SMILE (spacecraft)

The mission will observe the solar wind interaction with the magnetosphere with its X-ray and ultraviolet cameras (SXI and UVI), gathering simultaneous images and videos of the dayside magnetopause (where Earth's magnetosphere meets the solar wind), the polar cusps (a region in each hemisphere where particles from the solar wind have direct access to Earth's ionosphere), and the auroral oval (the region around each geomagnetic pole where auroras most often occur). SMILE will also gather simultaneously in situ measurements with its two other instruments making up its payload – an ion analyser (LIA) and a magnetometer (MAG). These instruments will monitor the ions in the solar wind, magnetosheath and magnetosphere while detecting changes in the local DC magnetic field.

SMILE must reach a high enough altitude to view the outside edge of Earth's magnetopause and at the same time obtain good spatial resolution of the auroral oval. The chosen orbit is therefore highly elliptical and highly inclined (70 or 98 degrees depending on the launcher), and takes SMILE a third of the way to the Moon at apogee (an altitude of 121 182 km, i.e. 19 Earth radii or R_E).

This type of orbit enables SMILE to spend much of its time (about 80%, equivalent to nine months of the year) at high altitude, allowing the spacecraft to collect continuous observations for the first time during more than 40h. This orbit also limits the time spent in the high-radiation Van Allen belts, and in the two toroidal belts. SMILE will be injected into a low Earth orbit by a Vega-C launch vehicle from Kourou, French Guiana, and its propulsion module will bring the spacecraft to the nominal orbit with perigee altitude of around 5000 km.^[1]

The SMILE spacecraft consists of a platform provided by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) attached below a payload module provided by ESA. The CAS platform is composed of a propulsion and a service module, together with the two detectors (or heads) of the ion instrument. The payload module hosts 3 of the 4 scientific instruments and an X-band communications system. It was built by Airbus.^[5] The SMILE ground segment comprises the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) ground segment and the European Space Agency (ESA) ground segment, which collaborate closely on this mission. The Ground Support System (GSS) and the Science and Application System (SAS) are two important components of the CAS ground segment. The SAS is tasked with fostering collaboration between CAS and ESA, designing effective frameworks to coordinate scientists in planning SMILE science operations.^[6]

Key instruments on board the spacecraft include:^[3][1]

• Soft X-ray Imager (SXI) – wide-field lobster-eye telescope using micropore optics to spectrally map the location, shape, and motion of Earth's magnetospheric boundaries, including the bow shock, magnetopause, and cusps, by observing emission from the [Solar Wind Charge eXchange (SWCX) process. The SXI is equipped with two large X-ray-sensitive Charge-coupled device (CCD) detectors covering the 0.2 keV to 2.5 keV energy band, and has an optic field of view spanning 15.5° × 26.5°. This telescope was developed, built, and calibrated at the University of Leicester, UK, and other institutions throughout Europe. CCDs have been procured from Teledyne e2v, UK, by ESA and calibrated by The Open University, UK.

• UV Imager (UVI) – an ultraviolet camera to image Earth's northern auroral regions. It will study the connection between the processes taking place at the magnetospheric boundaries – as seen by the SXI – and those acting on the charged particles precipitating into our ionosphere. UVI is a four mirror telescope imaging ultraviolet emissions with wavelengths from 160 to180 nm using a CCD detector. It is broken into three logical partitions: UVI-Camera (UVI-C) and UVI-Electronics (UVI-E) connected via a harness (UVI-H). The UVI optical design philosophy is based on an on-axis, 4-mirror system, optimized for the SMILE orbit and the required cadence and spatial resolution. UV filter technology coupled with the 4-mirror design provides orders of magnitude greater visible light suppression than previous auroral missions and is an enabling factor for the UVI science objectives. The detector module comprises a micro-channel plate (MCP) based image intensifier optically coupled to a CCD detector.^[7] The UVI has a 10° × 10° field of view and will have a spatial image resolution at apogee of 150 km, using four thin film-coated mirrors to guide light into its detector. Temporal resolution will be up to 60s. UVI is built by NSSC with collaboration from Belgium Liège Space Center (CSL), ESA, Calgary University and the Polar Research Institute of China.

