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1009
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1009 by topic
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1009 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1009
MIX
Ab urbe condita1762
Armenian calendar458
ԹՎ ՆԾԸ
Assyrian calendar5759
Balinese saka calendar930–931
Bengali calendar415–416
Berber calendar1959
English Regnal yearN/A
Buddhist calendar1553
Burmese calendar371
Byzantine calendar6517–6518
Chinese calendar戊申年 (Earth Monkey)
3706 or 3499
    — to —
己酉年 (Earth Rooster)
3707 or 3500
Coptic calendar725–726
Discordian calendar2175
Ethiopian calendar1001–1002
Hebrew calendar4769–4770
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1065–1066
 - Shaka Samvat930–931
 - Kali Yuga4109–4110
Holocene calendar11009
Igbo calendar9–10
Iranian calendar387–388
Islamic calendar399–400
Japanese calendarKankō 6
(寛弘６年)
Javanese calendar911–912
Julian calendar1009
MIX
Korean calendar3342
Minguo calendar903 before ROC
民前903年
Nanakshahi calendar−459
Seleucid era1320/1321 AG
Thai solar calendar1551–1552
Tibetan calendarས་ཕོ་སྤྲེ་ལོ་
(male Earth-Monkey)
1135 or 754 or −18
    — to —
ས་མོ་བྱ་ལོ་
(female Earth-Bird)
1136 or 755 or −17
Emperor Lý Thái Tổ (r. 1009–1028)

Year 1009 (MIX) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. It was the 1009th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 9th year of the 2nd millennium, the 9th year of the 11th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1000s decade.

Events

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Europe

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England

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Asia

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Japan

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  • Princess Takahime (daughter of Imperial Prince Tomohira, cousin of emperor Ichijo) is married to Fujiwara no Yorimichi, first son of Fujiwara no Michinaga, enlarging the latter’s power.
  • Takashina no Mitsuko is imprisoned for cursing the empress; Fujiwara no Korechika is also implicated but later pardoned.
  • Murasaki Shikibu teaches the Chinese written language to Empress Shoshi in secret because this is usually a male accomplishment.

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1009

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from Grokipedia
1009 was a year of profound religious and political upheaval, most notably marked by the Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah's order on October 18 to demolish the in , a central site built by Constantine, an act that razed its structures and intensified tensions between and across Europe and the . In , Lý Công Uẩn ascended the throne as on November 21 in Đại Cồ Việt (modern ), establishing the that governed until 1225 and shifted the capital from to Đại La, later , fostering a period of cultural and administrative consolidation. Additionally, the annals of provided the first known written reference to on March 9, signaling the emergence of Baltic polities in European records. These events underscored 1009's role in shaping medieval trajectories, from escalating interfaith conflicts to foundational state-building in .

Events

Europe

In July 1009, Pietro Martino Buccaporci, the Bishop of Albano, was elected , taking the name Sergius IV following the abdication of John XVIII. His selection occurred amid Roman factional politics dominated by the Crescentii family, which had installed several puppet popes, thereby constraining the papacy's autonomy during a period of local noble influence over ecclesiastical affairs. Sergius IV, who reigned until May 1012, focused on charitable works and monastic support but lacked significant reforms or external campaigns, reflecting the papacy's weakened position relative to secular powers in . On March 9, 1009, the Annales Quedlinburgenses documented the first extant reference to (as "Litua"), describing an assault by its inhabitants on German near the Baltic frontier; this remains the earliest written mention of the name Lithuania. This entry coincided with the martyrdom of , a dispatched with imperial and Polish backing to evangelize pagan tribes among the Prussians and neighboring groups. Bruno, previously active in and Kievan Rus', had secured support from Polish Duke for his final expedition, which aimed to extend eastward but ended in his execution by local pagans, underscoring the perils of frontier conversion efforts amid tensions between Slavic rulers and Baltic holdouts. Elsewhere, Henry II continued consolidating authority over German principalities and Slavic borderlands, though no major battles or coronations are recorded for 1009; his focus remained on internal stability following Otto III's death in 1002. In , Bolesław I maintained alliances with regional powers, including facilitating Bruno's mission as part of broader diplomatic maneuvers to secure ecclesiastical recognition and territorial gains against and the . These developments highlight a year of incremental ecclesiastical and missionary activity rather than large-scale warfare in , with Christian institutions navigating noble patronage and pagan resistance.

