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B330
Rendering of the B330
Station statistics
Crew6[1]
Launchplanned: 2021[2] (cancelled)
Carrier rocketAtlas V[3]
Mission statusDevelopmental
Mass 23,000 kg (50,000 lb)[4]
Length16.88 m (55.4 ft)[5]
Diameter6.7 m (22.0 ft)[5][a]
Pressurized volume330 m3 (11,654 cu ft)[5]

The B330 (previously known as the Nautilus space complex module and BA 330) was an inflatable space habitat privately developed by Bigelow Aerospace from 2010 until 2020.[6] The design was evolved from NASA's TransHab habitat concept. B330 was to have 330 cubic meters (12,000 cu ft) of internal volume, hence its numeric designation.

The craft was intended to support zero-gravity research including scientific missions and manufacturing processes. Beyond its industrial and scientific purposes, however, it had potential as a destination for space tourism and a craft for missions destined for the Moon and Mars.

Several test articles were built and tested in ground test facilities, but no flight versions were built.

Features

[edit]

Compared to their volume-mass ratio, expandable modules offer more living space than traditional rigid modules. For example, the pressurized volume of a 23-tonne B330 module was 330 m3, compared to 106 m3 of the 15-tonne ISS Destiny module. Thus B330 offered 210% more habitable space, with an increase in mass of only 53%.

Bigelow claimed that the module provided radiation protection equivalent to, and ballistic protection superior to, the International Space Station.[7]

The exterior of the craft was 16.88 meters (55 ft) long by 6.7 meters (22 ft) in diameter[5] and the module weighed 23,000 kilograms (50,000 lb).[4]

The habitat was designed with two solar arrays and two thermal radiator arrays for heat dissipation, as well as life support systems to sustain a crew of up to six astronauts. It had "a zero-g toilet with solid and liquid waste collection, semi-private berths for each crew member, exercise equipment, a food storage and preparation station, lighting, and a personal hygiene station."[8]

The wall thickness was approximately 0.46 metres (18 in) with the module fully expanded. The walls had 24 to 36 layers for ballistic protection, thermal protection, and radiation protection,[9] as hard as concrete once the craft was fully expanded.[10] The exterior had four large windows coated with a UV protection film.

Dual-redundant control thruster systems were to be used, one using mono-propellant hydrazine and the other using gaseous hydrogen and gaseous oxygen. The second system was refillable from the on-board environmental control system.[8] Module-specific avionics were included for navigation, re-boost, docking, and other on-orbit maneuvering.

Bigelow Aerospace developed the B330 module to mate with other spacecraft such as Russian Soyuz spacecraft, SpaceX's Dragon V2, Boeing's CST-100 Starliner, and NASA's Orion spacecraft. The module's large size was intended to benefit lunar astronauts or the crews of other long-duration space missions,[11] which had fairly cramped quarters for the several-day flight.

Technology

[edit]
Mock-up of the B330

While details on the purchased TransHab technology have not been published, NASA states the following about the structure of the module that Bigelow adopted as a starting point:

With almost two dozen layers, TransHab's foot-thick inflatable shell is a marvel of innovative design. The layers are fashioned to break up particles of space debris and tiny meteorites that may hit the shell with a speed seven times as fast as a bullet. The outer layers protect multiple inner bladders, made of a material that holds in the module's air. The shell also provides insulation from temperatures in space that can range from +121 °C (+250 °F) in sunlight to −128 °C (−200 °F) in the shade.

The key to the debris protection is successive layers of Nextel, a material commonly used as insulation under the hoods of many cars, spaced between several-inches-thick layers of open cell foam, similar to foam used for chair cushions on Earth. The Nextel and foam layers cause a particle to shatter as it hits, losing more and more of its energy as it penetrates deeper.

Many layers into the shell is a layer of super-strong woven Kevlar that holds the module's shape. The air is held inside by three bladders of Combitherm,[12] material commonly used in the food-packing industry. The innermost layer, forming the inside wall of the module, is Nomex cloth, a fireproof material that also protects the bladder from scuffs and scratches.

— NASA TransHab Concept, [13]

Bigelow has described their technology to news media[14] and have indicated that their proprietary technology inflatable shell, now in validation test in low-Earth orbit in two subscale spacecraft, incorporates a layer of Vectran, along with the Kevlar, etc. of the NASA technology.[15]

History

[edit]

Its design is based on the cancelled NASA TransHab program. Bigelow gained access to TransHab engineers and workers,[when?] some of whom later went on to advise Bigelow's project.[16][17][needs update]

The module follows the launch of two demonstration modules successfully tested in Earth orbit, Genesis I in 2006[18] and Genesis II in 2007.

