Hubbry Logo
Virginia Defense ForceVirginia Defense ForceMain
Open search
Virginia Defense Force
Community hub
Virginia Defense Force
logo
7 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Virginia Defense Force
Virginia Defense Force
Virginia Defense Force
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

Virginia Defense Force
Virginia Defense Force Insignia
Active1607–1754
(Virginia Militia)
1754–1901
(Virginia Regiment)
1917–1921
(Virginia Volunteers)
1941–1947
(Virginia State Guard)
1985–present
(Virginia Defense Force)
CountryUnited States
AllegianceVirginia
TypeState defense force
RoleDefense support of civil authority
Size275[1]
Part ofVirginia Department of Military Affairs
1st Regiment, VDFRichmond, Virginia, U.S.
EngagementsFrench and Indian War
American Revolutionary War
War of 1812
Mexican–American War
American Civil War
Spanish–American War
Websitevdf.virginia.gov
Commanders
Commander in ChiefGovernor Abigail Spanberger
State military leadershipMajor General James W. Ring
- Adjutant General, DMA
Brigadier General Richard Diddams
- VDF Commanding General
Command Sergeant MajorCSM Christopher Howlett
Notable
commanders		George Washington (1754–1758)
Robert E. Lee (1862–1865)

The Virginia Defense Force (VDF) is the official state defense force of Virginia, one of the three components of Virginia's state military along with the Virginia National Guard which includes the Virginia Army National Guard, the Virginia Air National Guard, and the unorganized militia. As of 2023, the VDF has approximately 275 personnel.[1] The VDF is the descendant of the Virginia State Guard, the Virginia Regiment, and ultimately the Colonial Virginia militia of the Virginia Colony.

The Virginia Defense Force Command is headquartered at the historic Old City Hall, but drills out of the Waller Armory in Richmond, Virginia. State law allows the command to grow to as many as 7,800 troops to be activated in the VDF when necessary by a call out by the Governor. The VDF is all-volunteer unless activated to "Active Duty" status and augmented by unorganized militia draftees by the Governor of Virginia. The federal government authorizes purely state-level forces under 32 U.S.C. § 109 which provides that state forces as a whole may not be called, ordered, or drafted into the armed forces of the United States, thus preserving their separation from the National Guard. However, under the same law, individual members serving in state-level forces are not exempt from service in the armed forces by nature of serving in a state defense force. But, under 32 USC § 109(e) "A person may not become a member of a defense force if he is a member of a reserve component of the armed forces." However, officer or soldiers placed on the retired roll of the Active Army or Reserve components, are eligible, with prior approval from the Governor, to transfer their commission to a military command within that State, and continue to serve at present or higher rank.[2]

History

[edit]

In 1607, the Virginia Militia was formed as a part of the English militia system to provide an organized defense against attacks and to give the Governor a body of men capable of bringing order during a disaster. The Indian massacre of 1622 took place in the Colony of Virginia, when Chief Opechancanough led the Powhatan Confederacy in a coordinated series of surprise attacks; they killed a total of 347 people, a quarter of the population of the Virginia colony.[3] Soon after in 1623, the Governor, Sir Francis Wyatt, dictated that all men in the Virginia Militia must drill every month on their county court house green. He also appointed officers to lead the Militia for the first time. By 1676, the Virginia Militia had responded to numerous Indian raids and had served during Bacon's Rebellion.

As the 18th century evolved into a near continuous war between the British and French Empires, and due to wars with Indian tribes and French incursions to the west of the colony, The Virginia Regiment was formed by Governor Dinwiddie in 1754 out of the Virginia Militia. It was the first all professional colonial regiment ever raised in the New World and thus given status of a regular British Army regiment during the Seven Years' War. Its officers were often unpaid volunteers and they would provide a corps to serve as Aides de Camp to the Commanding Generals of the British Army as well as fighting forces. Colonel Joshua Fry was selected as the first commander and George Washington as its Lt. Colonel. Washington became its Colonel in 1755 and established the command at Winchester, Virginia. The regiment was a hybrid and included soldiers of "foote, rangers and mounted" and fought in the southern battles of the French and Indian War. Its colors were retired in 1758 and members were returned to the Virginia Militia.

As the revolutionary spirit spread across the new nation, the House of Burgesses reconstituted the Virginia Regiment and expanded it dramatically. Further, it was determined that the standard Militia unit needed to institutionalize separate mounted troops. In 1776, the State reorganized the Virginia Regiment into ten regiments of infantry called "The Virginia Line", and organized the first mounted infantry unit called the Virginia Light Horse Regiment. Colonel Theodorick Bland, a Virginia Militia officer was tasked to form, out of the Militia, this mounted regiment. In turn, it was commanded by Lt. Colonel Henry Lee III or "Light Horse Harry", father of General Robert E. Lee of the Union and Confederate Armies.

In the summer of 1776, Bland and Lee organized The Virginia Light Horse regiment. This unit was predominantly led by the aristocracy of Virginia and made up of the wealthy planters and merchants sons. The Virginia Light Horse was by November of that year brought into Continental Army service and was re-designated the 1st Continental Light Dragoons. Troops 1 & 2 were stood up outside of Boston, troops 3 & 4 were stood up in Pennsylvania, and 5th & 6th troops were assigned to the Virginia Regiment/Line as it assumed Federal military duties. Henry Lee, a Virginia militia Captain, was commissioned by Congress in 1776 to form 5th Troop. 5th Troop took over 6th Troop and evolved over the years into Lee's Legion and later into the 2nd Partisan Corps; it was the primary cavalry force in the Southern Campaign and was on active duty until its colors were retired in 1783, again at Winchester, Virginia.

In 1846, the main county units mustered for service in the Mexican War, but the requirements on the Virginia Regiment did not have them actually deploy west and they were sent back to their homes and colors cased again in 1848. These units formed the nucleus of the Virginia Divisions of the Confederacy in the Civil War; and though little activity took place during the reconstruction period, the Virginia troops again mustered for service in the Spanish–American War. These troops were incorporated in the 2nd U.S. Virginia Volunteer Cavalry and Infantry in 1898/99, but were not deployed and stood down in 1901, except the Fourth Virginia Infantry, Fourth Regiment Volunteers (Norfolk, mustered May 20, 1898) sent from the United States for service in Cuba.

During World War I, the Virginia State Volunteers (later renamed the Virginia Volunteers) were organized as a state defense force to support civil authorities from 1917 to 1921. The group guarded bridges, waterways, fuel storage areas, and public buildings and facilities during the war years, armed with surplus weapons dating back to 1876.[4]

Due to the possibility of imminent American involvement in World War II, Governor Price ordered the establishment of the Virginia Protective Force on January 2, 1941. The force executed the stateside duties of the National Guard until disbandment in 1947.[4]

The Virginia Defense Force conducts a Change of Unit Designation Ceremony Sept. 28, 2013, at Fort Pickett.
The VDF conducts a Change of Unit Designation Ceremony Sept. 28, 2013, at Fort Pickett.

Various units were activated and deactivated during the 1960s as crowd control units during the protests in Washington, D.C.

In 1983, a change in the post-Civil War Constitution of Virginia allowed the Commonwealth to permanently re-activate the Virginia Regiment pursuant to federal law under Title 32 Section 109 of the U.S. Code regarding the re-formation of state guard units. It was modernized and brought into line with the standards of the U.S. Army regulation concerning Guard and Reserve forces. The newly reorganized command was established as the Virginia Defense Force, commanded by a Major General, subordinate the Governor of Virginia, and directly assigned to the Adjutant General's forces as an element of the Virginia Department of Military Affairs.

To date, it is one of a few US military units that can claim battle participation for campaigns and wars that took place prior to the Declaration of Independence in 1776.

The Virginia Regiment (now the VDF) can also claim participation alongside such storied regiments as the 44th and 48th Infantry regiments (now Royal Anglian Regiment), and the Queen's Royal Hussars of the British Army, and the 5th Regiment de Hussards, 2d Regiment de Dragoons, and 12th Cuirassier Regiment (France) of the French Army due to the campaigns of the 18th century.

In March 2020, elements of the Virginia Defense Force were activated to assist in Virginia's COVID-19 response with medical and logistics planning.[5]

Mission

[edit]
A member of the Virginia Defense Force Incident Management Assistance Team in Onancock prepares for possible duty in response to Hurricane Irene.

The mission of the VDF is by the Code of Virginia to support the Virginia National Guard at the following times[6]

  1. Provide for an adequately trained organized reserve militia to assume control of Virginia National Guard facilities and to secure any federal and state property left in place in the event of the mobilization of the Virginia National Guard.
  2. Assist in the mobilization of the Virginia National Guard.
  3. Support the Virginia National Guard in providing family assistance to military dependents within the Commonwealth in the event of the mobilization of the National Guard.
  4. Provide a military force to respond to the call of the Governor in those circumstances described in § 44–75.1.

Membership

[edit]

Applicants to the VDF must meet the following eligibility requirements to obtain membership:

  • Legal Resident of the United States and the Commonwealth of Virginia
  • A valid Social Security number
  • Age 16 to 65 (Minors require written consent of parent or legal guardian.)
  • Physical ability to perform in any assigned billet
  • No felony convictions
  • Good moral character [2]

Uniforms

[edit]
A VDF chaplain in 2021, wearing a woodland ACU.