British Isles

In 1009, England experienced a significant Viking invasion led by the Danish chieftain Thorkell the Tall, who commanded a fleet estimated at around 80 ships and landed near Sandwich in Kent during August. The invaders quickly devastated southern regions, including Kent, Sussex, Hampshire, Wiltshire, and Berkshire, before advancing westward to the River Frome, where they plundered Dorset, Somerset, and Devon. Thorkell's forces then returned eastward, wintering along the Thames estuary and continuing raids into Essex, with reports of widespread burning, slaughter, and hostage-taking. King Æthelred II had anticipated the threat by assembling what chroniclers described as the largest English naval force ever, numbering over 300 ships, intended to intercept the at Sandwich. However, internal divisions undermined the defense: Brihtric accused the South Saxon of treachery, prompting Wulfnoth to defect with 20 ships under his command, which were subsequently lost in a storm or captured, demoralizing the fleet. The remaining English ships engaged the in the Thames and but suffered heavy losses in the ensuing battle, allowing Thorkell's army to operate unopposed for much of the year. Æthelred responded by mustering land forces and dispatching troops to London and Sheppey, but these efforts yielded limited success against the mobile raiders. The city of was among the targets, suffering destruction by fire during the campaign. Thorkell's raids exemplified the ongoing Danish pressure on , extracting resources and weakening Æthelred's authority, though no decisive battle occurred in 1009 itself. No major recorded events disrupted under King Malcolm II, where relations with remained relatively stable amid border skirmishes with Northumbrian forces. , divided among kingdoms like and , saw no documented upheavals, with rulers such as Maredudd ab Owain maintaining local control without external invasion noted for the year. In Ireland, Viking activity persisted through Norse-Gaelic settlements in and Waterford, but annals record no large-scale raids or battles specifically in 1009, as high king focused on internal consolidation against provincial rivals.

Near East

On October 18, 1009, Fatimid Caliph ordered the destruction of the in , a site constructed under Emperor Constantine I in the and central to . The demolition was extensive, with workers hacking away the foundations down to the bedrock and removing the site's marble decorations. This act occurred amid al-Hakim's broader campaign against non-Muslim religious structures, including the targeting of other churches and synagogues across Fatimid territories in , , and . Al-Hakim, who had ruled since 996, deviated from the Fatimid policy of relative established under prior caliphs, enforcing measures that restricted Christian and Jewish practices, such as prohibiting public worship and processions. Contemporary accounts attribute the caliph's actions to erratic behavior, including nocturnal wanderings and decrees oscillating between asceticism and persecution, though some historians note intermittent leniency toward dhimmis (protected non-Muslims) earlier in his reign. The destruction shocked Christian communities in the and Europe, prompting diplomatic protests, but al-Hakim's forces completed the work despite resistance from local guardians. The , centered in and controlling much of the since conquering in 969, faced internal challenges during this period, including rebellions in and tensions with the in . Al-Hakim's edict did not extend to total eradication of , as some monasteries and churches persisted under restrictions, but it marked a peak in under his rule. Reconstruction began only after al-Hakim's disappearance in 1021, authorized by his son al-Zahir, with Byzantine Emperor providing funds in 1042 for partial rebuilding.