As of 2005, Bigelow Aerospace had plans to develop the CSS Skywalker, a space station based upon using B330 modules to act as an orbital hotel.[19] Plans in 2010 continued to call for construction of a space station, but without the CSS Skywalker moniker, with "more usable volume than the existing International Space Station".[20] Those plans included a complex of two smaller Sundancer modules, a combined node and propulsion module and one full-size B330 in order to provide a total volume that was only somewhat less than that of the International Space Station, though built from fewer and larger individual modules.[21]

In early 2010, Bigelow selected[22] Orbitec as the supplier for environmental control and life support systems (ECLSS).[23]

As of February 2010, an initial launch of the B330 was slated to be no earlier than 2015, following a notional launch of the smaller Sundancer habitat in 2014.[20] In July 2010, Bigelow announced that a B330 would be the sixth spacecraft component making up the notional Bigelow Commercial Space Station.[21] The Sundancer development was later halted, with a decision to move directly from the Genesis-series prototypes to the B330.

As of November 2013, Bigelow Aerospace indicated that the company has the financial capacity to produce at least two B330 habitats, along with a couple of transit tugs and a docking node if Bigelow is able to secure commercial customers to pay for approximately half of the launch costs for these systems.[24]

In February 2014, some pricing and other lease details were made public. The B330 lease rate will be US$25 million for one-third of the station—110 cubic metres (3,900 cu ft)—for a 60-day lease and a round-trip taxi-seat to the B330 in low Earth orbit (LEO) on a SpaceX Dragon 2 was projected to be US$26.5 million per seat. At the time, Bigelow indicated that the habitat could be launch-ready by 2017.[8]

Also in 2014, Bigelow announced notional designs for two enhanced B330s,[8] but has explicitly stated that it would need to secure an anchor customer to go forward with building and launching any systems beyond low Earth orbit (BLEO).[24]

  • B330-DS for deep space missions to Earth/Moon Lagrange points or for lunar orbital destinations.[8]
  • B330-MDS for use on the surface of the Moon or other inner Solar System bodies.[8]

In April 2016, Bigelow signed an agreement with United Launch Alliance (ULA) to launch the first B330 module in 2020 using an Atlas V rocket.[3] In October 2017, Bigelow and ULA announced they are working together to launch a B330 expandable module on ULA's Vulcan launch vehicle. After outfitting in Earth orbit, the B330 will be boosted to low lunar orbit by two further Vulcan ACES launches by the end of 2022 to serve as a lunar depot.[25] The first B330 launch was originally planned to be launched aboard an Atlas V rocket,[3] but ULA stated in October 2017 that its in-development Vulcan rocket was the only launch vehicle available with the performance and fairing capacity to carry the module.[25] The timeline may be 'aspirational' as ULA have indicated that the Vulcan will transition to using ACES upper stage around 2024.[26]

Bigelow ceased all work on the B330 in March 2020 as it laid off its entire 88-person workforce.[6]

XBASE

[edit]

In August 2016 Bigelow negotiated an agreement with NASA to develop a full-sized ground prototype Deep Space Habitation based on the B330 under the second phase of Next Space Technologies for Exploration Partnerships. The module was called the Expandable Bigelow Advanced Station Enhancement (XBASE), as Bigelow hoped to test the module by attaching it to the International Space Station.[27][28]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