Members of the VDF wear an "M81" woodland-camouflaged version of the Army Combat Uniform (ACU).[2] These uniforms bear distinct insignia such as the Virginia State flag on the right shoulder, OD tapes including a "VIRGINIA" tape over the left breast pocket, and a subdued OD VDF patch on the left shoulder. OD skill rockers are authorized for wear on the left shoulder above the VDF unit patch by those who meet the criteria. Officers wear the standard "blues" uniform for dress functions and the regular Army "Mess Dress" for formal functions. The modifications for VDF dress uniforms include but are not limited to brass/gold rank insignia, the crossed saber and musket symbolizing the militia, buttons bearing the Great Seal of the Commonwealth of Virginia, and red nameplates. Prior service dress uniforms are authorized for wear for those with prior Federal service.

The VDF no longer uses the abbreviation VaDF, VA DEFENSE FORCE, or  Virginia State Guard, and modern tapes now read "VIRGINIA."

Members of the Virginia Defense Force, Shelter Augmentation Liaison Team provide assistance to the Virginia State Police during the 2011 State Managed Shelter Exercise.

Functionality

[edit]

The creation of a state defense force by a state is authorized by 32 USC 109 (c). Title 44–54 of the Virginia Code sets the targeted membership of the Virginia Defense Force at 1,200 members. Activation is by an executive order of the Governor in the event of an emergency; or the President if there is a declaration of a disaster area.

Brig. Gen. Timothy P. Williams, the Adjutant General of Virginia, speaks to a member of the Virginia Defense Force during the 2015 Apple Blossom Festival in Winchester, Virginia.

Title 44–54.12, although providing for the use of armories and other state lands for Defense Force purposes, specifically prohibits members of the Defense Force from training with firearms, without the specific instruction/authorization of the Governor.

The Defense Force is evolving into a Civil Affairs command and will provide training in military related specialties such as communication, infrastructure restoration, public shelters, traffic control, and unarmed security missions. VDF companies and battalions are self-training but conduct annual training as a division every year at Ft. Barfoot, Virginia. Many of the VDF members have conducted training with FEMA, NIMS, ICS, the United States Armed Forces, Virginia State Police, as well as meeting the requirements of SGAUS.

During the Iraq War, the VDF was tasked with securing vacated armories, maintaining equipment, and providing support to families of deployed troops.[7]

Virginia Defense Force member in 2012

The VDF maintains several Shelter Augmentation Liaison Teams (SALT), with each team consisting of three VDF members who serve as liaisons between the Virginia State Police and the Virginia National Guard in the event that the National Guard is deployed to take over shelter management from the police during a stateside emergency. During a deployment, the teams will deploy with the state police, note the practices and procedures put in place, and brief the National Guard on these procedures when the National Guard arrive so as to provide a smooth transition in the change of command.[8]

The Virginia Military Advisory Council is the Defense Force's link to a higher authority and the staff of the Adjutant General of Virginia.

For 2011, the budget passed by the Virginia Legislature allocated to the Virginia Defense Force about $240,000.

Reorganization and consolidation

[edit]
Members of the Virginia Defense Force and the Virginia National Guard operate a mobile command post to test communications capabilities.

Prior to 2014 the Virginia Defense Force command structure consisted of a single Light infantry division, the George Washington Division, with its headquarters and attached Military Police Company and Communications Battalion operating out of the Virginia National Guard Headquarters (formerly at the Dove Street Armory in Richmond, Virginia) as command and control overseeing five Regiments, each consisting of two or more companies, representing regions across the Commonwealth.[9] After a major force-wide reorganization by the end of 2013 several units had been dissolved including the Aviation Battalion, Riverine Detachment, and Military Police Battalion. By 2015 the 5th Regiment, based out of Gate City, Virginia, was consolidated into the 4th Regiment as 'C Company' and the 3rd Regiment, based in Winchester, Virginia, was relocated to Richmond as a reserve regiment. As a result of the force-wide reorganization the Virginia Defense Force's headquarters, now termed "Force Headquarters", was moved to Waller Depot in Richmond, Virginia.

On September 29, 2019, the Virginia Defense Force consolidated its remaining four regiments into a single regiment, the 1st Regiment. In a ceremony at Ft. Barfoot, the 2nd Regiment in Manassas, the 3rd Regiment (Reserve) in Richmond, and the 4th Regiment in Lynchburg were stood down while the 1st Regiment was stood up as a single consolidated command. According to Brigadier General (VA) Justin P. Carlitti, Commanding General of the VDF, the consolidation was conducted in an effort to improve the unit's agility, morale, and reduce workloads as well as position the VDF as whole for future growth in both its mission and size.[10]

Units

[edit]

VDF is designed a force multiplier for the Virginia National Guard. As of 2020 the command structure of the VDF is organized as a single regiment consisting of six line companies located in Fairfax, Warrenton, Winchester, Virginia Beach, Lynchburg, and Cedar Bluff, with each company made of platoons focused on civil support security and communications. Previously known as Force Protection units, civil support security platoons provide capabilities such as traffic management, access control, gate sentry and vehicle searches, and the communications platoons use HF radios and tactical communication packages for data and voice messaging as well as incident management.[10]

Virginia Defense Force Unit Map
Virginia Defense Force Units

Current Units (2019–present)

[edit]

The major units of the VDF and where they are headquartered are:

Former Units

[edit]

VDF Aviation Battalion

[edit]

The Virginia Defense Force maintained an aviation battalion with companies in the Hampton Roads area, Orange, and Danville. The Virginia State Guard organization of World War II also once had a "Flying Corps" of several squadrons, but these were all eventually absorbed into the Virginia Wing Civil Air Patrol (CAP). The VDF's Aviation Battalion maintained fifteen privately owned aircraft, and conducted damage assessment, aerial reconnaissance, and search and rescue missions.[11] The Aviation Battalion assisted the DEA with counter-drug trafficking reconnaissance in rural and remote areas of Virginia. The Aviation Battalion was dissolved in the wake of the VDF's major reorganization in the fall of 2013.

VDF Riverine Detachment

[edit]

The Virginia Defense Force maintained a riverine detachment which was capable of conducting inland aquatic search and rescue operations as well as transport and security operations. The Riverine Detachment was dissolved in the spring of 2013.

The RD, as an (unofficial) part of the naval militia of the state, formerly carried the traditions of the Virginia State Navy.

VDF Military Police

[edit]

The Virginia Defense Force Military police operated less-than-lethal security missions. The Military Police trained in such subjects as command post security, first responder training, incident management, traffic control, crowd control, riot control, vehicle checkpoints, vehicle and personal searches, military assistance and civil disorders, baton and other skills that were necessary to ensure the safety of the personnel of the VDF and citizens of the Commonwealth. The MP Company, and subsequently MP Battalion, was a Commonwealth of Virginia Law Enforcement agency until its dissolution in a major force-wide reorganization in the fall of 2013, and some of its former personnel have been re-designated as HQ Security and Access Control Teams for their respective regiments.

VDF 2nd Regiment

[edit]

The 2nd Regiment, previously headquartered in Manassas was responsible for Northern Virginia with A Company operating in Manassas and Fairfax and B Company operating in Fredericksburg and Bowling Green with a detachment in Warrenton and Culpeper.

VDF 3rd Regiment

[edit]

Originally the 3rd Regiment's headquarters and A Company were based in Winchester with B Company in Leesburg and C Company in Charlottesville, the previous reorganization left the 3rd Regiment in a Reserve status and relocated to Richmond. It was stood down in a ceremony on September 29, 2019, at Ft. Pickett.

VDF 4th Regiment

[edit]

The 4th Regiment, headquartered in Lynchburg with three companies garrisoned in Bedford (A Company), Lynchburg (B Company), and Gate City / Pulaski (C Company, remnants of the 5th Regiment) respectively, was stood down in a ceremony at Ft. Pickett on September 29, 2019.

VDF 5th Regiment

[edit]

The Virginia Defense Force 5th Regiment, originally based out of Gate City, was de-activated in 2015, and its remaining companies, detachments, personnel, and materials were then absorbed into the 4th Regiment, where its made up the 4th Regiment's Company C.