• Light Ion Analyser (LIA) – will determine the properties and behaviour of the solar wind and magnetosheath ions under various conditions by measuring the three-dimensional velocity distribution of protons and alpha particles. It is made of two top-hat-type electrostatic analysers, each mounted on opposite side of the platform. It is capable of sampling the full 4 π three-dimensional distribution of the solar wind, and can measure ions in the energy range 0.05 to 20 keV at up 0.5 second time resolution. It is a joint venture between the Chinese National Space Science Centre, CAS, and University College London's Mullard Space Science Laboratory (UCL-MSSL), UK and LPP/CNRS/Ecole Polytechnique, France.

• Magnetometer (MAG) – will be used to determine the orientation and magnitude of the magnetic field in the solar wind and magnetosheath, and to detect any solar wind shocks or discontinuities passing over the spacecraft. Two tri-axial sensors will be mounted away from the spacecraft on a 3-m-long boom some 80 cm apart, with a corresponding electronics unit mounted on SMILE's main body. This configuration will let the MAG act as a gradiometer, and allow SMILE's background magnetic field to be accurately determined and subtracted from any measurements. MAG will measure the three components of the magnetic field in the range +/- 12800 nT. It is joint venture between the Chinese National Space Science Centre, CAS, and the Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences.

Several working groups have been set up to help preparing the SMILE mission including

SMILE in-situ science working group is established to support the SMILE Team in ensuring that the mission science objectives are achieved and optimized, and in adding value to SMILE science. The in-situ SWG activity is centred on optimizing the design, the operations, calibrations planning, identifying the science objectives and opportunities of the in situ instrument package, including conjunctions with other magnetospheric space missions.

The SMILE modeling working group provides the following modeling supports for the upcoming SMILE mission

1. Grand modeling challenge: MHD model comparison and SXI requirements/goals -

• unify the X-ray calculation method (same neutral density model, background, etc.),
• check the model-to-model difference on Solar Wind Charge eXchange (SWCX) signals and on the boundary locations (bow shock, magnetopause, and cusp)
• provide the MHD point of view on the range of X-ray signal strength.
• provide the range of the expected boundary locations under various solar wind flux.
• give a unified voice on the science requirements and goals (how high solar wind flux is needed to find the boundaries within 0.5RE resolution for 5 mins, or 0.2 RE resolution for 1 min?)

2. Boundary tracing from SXI data

• select one exemplary simulation results to test the boundary tracing techniques.
• test A. Jorgensen & T. Sun on magnetopause tracing method by using the SXI specification (orbit, field-of-view, backgrounds, noise, etc.)^[8]
• test M. Collier & H. Connor on magnetopause tracing method by using the same SXI specification^[9] are visible in the soft X-rays.
• develop new methods to derive plasma boundaries from X-ray image(s)
• prepare a programing tool for the SXI data analysis
• develop and validate the tracing methods for other boundaries (bow shock and cusps)

3. Other science projects

• investigate if small magnetosheath signatures such as magnetosheath high speed jets are visible in the soft X-rays.
• investigate the magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling using Soft X-ray and aurora images

The SMILE Ground-based and Additional Science Working Group coordinates support for the mission in the solar-terrestrial physics community. Their aim is to maximise the uptake of SMILE data, and therefore maximise the science output of the mission. They will coordinate future observing campaigns with other experimental facilities, both on the ground and in space, for example by using high resolution modes for Super Dual Auroral Radar Network facilities, or with EISCAT 3D, and correlating with data from other missions flying at the time. The working group is also developing a set of tools and a visualisation facility to combine data from SMILE and supporting experiments.

The SMILE Public Engagement working group aims to promote SMILE and its science among the general public, amateur science societies and school pupils of any age. Members of the group are active in giving presentations illustrating the science which SMILE will produce and the impact it will have on our knowledge of solar-terrestrial interactions. They generate contacts with organisations promoting science in primary and secondary schools, particularly in socio-economical deprived areas, hold hands-on workshops and promote careers in science. The group is focusing on SMILE as a practical example of how space projects are developed, and encouraging pupils to follow its progress to launch and beyond. It also promotes international exchanges, a good example of which is the translation of the book 'Aurora and Spotty' for children (and maybe for some adults too), originally in Spanish, into Chinese.