B330

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The B330 is an module developed by , designed as an autonomous, expandable structure providing 330 cubic meters (11,650 cubic feet) of pressurized internal volume to support long-duration missions. It features self-contained , , and power systems, enabling it to function as an independent launched in a single payload. The module is designed to fit within standard fairings for deployment, expanding post-launch via internal gas inflation for enhanced habitability and compared to rigid metal structures. Bigelow Aerospace's development of the B330 evolved from earlier inflatable technologies, including the and II pathfinder satellites launched in 2006 and 2007, and NASA's TransHab concept from the 1990s, which influenced the company's expandable habitat designs. The B330 specifically built upon the (BEAM), a smaller prototype attached to the in 2016 to test durability and performance in space. Intended to accommodate four astronauts indefinitely or five for several months, the habitat includes two galleys, two lavatories, ample cargo storage, and advanced environmental controls for missions in , lunar vicinity, or Mars transit. Its multi-layer fabric construction provides superior secondary radiation shielding without the mass penalties of traditional aluminum modules. In 2016, Bigelow Aerospace received funding under NASA's Next Space Technologies for Exploration Partnerships (NextSTEP) Phase 2 program to mature the B330 design for potential integration into deep space habitats, including the Lunar Gateway station. Ground-based testing with NASA astronauts occurred in September 2019 at Bigelow's facilities in North Las Vegas, Nevada, evaluating crew interfaces, usability, and suitability for lunar and Mars applications. Partnerships, such as with United Launch Alliance in 2017, explored launching B330 variants to low lunar orbit using the Vulcan Centaur rocket for commercial space station concepts. However, development halted in March 2020 when Bigelow Aerospace laid off its entire workforce amid the COVID-19 pandemic and challenges securing further contracts. As of 2025, the B330 has not been developed further, but Bigelow's expandable technology, demonstrated by the ongoing use of BEAM on the ISS since 2016, has influenced subsequent habitats such as Sierra Space's Large Integrated Flexible Environment (LIFE) module.

Design

Physical Specifications

The B330 module is engineered for single-launch deployment as an autonomous space habitat, capable of independent operation following expansion in . In its launch configuration, the module has a mass of approximately 20 metric tons, encompassing the , integrated systems, and initial outfitting, and is compacted to fit within the of medium-lift launch vehicles such as the . Upon inflation, the B330 achieves an overall expanded volume of 330 cubic meters, providing a pressurized habitable volume of approximately 320 cubic meters to support crew activities and equipment. The fully expanded structure measures 6.7 meters in diameter and 13.7 meters in length, enabling spacious internal arrangements while maintaining structural integrity through its multi-layer shell. This design allows for efficient transport and rapid deployment, with the module's expandable nature derived in part from NASA's TransHab concept for enhanced volume efficiency. Key physical attributes include integrated solar arrays to power onboard systems, along with docking nodes supporting options for chemical or electric to facilitate rendezvous and station-keeping maneuvers. The inflatable materials offer inherent radiation shielding equivalent to or better than modules, contributing to crew safety in low-Earth orbit or beyond without additional mass penalties.
SpecificationValue
Pressurized Volume330 m³
Habitable Volume~320 m³
Expanded Diameter6.7 m
Expanded Length13.7 m
Launch Mass~20 metric tons
Radiation ShieldingEquivalent to or better than ISS modules

Internal Layout

The B330 features a modular interior designed to support a crew of four astronauts indefinitely or five for several months, prioritizing long-duration habitability through dedicated private sleeping quarters, a galley, and ample storage. Each sleeping quarter includes a bed, storage compartments, and a computer terminal for personal use, ensuring privacy without the need for curtains. The galley provides a communal dining space with a table and chairs. The interior employs modular outfitting compatible with (ISS) standards, allowing integration of standard racks and equipment for seamless adaptability and resupply operations. Docking ports positioned at both ends facilitate connections to other modules, enabling expansion into larger orbital stations while maintaining structural integrity. This design supports flexible reconfiguration to suit mission-specific needs, such as research or operational zones. Key subsystems are strategically located for efficiency and safety: systems are centralized within a core cylinder that runs along the module's axis, surrounded by habitable living spaces along the outer walls. Storage for essentials like water, oxygen, and is distributed along the perimeter walls to optimize utilization and accessibility, with additional volume for extended missions. The module includes two galleys and two lavatories. The command station benefits from the module's inherent , provided by multiple layered fabrics equivalent to ISS shielding levels, ensuring a shielded environment for critical operations. Flexible partitioning using soft goods allows for customizable zones, adapting the layout dynamically without permanent fixtures. Overall, the B330's pressurized floor area equates to the interior space of approximately two school buses, offering ample —about 330 cubic meters total volume—for crew activities and equipment while promoting psychological well-being through open, adaptable configurations.