[edit]

The Code of Virginia guarantees that members of the Virginia Defense Force who are called to active duty or training are entitled to a leave of absence, and full reemployment rights after their deployment ends. However, members employed out of state or by the Federal government do not enjoy such protections.[12][13]

Virginia Defense Force awards

[edit]

The following ribbons and medals are awarded to members of the Virginia Defense Force:[14]

  • Life Saving Medal (LSM)
  • Distinguished Service Medal (DSM)
  • Meritorious Service Medal (MSM)
  • Commendation Medal (CM)
  • Achievement Medal (AM)
  • Active Service Ribbon (ASR)
  • Service Ribbon (SR)
  • Community Service Ribbon (CSR)
  • Attendance Ribbon (AR)
  • Response Management Staff College Completion Ribbon (obsolete)
  • Operational Staff, Command, Control & Communications Course Ribbon (OSC3R) (obsolete)
  • Advanced Leader Course Ribbon (ALCR) (obsolete)
  • Company Leader Course Ribbon (CLCR) (obsolete)
  • Noncommissioned Officer Development Ribbon (NCODR)
  • Recruiting and Retention Ribbon (RRR)
  • State Guard Association of the United States Longevity Ribbon (SGAUSR)
  • State Guard Association of the United States Membership Ribbon (SGAUSLR)
  • VDF Unit Readiness Citation (Dead Eye)

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Virginia Defense Force

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The Virginia Defense Force (VDF) is the official all-volunteer of , authorized by Section 44-54.4 of the Code of Virginia as the reserve of the to augment its domestic operations as a force multiplier. Comprising approximately 200 citizen volunteers, including former military personnel, law enforcement officers, and younger recruits, the VDF focuses on providing specialized support in without federal mobilization risks, as its members cannot be called to active federal duty. The organization's roots trace to the Virginia State Volunteers, formed in 1917 after the federalization of the for , when about 1,300 members guarded such as bridges, waterways, and public facilities using surplus weaponry. It evolved through the Virginia Protective Force and Virginia State Guard during , which enrolled 16,885 volunteers for internal security until deactivation in 1947, before reestablishment in 1984 under modern total force policies and renaming to the VDF in 1986. This history reflects 's tradition of maintaining a state-only capability to ensure continuity of homeland defense when units deploy federally. In its current role, the VDF delivers capabilities in operations center augmentation, interoperable communications, cyber network defense, , medical support, chaplaincy, legal assistance, and public information during state-activated missions, such as or civil emergencies ordered by the . Volunteers train regularly and serve unpaid except during state , emphasizing community resilience and seamless integration with efforts, as demonstrated in recent and administrative support for Guard deployments in response to state needs.

Historical Development

Pre-Modern Precursors

The colonial militia of , established in 1607 following the founding of Jamestown, served as the earliest organized precursor to later state defense forces, functioning under the English tradition of universal military obligation for . Compulsory service applied to able-bodied free men aged 16 to 60, who assembled periodically for musters involving arms inspections, drill, and readiness assessments to counter threats from Native American tribes, such as the Confederacy's attacks in the colony's initial years. These local units, often structured by county or plantation, emphasized rapid response to invasions or insurrections, evolving from defenses—such as Captain John Smith's 1607 organization of settlers into watches and patrols—into a more formalized system by the 1630s, with laws mandating householders to maintain matchlocks, powder, and shot. By the late 17th century, the militia suppressed internal unrest, including in 1676, where irregular volunteer companies augmented statutory forces to quell frontiersmen challenging Governor William Berkeley's authority over Native relations. In the , the framework adapted to imperial conflicts, culminating in the 1754 formation of the from existing county levies under Governor , tasked with frontier scouting and fortification against French and Native incursions during the ; , as colonel, commanded approximately 1,000 men in operations like the of 1755. Independent volunteer companies emerged sporadically, as in Fairfax County's 1774 formation led by , anticipating revolutionary needs by bypassing royal oversight for self-reliant defense. Post-independence, Virginia's state and subsequent militia acts preserved this citizen-based model, requiring enrollment of white males 18 to 50 for annual training and exempting only certain professionals, thereby institutionalizing local auxiliaries for state emergencies separate from federalized units—a duality echoing in modern state defense forces' non-deployable, support-oriented roles.

Establishment and Early Operations (1984–2000)

The Virginia Defense Force traces its modern origins to the post-Vietnam era implementation of the Total Force Policy, which emphasized the need for state-level reserves to support civil authorities in the event of federalization for overseas deployments. Planning for reactivation began in 1981, culminating in the formal establishment of the Virginia State Guard State Headquarters on April 18, 1984, recognized as the founding date of the contemporary force. This reconstitution aimed to provide a volunteer capability for intra-state emergency support, drawing on historical precedents like World War II-era state guards while adhering to statutory limits prohibiting federal activation or armament beyond basic security roles. Initial organization proceeded with the creation of the first operational units in 1985, structured to mirror elements for seamless augmentation. The amended the Code of Virginia on March 1, 1986, renaming the entity the Virginia Defense Force to reflect its defensive and supportive mission. By 1989, the VDF underwent reorganization as a cadre division, emphasizing a smaller, highly trained force capable of rapid expansion for security and logistical tasks. Early activities centered on recruitment, basic training in emergency operations, and coordination exercises with state agencies, with membership drawn exclusively from volunteers exempt from federal service. The VDF's first significant operational test occurred during the Persian Gulf War (1990–1991), when activated units assumed custody and security of armories vacated by deployed personnel, preventing vulnerabilities in state military infrastructure. This role underscored the force's statutory function as a non-federalized , involving routine patrols, , and maintenance without combat deployment. By 1993, an internal review prompted a strategic pivot from primary security postures toward enhanced disaster relief capabilities, aligning with evolving state needs for humanitarian augmentation amid limited activations in the intervening years. Through 2000, operations remained modest, focused on drills, community outreach for recruitment, and interoperability training with the , maintaining a volunteer strength sufficient for contingency support but not routine emergencies.

Post-9/11 Realignments and Growth (2001–2010)

Following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the Virginia State Defense Force (VSDF, the predecessor organization to the current Defense Force) underwent a mission realignment toward enhanced support, as national priorities shifted to domestic defense amid extensive deployments to federal missions overseas. This period emphasized the VSDF's role as a state-controlled auxiliary force available for rapid activation in emergencies, filling gaps left by the Guard's operational tempo. The force's activities adapted to include simulated responses to weapons of mass destruction scenarios, leveraging for and search-and-rescue operations, such as aiding the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries in monitoring the . Membership expanded significantly by the mid-2000s, reaching 774 volunteers by 2006, all unpaid and supported by a zero-dollar state budget, which underscored the organization's reliance on self-funded, dedicated personnel aged 18 to 70. Training programs were formalized during this era, encompassing basic soldier skills, development, and officer leadership courses to build capacity for civil support tasks. Operational growth manifested in interstate deployments, notably the activation of VSDF elements in 2005 to assist with recovery efforts in coordination with other states, demonstrating its evolution into a flexible augmentation asset. By January 2010, active membership had contracted to over 200, reflecting challenges in sustaining volunteer numbers despite planned expansions to align with Virginia's all-hazards framework. The VSDF's integration into state disaster mitigation plans solidified its post-9/11 posture, prioritizing non-combat roles like , communications, and local to augment agency responses without federal call-up risks. This realignment positioned the force as a resilient, governor-controlled reserve, though remained constrained by its auxiliary status and lack of compensation.

Modern Reorganizations and Expansions (2011–Present)

In 2013, the Virginia Defense Force undertook a major reorganization to enhance efficiency and responsiveness to state missions. The Lafayette Brigade was deactivated, and new regiments—designated 1st through 5th—were activated, alongside Division Response Forces for eastern and western regions under brigadier generals. This included the formation of Regimental Response Teams (RRTs) and Multi-Function Response Groups (MRGs) to support and operations. A Change of Unit Designation Ceremony occurred on September 28, 2013, at Fort Pickett, marking the transition and aligning the force with the Adjutant General's Strategic Plan through updated regulations on promotions and professional development. By September 2019, further structural consolidation occurred to boost tactical agility and mission readiness. The 2nd Regiment (Manassas), 3rd Regiment (Reserve, Richmond), and 4th Regiment (Lynchburg) were stood down, replaced by a unified 1st Regiment comprising six companies located in Fairfax, Warrenton, Winchester, Virginia Beach, Lynchburg, and Cedar Bluff. With approximately 250 personnel at the time, these changes aimed to improve morale, distribute workloads evenly, and facilitate growth in staffing, training, and equipment. The transition was formalized in a ceremony on September 29, 2019, at Fort Pickett under Brig. Gen. Justin P. Carlitti. In November 2021, the approved additional force structure adjustments effective November 1, with full implementation by March 2022, to expand capabilities informed by response lessons. Key redesignations included elevating the Cyber Detachment to a , the Regional Liaison Detachment to a Regional Liaison with seven detachments, and restructuring the Communication to include four line companies plus a Mobile Communication Platform Company; a new Interagency Liaison Detachment was also established. Leadership reassignments supported these shifts, retaining the 1st Regiment and Support Operations Group under colonels, to better augment the and state emergency efforts. Ongoing expansions since 2022 have emphasized capability growth, including new support teams deployed during January 2022 winter storms and a transformational realignment in focused on alignment and agility. Cyber defense roles have notably expanded, with participation in exercises like Cyber Fortress 25 from August 2-17, 2025, partnering with , , and allies to address digital threats. These developments maintain the VDF's volunteer structure while enhancing interoperability and relevance in emerging operational domains.

Statutory Basis in Virginia Code

The Virginia Defense Force is codified as one of three classes of the Commonwealth's , alongside the and the unorganized militia, pursuant to § 44-1 of the Code of Virginia. This classification positions the VDF as a structured, organized component of the state's military forces, distinct from the federally oriented and the inactive unorganized militia comprising eligible residents not otherwise enrolled. Article 4.2 of Chapter 1, Title 44 (§§ 44-54.4 through 44-54.12) provides the primary statutory framework for the VDF's establishment, organization, and operations. Under § 44-54.4, the VDF is organized within the , subject to its control, with a targeted membership of at least 1,200 volunteers. This section defines two duty statuses: "training duty," encompassing drills, exercises, and preparation activities, and "state active duty," activated by the for specific missions such as managing facilities, securing property during mobilizations, assisting in Guard mobilizations, providing support to military dependents, or responding to emergencies under § 44-75.1. Enlistment or appointment in the VDF does not exempt members from federal military service obligations. Subsequent sections outline operational parameters: § 44-54.5 addresses unit composition; § 44-54.6 governs member appointments and enlistments, requiring adherence to military laws; § 44-54.7 authorizes the to promulgate regulations; § 44-54.9 mandates uniforms conforming to prescribed standards and establishes rank precedence below the but above the unorganized ; § 44-54.10 permits use of state-furnished arms, equipment, and facilities without compensation; and § 44-54.11 ensures members' civil rights protections during service. § 44-54.12 reinforces that VDF service does not confer immunity from militia drafts or federal calls. These provisions collectively authorize the VDF as an all-volunteer, state-controlled auxiliary force without federal deployment authority.

