM), and IP packet multiplexing for integrated broadcast-broadband applications like emergency warnings and interactive streaming. Transmission efficiency improves by approximately 10 Mbps at equivalent carrier-to-noise ratios, prioritizing spectrum efficiency and service flexibility without requiring wider bandwidths. Internationally, Advanced ISDB-T was proposed by Japanese organizations like DiBEG to adopters of ISDB-T International, including 's SBTVD Forum for their TV 3.0 initiative, aiming to extend the standard's lifecycle with UltraHD and /IP services. Field tests in demonstrated viable performance with 2x2 in channels, evolving directly from the deployed ISDB-T infrastructure. However, following comparative evaluations, selected as the physical layer for TV 3.0 in 2024, citing strategic advantages in unlocking next-generation features despite Advanced ISDB-T's compatibility with existing networks. This decision highlights challenges in international standardization, where empirical field trials favored alternatives offering potentially superior integration with global IP ecosystems, though Advanced ISDB-T remains under active R&D in for potential future domestic deployment post-2023 verification.

Transition to TV 3.0 and Potential Shifts

, a pioneer in adopting ISDB-T International in June 2006, initiated the TV 3.0 project in 2020 to develop a next-generation digital terrestrial broadcasting standard integrating broadcast with IP-based services, supporting 4K HDR video, immersive audio, and interactivity. The project evaluated multiple technologies, including Japan's Advanced ISDB-T, which enhances the existing ISDB-T with flexible signal frames for efficient bandwidth allocation, higher modulation schemes, and support for advanced codecs to enable 4K/8K transmissions and hybrid services. Despite these capabilities, laboratory and field tests conducted by the SBTVD Forum from 2023 to 2024 favored for the due to superior performance in coverage, data rates, and integration with IP ecosystems. In July 2024, the SBTVD Forum recommended ATSC 3.0 over Advanced ISDB-T, DTMB-A, and 5G Broadcast alternatives, citing empirical results from real-world trials that demonstrated better robustness and efficiency for Brazil's diverse terrain and mobile reception needs. This selection, influenced by contributions from Korean and U.S. technologies, signals a departure from ISDB-T dependency, potentially reducing costs through broader equipment availability and alignment with global IP trends. By August 2025, the recommendation was formalized, paving the way for regulatory approval and deployment, though full transition timelines remain under discussion. The Brazilian shift poses challenges for ISDB-T International's long-term cohesion, as other adopters like , , and —totaling over 20 countries—may face decisions on upgrading to Advanced ISDB-T or following suit toward for interoperability and feature parity. While continues domestic advancements with Enhanced ISDB-T for 4K since December 2018 and 8K services, international momentum for Advanced ISDB-T has stalled post-Brazil, with limited proposals beyond promotional efforts by groups like DiBEG. Potential regional fragmentation could arise, with Southeast Asian ISDB-T users like the prioritizing mobile robustness over next-gen shifts, while Latin American nations weigh economic ties to against ATSC's expanding ecosystem. Proponents of Advanced ISDB-T argue its with existing ISDB-T infrastructure minimizes disruption, but empirical test outcomes in Brazil underscore the appeal of standards offering superior hybrid broadcast-broadband convergence.

Long-Term Viability and Innovations

The long-term viability of ISDB-T International hinges on its technical resilience in fixed, mobile, and portable reception scenarios, supported by segmented OFDM modulation that divides bandwidth into 13 segments for hierarchical services, enabling simultaneous delivery without additional infrastructure. Deployments in adopting countries, including since June 2006 and subsequent nations like (April 2009) and (August 2009), have sustained coverage for over 15 years, with signal robustness demonstrated in urban and rural settings through time interleaving that mitigates multipath interference. However, viability faces pressures from over-the-top (OTT) streaming proliferation and spectrum demands for ; 's July 2024 selection of for its non-backward-compatible TV 3.0 upgrade underscores limitations in ISDB-T's efficiency for ultra-high-definition (UHD) and IP-hybrid services, potentially accelerating transitions in Latin American markets. Innovations in ISDB-T International emphasize evolutionary enhancements rather than wholesale replacement, with the Advanced ISDB-T standard—under development since at least —introducing multiple-input multiple-output () transmission for doubled and flexible signal framing to allocate bandwidth dynamically across services. This next-generation iteration, tested in in 2023, achieved reliable UHD delivery over single 6 MHz channels and improved mobile reception via layered modulation, outperforming legacy ISDB-T in field trials under noisy conditions. Japanese R&D, led by and ARIB, further integrates advanced error correction and interactivity features, positioning Advanced ISDB-T for 8K UHDTV viability as validated in prototype over-the-air tests reported in 2021, though full standardization awaits regulatory alignment beyond . Sustained viability will depend on hybrid broadcast-broadband convergence; while ISDB-T's one-segment mode supports low-data-rate mobile TV with energy-efficient reception, integration with networks remains underdeveloped compared to competitors like , limiting scalability in high-density areas. Proponents argue its and disaster-resilient design—evident in Japan's 2011 earthquake recovery—offer enduring advantages for developing economies, yet empirical data from 2023-2025 indicates stable but non-expanding adoption, with no new major commitments post-Nicaragua's .

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