Technology

Inflatable Expansion System

The B330 module launches in a compact, folded configuration to fit within the of vehicles such as the or rockets. Following insertion, the expansion system deploys the structure by gradually introducing pressurized air from onboard storage tanks, transforming it into a fully operational with an internal volume of 330 cubic meters. This process leverages lessons from Bigelow Aerospace's earlier Genesis pathfinder satellite and the Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM) demonstrated on the . The core of the expansion system is a multi-layer fabric designed for controlled deployment and . The innermost layer is a flexible that serves as the primary air barrier, retaining the internal atmosphere during and operation. Surrounding this is a load-bearing restraint layer composed of high-strength straps and fabrics—such as circumferential, radial, and axial elements—that distribute expansion forces evenly to prevent overstress and maintain the module's cylindrical shape. The outermost layer functions as a and orbital debris (MMOD) , providing ballistic protection while allowing the structure to unfold without interference. Deployment is facilitated by automated valves that regulate air flow from the storage tanks, coupled with integrated sensors monitoring pressure, strain, and dimensional changes to ensure safe progression. Rigid metallic end cones at the fore and aft sections anchor the restraint layer, serve as docking interfaces for crew vehicles or additional modules, and house systems for attitude control, including reaction control thrusters. This design enables an expansion that increases the habitable volume by a factor of approximately 3:1 compared to the packed state, optimizing launch efficiency while supporting long-duration missions. The technology was validated through the BEAM module, which underwent on-orbit testing on the ISS from 2016 until its transfer to full management in 2022.

Structural and Protective Materials

The B330's structural framework relies on high-performance fabrics in its multi-layer skin, with serving as the primary material in the restraint layer to provide shape retention and load-bearing capacity after inflation. , a fiber, exhibits exceptional tensile strength up to 3.2 GPa, offering superior strength-to-weight performance compared to alternatives like . , an fiber with tensile strength around 3 GPa, complements in the restraint layer, enhancing puncture resistance and overall durability. These materials enable the module to withstand internal pressures of approximately 14.7 psi while minimizing mass during launch. Thermal management is achieved through integrated (MLI) comprising ceramic fabric for outer durability and polyimide films for inner gas retention and heat reflection. provides high-temperature resistance, while ensures impermeability to gases and protection against ultraviolet degradation, collectively reducing radiative by factors of 100 or more compared to uninsulated surfaces. The layered configuration also contributes to the total skin mass of less than 1 kg/m², allowing efficient packaging for launch. Protection against micrometeoroid and orbital debris (MMOD) is provided by the inherent multi-layer design, where and fabrics act as a distributed , fragmenting and absorbing hypervelocity impacts equivalent to 1 cm of aluminum penetration resistance at 7 km/s. For mitigation, embedded layers and optional walls utilize hydrogen-rich compositions to attenuate galactic cosmic rays, achieving a 20-30% dose reduction relative to rigid aluminum modules of comparable thickness. These features support a verified 15-year operational lifespan in , with materials demonstrating resilience to atomic oxygen erosion through ground-based simulations and on-orbit testing analogs.

Development History

Origins and Early Prototypes

was founded in February 1999 by entrepreneur Robert T. Bigelow, with the initial goal of advancing expandable habitat technology for . The company's early work drew heavily from NASA's TransHab program, a late-1990s initiative at that explored inflatable modules as lightweight alternatives to rigid structures for the and future Mars missions, running from approximately 1997 until its cancellation in 2000 due to budget constraints. Bigelow, inspired by TransHab's potential to provide larger habitable volumes at reduced launch costs, acquired exclusive commercial licensing rights to NASA's related patents in 2006, enabling private-sector development of the technology. A foundational step came in 1999 when Bigelow filed its first patent application for inflatable habitation volumes in space, emphasizing multi-layered fabric structures that could be compacted for launch and expanded on orbit to create shielded living spaces. This shift from traditional rigid modules promised significant advantages, including up to one-third less launch mass compared to equivalent metallic habitats, primarily by minimizing packed volume and structural weight while achieving greater internal space—key for cost efficiency in an era of high launch expenses. To validate these concepts, Bigelow pursued orbital prototypes: Genesis I launched on July 12, 2006, aboard a Dnepr rocket from Russia, successfully inflating to 4.4 meters in length and demonstrating basic systems like sensors and cameras over its multi-year mission. This was followed by Genesis II on June 28, 2007, which carried additional payloads such as biological experiments and further confirmed the durability of the inflatable design in low Earth orbit. Building on these successes, Bigelow developed ground-based mockups between 2008 and 2010 to refine interior layouts and human factors for larger , including full-scale representations of the Sundancer module—a precursor to scalable designs—at its facility. These efforts culminated in the 2010 announcement of the B330, a commercial expandable providing 330 cubic meters of pressurized volume, positioned as a block for private space stations and deep-space missions. The prototypes and mockups established the viability of technology, influencing subsequent collaborations like the on the ISS.