Federal and State Limitations on Deployment and Armament

The (VDF) operates exclusively under state authority and cannot be ordered into federal , as prohibits the maintenance of state troops outside the framework for federal service. This separation ensures that VDF members remain available for state-specific missions without integration into the U.S. armed forces, distinguishing the VDF from the federalizable . Membership in the VDF does not exempt individuals from potential federal under selective service laws. At the state level, VDF deployment is restricted to activation by executive order of the Governor of Virginia for state active duty, primarily to augment the Virginia National Guard in emergencies, disaster response, or homeland security support roles. Such activations emphasize non-combat functions, including logistical aid, communications, and administrative support, rather than frontline military operations. The Governor may authorize limited out-of-state activities under interstate compacts or mutual aid agreements, but routine operations remain confined to Virginia to maintain focus on local readiness. Regarding armament, VDF members are expressly prohibited from carrying firearms during or state except under direct authorization from the , reflecting the force's auxiliary and support-oriented mandate. This policy, codified in , limits the VDF to unarmed roles in standard operations to align with its statutory mission of reserve augmentation without escalating to armed engagements. Equipment issuance prioritizes non-lethal tools for , with any arming reserved for exceptional circumstances deemed necessary by executive directive.

Immunity, Liability, and Operational Protections

Members of the Virginia Defense Force (VDF) receive statutory protections from civil liability when performing voluntary, uncompensated services in support of emergency or efforts, encompassing acts such as rendering aid or participating in coordinated operations under state direction. Under § 44-146.23 of the Code of , no individual or entity assisting in such capacities incurs civil liability for death, injury, or property loss resulting from those acts, except in cases of , recklessness, or willful misconduct. This provision aligns with broader frameworks, extending safeguards to volunteer auxiliaries like the VDF that augment state agencies during crises, thereby encouraging participation without undue personal risk exposure. VDF personnel activated in response to gubernatorial or orders qualify for coverage under the Workers' Compensation Act for injuries or death occurring in the , treating such service equivalently to that of members. Claims for benefits arise specifically from performance of ordered duties, ensuring medical treatment, wage replacement, and survivor support without reliance on personal insurance, though pre-existing conditions or non-duty-related aggravations may limit eligibility. VDF internal regulations reinforce these state-level protections, deeming them sufficient for operational service without mandating supplemental personal liability insurance for members. Operational liabilities for VDF commissioned officers include personal accountability for military property under their control, requiring the exercise of utmost vigilance to prevent loss, , or through or default, with potential obligations to the state. These duties underscore a chain-of-command structure where officers bear direct responsibility for asset preservation during training or deployments, distinct from the broader immunity afforded to volunteer actions in . The Commonwealth's further shields the VDF as a state entity from certain suits, though individual members remain protected primarily through the aforementioned and statutes when acting within scope.

Mission and Operational Roles

Core Statutory Mission

The Virginia Defense Force (VDF) is established under § 44-54.4 of the Code of as the third class of the state's organized , distinct from the , and serves as an all-volunteer reserve component within the . This statute authorizes a targeted membership of at least 1,200 personnel, organized to maintain readiness without federal mobilization risks, as VDF members are not subject to the draft or federal call-up. The core statutory mission activates upon the Governor's order for state active duty, as outlined in § 44-54.4 and cross-referenced with § 44-75.1 et seq., which govern emergency deployments. Specifically, the VDF is tasked with securing and controlling facilities and property in instances where the Guard is federally mobilized or otherwise unavailable, thereby preserving state military assets during crises. Additional mandates include assisting in the rapid mobilization of Guard units, providing support for family assistance programs to dependents of deployed personnel, and responding directly to the Governor's directives for and functions. In preparation for such activations, VDF personnel engage in training duty, defined under the statute as routine activities such as drills, exercises, recruiting, and organizational maintenance to ensure an "adequately trained organized reserve ." This peacetime role emphasizes building capabilities for domestic support without armament or deployment, aligning with the VDF's positioning as a force multiplier for state agencies rather than a primary entity. The statutory framework thus prioritizes auxiliary functions, such as logistics augmentation and facility protection, over independent operational authority, reflecting 's reliance on volunteer reserves to supplement the in non-federal scenarios.

Support to Virginia National Guard and State Agencies

The Virginia Defense Force (VDF) functions as the all-volunteer reserve of the (VNG), augmenting its operations during state missions without risk of federal activation. Primary support roles encompass operations center staffing, interoperable communications, agency liaison functions, cyber network defense, and direct assistance in , medical services, chaplaincy, legal support, and public information dissemination. VDF personnel augmented the VNG Joint Operations Center and Virginia Emergency Operations Center during domestic responses in 2021. In January 2022, they provided distribution and public information aid amid winter weather disruptions. During the , VDF members logged over 500 days of state in the Unit, coordinating with the Department of Health and Department of . The VDF's 31st Cyber Battalion conducts network vulnerability assessments for Virginia localities, collaborating with the VNG's 91st Cyber Brigade to enhance state cyber resilience. VDF logistics teams have supported VNG operations centers and departure ceremonies, while civil support security platoons offer traffic management, access control, and communications to the VNG and local law enforcement during events such as the Apple Blossom Festival and Fort Barfoot activities. In November 2023, VDF volunteers delivered administrative and logistics distribution support to the VNG in Richmond.

Emergency Response and Disaster Augmentation

The Virginia Defense Force augments response and operations by providing support to the and state agencies, focusing on operations center staffing, communications interoperability, logistics, and . These efforts enable the VDF to serve as a force multiplier during domestic crises, relieving overburdened primary responders without deploying into combat or high-risk environments. Key functions include augmenting joint operations centers and emergency operations centers with personnel for coordination and . For instance, during the September 2021 flooding in Buchanan County, VDF members staffed the Joint Operations Center at the Defense Supply Center Richmond and the Virginia Emergency Operations Center in Richmond, supporting VNG staging in and Fredericksburg. Similarly, in response to potential severe weather from , VDF provided operations center support starting September 30, 2022, at the Virginia Emergency Operations Center. Logistics and supply distribution represent another core augmentation capability, demonstrated during the January 2022 winter weather events when VDF deployed a distribution team that traveled hundreds of miles to deliver supplies and embedded a planner in the VNG Joint Logistics Operations Center. In October 2024, following Hurricane Helene, VDF staged 20 members in Abingdon for transportation and debris reduction tasks. The force also conducts regular evaluations of response teams equipped for high-frequency radio communications, mobile platforms, and to ensure readiness. To maintain proficiency, the VDF participates in exercises simulating scenarios, such as the June 2022 statewide hurricane readiness drill, which tested support to multi-agency responses including shelter management and commodity distribution. These activities underscore the VDF's statutory role under Code as a volunteer reserve dedicated to state-level augmentation, without federal mobilization authority.

Cyber Defense and Emerging Threats

The Virginia Defense Force maintains a dedicated cyber component through the 31st Cyber Battalion, established under the 1st Regiment to bolster the Commonwealth's cybersecurity posture. The battalion's mission focuses on enhancing cybersecurity by acting as a force multiplier for the Virginia Department of Military Affairs, particularly in support of the Virginia National Guard's cyber operations. This includes network defense, vulnerability assessments, and response augmentation for , drawing on members' civilian expertise in and cybersecurity sectors. VDF cyber personnel participate in joint exercises to simulate and mitigate cyber threats, such as the Cyber Fortress 25 event held from August 2 to 17, 2025, where 31st Cyber Battalion members collaborated with National Guard Soldiers, Airmen, and civilian operators. This exercise tested Virginia's cyber response plan through scenarios like a simulated cyberattack on an electric cooperative, emphasizing detection, mitigation, and recovery in multi-enclave environments using platforms like the Army's Persistent Cyber Training Environment (PCTE). Prior iterations, including Cyber Fortress 2.0, have similarly integrated VDF assets to validate interoperability and readiness against state-level cyber incidents. In addressing emerging threats, the VDF's cyber efforts prioritize protection of Virginia's from , state-sponsored intrusions, and vulnerabilities, aligning with broader state defense objectives. Operations include interoperable communications support and liaison roles during incidents, ensuring seamless augmentation without overlapping federal cyber commands like U.S. Cyber Command. The force's volunteer model enables scalable contributions, with certified operators validated by the 91st Cyber Brigade for tasks like network assessments and incident response. This non-deployable, state-only focus positions the VDF to address localized threats that escalate beyond civilian agencies but remain below federal thresholds.