• May 20 - Connor, H.K.; Sun, T.; Samsonov, A. (2025). "Modeling Working Group: Modeling and Analysis of X-ray and Ultraviolet Images of Solar Wind – Earth Interactions". Space Sci. Rev. 221 (4): 46. doi:10.1007/s11214-025-01172-8. PMC 12092568. PMID 40405899.
• March 18 - Zhang, XX.; Wang, YM.; He, F. (2025). "Ultraviolet Imager (UVI) for the SMILE Mission". Space Sci. Rev. 221 (3): 31. Bibcode:2025SSRv..221...31Z. doi:10.1007/s11214-025-01160-y.
• February 07 - Ma, F.; Dai, L.; Zhang, Y.C. (2025). "SMILE Ground Support System and Science Application System". Space Sci. Rev. 221. Bibcode:2025SSRv..221...15M. doi:10.1007/s11214-025-01141-1.
• January 27 - Wang, C.; Branduardi-Raymont, G.; Escoubet, C.P.; Forsyth, C. (2025). "Solar Wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer (SMILE): Science and Mission Overview". Space Sci. Rev. 221 (1): 9. Bibcode:2025SSRv..221....9W. doi:10.1007/s11214-024-01126-6. PMC 11772532. PMID 39882204.

• Dec 06 - Li, J.; Li, H.W.; Zhang, X.F. (2024). "Solar Wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer Spacecraft". Space Sci. Rev. 220 (8): 92. Bibcode:2024SSRv..220...92L. doi:10.1007/s11214-024-01125-7.
• January - Sun, T.R.; Connor, H.; Samsonov, A. (2024). "Preface to the Special Issue on Modeling and Data Analysis Methods for the SMILE mission". Earth and Planetary Physics. 8 (1): 1–4. Bibcode:2024E&PP....8....1S. doi:10.26464/epp2023089.

• 7 Mar - Dai, L.; Han, Y.; Wang, C.; Yao, S.; Gonzalez, W.; Duan, S.; Lavraud, B.; Ren, Y.; Guo, Z. (2023). "Geoeffectiveness of Interplanetary Alfvén Waves. I. Magnetopause Magnetic Reconnection and Directly Driven Substorms". The Astrophysical Journal. 945 (47): 47. Bibcode:2023ApJ...945...47D. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acb267.

• 17 Dec - Samsonov, A.; Carter, J.A.; Read, A.; Sembay, S.; Branduardi-Raymont, G.; Sibeck, D.; Escoubet, P. (2022). "Finding magnetopause standoff distance using a soft X-ray imager: 1. Magnetospheric masking". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 127 (12). Bibcode:2022JGRA..12730848S. doi:10.1029/2022JA030848.

• 15 Dec - Samsonov, A.; Sembay, S.; Read, A.; Carter, J. A.; Branduardi-Raymont, G.; Sibeck, D.; Escoubet, P. (2022). "Finding magnetopause standoff distance using a Soft X-ray Imager: 2. Methods to analyze 2-D X-ray images". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 127 (12). Bibcode:2022JGRA..12730850S. doi:10.1029/2022JA030850.

• 22 Jun - Guo, Y.; Sun, T.; Wang, C.; Sembay, S. (2022). "Deriving the magnetopause position from wide field-of-view soft X-ray imager simulation". Sci. China Earth Sci. 65 (8): 1601–1611. Bibcode:2022ScChD..65.1601G. doi:10.1007/s11430-021-9937-y. S2CID 250065345.

• 1 Mar - Huang, Y.; Dai, L.; Wang, C.; Xu, R.L.; Li, L. (2021). "A new inversion method for reconstruction of plasmaspheric He+ density from EUV images". Earth Planet. Phys. 5 (2): 218–222. Bibcode:2021E&PP....5..218H. doi:10.26464/epp2021020.