East Asia

In the Korean kingdom of , General Gang Jo () led a in 1009, assassinating King Mokjong—who had ascended the throne in 997 amid rumors of his favoritism toward a warrior and perceived weakness in governance—and installing the 11-year-old Prince Wonjong (posthumously King Hyeonjong) as ruler. This upheaval reflected growing military discontent with the civil aristocracy's dominance and Mokjong's policies, including his reliance on Buddhist monks and eunuchs for administration, which had alienated key generals. Gang Jo briefly established military rule, executing rivals and attempting to consolidate power, though his regime lasted only until 1010 when he was overthrown by loyalists led by Kim Chung-hui amid internal strife and the looming threat of intervention. The coup disrupted Goryeo's fragile alliance with the Liao empire, which had been formalized after earlier Khitan invasions, prompting Liao forces under Emperor Shengzong to launch a later in 1010 that sacked the capital and forced tribute payments, though Goryeo resistance under figures like Gang Gam-chan preserved independence. In contrast, the Northern in experienced relative stability under (r. 997–1022), with ongoing diplomatic exchanges such as the 1009 mission of envoy Lu Zhen to the Liao court to reaffirm the 1004 boundaries and trade protocols, averting further northern border conflicts. Japan's Heian court, dominated by the clan's regency under Michinaga (who held de facto power from 995), saw no recorded major upheavals in 1009, continuing aristocratic cultural flourishing amid shōen estate management and poetic pursuits, though underlying militarization was nascent.

Other Regions

In , the Songhai kingdom's ruler, known as Kossoi, converted to circa 1009, facilitating the religion's early spread among Sahelian elites and laying groundwork for subsequent expansions under leaders like Sunni Ali Ber. In northern , Sultan launched raids into the region, capturing the fortress of (modern Kangra) in 1009 and plundering its temples, which yielded substantial wealth including silver and gold idols transported back to . In Southeast Asia, Ly Cong Uan, a military commander, overthrew the anterior Le dynasty and proclaimed himself emperor as Ly Thai To on May 11, 1009, establishing the Ly dynasty (1009–1225) with its capital at Thang Long (modern ) and initiating a period of cultural flourishing influenced by and .

Religious Developments

Christianity

In 1009, Fatimid Caliph , ruling from , issued orders for the systematic destruction of the in , a constructed under Emperor Constantine in the and central to Christian veneration as the site of Christ's crucifixion, entombment, and resurrection. The demolition commenced around 29 September, involving the razing of the structure to its foundations, including the edicule enclosing the tomb, with workers using picks and fire to dismantle marble columns, remove sacred furnishings, and scatter relics. This event formed part of al-Hakim's broader edict against non-Islamic religious infrastructure, which extended to over 30,000 churches and synagogues across his domains, alongside the burning of religious texts and restrictions on Christian practices such as public worship and . Al-Hakim, noted by contemporary accounts for his unpredictable policies oscillating between tolerance and , justified these measures as enforcement of Islamic supremacy, though his motivations included personal eccentricities and political consolidation amid Fatimid internal strife. The destruction reverberated through Christian communities in and , eliciting reports of communal mourning and diplomatic protests; Byzantine Emperor lodged formal complaints, while Western chroniclers like Rodulfus Glaber documented the sacrilege as a profound provoking divine wrath. traffic to , already hazardous under Fatimid rule, declined sharply, exacerbating tensions between and Islamic polities. No immediate military response materialized due to the era's fragmented Christian polities, but the incident fueled long-term resentment, with later historians attributing it as an antecedent to the , though direct causal links remain debated given the 86-year interval until the . Reconstruction efforts began under al-Hakim's successor, al-Zahir, who revoked the edicts around 1020 and authorized repairs by 1027, aided by Byzantine funding and engineering; the church was partially restored by 1048 under Emperor , though not to its prior grandeur until further 12th-century work. Elsewhere in Christian spheres, 1009 saw minor missionary advances, such as Nestorian efforts among northern Mongolian tribes, but these lacked the scale or documentation to overshadow the catastrophe. The year's events underscored Christianity's vulnerability in the amid Islamic expansion, contrasting with its consolidation in through royal conversions and ecclesiastical reforms.

