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Singtel Optus Pty Limited is a major Australian telecommunications company headquartered in Macquarie Park, Sydney. Optus is the second-largest telecommunications company in Australia, with over 11 million customers as of 2023.[2] Its mobile network covers 98.5% of the Australian population, with plans to cover all of Australia by 2025 through its partnership with SpaceX.[6]

Key Information

It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Singaporean telecommunications company Singtel.

History

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AUSSAT and deregulation (1981–1990)

[edit]

Optus can trace its beginnings back to the formation of the Government-owned AUSSAT Pty Limited in 1981. In 1982, Aussat selected the Hughes 376 for their initial satellites, with the first, AUSSAT A1, launched in August 1985.[7] AUSSAT satellites were used for both military and civilian satellite communications, and delivering television services to remote outback communities.

See also: Optus fleet of satellites

With Aussat operating at a loss and with moves to deregulate telecommunications in Australia, the government decided to sell Aussat, coupled with a telecommunications licence. The licence was sold to Optus Communications – a consortium including:[8]

The new telecommunications company was designed to provide competition to then government owned telecommunications company Telecom Australia, now known as Telstra.

Founding of Optus (1991–present)

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Optus gained the second general carrier licence in January 1991.[10]

After privatisation, AUSSAT became Optus and its first offering to the general public was to offer long-distance calls at cheaper rates than that of its competitor Telstra. The long-distance calling rates on offer were initially available by consumers dialing 1 before the area code and phone number. Following this, a ballot process was conducted by then regulator AUSTEL, with customers choosing their default long-distance carrier.[11] Customers who made no choice or did not respond to the mailout campaign automatically remained as a Telstra long-distance customer. Customers who remained with Telstra could dial the override code of 1456 before the area code and phone number to manually select Optus as the carrier for that single call. Since 1 July 1998, consumers have the choice of preselecting their preferred long-distance carrier or dialling the override code before dialling a telephone number.

The group began by building an interstate fibre optic cable and a series of exchanges between Optus' interstate network and Telstra's local network. It also laid fibre optics into major office buildings and industrial areas, and focused on high bandwidth local, (interstate) long distance, and interstate calls for business. In its early years, Optus was only able to offer local and long-distance calls to residential customers through Telstra's local phone network. Telstra would carry residential to residential calls to Optus' exchanges, and then the calls would be switched to Optus' long-distance fibre optic network.

In 1993 Optus, along with Telstra and Vodafone were licensed by the regulator Austel (now ACMA) to provide 2G GSM mobile telephony. Optus's mobile service launched in May of that year.[12]

In 2024, Singtel held advanced talks with Brookfield to sell a 20% stake in Optus. Brookfield and Singtel were unable to agree on terms, with Singtel claiming afterwards it remained committed to Optus and the Australian market.[13]

Products and services

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Optus Store at Midland Gate.

Key Optus products and services include:

Voice

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Wireless

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  • 4G/LTE provided on 700 / 1800 / 2100 / 2300 / 2600 MHz covering 96.6% of the population.
  • 5G provided on 2300 MHz and 3500 MHz.
  • Satellite telephony covering all of Australia.

Internet access

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Television

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Retail services are sold to customers via phone, internet or through retail outlets, especially franchise chains such as Optus World, Network Communications, Strathfield, TeleChoice, and Allphones.

Optus' Customer Solutions and Services (CS&S) organisation is responsible for providing support to Optus Business customers. CS&S works with Optus' subsidiary Alphawest to support information technology services across Optus' large business, corporate and government[15] client base.

Corporate affairs

[edit]
The former headquarters of Optus in North Sydney.
Former logos of Optus
Former Optus logo (1991–1999)
1991–1999
2005–2013

Stephen Rue commenced as Chief Executive Officer of Optus in November 2024 following the resignation of Kelly Bayer Rosmarin after the 2023 nation-wide outage. Rue was previously the Chief Executive of NBN Co and is an Executive Director of the Optus Board.[16][17]

OptusNet

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OptusNet logo

Optus Communications offered its first business-focused internet products in 1998 under the OptusNet product family, offering in-house developed dial-up and high-speed services. Optus purchased one of Australia's pioneer ISPs, Microplex, in 1998 to provide consumer dial-up internet services.[18][19] Separate to this, under the Optus Vision brand, a cable broadband arm began as a joint venture with U.S. cable and content provider Excite@Home and was known as Optus@Home from its introduction in 1999[20] until it was renamed in 2002.[21] ADSL services were offered from February 2004.[22] ADSL2+ services were provided from December 2005.[23]

Subsidiaries and consortiums

[edit]

A number of notable wholly owned subsidiaries operate as part of the Singtel Optus group. These are:

Until 20 January 2013, Optus sold mobile services under the brand name Boost Mobile.[24]

In June 2007, joint venture subsidiary OPEL Networks was awarded government funding towards the cost of building a regional broadband network. Optus was to be contracted to build the network on behalf of OPEL.[25][26] In April 2008, after a change of the Federal Government from the Liberal Party of Australia coalition to the Australian Labor Party, the new government terminated the funding agreement and the project was halted, with its functions to be replaced by the National Broadband Network.

Optus is part of a consortium – now known as Terria – that in July 2006 announced their intention to make a combined bid to build the proposed National Broadband Network.[27]

Reef Networks was formed in 1999 to provide an optical fibre link between Brisbane and Cairns in Queensland. Optus gained exclusive access to this link in 2001, ahead of acquiring the organisation in 2005.[28]

XYZed was established by Optus in 2000 to provide wholesale business-grade DSL services under an individual brand, but today provides a collection of products only as part of the Optus Wholesale & Satellite division. XYZed established a network of DSLAMs inside Telstra telephone exchanges, utilising Unconditioned Local Loop services to reach end users.[29]

Cable & Wireless with 24.5% stakeholder bought out BellSouth's equal 24.5% shareholding in July 1997.[30] The company returned to profitability in 1998 and changed its name to Cable & Wireless Optus.[31] Government relaxation of foreign ownership restrictions paved the way for the company to be floated – with Cable and Wireless increasing its holding to 52.5%)[32][33] – and listed on the Australian Securities Exchange on 17 November 1998.[34]

During 2001, Singtel launched a takeover bid for Cable and Wireless Optus[35] which was ultimately successful[36] and the company became known as Singtel Optus.

In May 2004, Optus announced a $226.8 million bid for UEComm.[37] The takeover was approved in July[38] and completed in August.[39]

In July 2005, Optus announced it would acquire Alphawest Ltd. for A$25.9 million.[40] The buyout was completed in November 2005 and Alphawest is now an operating division of Optus Business.

On 12 January 2006, Optus acquired the remaining 74.15% of Virgin Mobile Australia for U$22.6 m, giving it 100% ownership.

Outsourcing

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Since 2005, Optus has outsourced some customer service functions to Concentrix and 247.ai, with the outsourcer providing 800 staff operating offshore in India, supplementing Optus' 3,000-plus onshore call centre staff.[41] Some functions have also been supplemented in the Philippines.[42] Optus also uses 24/7 Inc. for telephone & chat based offshore support.