Organizational Structure

Command Hierarchy and Leadership

The Virginia Defense Force (VDF) chain of command aligns with 's military framework, positioning the as , followed by the Secretary of Veterans and Defense Affairs, the of , and then the VDF Commander. This structure ensures civilian oversight while enabling operational responsiveness under the 's direct authority over state military components. The VDF Commander, holding the rank of , leads the force and reports to the ; as of June 1, 2024, (VA) Richard Diddams serves in this role following his promotion from . The Deputy Commander, currently (VA) David W. James, assists in command functions. Senior enlisted and warrant leadership includes the and Command 5 (VA) Gary L. Knicely, who provide advisory roles on enlisted matters and technical expertise, respectively. Subordinate to the commander, the VDF employs a G-staff organization mirroring U.S. Army conventions, with sections such as G1 (Personnel) led by (VA) Michael Fein, G3 (Training and Operations) under Major (VA) Michael Perini, and G4 () headed by Captain (VA) personnel, facilitating specialized administrative and operational support. The force structure, reorganized in per approval, centers on the and Support Operations Group—each commanded by a —with two former detachments redesignated as battalions to expand capabilities while retaining a compact, all-volunteer footprint. Rank structure follows U.S. Army precedents, encompassing commissioned officers ( to ), warrant officers ( to ), and non-commissioned officers, with formal addressing protocols emphasizing respect and clarity in the chain. This hierarchy supports bidirectional communication for mission execution, administration, and problem resolution, underscoring the VDF's role as a reserve augmentation to the without independent combat authority.

Membership Composition and Recruitment

The Virginia Defense Force (VDF) recruits unpaid volunteers who meet eligibility criteria specified in Virginia Code Title 44, Chapter 1, Article 4.2. Membership requires legal residency and the of , possession of a valid , and absence of convictions. Applicants must be aged 16 to 65, with those under 18 needing written consent from a parent or ; service may extend beyond age 65 up to 75 under certain conditions approved by the . Recruitment occurs via the VDF , local unit , and recruiter-led efforts, targeting individuals committed to supporting state defense and emergency operations without compensation. The process includes application submission, background verification, medical screening where applicable, and mandatory completion of the VDF Orientation Course for initial qualification. No prior is required, broadening access to civilians motivated by . Specialized accessions, such as for professional branches, demand additional documentation like resumes and proof of qualifications. The VDF's membership comprises civilian volunteers from varied professional backgrounds, including retired or former , officers, firefighters, and providers, reflecting a cross-section of community expertise useful for auxiliary roles. Enlisted personnel are accessed per VDF regulations, while officers are appointed by the in alignment with guidelines. As of available reports, active strength stands at approximately 275 members, below the statutory target of at least 1,200.

Training and Qualification Standards

Membership in the Virginia Defense Force requires applicants to be legal residents of the and , possess a valid , and fall within the age range of 16 to 65 years, with minors needing . Candidates must demonstrate , have no convictions, and meet height-weight standards outlined in VDF regulations. While no formal physical fitness testing is mandated, members must be physically capable of performing assigned duties, which typically involve support roles in and logistics rather than combat. New enlistees complete initial entry training consisting of the VDF Orientation Course, a home-study program providing foundational knowledge on VDF structure, operations, and emergency response, required within six months of enlistment. This is followed by the Level IIA Course and Initial Entry Training (IET), a residential program conducted over two multiple-unit training assembly (MUTA) weekends at Fort Pickett, covering topics such as communications, guard duty, military customs, and basic mission tasks. Completion of Orientation and Level IIA is prerequisite for IET graduation and full operational readiness. Ongoing qualification standards emphasize mission-essential skills in (CSS) and communications (COMM), with mandatory FEMA courses: IS-100 (Introduction to ) and IS-700 () for privates through specialists, and additional IS-200 and IS-800 for corporals and above. training includes Composite Risk Management (CRM), encompassing personal protective equipment, hazard identification, and accident reporting, delivered annually to commanders and supervisors. All is structured and evaluated through exercises, with readiness certified via G3 rosters; prior Department of Defense equivalents are accepted as substitutes. Leadership development features progressive courses tailored by rank: enlisted personnel pursue (BLC), Advanced Leader Course (ALC), and Senior Leader Course (SLC) for promotions; noncommissioned officers complete NCO Leadership Development (NCOLD); officers undertake State Officer Professional Development Courses (SOPC, VDF 207-210) and (OCS) annually. Specialized qualifications, such as traffic control, demand 100% exam scores plus practical validation, while instructor roles require a 20-minute teaching evaluation. Promotion eligibility hinges on training completion, time in service, and performance, ensuring alignment with VDF's auxiliary support mission.

Equipment, Uniforms, and Capabilities

Uniforms and Insignia

The uniforms of the Defense Force (VDF) are regulated by the of and must incorporate distinctive devices that identify members as belonging to the , clearly distinguishing them from the and the uniformed services of the . This includes prohibitions on federal skill tabs such as Ranger or tabs and combat badges like Airborne wings. Members may wear permanent military decorations earned from prior service in the U.S. armed forces or state National Guards. Effective September 1, 2025, the VDF adopted the (OCP) as its standard utility uniform, replacing the prior camouflage pattern, with the latter authorized for wear until December 31, 2026. The OCP uniform comprises AR 670-1 compliant items including zippered blouses and button-fly trousers made of 100% cotton fabric, t-shirts, and an olive drab ball cap. Additional authorized gear encompasses belts, socks, gloves, and wet-weather gear in OCP pattern. Personnel must meet height and weight standards, with annual inspections enforcing compliance; non-compliant members revert to attire post-transition. Insignia for the OCP uniform feature a full-color VDF shoulder sleeve insignia on the left shoulder, accompanied by a maroon "SDF" patch with white lettering above it, and a full-color state flag patch on the right shoulder. Chest placements include maroon cloth name tapes and "VIRGINIA" tapes with white lettering, alongside matching maroon rank insignia with white or gold elements affixed via hook-and-loop for subdued variants or pin-on for non-subdued. Up to two VDF-specific skill badges may be worn above the "VIRGINIA" tape. The VDF rank structure parallels that of the , ensuring interoperability while maintaining state-specific identifiers.

Non-Lethal Equipment and Technological Assets

The Virginia Defense Force maintains non-lethal equipment and technological assets oriented toward communications, cyber defense, and logistical augmentation, aligning with its statutory support role to the and state agencies. Primary assets include mobile communication platforms (MCPs), which consist of 7.5-by-16-foot trailers outfitted with multiple radio systems for voice and data transmission, map boards, and workstations to facilitate incident command coordination during emergencies. High-frequency radio teams (HFRTs) within the 11th Signal Battalion deploy ICOM M700 and M710 Pro marine radios, supporting near-vertical incidence (NVIS) for extended-range, line-of-sight-limited communications in scenarios. These systems enable voice messaging, data transfer, and interoperability with elements, as demonstrated in statewide readiness exercises where MCPs and HF radios sustained operational links amid simulated disruptions. The 31st Cyber Battalion provides technological assets for cyber defense, including network vulnerability assessment tools operated by certified IT professionals to identify and mitigate threats to state infrastructure. This unit augments the Virginia National Guard's 91st Cyber Brigade through training in cybersecurity and threat intelligence, enhancing resilience against disruptions to essential services without deploying offensive capabilities. Logistical support incorporates tactical trucks for equipment and supply distribution, utilized in events such as the January 2022 winter storms to maintain force sustainment. Additional tools, like the Joint Incident Site Communications Capability (JISCC), offer wired and wireless internet alongside radio interconnectivity for multi-agency integration at incident sites. These assets emphasize redundancy and interoperability, derived from state-funded inventories inventoried per VDF logistics protocols, excluding federal equipment unless mobilized.

Constraints on Firearms and Combat Roles

The Virginia Defense Force (VDF) is subject to explicit statutory prohibitions on the possession and use of firearms, reflecting its designated role as a auxiliary force focused on support missions. Under § 44-54.12 of the Code of , members "shall not be armed with firearms during the performance of duty or state ," with armament permitted only "under circumstances and in instances prescribed by the or the ." This restriction ensures the VDF's operations remain aligned with logistical, administrative, and emergency augmentation functions rather than armed enforcement or tactical engagements. VDF command policy reinforces this limitation, stating that the force "may be armed with firearms only at the expressed direction of the Governor of the Commonwealth of Virginia." In practice, such directives have been rare to nonexistent in the VDF's modern operations since its 1985 reestablishment, as the force lacks routine access to state-issued weaponry and does not conduct firearms qualification or live-fire training. This policy stems from the VDF's statutory framework under Title 44, Chapter 1, Article 4.2 of the Code of Virginia, which emphasizes intra-state support without provisions for independent armament or offensive capabilities. Regarding combat roles, the VDF is constitutionally and legally barred from direct engagement in hostilities, with its charter limiting deployment to for defensive augmentation of the and civil authorities. Federal law under 32 U.S.C. § 109 authorizes state defense forces like the VDF solely for state-level duties, explicitly excluding federal mobilization for or overseas operations. VDF regulations and mission statements confine personnel to non- tasks, such as , communications relay, and cyber monitoring, without assignment to , patrols involving lethal force, or tactical maneuvers. This design prevents overlap with the combat-ready , preserving the VDF's volunteer status and minimizing liability in high-risk scenarios. No instances of VDF involvement have been documented since its reactivation, underscoring the force's emphasis on rear-echelon and humanitarian support.