• 18 Feb - Su, B.; Kong, L.G.; Zhang, A.B.; Klecker, B.; Escoubet, C.P.; Kataria, D.O.; Dai, L. (2021). "Performance and simulated moment uncertainties of an ion spectrometer with asymmetric 2π field of view for ion measurements in space". Review of Scientific Instruments. 92 (2): 024501. doi:10.1063/5.0028866. PMID 33648106.

• 21 Feb - Connor, H. K.; Sibeck, D. G.; Collier, M. R.; et al. (2021). "Soft X-ray and ENA imaging of the Earth's dayside magnetosphere". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 126 (3) e2020JA028816. Bibcode:2021JGRA..12628816C. doi:10.1029/2020JA028816. PMC 7988574. PMID 33777610.

• 20 Oct - Tian, C.-J.; Du, H.-D.; Yang, P.-L.; Zhou, Z.-M.; Zhao, X.-F.; Zhou, S. (2020). "Automatic auroral boundary determination algorithm with deep feature and dual level set". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 125 (10). Bibcode:2020JGRA..12527833T. doi:10.1029/2020JA027833. S2CID 224859541.

• 20 Aug - Sun, T.; Wang, C.; Connor, H.K.; Jorgensen, A.M.; Sembay, S. (2020). "Deriving the magnetopause position from the soft X-ray image by using the tangent fitting approach". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 125 (9). Bibcode:2020JGRA..12528169S. doi:10.1029/2020JA028169. S2CID 225422666.

• 17 Apr - Samsonov, A.A.; et al. (2020). "Is the relation between the solar wind dynamic pressure and the magnetopause standoff distance so straightforward?". Geophys. Res. Lett. 47 (8). Bibcode:2020GeoRL..4786474S. doi:10.1029/2019GL086474. hdl:2027.42/154966.

• 27 August - Connor, H.K.; Carter, J.A. (2019). "Exospheric neutral hydrogen density at the nominal 10 RE subsolar point deduced from XMM-Newton X-ray observations". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 124 (3): 1612–1624. Bibcode:2019JGRA..124.1612C. doi:10.1029/2018JA026187.

• 1 May - Jorgensen, A.M.; Sun, T.; Wang, C.; Dai, L.; Sembay, S.; Zheng, J.; Yu, X. (2019). "Boundary Detection in Three Dimensions With Application to the SMILE Mission: the Effect of Model-fitting Noise". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 124 (6): 4341–4355. Bibcode:2019JGRA..124.4341J. doi:10.1029/2018JA026124. hdl:2381/45333.

• 21 May - Jennifer Carter of the University of Leicester, UK, was awarded the 2020 L'Oréal-UNESCO UK & Ireland Women in Science Physical Sciences Rising Talent award

• Following the success of the Double Star mission, the ESA and CAS decided to jointly select, design, implement, launch and exploit the results of a space mission together for the first time. After initial workshops, a call for proposals was announced in January 2015. After a joint peer review of mission proposals, SMILE was selected as the top candidate out of 13 proposed.^[10] The SMILE mission proposal^[11] was jointly led by the University College London and the Chinese National Space Science Center.
• From June to November 2015, the mission entered initial studies for concept readiness, and final approval was given for the mission by the ESA Science Programme Committee in November 2015.
• A Request For Information (RFI) on provisions for the payload module was announced on 18 December 2015. The objective was to collect information from potential providers to assess low risk payload module requirements given stated interest in the mission, in preparation for the Invitation to Tender in 2016.^[12]
• The Mission System Requirements Review was completed in October 2018, and ESA Mission Adoption by the Science Programme Committee was granted in March 2019.^[13]
• SMILE successfully completed the Spacecraft and Mission Critical Design Review (CDR) in June 2023 in Shanghai.^[14]
• SMILE's payload module, built by Airbus in Spain, arrived at ESTEC in September 2024 followed by the Chinese-built platform which arrived at ESTEC on a dedicated flight from Shanghai on 9 December 2024. The two parts were connected on 21 January 2025.^[15] In April 2025, the spacecraft was moved into the Maxwell Test Chamber at ESTEC for space environment testing^[16] and later it underwent measurements of mass properties^[17] and vibration testing.^[18]

• List of European Space Agency programmes and missions