In October 2006, Optus announced that it would outsource 100 contracting jobs to another Singtel subsidiary, IT company NCS, in Singapore.[43]

Infrastructure

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Optus' fully owned network infrastructure consists of the following:[44][45]

Network backbone

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Customer access network

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See also: Access network
  • Hybrid fibre-coaxial (HFC) network in Sydney, Brisbane and Melbourne, providing consumer fixed telephony, cable internet and cable television services.
  • CBD optical fibre rings in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth, Canberra and Wollongong, providing direct access for corporate and government services.
  • DSLAMs in certain Telstra local telephone exchanges in all states. Originally only providing business-grade DSL services, newer installations also provide consumer DSL and POTS telephony.

OptusNet also provides Cable internet. In August 2010, OptusNet released an upgrade of its HFC network to the DOCSIS 3.0 standard,[46] which enabled customers to access a maximum theoretical downstream bandwidth of 100 Megabits. OptusNet is also one of the few ISPs in Australia to currently provide ADSL2+ via its own DSLAMs, which it also resells to other ISPs.[47]

Mobile network

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Mobile network equipment is from Nortel, Nokia and Huawei and antennas are sourced from Andrews, RFS, Argus and Kathrein.[citation needed]

The Optus network operates on the following bandwidth frequencies across Australia:

  • 3G UMTS 900/2100 MHz
  • 4G LTE 700 / 900 / 1800 / 2100 / 2300 / 2600 MHz network which has been in progressive rollout since 2012.[48][49] VoLTE is currently being rolled out across Australia. For now, VoLTE is only available in CBD and metro areas in Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Brisbane, Perth and Canberra on selected devices purchased on postpaid contracts. Until VoLTE has been fully rolled out, voice calling is still reliant on the 3G network (and formerly the 2G network until it was terminated).[50]
  • 5G NR 3500 MHz rollout started in October 2019

The 2G GSM 900/1800 MHz network was terminated on 3 April 2017 in Western Australia and Northern Territory.[51] 2G GSM was completely terminated on 1 August 2017 when 2G was disconnected in Victoria, New South Wales, Australian Capital Territory, Queensland, Tasmania and South Australia. To remain connected, a device that is capable of running 3G at 900 MHz is now required after 2G was completely disconnected across Australia.

On 28 October 2024, the 3G UMTS service provided by Optus was shut down. This affects other providers reliant on their network, including Amaysim and Virgin Mobile Australia. To remain connected, customers are required to have a phone capable of connecting to their 4G LTE or 5G NR services. All phones incapable of using VoLTE will be prevented from accessing the Optus network due to legal requirements for all devices to be able to access the Triple Zero emergency calling system.[52]

Partly owned infrastructure

[edit]

Part-owned network infrastructure includes:

Advertising and sponsorship

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Optus has naming rights to Perth Stadium where it is known as Optus Stadium.

Between 1994 and 2005 Optus had the naming rights to the Carlton football clubs original home ground in Princes Park. It was called Optus Oval until the ground was retired by the AFL in 2005.

Optus was the main sponsor of the 1997 ARL season.[citation needed]

In 2016, Optus signed a 10-year partnership agreement with the Australian Olympic Committee to be the official partner of the Australian Olympic Team and the Australian Paralympic Team until 2026.[55]

In 2017, Optus won naming rights to Perth Stadium where it would be known as Optus Stadium. Optus and the Government of Western Australia agreed to a 10-year naming right worth approximately A$50 million.[56]

Optus also has a long-term partnership with the Adelaide Crows in the AFL. Optus has been a partner of the Collingwood Magpies in the AFL Women's since 2018.[57]

Optus is the current major sponsor for the No. 25 Walkinshaw Andretti United Holden ZB Commodore driven by Chaz Mostert[58]

Awards

[edit]
2014 Canstar Blue Awards: Most Satisfied Customers 2014 Award in the small business mobile phone service providers category.
2015 Canstar Blue Awards: Most Satisfied Customers 2015 Award in the small business mobile phone service providers category.
2016 Global Carrier Award: Best Asian Wholesale Carrier Award
2017 Arcstar Carrier Forum: Operations and Maintenance Award

Global Telcom Awards: AI Initiative of the year

2018 World Communication Awards: Best Wholesale Operator

Asia Communications Awards: Wholesale Operator of the Year

Annual MVNOs World Congress: Most Innovative Wholesaler & People's Choice

Incidents

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In 2014 Telstra successfully argued an Optus TV campaign was misleading about its coverage.[59]

During the 2018 FIFA World Cup, its Optus Sport streaming service suffered widespread outages that left subscribers unable to view matches; chief executive Allen Lew apologised, temporary simulcasts were arranged with SBS, and subscriptions were made free with refunds offered to affected customers.[60]

In April 2018, Optus removed and investigated a Neutral Bay retail job ad that improperly expressed a preference for "Anglo-Saxon" applicants.[61]

In February 2019, the Federal Court imposed a $10 million penalty after Optus admitted misleading customers charged via its Direct Carrier Billing service for unwanted digital content, with hundreds of thousands refunded.[62]

In September 2025, Optus paid a $100 million penalty in response to a court order that it had engaged in "unconscionable conduct" by recommending products that customers could not afford, did not want or could not use. Such customers were unemployed, homeless, had a disability or did not speak English as their first language. First Nations people from regional areas were also targeted.[63]

2022 cyberattack

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Main article: 2022 Optus data breach

Around 22 September 2022, Optus systems sustained a significant cyberattack that resulted in a major data breach of both current and former customers' personal information, including customers' names, dates of birth, phone numbers and email addresses, with a smaller subset of customers having their street addresses, driving licence details and passport numbers leaked. Optus CEO Kelly Bayer Rosmarin urged customers to exercise "heightened awareness" regarding transactions with their Optus and other accounts. Rosmarin emphasised that passwords were not compromised.[64][65] The CEO said that the "worst-case scenario" regarding the number of customers whose data had been leaked was 9.8 million customers, but believes the actual number to be far lower.[66]

On 24 September 2022, Australian news outlets The Age and The Sydney Morning Herald reported that Optus was investigating the authenticity of a ransom demand of US$1 million made on a hacking forum. The demand gave Optus one week to pay the ransom in cryptocurrency else the data will be sold for US$300,000 to whoever else wants it.[67]

On 6 October, the Australian Federal Police announced the arrest of a 19-year-old man who had allegedly threatened 93 Optus customers by saying that he would use their information leaked in the attack to commit financial crimes, unless they paid AUD $2,000.[68][69]

In response to the cyberattack, the Australian federal government announced an emergency regulation on 6 October, in the form of a 12-month amendment to the Telecommunications Regulations 2021 to "enable telecommunications companies to temporarily share approved government identifier information with regulated financial services entities."[70][71][72]

On 11 October, the Office of the Australian Information Commissioner launched an investigation, the aim of which is to explore the company's handling of customers' data.[73]

2023 nationwide outage

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Main article: 2023 Optus outage