Units and Components

Active Units (Post-2019 Reorganization)

In September 2019, the Virginia Defense Force underwent a major reorganization, disbanding its three existing —the 2nd in Manassas, the 4th in Lynchburg, and the 3rd (Reserve) in Richmond—and consolidating operations under a single 1st to improve manning, leadership efficiency, mission readiness, and overall agility. This restructuring aimed to distribute workload more effectively and foster growth, with the force numbering approximately 250 personnel at the time. The 1st Regiment, headquartered in Richmond, oversees six line companies stationed across Virginia: in Fairfax, Warrenton, Winchester, Virginia Beach, Lynchburg, and Cedar Bluff. These companies provide civil support capabilities, including security platoons for traffic management, access control, gate sentry duties, and vehicle searches, as well as communications platoons equipped with high-frequency radios and tactical packages for data and voice messaging during emergencies. Following the initial consolidation, the structure evolved with the addition of specialized s under the , including the 11th Signal for communications support, the 21st Liaison for coordination roles, and the 31st Cyber for cyber operations. A Support handles and administrative functions. In 2021, the approved further changes, retaining the and Support Operations Groups under commands while redesignating certain detachments into full battalions to expand capabilities. Force Headquarters in Richmond provides overarching command, ensuring interoperability with the in disaster response and emergency support missions. These units focus exclusively on non-combat roles, emphasizing augmentation in civil support, communications, and cyber defense.

Disbanded or Reassigned Units

In September 2019, the Virginia Defense Force underwent a major regimental consolidation to streamline operations and improve mission readiness. On September 29, at Fort Pickett, the 2nd Regiment (headquartered in Manassas), 3rd Regiment (Reserve, headquartered in Richmond), and 4th Regiment (headquartered in Lynchburg) were officially stood down. These units, previously responsible for regional civil support security and communications tasks, had approximately 250 volunteers whose personnel and assets were reassigned to the newly established 1st Regiment. The 1st Regiment assumed oversight of six geographically distributed companies in Fairfax, Warrenton, Winchester, Virginia Beach, Lynchburg, and Cedar Bluff, focusing on functions such as traffic management, access control, and tactical communications previously handled by the disbanded regiments. This reorganization aimed to enhance organizational agility, morale, and growth potential while maintaining support for the Virginia National Guard in non-combat roles. The 2nd Regiment remains listed as inactive on official records, with no subsequent reactivation noted. Additionally, the Support Operations Group has been designated as inactive, reflecting further adjustments to align force structure with evolving state priorities, though specific disbandment dates for this element are not publicly detailed beyond post-2019 inactivity status.

Notable Operations and Achievements

Disaster Response Engagements (e.g., Hurricanes, Floods)

The Virginia Defense Force (VDF) supports operations through roles such as staffing emergency operations centers, deploying Assistance Teams (IMAT), and providing logistical and administrative augmentation to the (VNG) and Virginia Department of Emergency Management (VDEM). These contributions focus on backend coordination rather than direct frontline activities like rescues, enabling primary responders to concentrate on immediate threats from hurricanes and floods. During in August 2011, VDF IMAT teams were mobilized to assist in preparedness and recovery efforts across affected areas, including coordination from locations like Onancock. Personnel supported post-storm assessments and operations center functions, contributing to the overall state response that involved over 300 VNG members. In response to from September 9 to 18, 2018, approximately 50 VDF members were activated on state active duty to augment VNG efforts, handling , sustainment, and support tasks at sites including Richmond, Sandston, and Fort Pickett. This deployment facilitated multi-agency coordination amid widespread flooding and wind damage in eastern and neighboring states. VDF has also augmented flooding responses, such as providing operations center support during VNG-led efforts in events like the September 2021 Buchanan County floods, where teams assisted in and administrative roles to sustain prolonged recovery operations. These engagements underscore the VDF's utility in extending state capacity without drawing on federalized Guard units.

Cyber and Communications Support Missions

The Virginia Defense Force (VDF) augments the (VNG) through specialized cyber and communications support, emphasizing interoperable communications, cyber network defense, and operations center augmentation to enable effective domestic response operations. The VDF's 31st Cyber Battalion, staffed by professionals holding industry certifications, serves as a force multiplier for the Virginia Department of Military Affairs by enhancing statewide cybersecurity capabilities, including network defense and recovery operations. In cyber missions, VDF personnel have acted as technical leads for assessments and participated in multiagency exercises to test response plans against simulated threats. During the Cyber Fortress 25 exercise, conducted from August 2 to 17, 2025, at the State Military Reservation in Beach, VDF 31st Cyber Battalion members functioned as the "Blue Team," defending an electric cooperative's network while providing planning support, training, threat intelligence, and forensics expertise alongside VNG Soldiers and Airmen, U.S. Marine Corps units, and civilian operators. This involvement strengthened incident response management, interagency coordination, and 's overall cyber posture against threats. Communications support missions focus on establishing resilient networks for scenarios, with VDF line companies incorporating dedicated communications platoons equipped for civil support tasks such as high-frequency radio operations and mobile platform deployment. VDF members train alongside VNG and Air components to build expertise in interoperable systems, as demonstrated in the 2016 United Resolve exercise on , where they established statewide high-frequency networks, tested new operating modes with partners from multiple states and , and optimized antenna configurations for enhanced connectivity during disruptions. These efforts directly contribute to VNG domestic operations by ensuring reliable information flow in multiagency environments.

Community and Public Safety Contributions

The Virginia Defense Force (VDF) contributes to community safety through volunteer-led support in , , and event facilitation, particularly for veterans' and -related gatherings. Members provide assistance and entry at events such as the Virginia National Guard's Fort Pickett Best Warrior Competition, enhancing operational efficiency without direct authority. These activities leverage civilian and skills to support public gatherings, reducing strain on active-duty personnel and local resources. In public safety domains, VDF personnel augment emergency communications by operating mobile communications platforms (MCPs) that interface with public safety organizations, emergency responders, and networks during non-disaster scenarios. This enables coordination across radio spectrums, as demonstrated in exercises like the March 2018 individual skills development focused on high-frequency radio, traffic control, and assistance. The VDF's Support Operations Group, established by 2021, further extends this by providing operational planning and resource management to public safety missions, ensuring seamless integration with state agencies. Volunteers accrue alternative training credits through documented community service hours, formalized via VDF Form 680-1-5, which tracks extra duties beyond standard unit training. This system incentivizes ongoing public engagement, with members drawing from diverse civilian expertise in public safety to staff operations centers and disseminate public information during community events. Such efforts, while supplementary to primary National Guard functions, bolster local resilience by filling gaps in volunteer capacity for routine safety operations.

Awards and Incentives

Virginia Defense Force-Specific Decorations

The Virginia Defense Force awards specific decorations to its members for acts of valor, sustained meritorious service, professional development, and contributions to state missions, distinct from federal or recognitions. These awards follow a precedence order below items and emphasize non-combat roles aligned with the VDF's support functions, such as and . Governed by VDF Regulation 600-10 Appendix E, effective August 2022, the system includes medals, ribbons, badges, tabs, and unit citations, with approvals ranging from unit commanders to the Commanding General (CG). Decorations (Medals) recognize individual heroism or exceptional performance. The Life Saving Medal (VDFLSM) is awarded to any rank for rapidly providing effective or rescue that saves a life outside special duties, requiring medical or rescue evidence; subsequent awards use silver dogwood blossoms, with gold for the sixth and ninth. The Distinguished Service Medal (VDFDSM) goes to general officers, colonels, command sergeants major, or O-6 commanders for 12 or more months of highly visible service enhancing VDF reputation through sustained superior performance; approved by the CG. The Meritorious Service Medal (VDFMSM) honors E-6 and above or O-3 and above in mid-level command or staff roles for 12 or more months of service improving VDF efficiency; also CG-approved. Lower-tier options include the Commendation Medal (VDFCM) for any rank's 12 or more months (or short-term high-impact) of commendable service benefiting the VDF, approved by O-6 commanders, Deputy Commanding Officer (DCO), or (COS); and the Achievement Medal (VDFAM) for superior short-term or notable performance improving VDF operations, similarly approved. All medals use dogwood devices for multiples.
Ribbon/Badge/TabEligibility and CriteriaApproval Authority
Active Service Ribbon (VDFASR)Support to (VANG) during State Active Duty (SAD), Domestic Military Affairs (DMA), or training deployments, evidenced by orders or performance reports.Any ; dogwood devices for repeats.
Service Ribbon (VDFSR)Mobilization or event support to VANG or DMA, with similar evidence.Any ; dogwood devices.
Community Service Ribbon (VDFCSR)40 hours of VDF-related or personal within 12 months.Any ; dogwood devices.
Attendance Ribbon (VDFAR)Perfect attendance at one year of Unit Training Assemblies (UTA) or Multi-Unit Training Assemblies (MUTA), or Professional Military Education (PME) equivalents.Any ; bronze numerals for total years.
Recruiting Ribbon (VDFRRR)Recruiting two or more new members who complete initial training.Recruiting and Retention (R&R) ; bronze numerals in increments of two.
Professional Military Education Ribbon (VDFPMER)Completion of VDF PME courses (, Advanced Leader Course, Senior Leader Course, , College) or approved equivalents.Any ; bronze numerals for total completions.
Training recognitions include badges like the Military Emergency Management Specialist (MEMS) levels (Basic, Senior, Master) for State Guard Association of the (SGAUS) members completing courses, approved by the MEMS Academy Director and worn above the left pocket; the Recruiters Badge for assigned recruiters meeting performance standards; and tabs such as the CERT Tab for FEMA Community Emergency Response Team certification or FCC Amateur Radio Tabs for earning Technician, General, or Extra licenses, all worn above the VDF patch. The Meritorious Unit Citation (VDFMUC) honors companies, regiments, or task forces for unit-level performance equivalent to the Meritorious , approved by the CG with oak leaf clusters for repeats and streamers for colors. Presentations occur at formations, prioritizing VDF-specific items after higher precedence awards.