Islam

In 1009, the Fatimid Caliph , ruling from over a realm encompassing , , and parts of the , issued decrees targeting non-Muslim religious sites, marking a departure from the caliphate's prior policy of relative tolerance toward and as dhimmis. On September 29, 1009, al-Hakim ordered the governor of , Yarukh, to demolish the in ; however, most historical accounts date the primary order and destruction to October 18. This action extended to broader edicts in September 1009 mandating the razing of churches, synagogues, scrolls, and other religious artifacts across Fatimid territories, reflecting al-Hakim's puritanical enforcement of Islamic supremacy amid his increasingly erratic governance. Al-Hakim's measures contrasted with the Fatimid tradition of pragmatic coexistence, under which Ismaili Shia doctrine was propagated through da'wa missionary efforts while allowing protected minorities to practice their faiths upon payment of the tax; however, his 1009 campaigns, affecting an estimated thousands of sites, stemmed from personal zeal rather than doctrinal consensus, as evidenced by subsequent reversals under his successors. These events exacerbated tensions with Byzantine Christians, halting pilgrimage routes and contributing to long-term grievances, though al-Hakim's son, al-Zahir, permitted partial reconstruction of the Holy Sepulchre by 1027–1028 under Byzantine auspices. Within , al-Hakim's reign foreshadowed esoteric developments, including the emergence of the faith around 1017, which venerated him as a divine manifestation, though his 1009 policies primarily highlighted intra-Islamic stability under Fatimid amid Buyid and Abbasid rivalries elsewhere.

Dynastic and Political Changes

In , the concluded with the death of Emperor Lê Long Việt in 1005, leading to instability until 1009 when , a high-ranking military commander and adopted son of a Lê princess, was selected by court officials and generals to become emperor. Taking the regnal name , he founded the , which ruled until 1225 and marked the beginning of a period of cultural and administrative consolidation independent from Chinese influence. relocated the capital from to Đại La, renaming it Thăng Long (modern ), and initiated reforms to strengthen central authority, including land redistribution and the establishment of a Confucian examination system. In the Korean kingdom of , political turmoil culminated in 1009 with a led by General Gang Jo against King Mokjong, who had ruled since 997 and was accused of favoritism toward eunuchs and corruption. Gang Jo assassinated Mokjong and briefly installed a puppet ruler, attempting to seize power, but was defeated by loyalist forces under Kim Chung-hang; the throne then passed to Wang Heum, a royal relative, who ascended as King Hyeonjong, initiating a reign focused on defense against Khitan invasions. This succession preserved dynastic continuity amid military upheaval, setting the stage for Goryeo's conflicts with the from 1010 onward. No major dynastic shifts occurred in or the in 1009, though ongoing feudal consolidations under rulers like Henry II of the and of continued to shape regional politics without immediate successions.

Notable Individuals

Births

Toirdelbach Ua Briain (1009–1086), king of and de facto , grandson of , who consolidated Dál gCais power through military campaigns against rival septs and expanded influence over and . George the Hagiorite (1009–1065), Georgian monk, theologian, and translator from an aristocratic family in Tao-Klardzheti, who studied in before entering monastic life on , contributing to Georgian religious and hymnography. Su Xun (1009–1066), scholar-official and essayist, father of and Su Zhe, known for philosophical works on governance and history that emphasized rational inquiry and antiquity-inspired prose. Emperor Go-Suzaku (14 December 1009–7 February 1045), 69th emperor of Japan, son of Emperor Ichijō, whose brief reign (1036–1045) saw continued Fujiwara regency dominance and cultural flourishing in amid court poetry and aristocratic intrigue.