Early on 8 November 2023, an undetermined issue caused a nationwide outage in Optus Mobile and Fixed Internet services. The outage directly impacted more than 10 million customers, including government services, hospitals and businesses. Optus Mobile customers reported that their phones showed 'SOS only' on the signal indicator, which is a sign the regular network is down, but mobile phones still have access to alternate networks in the event of an emergency call by using a so-called camping mechanism; however, Optus landlines were unable to make Triple Zero (000) emergency calls.[74] The outage affected the communication systems for Melbourne's train network, so for safety reasons the whole network was halted until backup communications commenced, leading to major delays and cancellations throughout the day.[75][76][77]

2025 emergency services outage

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Main article: 2025 Optus emergency calling outage

Starting approximately 12:30 am on 18 September 2025, Optus experienced an outage affecting callers on its network being able to access the Triple Zero emergency services calling system. Approximately 600 calls to Triple Zero made from the Northern Territory, South Australia, Western Australia and New South Wales failed and were not camped off to another network. A technical fault in a firewall upgrade resulted in the network incorrectly blocking Triple Zero calls until at least 1:50 pm, at some point shortly after Optus reverted the change.[78][79][80]

At least four people were found to have died after being unable to contact emergency services during the outage: an eight-week-old boy and 68-year-old woman from South Australia, and a 49-year-old and 74-year-old man from Western Australia.[81] The death of the eight-week-old is not believed to be contributed to by the outage, while investigations are continuing around the other three.[82] The company has received significant criticism for its handling of the outage, including not notifying emergency services that people were unable to contact Triple Zero for at least 9 hours, delays in providing government authorities with details of failed calls, and holding press conferences announcing the deaths of callers prior to alerting authorities.[83][84][85] Multiple government regulators and police services as well as Optus have announced independent investigations into the outage and the company's handling of it.[86][79]

On 28 September, Optus experienced a separate outage in Dapto, New South Wales in which nine calls to Triple Zero did not connect due to a failed mobile phone tower.[87]

See also

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References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Optus

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia

Optus Pty Limited is an Australian telecommunications company that provides mobile, fixed-line broadband, pay television, and satellite services to residential, business, and government customers. Wholly owned by Singapore-based Singtel since its acquisition in 2001 for A$14 billion, Optus operates as the second-largest wireless carrier in Australia behind Telstra, serving over 10 million customers with a retail mobile market share of 28% as of June 2024. Established in 1991 as a private competitor to the government-owned Telecom , Optus has invested heavily in national infrastructure, including mobile networks and communications, positioning itself as a key player in integrated telecom and IT services across the region. In recent years, it reported strong mobile revenue growth, with a 4.7% increase in service revenue for the first half of 2024 driven by postpaid plan adjustments and customer base expansion of 238,000 in FY2025. Optus's operations have been defined by both technological advancements and notable setbacks, particularly a September 2022 stemming from an exposed (API) lacking proper , which allowed unauthorized access to —including names, dates of birth, and identification numbers—of up to 10 million current and former customers. This incident prompted regulatory investigations, civil penalties from the Australian Information Commissioner, and widespread criticism of the company's cybersecurity practices, highlighting vulnerabilities in large-scale telecom data handling.

History

Origins in AUSSAT and Market Deregulation (1981–1990)

AUSSAT Pty Limited was incorporated in the Australian Capital Territory on 17 November 1981 as a government-owned public enterprise tasked with building, owning, and operating a domestic satellite communications system to serve areas beyond the reach of Telecom Australia's terrestrial infrastructure. The entity emerged from earlier discussions in the late 1970s, including proposals by media figure Kerry Packer for satellite-based television distribution, but was formalized under the Fraser Coalition government to address gaps in national connectivity, particularly for remote and regional populations. Restrictions under the Satellite Communications Act 1981 limited AUSSAT's initial scope to non-public switched services, such as private leased lines and broadcasting relays, preventing direct competition with the state monopoly in voice telephony. The system's operational rollout began with the launch of AUSSAT A1 on 27 August 1985 aboard the from , positioned at 160° East to cover and parts of the South Pacific. This was followed by AUSSAT A2 on 16 November 1985, also via the Shuttle, and AUSSAT A3 on 13 September 1987 using an Ariane 3 from , expanding capacity for television transmission to over 100 remote communities and supporting data services for mining and resource industries. Despite these advancements, AUSSAT incurred operating losses exceeding A$100 million annually by the mid-1980s, attributed to high —totaling around A$1 billion for the satellite program—and regulatory barriers that funneled much of its traffic through Telecom. Market deregulation gained momentum in the late under the Hawke Labor , driven by international trends toward , domestic economic pressures, and critiques of Telecom's monopoly inefficiencies, including high costs and slow . A 1987 inquiry highlighted the need for structural reform, prompting the in May 1988 to announce plans for a "managed" competitive environment, including of AUSSAT to enable it as a second carrier alongside a merged Telecom/Overseas Telecommunications Commission (OTC). Parliamentary debates that year emphasized AUSSAT's undercapitalization and proposed full to attract private investment, with the committing to majority Australian ownership post-sale. The Telecommunications Act 1989 implemented initial steps by corporatizing carriers and easing some service restrictions, though full duopoly competition awaited 1991 licensing; these measures positioned AUSSAT's assets as the foundation for private entry into terrestrial and satellite markets.

Establishment and Early Competition (1991–2000)

Optus Communications was awarded Australia's second telecommunications carrier licence on 19 November 1991 by the federal government, ending Telecom Australia's monopoly and introducing competition in fixed-line and mobile services. The consortium, comprising Australian firms such as Mayne Nickless, AMP Society, and the Australian Industry Development Corporation alongside international partners Cable & Wireless (UK) and BellSouth (US), secured the licence with a commitment to invest A$4 billion over eight years. As part of the agreement, Optus acquired the government-owned satellite operator AUSSAT Pty Ltd, rebranding its satellites as Optus A1, A2, and A3 to support initial service delivery. Commercial operations commenced on 31 January 1992, with Optus initially reselling access to Telecom Australia's network while building its own hybrid fibre-coaxial infrastructure for fixed-line services. By June 1992, Optus had begun marketing resold services to businesses and households, emphasizing choice with its "Yes" campaign that highlighted competitive long-distance calling rates. The company rolled out its own fixed-line network progressively, focusing on urban areas to challenge Telecom's dominance, though access to the incumbent's copper local loops remained a regulatory bottleneck under the duopoly framework. In mobile telephony, Optus entered the market alongside and following the 1993 licensing of technology by regulator Austel. Optus launched its GSM network in May 1995, offering digital services that competed with Telstra's established analogue systems and Vodafone's offerings, spurring subscriber growth amid the shift from AMPS to standards. Early competition focused on coverage and pricing, with Optus leveraging AUSSAT satellites for MobileSat, the world's first land mobile satellite service, introduced in August 1994 to extend reach to remote areas. By the late , Optus had captured significant in mobile, contributing to overall industry expansion, though fixed-line rivalry remained constrained by Telstra's infrastructure advantages.