Key Milestones and Partnerships

In 2016, Bigelow Aerospace secured a NASA NextSTEP-2 contract to develop ground prototypes for deep space habitats, focusing on the Expandable Bigelow Advanced Station Enhancement (XBASE) as a scaled version of the B330 for evaluating expandable module technologies. This award built on prior collaborations, including the 2016 deployment of the Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM) to the International Space Station, where NASA and Bigelow jointly tested inflatable habitat performance as a precursor to larger B330 systems. The BEAM, launched via SpaceX CRS-8, expanded successfully on May 28, 2016, providing data on radiation shielding, thermal control, and structural integrity in microgravity. A key partnership emerged in 2017 when signed an agreement with (ULA) to launch B330 modules using the rocket, targeting low by 2022 to demonstrate cislunar habitation capabilities. Under the program, Bigelow's XBASE prototype underwent human factors evaluations starting in 2016, allowing NASA engineers and astronauts to assess layout , crew movement, and environmental controls in a simulated B330 environment. These tests emphasized ergonomic design and integration, informing refinements for deep space missions. By , conducted extensive ground testing of a full-scale at facilities in North , evaluating its potential integration into the as a habitation module under the . Astronauts performed two weeks of simulations in September , focusing on volume efficiency, outfitting for four-to-five crew members, and compatibility with Gateway docking ports. Despite these advancements, ceased operations in March 2020 amid funding shortages and market uncertainties, resulting in the of its entire workforce and halting further B330 development; no orbital deployments of the module were ever achieved.

Applications and Legacy

Intended Orbital and Deep Space Uses

The B330 was envisioned as a standalone commercial space station in (LEO), enabling expanded opportunities for microgravity research, private industry activities, and . Its design supported autonomous operations for crews of up to four, with provisions for docking additional modules to form expandable clusters accommodating 10 or more individuals, thereby facilitating scalable orbital architectures beyond the . This modularity allowed for the creation of dedicated facilities, such as research labs or tourist accommodations, resupplied periodically by cargo vehicles like those from or Orbital ATK. In deep space applications, the B330 was planned as a primary for Mars transit vehicles, providing a shielded living environment during 6- to 9-month interplanetary journeys. Its inflatable structure, offering approximately 330 cubic meters of pressurized volume, was intended to house essential systems including galleys, private quarters, and layers to mitigate exposure for extended missions. The habitat's systems were designed to sustain a for up to two years, supporting preparations for Mars surface operations through integrated environmental controls and resource recycling. For lunar missions, the B330 was conceptualized as an outpost in low , serving as a depot for testing, storage, and crew staging in support of NASA's . Under a 2017 partnership with (ULA), a B330 module was slated for deployment in by the end of 2022 via an or launch, enabling integration with crew vehicles like NASA's Orion capsule for transfer and resupply operations. Bigelow Aerospace discontinued development of the B330 in March 2020 following the company's sudden closure, which resulted in the of its remaining 68 employees and the cancellation of all ongoing projects, including the B330, with no modules ever launched to . The (BEAM), a smaller precursor to the B330 launched to the in 2016, has far exceeded its original two-year technology demonstration mission and, as of 2025, continues to serve as additional cargo storage while undergoing ongoing environmental testing. In January 2022, following Bigelow's closure, formally transferred ownership of BEAM from the company and contracted ATA Engineering to provide sustaining services, marking a shift in support from Bigelow to external firms for the module's operations. The B330's inflatable habitat concepts have influenced subsequent commercial efforts, notably 's Large Integrated Flexible Environment () habitats, which build on similar expandable designs for low-Earth orbit and deep space applications, with emerging as a key player in the field after Bigelow's exit. In May 2025, was awarded a $3.6 million contract for lunar logistics using its LIFE habitat technology. These advancements have contributed to the growth of the commercial low-Earth orbit market by demonstrating scalable, cost-effective habitat technologies that attract partnerships for private space stations. Bigelow's inflatable technologies, including those prototyped in the B330, have been adopted into NASA's broader architectures for the and future Mars missions, where expandable modules are evaluated for providing shielded living quarters on the lunar surface and beyond. As of November 2025, successfully completed a burst test for its lunar , exceeding NASA's requirements by a factor of 14.7.

References

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