Integration with National Guard Recognition

The Virginia Defense Force (VDF) functions as the all-volunteer reserve of the (VNG), integrated under the command authority of the of Virginia as established by Section 44-54.4 of the Code of Virginia. This structure positions the VDF as a force multiplier for VNG domestic operations, with VDF personnel augmenting VNG efforts in operations centers, , medical support, chaplaincy, legal assistance, and public information during events such as winter weather responses in January 2022 and extended operations exceeding 500 member-days. Recognition of VDF service within the National Guard framework includes eligibility for VNG awards, where the Adjutant General serves as the awarding authority for VNG-specific or federal decorations granted directly to VDF members demonstrating notable performance or achievement. The VDF Commanding General nominates individuals or units to the Adjutant General for these honors, often in contexts like retirements or exceptional contributions coordinated through VNG personnel channels. Joint recognition efforts underscore this integration, such as the VNG chaplain leadership's presentation of certificates and challenge coins to VDF chaplains on June 7, 2025, for their mission support. The Virginia National Guard Foundation further extends emergency financial assistance eligibility to VDF members alongside VNG personnel, affirming parity in acknowledging service hardships.

Reception, Criticisms, and Strategic Debates

Achievements and Empirical Effectiveness

The Virginia Defense Force (VDF) has provided operational augmentation to the Virginia National Guard (VNG) and state emergency management during multiple domestic crises, serving as a low-cost, volunteer force multiplier that enables primary responders to focus on high-priority tasks. During the COVID-19 pandemic, VDF personnel supported the Virginia Department of Emergency Management's Situational Awareness Unit for more than 500 cumulative days, contributing to vaccination site assessments, logistics distribution, and overall coordination efforts. This sustained involvement earned formal recognition from Governor Ralph Northam via a Certificate of Recognition in October 2021, highlighting the VDF's role alongside the VNG in bolstering statewide response infrastructure. In scenarios, the VDF has augmented operations centers and communication networks to maintain continuity amid resource strains on federalized Guard units. For in September 2022, VDF members assisted at the Operations Center, providing liaison and support functions on September 30 to facilitate interagency coordination. Similarly, during January 2022 winter weather events, VDF teams delivered operations center staffing, public information services, and logistics aid, allowing VNG elements to prioritize field deployments such as water distribution in affected areas like Richmond. In 2021 domestic response operations, including and storm recoveries, VDF personnel staffed the VNG Joint Operations Center and a dedicated coordination cell at the Operations Center, ensuring uninterrupted and command functions. Empirical measures of VDF effectiveness include its integration into VNG battle rhythms, with regular deployments of 20-25 specialized teams for administrative, logistics, and cyber support, as demonstrated in February 2025 training evolutions that mirrored real-world emergency augmentation. The force conducts biannual scenario-based exercises, such as the October 2021 statewide readiness drill simulating severe winter storms and the June 2022 hurricane preparedness test, which validated high-frequency radio systems, data communications, and proficiency across Virginia's regions. These activities, evaluated for operational readiness, underscore the VDF's capacity to deliver non-combat enablers—such as interoperable comms and cyber defense—without incurring federal activation costs or deployment delays, thereby enhancing overall state resilience as noted in official VNG assessments. While comprehensive independent metrics on lives saved or cost efficiencies remain limited in , the VDF's consistent activation by gubernatorial order and endorsements from VNG leadership affirm its practical value in distributed support roles, distinct from frontline combat operations.

Criticisms Regarding Relevance and Potential Misuse

Critics have questioned the relevance of the Virginia Defense Force (VDF) given its limited size and operational scope relative to the (VNG). As of recent estimates, VDF membership stands at approximately 300 personnel, far below the statutory target of at least 1,200 established in Virginia Code § 44-54.12. A 2014 Department of Defense evaluation noted Virginia's SDF strength at 1,066 members but highlighted broader impediments to SDF utilization, including undefined DoD policies, restrictive federal statutes under 32 U.S.C. § 109, and regulations that limit training, equipment access, and integration, thereby reducing SDFs' practical contributions to state or federal missions. These factors have led to perceptions of , with analyses such as a 1995 report arguing that the sufficiently covers state emergency obligations without needing separate volunteer forces. Further concerns about relevance stem from inconsistent activation and limited empirical impact. While VDF supports and administrative roles, its all-volunteer structure and lack of federal funding result in variable readiness and training standards, often criticized as insufficient for modern threats compared to the professionally equipped VNG. State adjutants general have historically opposed SDF expansion due to funding strains and discipline issues, viewing them as underutilized supplements rather than essential components. Regarding potential misuse, historical episodes within the VDF have raised alarms about and inappropriate activities. In the early 2000s, VDF officers pursued acquiring a and conducted training for drug raids, activities deemed eccentric and outside core emergency support roles, prompting scrutiny over and operational boundaries. Broader SDF critiques highlight risks of political exploitation, as these forces report solely to state governors and cannot be federalized, creating an "ambiguous relationship" with federal military structures that could enable domestic overreach without oversight. Such concerns are echoed in evaluations noting SDFs' vulnerability to misuse absent clear doctrines, with parallels to dismantled units in other states tied to affiliations. Proponents counter that statutory limits and integration with the mitigate these risks, but the absence of uniform federal guidelines persists as a point of debate.

Broader Context in State Defense Force Debates

State defense forces (SDFs) in the United States represent volunteer, state-controlled military organizations authorized under 32 U.S.C. § 109, which permits states to maintain ground, air, and naval forces insulated from federal mobilization. As of 2023, 23 states and three territories operate active SDFs, comprising approximately 20,000 personnel who focus on , , and support to the without eligibility for federal activation or funding. These entities trace their origins to colonial militias and were revitalized during to backfill state defenses after units were federalized, a pattern repeated in subsequent conflicts that highlighted gaps in state-level readiness. Debates over SDFs center on their role in preserving state versus federal primacy in defense, with proponents arguing they provide a dedicated, low-cost asset for civil emergencies unencumbered by national deployments. Advocates, including the State Guard Association of the United States (SGAUS), emphasize SDFs' utility as force multipliers in non-combat scenarios, such as and , where their local knowledge and availability enhance response times without drawing on taxpayer-funded federal resources. Empirical examples include SDF contributions to hurricane recoveries and wildfire containment, where they augmented overburdened elements, demonstrating causal effectiveness in distributed, state-specific crises. Critics, however, contend that chronic underfunding—often limited to state budgets yielding per-member expenditures below $1,000 annually—results in inconsistent training standards and equipment shortages, potentially undermining operational reliability compared to professionally equipped federal forces. Military analyses note challenges, with public unawareness and lack of federal integration leading to retention rates below 50% in some units, questioning whether SDFs represent an efficient allocation amid broader defense priorities. Strategic discussions extend to SDFs' alignment with constitutional militia concepts under the Second Amendment and Article I, Section 8, where first-principles reasoning favors decentralized forces for rapid, localized threats like civil unrest or natural disasters that outpace federal response logistics. Yet, concerns persist over potential politicization, as state governors hold unilateral command, raising risks of deployment in domestic disputes without federal oversight, though historical data shows minimal such instances due to statutory limits on offensive roles. Recent proposals advocate expanding SDFs in high-risk states to address homeland gaps, balanced against fiscal realism that their viability hinges on modest state investments yielding measurable returns in resilience rather than expansive . This tension underscores ongoing policy debates, with empirical evidence favoring SDFs for supplementary civil support over core warfighting, contingent on enhanced to mitigate critiques.