Acquisition by Singtel and Expansion (2001–2010)

In March 2001, launched a successful bid for Cable & Wireless Optus, offering a combination of cash and shares that valued the company at approximately A$9.8 billion. The bid, which included swapping 1.66 SingTel shares for each Optus share at A$4.57 per share, outmaneuvered competing offers and was recommended by Optus's board following its strategic review initiated in September 2000. SingTel funded the deal through cash reserves, bonds, and equity, aiming to expand its footprint beyond into developed markets like , where Optus held the second-largest mobile market share. The acquisition was completed on 23 October , with Australia Investment Pte Ltd securing 100% ownership of Optus's ordinary shares, totaling 17.8 billion shares post-dilution. Renamed Singtel Optus Pty Limited, the company integrated into 's portfolio, leveraging synergies in cost management and network operations; for instance, headcount reductions in late cut staff costs by 12% while improving revenue per employee by 4%. Operating revenue for Optus rose 8% in the six months to despite market challenges, driven by mobile segment growth of 13% in revenue and 26% in subscribers. Under ownership, Optus prioritized mobile expansion, with subscribers increasing from 4.34 million in September 2002 (up 2.7% quarterly) to 5.07 million by September 2003 (a 17% annual rise), crossing the five-million threshold for the first time. Mobile data revenue also grew, supported by early investments following SingTel's 2001 Australian license award. By the mid-2000s, Optus committed up to A$800 million in 2007 to expand its network toward national coverage, achieving approximately 55% population coverage initially and planning broader rollout. Network upgrades extended to broadband via Optus's hybrid fibre-coaxial (HFC) infrastructure, which served all customers by December 2003 and supported growing fixed-line demand. By 2008, Optus expanded overall mobile coverage to 98% of the population, aligning upgrades for speeds up to 7.2 Mbps, while maintaining focus on cost efficiencies and customer acquisition amid competition from . These efforts contributed to sustained profit growth, with third-quarter net profit rising 16% in early 2010, fueled by mobile customer additions.

Modern Era and Network Upgrades (2011–2025)

In 2011, Optus initiated enhancements to its EDGE network in , , and to improve data speeds and email access, marking early steps toward broader capabilities. By September 2012, the company launched its LTE network commercially in , Perth, and Newcastle, with following shortly thereafter, enabling faster mobile data services for compatible devices. This rollout was accelerated through a network-sharing agreement with in May 2012, which expedited improvements and deployment by 12 to 18 months across shared infrastructure. In July 2012, Optus completed a major network strengthening project, enhancing coverage for its existing customer base prior to expansion. By May 2013, Optus announced plans for Australia's first multi-band network, utilizing multiple spectrum bands for improved capacity and coverage. In January 2014, it finalized a national upgrade of over 4,400 mobile sites, boosting indoor coverage, call quality, and data speeds. October 2014 saw further enhancements in regional areas, targeting 90% population coverage by April 2015, though compatibility issues arose for some older devices. In July 2017, Optus committed $1 billion to expand and upgrade regional mobile networks by June 2018, focusing on underserved areas to improve voice and data reliability. Optus entered the 5G era in February 2019 with Nokia, achieving Australia's first commercial 5G services through trials and deployments. November 2019 marked the launch of 5G fixed wireless access for up to 138,000 homes, following successful trials. In February 2020, it deployed the world's first dual-band 5G production network using 2300 MHz and 3500 MHz spectrum in Sydney, expanding to Melbourne soon after with Ericsson equipment. By 2022, Optus activated 5G standalone core for mobile services, enhancing latency and efficiency. In September 2024, it extended 5G standalone to home internet, becoming the first Australian telco to do so. Recent years have seen continued 5G expansion, with over 600 sites upgraded nationwide in 2024 to increase speeds and coverage in communities. A 2024 ACCC-approved deal with TPG enabled shared and infrastructure, with services starting in early 2025 to bolster regional access. In January 2025, Optus fast-tracked regional via a multi-operator core network (MOCN) agreement, aiming to complete population-wide 5G coverage. However, upgrade efforts have encountered setbacks, including a November 2023 nationwide outage affecting 10.2 million customers and 400,000 businesses, triggered by a routine software change deviating from protocols. A 2025 firewall upgrade fault disrupted Triple Zero emergency calls for 13-14 hours, blocking around 600 attempts and contributing to at least three deaths, highlighting risks in network modernization.

Products and Services

Mobile and Wireless Services

Optus provides , messaging, and services across using its proprietary LTE and networks, serving as the second-largest mobile operator behind . The network supports voice calls, /MMS, and high-speed internet access, with coverage reaching 98.5% of the population and deployed in urban and select regional areas as of 2025. Optus has invested in holdings, including low-band for wide coverage and mid-band for capacity, enabling competitive metrics such as leading download speeds of 208.7 Mbps in independent tests. Service plans include postpaid SIM-only options with flexible data allowances, international roaming on eligible tiers such as Optus Daily Roaming on postpaid plans like Optus Choice Plus—for Zone 1 destinations including Japan, this costs $5 per 24 hours and includes 5GB of data, unlimited standard national talk, and unlimited SMS, with additional data in 5GB blocks for $5 each; standard pay-per-use rates apply otherwise (e.g., $1 per MB for data in Zone 1), while prepaid options include Japan with specific rates via the Optus rates finder—and family bundles allowing data sharing across multiple SIMs. The Family Mobile Plan, for instance, offers four SIMs with 320 GB of shared monthly data for AU$165, alongside perks like streaming service credits via SubHub partnerships (e.g., , ). Prepaid plans provide month-to-month flexibility without contracts, supporting for compatible devices; setting up an eSIM via the My Optus app requires a stable internet connection to download the eSIM profile, with Optus recommending WiFi or a hotspot from another device, especially for prepaid activations to avoid reliance on mobile data, as the download is typically small. Activations assign a new number when set up as a new service such as for new customers selecting "New to Optus" during prepaid eSIM activation or when purchasing a new eSIM plan without transferring or porting an existing number; to retain an existing number, existing Optus customers must convert their physical SIM to eSIM or transfer via the My Optus app under SIM Management, while customers from other providers must port their number during activation, with add-ons for unlimited daily data or international usage. Device financing integrates with plans, allowing payments over 12–36 months for smartphones, with trade-in programs offering credits. In , Optus delivers fixed-wireless home internet via and s, targeting areas without access. home plans feature unlimited data, a 50 Mbps minimum speed guarantee in covered zones, and zero upfront costs on 36-month commitments, while options emphasize month-to-month terms with uncapped evening speeds. These services leverage the mobile network for Wi-Fi hotspots, supporting up to multiple devices, though real-world speeds vary by location and congestion. Recent upgrades include partnerships for regional expansion and antennas to enhance capacity and efficiency. Optus reported strong mobile growth in FY2025, driven by postpaid subscriber additions and ARPU increases, contributing to a 5.7% EBITDA rise despite competitive pressures. Network reliability has improved post-2023 outage remediation, with ongoing spectrum refarming from legacy shutdowns to bolster capacity.