Deaths

Saint Bruno of Querfurt, a known as the "Second Apostle of the Prussians," was martyred on 14 February 1009 near Braunsberg (present-day , ) while attempting to convert pagan tribes in . Pope , born Giovanni and originally a Roman priest named Leo's son, died in June 1009 after a pontificate marked by efforts to protect church properties and convene synods against . and founder of the dynasty that later ruled and , was killed on 13 November 1009 near the confluence of the Tange and rivers during a conflict with Werner of Walbeck. Bernard William, Duke of and Count of Bordeaux since circa 997, died on 25 December 1009, after which his nephew Sancho VI William succeeded him. Al-Hajjaj ibn Ustadh Hurmuz, a prominent Buyid and who reconciled with Baha al-Dawla, died in October or November 1009 at Ahwaz.

References

  1. https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2016-10-18/ty-article/.premium/1009-the-mad-caliph-attacks-christian-sites-in-fatimid-empire/0000017f-df1c-d856-a37f-ffdcf3f00000
  2. https://greekcitytimes.com/2023/10/18/october-18-1009-holy-sepulchre-2/
  3. https://hoangthanhthanglong.com/2021/12/02/ky-bi-xuat-than-cua-vua-ly-cong-uan/?lang=en
  4. https://hanoitimes.vn/king-ly-thai-to-makes-a-milestone-in-the-citys-history-316467.html
  5. https://www.onthisday.com/date/1009
  6. https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/sergius-iv-pope
  7. https://www.catholic365.com/article/12825/pope-sergius-iv-the-last-of-the-crescenti-puppets.html
  8. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1016/j.jmedhist.2007.10.005
  9. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-II-Holy-Roman-emperor
  10. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thorkell-the-Tall
  11. https://avalon.law.yale.edu/medieval/ang11.asp
  12. https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2544/the-danish-conquest-of-england/
  13. http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=get&type=chron&from=1002&to=52
  14. https://www.timeref.com/episodes/hstt40.htm
  15. https://www.foreignexchanges.news/p/today-in-middle-eastern-history-fatimid
  16. https://www.holylandsite.com/israel-history-timeline
  17. https://journal.kci.go.kr/hksh/archive/articleView?artiId=ART001753376
  18. https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/07/eak.html
  19. https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/07/eaj.html
  20. http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/activity-3-history-of-africa-during-the-time-of-the-great-west-african-kingdoms-expand/
  21. https://mpbou.edu.in/uploads/files/HISTORY_OF_INDIA_FROM_THE_EARLIEST_TIME_122_AD.pdf
  22. https://www.vietnamconsulate-ny.org/about/2/brief-history-of-vietnam.html
  23. https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/dailystory/permalink/christs-tomb-took-a-beating-over-the-centuries
  24. https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/battles-over-christ-s-tomb
  25. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/medieval-spains/christian-reconquista-and-african-empire-10091157/5964D8FFC0606BCFEF54C79AE4C35BBE
  26. https://ojs.ub.uni-konstanz.de/transmed/index.php/tmh/article/download/39/97/107
  27. https://home.snu.edu/~hculbert/line.htm
  28. https://www.christianity.com/church/church-history/centuries/11th-century-11631970.html
  29. https://todayinhistory.blog/2017/10/18/october-18-1009-the-mad-caliph/
  30. https://www.alabamagazette.com/story/2025/10/19/history/the-day-the-sepulchre-fell-al-hakims-destruction-of-christianitys-holiest-shrine/8595.html
  31. https://www.tota.world/article/862/
  32. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/vietnam/dai-viet-ly.htm
  33. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Goryeo
  34. https://www.dib.ie/biography/ua-briain-tairdelbach-a8582
  35. https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095848935
  36. http://www.theworldsclassics.org/2016/10/su-xun-chinese-writer-1009-1066.html
  37. https://pantheon.world/profile/person/Emperor_Go-Suzaku
  38. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Bruno-of-Querfurt
  39. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03018a.htm
  40. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08429a.htm
  41. https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Wettin-71
  42. https://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/gasccent.htm
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