References

  1. https://vdf.virginia.gov/aboutthevdf/
  2. https://vdf.virginia.gov/aboutvdf/vdfhistory/
  3. https://vdf.virginia.gov/2023/12/18/virginia-defense-force-2023-year-in-review/
  4. https://va.ng.mil/Programs-Resources/History/Historical-connection-to-Jamestown/
  5. https://virginiahistory.org/learn/bacons-rebellion-virginia-years-1675-1676
  6. https://vdf.virginia.gov/pdf/Training_2020/VDF_200_History_OCT2020.pdf
  7. https://allthingsliberty.com/2014/09/the-rise-of-virginia-independent-militia/
  8. https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/Virginia_Military_Records
  9. https://va.ng.mil/News/Article/2495238/virginia-defense-force-celebrates-35th-anniversary/
  10. https://vdf.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/VDF-200-JUN-2022.pdf
  11. https://ndupress.ndu.edu/portals/68/Documents/jfq/jfq-43.pdf
  12. https://www.heritage.org/homeland-security/report/the-21st-century-militia-state-defense-forces-and-homeland-security
  13. https://www.vdf.virginia.gov/pdf/Bugler/201309%20Bugler.pdf
  14. https://vdf.virginia.gov/2019/09/30/vdf-consolidates-regimental-organization/
  15. https://vdf.virginia.gov/2021/11/03/ag-approves-vdf-force-structure-change/
  16. https://vdf.virginia.gov/2022/12/22/vdf2022yir/
  17. https://vdf.virginia.gov/2024/07/31/vdf-commanders-summer-2024-update-focus-on-alignment-and-agility/
  18. https://va.ng.mil/News/Article/4308688/cyber-operators-train-for-response-mitigation-at-cyber-fortress-25/
  19. https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title44/chapter1/section44-1/
  20. https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacodefull/title44/chapter1/article4.2/
  21. https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title44/chapter1/section44-54.4/
  22. https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacodefull/title44/chapter1/
  23. https://vdf.virginia.gov/pdf/Command%2520Policy%2520Letters/Command%2520Policy%2520Letter%2520CG%252015-01.pdf
  24. https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title44/chapter1/article4.2/
  25. https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title44/chapter3.2/section44-146.23/
  26. https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacodepopularnames/emergency-services-and-disaster-law/
  27. https://vdf.virginia.gov/pdf/Regulations/VDFR600-10/VDFR_600-10_APDX_C_ACCESS_PRO_BRANCH_VDF_PERS_AUG22.pdf
  28. https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title44/chapter1/section44-104/
  29. https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title44/chapter1/
  30. https://va.ng.mil/Va-Defense-Force/
  31. https://va.ng.mil/News/Article/2495101/vdf-supports-law-enforcement-at-apple-blossom-festival/
  32. https://vdf.virginia.gov/joinvdf/
  33. https://vdf.virginia.gov/2021/09/03/vdf-provides-ops-center-augmentation-during-vng-flood-response-operations/
  34. https://vdf.virginia.gov/2022/10/06/vdf-provides-operations-center-support-during-vng-response-for-possible-severe-weather-operation/
  35. https://va.ng.mil/News/Article/2912378/vdf-evaluates-response-teams-across-the-commonwealth/
  36. https://vdf.virginia.gov/2022/06/04/virginia-defense-force-conducts-statewide-hurricane-readiness-exercise/
  37. https://vdf.virginia.gov/units/1stregiment/31stcyberbattalion/
  38. https://statedefenseforce.com/2025/10/07/defending-americas-cyber-shield-the-virginia-defense-forces-expanding-role-in-national-and-state-defense/
  39. https://vdf.virginia.gov/2025/09/15/vdf-cyber-operators-join-multiagency-cyber-fortress-25-response-exercise/
  40. https://www.army.mil/article/288608/cyber_operators_train_for_response_mitigation_at_cyber_fortress_25
  41. https://va.ng.mil/News/Article/3501226/cyber-fortress-20-tests-virginias-cyber-response-plan/
  42. https://vdf.virginia.gov/2025/09/15/commanders-summer-2025-update-cyber-mission-directly-impacts-safety-security-of-fellow-virginians/
  43. https://va.ng.mil/News/Article/3264168/va-army-guard-vdf-cyber-specialists-continue-network-assessments/
  44. https://vdf.virginia.gov/aboutvdf/vdf_leaders/
  45. https://va.ng.mil/JFHQ/Leadership/
  46. https://statedefenseforce.com/2024/06/24/brigadier-general-richard-diddams-takes-command-a-new-chapter-for-the-virginia-defense-force/
  47. https://vdf.virginia.gov/vdf_staff/
  48. https://va.ng.mil/News/Article/2832527/ag-approves-vdf-force-structure-change/
  49. https://www.vdf.virginia.gov/pdf/Training_2020/Chain_of_Command_OCT2020.pdf
  50. https://vdf.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Recruiter-Training-BLC.pdf
  51. https://vdf.virginia.gov/aboutvdf/authorityforvdf/
  52. https://vdf.virginia.gov/joinvdf/frequently-asked-questions/
  53. https://vdf.virginia.gov/pdf/Regulations/VDF-Height-Weight-Requirements.pdf
  54. https://www.vdf.virginia.gov/pdf/Training/VDF_Orientation_Course_JAN2018.pdf
  55. https://vdf.virginia.gov/pdf/Training/BasicTraining2020/ORIENTATION_16JAN20.pdf
  56. https://vdf.virginia.gov/vdfresources/vdf_training/
  57. https://vdf.virginia.gov/pdf/G3/APR%202022%20UPDATES/Final%20REG%20VDFR%20350-1%20VDF%20TRAINING%20PROGRAM%201-22.pdf
  58. https://www.vdf.virginia.gov/pdf/Regulations/VDFR-385-10-7.pdf
  59. https://law.justia.com/codes/virginia/2015/title-44/section-44-54.9
  60. https://vdf.virginia.gov/2025/09/21/virginia-defense-force-authorized-new-uniforms/
  61. https://vdf.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Commanders-Guidance-Uniforms-Policy.pdf
  62. https://vdf.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/VDF_UniformSpecificationsWithLinks.pdf
  63. https://va.ng.mil/News/Article/2942327/virginia-defense-force-evaluates-communication-platforms/
  64. https://www.army.mil/article/251426/virginia_defense_force_conducts_statewide_readiness_exercise
  65. https://vdf.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/COM-103A-HFRT-Training-Slides-JUL2020.pdf
  66. https://va.ng.mil/News/Article/3264178/va-defense-force-continues-to-build-communications-expertise/
  67. https://vdf.virginia.gov/2022/03/08/vdf-signal-battalion-conducts-communication-exercise/
  68. https://statedefenseforce.com/2022/06/08/virginia-defense-force-trains-with-national-guard-on-emergency-communications-capabilities/
  69. https://vdf.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/REG-VDFR-350-1-APDX-B-PART-4-Orient-Level-II-01.23.docx
  70. https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title44/chapter1/section44-54.12/
  71. https://vdf.virginia.gov/
  72. https://vdf.virginia.gov/units/
  73. https://vdf.virginia.gov/units/1stregiment/
  74. https://vdf.virginia.gov/units/2ndregvdf/
  75. https://vdf.virginia.gov/category/opscenteraug/
  76. https://www.nationalguard.mil/News/Article-View/Article/612306/virginia-guard-members-pre-positioned-for-hurricane/
  77. https://www.dvidshub.net/image/448585/virginia-defense-force-prepares-duty-response-hurricane-irene
  78. https://legiscan.com/VA/text/HJR396/id/579187/Virginia-2012-HJR396-Introduced.html
  79. https://va.ng.mil/News/Article/2738718/vdf-augments-virginia-national-guard-support-for-hurricane-florence/
  80. https://va.ng.mil/News/Article/2740618/vng-supports-multi-state-multi-agency-response-to-hurricane-florence/
  81. https://go.usa.gov/xM5VV
  82. https://www.vaemergency.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/2021-coveop-final-approved-102021-1.pdf
  83. https://va.ng.mil/News/Article/3273589/vdf-serves-as-technical-lead-for-ongoing-cyber-assessment-mission/
  84. https://vdf.virginia.gov/category/communications/
  85. https://vdf.virginia.gov/category/community-support/
  86. https://vdf.virginia.gov/units/1stregiment/11thsignalbattalion/
  87. https://vdf.virginia.gov/2018/03/23/vdf-trains-on-individual-skills-professional-development/
  88. https://vdf.virginia.gov/2021/03/15/vdf-support-operations-group-marks-full-year-of-service/
  89. https://vdf.virginia.gov/virginia-defense-force-capabilities/
  90. https://vdf.virginia.gov/pdf/Regulations/VDFR600-10/VDFR_600-10_APDX_E_AWARD_SERVICE_RIBBONS_SKILLSDEVICES_AUG22.pdf
  91. https://va.ng.mil/News/Article/4222888/vng-chaplain-leadership-recognizes-vdf-chaplains-for-their-support/
  92. https://va.ng.mil/News/Article/4135375/virginia-national-guard-foundation-supports-vng-vdf-service-members-in-need/
  93. https://va.ng.mil/News/Article/2811811/governors-certificate-recognizes-vng-vdf-covid-19-response-support/
  94. https://va.ng.mil/News/Article/4026451/vng-provides-water-support-to-richmond-stages-for-winter-weather/
  95. https://statedefenseforce.com/2025/04/09/virginia-defense-force-trains-to-support-national-guard-in-emergencies-and-disasters/
  96. https://va.ng.mil/JFHQ/About-the-VNG/
  97. https://media.defense.gov/2014/Apr/30/2001713359/-1/-1/1/DODIG-2014-065.pdf
  98. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA497658.pdf
  99. https://vdf.virginia.gov/pdf/Supporting%20Documents/SDFMISSINGLINK_STEIN1984.pdf
  100. https://www.heritage.org/defense/report/why-more-states-should-establish-state-defense-forces
  101. https://sgaus.org/
  102. https://press.armywarcollege.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2179&context=parameters
  103. https://amuedge.com/state-defense-forces-challenges-and-opportunities-of-recruiting-and-retention/
  104. https://statedefenseforce.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/a217252.pdf
  105. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA513181.pdf
  106. https://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2025/05/make-better-use-state-defense-forces/405176/
  107. https://press.armywarcollege.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1419&context=monographs
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.