Fixed-Line Voice and Internet Access

Optus provides fixed-line internet access primarily through the (NBN), utilizing technologies such as Fibre to the Premises (FTTP), Hybrid Fibre-Coaxial (HFC), Fibre to the Node (FTTN), and Fibre to the Building (FTTB). These connections deliver typical busy-period speeds (7-11pm) ranging from 12/1 Mbps for entry-level plans to up to 500/43 Mbps on premium tiers for eligible FTTP and HFC homes, with actual performance varying by location, , and equipment. In HFC deployments, which repurpose legacy infrastructure originally built by Optus for and early , the service connects via existing wall outlets, often requiring no new internal wiring but potentially necessitating a compatible . Fixed-line voice services are offered as an optional add-on to Optus plans, enabling unlimited standard local, national long-distance, and calls to Australian mobiles for an additional $10 per month under packages like Optus Plus Everyday Extra. These services operate over IP (VoIP) in alignment with Australia's NBN transition away from traditional copper-based (PSTN) lines, ensuring continuity for emergency calls (e.g., Triple Zero) provided the connection remains active. For business customers, Optus provides advanced VoIP solutions such as Optus Loop, powered by , which supports scalable calling, video conferencing, messaging, and document sharing over fixed or dedicated lines without reliance on physical handsets. Optus's fixed integrates with its broader backbone , which interconnects with all 121 NBN Points of Interconnect (POIs) nationwide to facilitate wholesale and retail delivery, though consumer access remains wholesale-dependent on for the final connection type and speeds. Bundled offerings often combine these fixed services with voice for residential users, while enterprise options emphasize reliability and integration with other Optus networks for hybrid fixed-mobile setups. As of 2025, all fixed-line plans require compatible routers or modems, with Optus supplying NBN-approved devices for HFC and FTTP setups to optimize performance.

Television and Bundled Offerings

Optus delivers television content primarily through streaming services and partnerships, bundled with its and mobile plans, marking a shift from traditional cable . In 2005, the company launched digital cable television under the branding 'Optus TV Featuring Digital', available to new and existing hybrid fibre-coaxial (HFC) subscribers, expanding channel options and interactive features. Earlier, Optus entered pay-TV in 1995 via satellite with services like , later rebranded as Optus Vision before integrating Foxtel content. By November 2002, basic packages offered 36 channels, including six options. In recent years, Optus has pivoted toward internet-protocol television (IPTV) and over-the-top (OTT) streaming, discontinuing new hardware sales and service additions effective March 7, 2022, while supporting existing installations. Key standalone television products include , a dedicated streaming platform providing exclusive Australian rights to English matches, , , and UEFA Euro events, priced at $25 per month as of 2025. Additional content access covers movies, series, and documentaries via partnerships with , Stan, and the app, often integrated into broader entertainment ecosystems. Bundled offerings combine television with fixed (nbn or / home ), mobile , and voice services to deliver cost savings and unified billing. For instance, the Optus Plus Entertainer Superfast includes a complimentary Standard subscription valued at $18.99 monthly. NBN customers bundling with an eligible Optus mobile receive $15 monthly discounts for the first 12 months. The $95 Bundle pairs unlimited , fixed , and select content packs over nbn, HFC cable, or direct connections on a 24-month . Mobile--tablet combinations yield "Bundle Bonus" reductions of $15 per month per additional for 12 months. Optus SubHub facilitates centralized management of these subscriptions, consolidating payments and usage tracking. These packages emphasize unlimited data on and streaming perks, targeting households seeking integrated connectivity and without standalone cable commitments.

Corporate Governance

Ownership and Subsidiaries

Singtel Optus Pty Limited, commonly known as Optus, is wholly owned by , a multinational conglomerate headquartered in . Singtel completed its acquisition of Optus—then operating as Cable & Wireless Optus—on 23 October 2001, following an initial takeover bid announced in March 2001 valued at approximately US$8.65 billion. Singtel, which is majority-owned by (a state-owned ), maintains full control over Optus as its key Australian asset, contributing significantly to Singtel's regional revenue—accounting for around 50% in recent years despite operational challenges. Optus primarily operates through integrated business units rather than numerous standalone subsidiaries, with key entities including Optus Mobile Pty Ltd, which manages mobile telecommunications services and is jointly referenced in regulatory undertakings alongside the parent entity. Historically, Optus fully acquired Virgin Mobile Australia in January 2006 for US$22.6 million, gaining 100% ownership of the mobile virtual network operator, but ceased retail operations under that brand in June 2018, migrating customers to core Optus plans amid competitive pressures. Wait, no wiki. From [web:20] acquired 2006, [web:21] stopped 2018. Boost Mobile services were offered by Optus until January 2013 before transitioning to independent operations under separate ownership. Current subsidiary structures focus on operational efficiency, with no major independent consumer-facing subsidiaries reported as of 2025; specialized units handle areas like satellite services (Optus Satellite) and enterprise ICT, but these function as divisions within the group.

Leadership and Executive Changes

Chris Anderson served as CEO of Optus from 1997 until August 2004, during which the company underwent significant expansion following Singtel's acquisition in 2001. He was succeeded by Paul O'Sullivan, previously the , who led Optus until around 2011. Kevin Russell assumed the CEO role after O'Sullivan and held it until 2014, when he announced his intention to depart amid strategic shifts. Allen Lew was appointed CEO in September 2014, focusing on consumer growth and network investments during his tenure until December 2019. Kelly Bayer Rosmarin succeeded Lew as CEO on April 1, 2020, having joined as deputy CEO in March 2019. Her leadership faced challenges, including a major in September 2022 and a nationwide network outage in November 2023 that disrupted emergency services, leading to her resignation on November 18, 2023. Stephen Rue was appointed CEO effective November 2024, bringing experience from where he served as chief customer officer. On the board level, Paul O'Sullivan transitioned to chairman in October 2014 and held the position until August 25, 2025, when John Arthur succeeded him. In October 2025, Optus announced further executive transitions amid scrutiny over a September 2025 triple-zero outage: Michael Venter, also a board director, planned to retire in early 2026, with Andy Giles Knopp from Aussie Broadband appointed as his successor effective April 2026. Mark Potter, who joined in October 2021, decided to depart in March 2026 after four years; was named replacement, starting November 2025. These changes were described by Optus as planned to ensure continuity during ongoing operational improvements.

Acquisitions, Mergers, and Divestitures

Singtel acquired Cable & Wireless Optus in 2001 for A$13.4 billion, completing the on October 23 after a successful bid launched earlier that year, which rebranded the company as Optus Pty Limited. Optus subsequently pursued several acquisitions to expand its capabilities in spectrum, IT services, and mobile virtual network operations. In 2005, it acquired Alphawest Ltd, an IT services provider, for A$25.9 million, with the deal finalized in November. In 2012, Optus entered a conditional agreement to purchase Vividwireless Group Limited for A$230 million on February 20, securing spectrum assets including TD-LTE licenses to accelerate its wireless network rollout; the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission did not oppose the transaction, approved in April. Later that year, on July 26, Optus acquired Eatability Pty Limited, a digital platform, to bolster its digital services. In 2021, Optus completed the A$250 million acquisition of amaysim's mobile business on February 1, integrating 1.2 million subscribers and enhancing its MVNO offerings. On the divestiture front, Optus sold its insurance subsidiary, Optus Insurance Services, to Likewize in December 2021 for US$140 million, alongside a 15-year supply agreement for device protection services. In December 2024, it divested Uecomm, a wholesale telecommunications subsidiary, to Superloop for A$17.5 million to streamline non-core assets. More recently, in September 2025, Optus agreed to sell approximately 340 mobile towers to Waveconn, an Australian infrastructure operator, as part of portfolio optimization efforts. Singtel explored divesting Optus Satellite in 2013, seeking up to A$2 billion, but no sale materialized; broader rumors of selling Optus itself in 2024 were denied by Singtel, with no deal reached.

Infrastructure and Technology

Core Network Backbone

Optus's core network backbone forms the high-capacity that interconnects regional nodes, centers, and international gateways across , enabling the aggregation and routing of traffic from access networks. It relies on a dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) infrastructure, featuring protected diverse rings and synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) elements for resilience against failures. This setup supports dedicated point-to-point optical services like Optus WaveLink, which provides scalable bandwidth for backbone networks and inter-site connectivity at speeds up to multiple gigabits per second. The IP/MPLS core layer, built atop the optical backbone, handles packet routing and quality-of-service prioritization using high-performance routers. Optus has upgraded its core infrastructure to Juniper MX-series routers, enhancing scalability and efficiency for carrier-grade IP services. Complementing this, the backbone transmission capacity has been expanded to 100G systems, supporting high-throughput Ethernet and VPN services nationwide via a Carrier Ethernet fabric. Historically, Optus integrated global connectivity by leveraging the Southern Cross network in November 2000, establishing a seamless IP backbone extension to international points. Earlier expansions included DWDM deployments in 2000, which multiplied fiber capacity by up to 40 times through multi-wavelength transmission. These elements collectively ensure redundant paths and fault-tolerant operations, though vulnerabilities in core routing configurations have been exposed in outages, such as the November 2023 incident stemming from a software update affecting IP core connectivity.

Customer Access Networks

Optus delivers fixed broadband to customer premises predominantly via the (NBN), a wholesale utilizing varied last-mile technologies tailored to geographic and legacy constraints. These encompass fibre to the premises (FTTP), hybrid fibre- (HFC), fibre to the node (FTTN), fibre to the building (FTTB), and fibre to the curb (FTTC), each determining achievable speeds and performance based on the extent of fibre deployment versus legacy copper or cabling. FTTP extends optical fibre directly to the home or business, enabling symmetrical high-speed connections up to multi-gigabit levels with minimal signal degradation, while HFC leverages a fibre backbone terminating in drops for broader coverage in urban areas. The HFC footprint traces origins to Optus' pre-NBN cable deployments in , , and , which passed approximately 2.2 million homes as of the late 2000s before integration into the NBN. In December 2014, Optus transferred ownership of its HFC cable assets to under a commercial agreement valued at around $800 million, facilitating NBN rollout while Optus retained select aerial fibre elements for backhaul purposes; this shifted Optus from network owner to retail reliant on NBN wholesale access. Post-migration, Optus discontinued its standalone cable services, removing redundant aerial infrastructure as NBN connections activated. Technologies like FTTN, FTTB, and FTTC extend fibre closer to premises but depend on existing wiring for the final link, capping speeds—typically under 100 Mbps download in longer runs due to —and requiring potential upgrades for gigabit capability. Optus supports NBN speed tiers across these, with recent wholesale adjustments from September 2025 boosting eligible FTTP and HFC plans to 500/43 Mbps typical evening speeds on select offerings. Complementing wired options, Optus deploys fixed wireless access for non-NBN , utilizing licensed mobile for plug-and-play connectivity up to 1 Gbps downloads without trenching, targeted at underserved or temporary sites. This hybrid approach mitigates NBN technology variances but exposes services to wholesale capacity limits and shared infrastructure dynamics.

Mobile and 5G Deployments

Optus launched its mobile services with the network in 1993, enabling voice calls, messaging, and basic data transmission. The network supported early mobile growth but was phased out progressively, with shutdown commencing on 1 April 2017 in select regions and completing nationwide on 1 August 2017 to reallocate spectrum for advanced technologies. The transition to 3G followed, with commercial launch on 1 May 2007, delivering enhanced data speeds up to several Mbps and supporting applications. Optus decommissioned its 3G network starting 28 October 2024, barring non-VoLTE devices from emergency calls and full service to prioritize and spectrum efficiency. Optus initiated 4G LTE deployment in September 2012, activating sites in , Perth, and Newcastle, with rapid expansion to other capitals including by late 2012. In 2013, the company introduced TD-LTE alongside FDD-LTE in major cities, branded as 4G Plus upon adding in 2014 for improved throughput. These upgrades enabled peak downlink speeds exceeding 100 Mbps in urban areas during early rollouts. Optus announced its rollout in February 2018, targeting initial access in early 2019 across metropolitan zones using mmWave and sub-6 GHz bands. Commercial services launched in January 2019 in and select suburbs, with over 50 mobile sites live by March 2019 in cities including , , , , Perth, and . In February 2020, Optus activated the world's first production dual-band network combining 2300 MHz and 3500 MHz spectrum in , extending to shortly thereafter, achieving peak speeds over 1 Gbps in tests with compatible devices like the Samsung Galaxy S20. As of April 2025, Optus maintained the highest average download speeds in at 212.3 Mbps, outperforming competitors by leveraging spectrum assets and site density in populated areas. The network emphasizes urban and suburban coverage, with ongoing expansions into regional locations via partnerships and low-band spectrum for broader reach, though rural penetration lags due to terrain and economic factors. Optus integrates with non-standalone architecture initially, transitioning toward standalone cores for reduced latency and enhanced reliability in enterprise applications.

Shared and Third-Party Infrastructure

Optus participates in shared mobile infrastructure arrangements primarily through a multi-year agreement with , owner of the brand in . Signed on April 29, 2024, the deal is valued at A$1.6 billion and enables Multi-Operator Core Network (MOCN) sharing, allowing TPG to access Optus' regional mobile sites while providing Optus with assets. This arrangement grants TPG use of approximately 2,444 Optus sites in , effectively doubling TPG's national mobile coverage from around 400,000 square kilometers to over 1 million. The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) approved the proposal on September 5, 2024, determining it would not substantially lessen competition and could enhance Optus' regional deployment against . Rollout commenced in early 2025, integrating Vodafone customers onto Optus' network for improved rural access without affecting metropolitan services. Prior to this, Optus had no equivalent nationwide sharing pacts with , having opposed a proposed TPG- arrangement. For fixed-line services, Optus relies on third-party wholesale infrastructure, notably the (NBN), a government-owned open-access platform. As a retail service provider, Optus delivers broadband via NBN's fiber-to-the-premises (FTTP), fiber-to-the-node (FTTN), and (HFC) technologies, without owning the underlying access network. This model, established post-2010 NBN rollout, allows Optus to offer plans up to 100 Mbps download speeds on NBN infrastructure, supplemented by its own . Optus formerly operated its own HFC network, but assumed control of compatible assets, shifting Optus to a role for much of its fixed broadband delivery. Optus also leverages third-party backhaul and international connectivity, interconnecting with NBN points of interconnect (POIs) for transit to its core network, though specifics on private dark fiber leases or dependencies remain . These arrangements reduce on access layers but expose Optus to wholesale pricing and capacity constraints set by .

Marketing and Public Engagement

Advertising Strategies

Optus has employed the "Yes" motif as a foundational element of its advertising since its market entry in 1992, positioning itself as a customer-empowered alternative to the dominant government-owned Telecom Australia (later Telstra). Early campaigns emphasized affirmative messaging, such as "Dial 1" for choice and "Yes" to signify accessibility and innovation, contrasting with the incumbent's perceived rigidity. This strategy aimed to disrupt the monopoly by highlighting Optus's role as a challenger brand focused on customer-centric services. In July 2020, Optus launched the "It Starts with Yes" brand positioning campaign, developed by Special Group , to reinforce this legacy while adapting to competitive pressures. The campaign featured narratives like children collaborating in an apartment to underscore empowerment and collective achievement, running across , digital, and out-of-home media to boost , internal alignment, and . It centered on the premise that positive outcomes begin with , aligning with Optus's ambition to deliver value without premiums on its network covering 98.5% of . More recent strategies have shifted toward value-driven propositions and social-first executions, particularly post-2022 challenges. In October 2024, a campaign by Emotive promoted features like unlimited weekend for prepaid users and early phone upgrades, using emotive spots such as "Friends on a Train" to address customer pain points like constraints and device costs. This challenger-oriented approach included integrated 30-second ads across broadcast and digital platforms, emphasizing no-hidden-fees trials to rebuild trust and highlight network reliability. Agency partnerships have evolved to support these tactics, with Emotive managing creative for a decade on efforts like "We're All In" before a 2025 review led to Song acquiring key accounts. The process prioritized benchmarked innovation, enabling modernized imagery focused on control and affordability amid regulatory . Optus has also integrated localized tactics, such as community-targeted activations in 36 sites since November 2015, blending national branding with regional relevance to enhance .

Sponsorships and Brand Partnerships

Optus has maintained a prominent presence in Australian sports sponsorships, particularly through and technology . The company holds the for Optus Stadium in Perth, , a multi-purpose venue opened in 2018 with a capacity of over 60,000, where Optus provides and connectivity services. This underscores Optus's focus on integrating its network capabilities into high-profile venues to enhance fan experiences via features like and coverage. In motorsports, Optus serves as a sponsor for , a team, aligning with its ambassadorial ties to drivers such as and , the latter appointed as "Chief of Optimism" in promotional campaigns emphasizing resilience and performance. Tennis star Barty has also been featured as a , leveraging her status as a former world No. 1 to promote Optus's mobile and broadband services in targeted marketing efforts. Optus has extended sponsorships to cultural and community events, including the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras and the Art Gallery of , fostering brand visibility through experiential activations and digital connectivity support. In 2024, Optus entered a multi-year with Australia, supporting wounded, injured, and ill veterans through events like the , with commitments to provide telecommunications solutions and promotional backing. Community-level engagements include sponsorships of local football clubs such as Tuggeranong United FC, South Canberra FC, and Woden FC during the 2024 season, alongside the Floriade Festival in , which drew nearly 500,000 attendees in September 2024. Through , the company's streaming service, partnerships have bolstered coverage of international soccer events, including sponsorship deals with brands like , , TAB, and Ford for broadcasts. Additionally, Optus acted as an Official Supporter for the 2023 in Australia and , contributing to digital fan engagement platforms and infrastructure for the tournament hosted across multiple cities. These initiatives reflect Optus's strategy of aligning with events that drive subscriber growth and network utilization, though shifts such as the 2025 transfer of rights to indicate evolving priorities in sports broadcasting partnerships.

Achievements and Innovations

Awards and Industry Recognitions

Optus has received various industry awards, primarily recognizing its wholesale operations and customer service initiatives. In 2024, Optus Wholesale was named APAC Regional Winner at the Customer Centricity World Series Awards and earned Highly Commended status in the "Customer Centricity in B2B" category. At the Annual MVNOs World Congress, it secured the Best Hosting Operator award in 2022 and 2017, Most Innovative Wholesaler and People's Choice in 2018, with finalist placements in 2025 for Host Operator Excellence and in 2024 for Host Operator of the Year. In customer experience categories, Optus won Excellence in Customer Service: Elevating Customer Care at the CX Ashton Awards in 2023, following finalist nods in 2024, 2022, and 2021, including for Best Use of and Insights to Improve CX in prior years. The company claimed Wholesale Operator of the Year at the Communications Awards in 2018, after being a finalist in 2017. CSIA Awards highlighted service transformations, with wins for Project of the Year in 2021 (Service Transformation), 2020 (Service Innovation), and 2019 (Service Transformation), plus Service Champions in 2018. Optus was a finalist for Best Wholesale Operator at the World Communication Awards in 2018 and 2017. In sustainability efforts, it received the Telco to Ace ESG award at the Twimbit Telecom Awards 2024 for initiatives to reduce its environmental impact. Partnerships have also yielded recognitions, such as Global Managed Services Partner of the Year with in 2021 and APAC Cloud Partner of the Year with in 2023.

Key Technological Milestones

Optus commenced mobile services in June 1992, marking the entry of a second national carrier into 's analog mobile market and initiating competition against the incumbent Telecom Australia. This launch involved deploying a GSM-based network infrastructure, with initial coverage focused on major urban centers. In August 1994, Optus pioneered the MobileSat service, the world's first commercial land mobile telephone system, enabling voice communications for remote and mobile users across via geostationary technology. The following year, in 1995, Optus commissioned the Optus B3 , enhancing national pay-TV and services capacity. Optus introduced Australia's first national GPRS network in November 2000, facilitating early packet-switched services for mobile users and paving the way for enhanced mobile . The company launched its network on May 1, 2007, delivering higher-speed capabilities and supporting multimedia services in metropolitan areas. Optus deployed its initial LTE network, starting with TD-LTE in in May 2013, followed by multi-band FD-LTE expansions across major cities, achieving Australia's first combined TD/FD-LTE setup. In December 2013, it activated the world's first TD-LTE Advanced trial, boosting peak speeds beyond standard LTE limits. For , Optus activated its first commercial sites in January 2019, initially offering access in select metro areas before expanding to . In collaboration with , it achieved multiple Australian-first 5G milestones in 2019, including end-to-end commercial deployments using 3.5 GHz spectrum. By July 2022, Optus completed Australia's first 5G standalone four-component data call in , enhancing network efficiency and capacity.

Controversies and Incidents

2022 Cybersecurity Breach

On September 22, 2022, Optus, Australia's second-largest telecommunications provider, publicly disclosed a cybersecurity breach that compromised the personal data of approximately 9.8 to 10 million current and former customers, representing nearly 40% of the Australian population. The incident was detected internally around September 20 when suspicious network activity was identified, with unauthorized access occurring via an exposed application programming interface (API) endpoint on a subdomain used for customer support functions. This API lacked proper authentication controls, allowing attackers to query customer records using minimal inputs such as names, dates of birth, and postcodes, enabling bulk data extraction without valid credentials. The stolen data included full names, dates of birth, phone numbers, addresses, residential addresses, and, for a subset of about 2.1 million individuals, sensitive identification details such as numbers and, in some cases, or Medicare numbers. On September 23, a using the alias "optusdata" posted samples of the breached data on a forum and demanded a of around 1 million Australian dollars in , though Optus confirmed no payment was made and the full dataset was not believed to have been sold at that time. The breach stemmed from inadequate measures, including failure to restrict access or implement , highlighting systemic vulnerabilities in Optus's data handling practices despite prior awareness of similar risks in the sector. Optus responded by notifying affected customers via email and offering complimentary credit monitoring services, SIM replacement, and reimbursement for identity document reissuance costs up to certain limits, while engaging cybersecurity firms for forensic analysis. The company initially overstated the scope by suggesting all 10 million records included identification numbers, later clarifying that only a fraction did, which drew criticism for transparency lapses. The Australian government launched investigations, with the Office of the Australian Information Commissioner (OAIC) initiating a probe on October 11, 2022, to assess whether Optus fulfilled obligations under the Privacy Act to protect personal information through reasonable steps. The Australian Federal Police took over the criminal investigation, and a parliamentary inquiry examined broader implications for data privacy laws, amid public outrage over heightened risks of identity theft and scams targeting victims. Optus chief executive Yuen Kuan Moon resigned in November 2022 amid fallout from the incident. The breach underscored deficiencies in mandatory data breach reporting and cybersecurity standards for critical infrastructure, prompting calls for legislative reforms including a ransomware payment ban and enhanced penalties.

2023 Nationwide Network Outage

On November 8, 2023, Optus experienced a nationwide outage affecting its entire mobile, fixed-line , and network, beginning at approximately 4:05 AM AEDT and lasting up to 14 hours for many users, with some services disrupted for longer. The incident impacted around 10 million Optus customers and resellers' users, representing nearly half of Australia's population reliant on the network for connectivity. The outage stemmed from a routine software that triggered excessive routing information updates from an international partner, which propagated across multiple network layers and surpassed predefined safety thresholds on critical routers, causing them to automatically shut down to prevent further damage. Restoration required manual physical reboots of hardware at data centers, as automated recovery mechanisms failed due to the scale of the disruption. Optus CEO Kelly Bayer Rosmarin described the event as resulting from a "technical fault" and defended the company's communication efforts as "front-footed," though initial public notifications were limited to posts acknowledging issues without specifying the cause. The disruption severely hampered emergency services, with Optus failing to provide access to the Triple Zero (000) emergency call service for 2,145 individuals during the outage, breaching Australian regulatory requirements for telecommunications providers to maintain priority emergency access. Hospitals faced delays in critical operations, businesses lost revenue from halted transactions, and government services, including public safety , were compromised, underscoring vulnerabilities in concentrated telecom dependency. A subsequent review highlighted systemic risks in network resilience and recommended enhanced contingency planning, while the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) imposed a AUD 12 million penalty on Optus for the emergency service failures. The event contributed to public and regulatory scrutiny of Optus, culminating in Bayer Rosmarin's resignation weeks later amid broader accountability pressures.

2025 Triple-Zero Emergency Service Failure

On September 18, 2025, Optus experienced a major network upgrade failure that disrupted Triple Zero (000) call services across parts of , preventing over 600 calls from connecting for approximately 13 hours. The incident stemmed from a technical error during the upgrade process, which Optus later attributed to human oversight in configuration, exacerbating vulnerabilities in their call routing systems. At least four deaths have been linked to the outage, including cases where callers could not reach services during critical medical or safety situations, prompting widespread public outrage and calls for accountability. A second outage occurred on September 29, 2025, lasting over nine hours and affecting around 4,500 customers primarily south of , with at least nine documented failures to connect Triple Zero calls, though no fatalities were reported in this instance. This followed the initial failure by just 11 days, highlighting recurring issues in Optus's reliability for priority services, despite prior warnings from regulators about call obligations. The Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) launched an investigation into Optus's compliance with emergency-calling rules under the Telecommunications Act, expressing deep concern over the repeated disruptions and potential breaches that endangered public safety. In response, Optus commissioned an independent review led by Dr. Kerry Schott AO to examine the root causes, while announcing increased reliance on automated monitoring systems to mitigate human error in future upgrades. Government officials described the events as a "shocking failure," ordering further probes and considering legislative amendments to strengthen penalties for non-compliance, up to $250,000 per breach. The incidents drew for Optus's delayed communication and inadequate real-time outage reporting, which the company had previously argued would impose a "huge burden" despite regulatory expectations. By October 2025, two senior executives had departed amid the scrutiny, and customer complaints surged, with surveys indicating millions considering switching providers due to eroded trust in the network's reliability. This marked the third major Triple Zero failure involving Optus in two years, underscoring systemic challenges in privatized handling compared to integrated public systems.

Sales Practices and Regulatory Violations

In 2025, Optus Mobile Pty Ltd was ordered by the to pay a penalty of AU$100 million for engaging in unconscionable conduct under the Australian Consumer Law, stemming from inappropriate practices by its staff between August 2019 and July 2023. The conduct involved representatives at 16 retail stores across targeting over 400 vulnerable consumers, including those who could not afford the products, lacked understanding of contracts due to language barriers, or lived in areas without network coverage. Staff applied high-pressure tactics, such as refusing to end conversations until were completed, fabricating details to secure higher approvals, and failing to disclose contract terms or cancellation rights. The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) initiated proceedings against Optus in October 2024 following investigations into complaints about predatory sales driven by commission-based incentives. Optus admitted the breaches in June 2025, agreeing to the penalty amount and joint submissions to the court, which described the practices as "appalling" and systematically exploitative of customer vulnerabilities for financial gain. The court approved the penalty on September 24, 2025, noting it reflected the seriousness of the conduct, which prioritized sales targets over consumer welfare. As part of the resolution, Optus entered into an enforceable undertaking with the ACCC to overhaul its sales compliance framework, including enhanced training, monitoring of high-risk interactions, revised commission structures to reduce pressure on staff, and independent audits of retail practices. The company also committed to compensating affected customers, though specific remediation details were not publicly quantified beyond case-by-case reviews. This penalty marked one of the largest for consumer law violations in the sector, highlighting ongoing regulatory scrutiny of commission-driven sales models in .

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